REVIEW – MYP 1

INDIRECT QUESTIONS
WHAT ARE INDIRECT QUESTIONS?
• Direct questionsare the “normal” questions that we can ask
friends, family members, and people who we know well.
Example of a direct question:
“Where’s the bathroom?”
• Indirect questions
are a little more formal and polite. We use
them when talking to a person we don’t know very well, or in
professional situations, and their form is a little different.

Example of an indirect question:

“Could you tell me where the bathroom is?”
PHRASES FOR INDIRECT QUESTIONS

• Could you tell me…

• Do you know…
• I was wondering…
• Do you have any idea…
• I’d like to know…
• Would it be possible…
• Is there any chance…
 DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH:
• Direct: Where is Market Street?
• Indirect: Could you tell me where Market Street is?
• In indirect questions with is/are, the verb (is) comes after the subject
(Market Street).
• Direct What time does the bank open?
• Indirect: Do you know what time the bank opens?
• In indirect questions, we don’t use the auxiliary verbs do/does/did. Also,
you can see that the verb is “open” in the direct question, and “opens” in
the indirect question.
• Direct: Why did you move to Europe?
• Indirect: I was wondering why you moved to Europe.
• Again, there is no auxiliary verb did in the indirect question. In fact, this indirect
question isn’t even a question – it’s more of a statement that invites the other
person to give more information.
• Direct: How has he managed to get in shape so quickly?
• Indirect: Do you have any idea how he’s managed to get in shape so quickly?
• The auxiliary verbs have and has can be used in both the direct and indirect
questions – but in the direct question, “has” comes before the subject (he), and in
the indirect question, “has” comes after the subject.
• Direct: How much does this motorcycle cost?
• Indirect: I’d like to know how much this motorcycle costs.
• To form the indirect question, remove does and change “cost” to “costs.”
• Direct: Can you finish the project by tomorrow?
• Indirect: Would it be possible for you to finish the project by tomorrow?
• For direct questions with can, we can use the phrase “would it be possible…” to
make it indirect.
• Direct: Can we change the meeting to Thursday?
• Indirect: Is there any chance we could change the meeting to Thursday?
• “Is there any chance…” is another option for forming indirect questions with can.
YES/NO DIRECT QUESTIONS –> “IF” IN
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
• If the direct question is a “yes or no” question (it has no question word such as what,
who, when, where, why, or how), then the indirect question will have if.
• Direct: Does Tom like Italian food?
Indirect: Do you know if Tom likes Italian food?
• Direct: Are your parents joining us for dinner?
Indirect: Could you tell me if your parents are joining us for dinner?
• Direct: Do they speak English?
Indirect: I was wondering if they speak English.
• Direct: Has Barbara ever studied abroad?
Indirect: Do you have any idea if Barbara’s ever studied abroad?
• Direct: Do you plan on traveling this summer?
Indirect: I’d like to know if you plan on traveling this summer.
REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech: indirect speech
• Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather
than their exact words. In indirect speech, the structure of the reported
clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question
or a command.

Direct Indirect Reported Clause

I told them (that) I was

statement ‘I’m tired,’ I said. that-clause
tired.

The nurse asked

‘Are you ready?’ the nurse Joel if/whether he was if-clause/whether-
question asked Joel. ready. clause
‘Who are you?’ she asked. She asked me who I wh-clause
was.

‘Leave at once!’ they They ordered us to

command to-infinitive clause
ordered. leave at once.
RELATIVE PRONOUN
• We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative
clauses tell us more about people and things:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

This is the house which Jack built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
Two kinds of relative clause
• There are two kinds of relative clause:
• 1. We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we
are talking about:
• Marie Curie is the woman who discovered radium.
This is the house which Jack built.
• In this kind of relative clause, we can use that instead
of who or which:
• Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
This is the house that Jack built.
• We can leave out the pronoun if it is the object of the relative
clause:
• This is the house that Jack built. (that is the object of built)
Be careful!

The relative pronoun is the subject/object of the relative clause, so we do

not repeat the subject/object:

Marie Curie is the woman who she discovered radium.

(who is the subject of discovered, so we don't need she)

This is the house that Jack built it.

(that is the object of built, so we don't need it)
• 2. We also use relative clauses to give more information about a
person, thing or situation:
• Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.
.
Be careful!

In this kind of relative clause, we cannot use that:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

(NOT Lord Thompson, that is 76, has just retired.)

and we cannot leave out the pronoun:

We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.

(NOT We had fish and chips, I always enjoy.)
Where and When
• We can use when with times and where with places to make it
clear which time or place we are talking about:

• England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year when we got
married.

• I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day when the tsunami

happened.
• We can leave out when:
• England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year we got married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day the
tsunami happened.
 THE FIRST
CONDITIONAL
• The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in
the other clause:

• if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

• It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we
can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things,
which could easily come true.
• If it rains, I won't go to the park.
• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
• She'll be late if the train is delayed.
PRESENT PERFECT
We use the present perfect for something that started in the past and
continues in the present.

I’ve been married for 20 years.

She has lived in London all her life.

•When we are talking about our experience up to the present:

I’ve been to Europe several times.

I’ve seen that movie, it’s very funny!
He has written three books.
•We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:

My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.

• and we use never for the negative form:

Have you ever met George?

Yes, but I've never met his wife.
have been and have gone

We use have/has been when someone has gone to a place and returned:

A: Have you ever been to San Francisco?

B: No, but I've been to Los Angeles.

But when someone has not returned, we use have/has gone:

A: Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks.

B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow.
Present perfect with time adverbials

We often use the present perfect with adverbials which refer to the recent
past:

Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.

We have just got back from our holidays.
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Where have you been up to now?

A: Have you finished your homework yet?

B: No, so far I've only done my history.
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Recent past activities
• We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a finished activity
in the recent past. Using the present perfect continuous focuses on
the activity.
• We don’t give a specific time. Even though the activity is finished, we
can see the result in the present:
• I’ve just been cleaning the car. (The car is wet and clean.)
• It’s been snowing. (The ground is covered in snow.)
• What have you been buying?
 One continuing event
• We use the present perfect continuous for a single activity that began at a
point in the past and is still continuing:
• I’ve been reading your book – it’s great. (I’m still reading it.)
• He’s been living in the village since 1995. (He is still living in the village.)
• She has been writing her autobiography since 1987.
Repeated continuing events
• We use the present perfect continuous to talk about repeated
activities which started at a particular time in the past and are still
continuing up until now:
• I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.
• I haven’t been eating much lunch lately. I’ve been going to the gym
at lunchtimes.
• She’s been playing tennis on and off for three years.
References
• https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/relative-pronouns-and-
relative-clauses
• https://br.pinterest.com/pin/608126755910928152/
• https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es-LA/grammar/british-grammar/reported-speech-
indirect-speech
• https://www.espressoenglish.net/direct-and-indirect-questions-in-english/
• https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/first-conditional.html
• https://englishclassviaskype.com/blog/how-to-learn-english/zero-and-first-conditional-
structures/
• https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-
continuous-i-have-been-working