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The Basic Terms in Special Education

The document provides an overview of key concepts related to developmental disabilities, including: 1. Developmental disability refers to severe chronic disabilities originating before age 22 and limiting major life activities. 2. Impairments refer to reduced function of body parts, while disabilities and impairments are often used interchangeably. 3. Handicaps refer to problems people with disabilities face interacting with their environment. 4. Children at risk have a greater chance of developmental delays without early intervention services due to medical, biological or environmental factors.

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May Flor T. Belando
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69 views29 pages

The Basic Terms in Special Education

The document provides an overview of key concepts related to developmental disabilities, including: 1. Developmental disability refers to severe chronic disabilities originating before age 22 and limiting major life activities. 2. Impairments refer to reduced function of body parts, while disabilities and impairments are often used interchangeably. 3. Handicaps refer to problems people with disabilities face interacting with their environment. 4. Children at risk have a greater chance of developmental delays without early intervention services due to medical, biological or environmental factors.

Uploaded by

May Flor T. Belando
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture Presentation designed for CPE 103

• Developmental Disability
• Impairment or Disability
• Handicap
• At Risk
By:

Prof. Adelyn A. Sialana-Nalla, LPT, MAED-ECE


DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY
• It refers to a severe, chronic disability
of a child five years of age older that is:

1. attributable to a mental or physical


impairment or a combination of mental and
physical impairments.(blindness, learning
disabilities, or combination of both)

2. manifested before the person attains


age 22.
3. results in substantial functional
limitations in three or more of the
areas of major life activities such as
self-care, language, learning, mobility,
self-direction and capacity for
independent living.

4. reflects the person’s need for


a combination and sequence of special
care, treatment or other services that
are lifelong or of extended duration
and are individually planned and
coordinated. (Beirne-Smith, 2002)
IMPAIRMENT OR DISABILITY
• It refers to reduced function or loss of a specific part of the body or
organ. Impairment and disability are used interchangeably.
➢Blindness
➢Deafness
➢Mental retardation
➢Learning disabilities
➢Communication disorders (voice problems, improper rhythm, timing and
stuttering.)
➢Emotional and behavioral disorders
➢Physical and health impairments and severe disabilities
HANDICAP

•It refers to a problem a person with disability or


impairment encounters when interacting with
people, events and the physical aspects of the
environment.
•However, it must be remembered that a disability
may pose a handicap in one environment but not
in another.
AT RISK

•It refers to children who have greater


chances than other children to develop a
disability.
•The child is in danger of substantial
developmental delay because of medical,
biological, or developmental factors if early
intervention services are not provided.
CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN AT RISK

• Established risk- are those with cerebral palsy, down


syndrome, and other conditions that started during
pregnancy.
• Biological risk- are those who are born prematurely,
underweight at birth, whose mother contracted
diabetes or rubella during the first trimester of
pregnancy, or who had bacterial infections like
meningitis and HIV.
•Environmental risk- results from
extreme poverty, child abuse, absence of
adequate shelter and medical care,
parental substance abuse, limited
opportunities for nurturance and social
stimulation.
CATEGORIES OF EXCEPTIONALITIES
AMONG CHILDREN AND YOUTH WITH
SPECIAL NEEDS

1. Mental retardation/Intellectual Disability (MR/ID)


- refers to substantial limitations in present functioning.
- it is characterized by significantly sub-average intellectual
functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more
of the following applicable adaptive skills areas: communication, self-
care, home living, social skills, self-direction, functional academics and
leisure and work.
- it manifests before age 18. (American Association of Mental
Retardation, 1992.)
2. Giftedness and talent
- refers to high performance in intellectual, creative or
artistic areas, unusual leadership capacity, and excellence in
specific academic field.
Giftedness- refers to the traits of above- average general
abilities, high level task commitment and creativity. (Renzulli,
1978)
- shows in superior memory, observational powers,
curiousity, creativity, and ability to learn. (Piirtto, 1994)
3. Specific learning disability
- means a disorder in one or more of the basic
psychological processes involved in understanding
or in using language, spoken or written, which may
manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen,
think, speak, read, write, spell or to do
mathematical calculations.
4. Emotional and behavioral disorders
- means a condition exhibiting one or more of the following
characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree, which
adversely affects educational performance:
a. inability to learn
b. inability to build and maintain interpersonal relationships
c. inappropriate types of feelings or behaviors under normal
circumstances
d. general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression
e. tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears
5. Speech and language disorders or communication disorders
- exist when the impact that a communication pattern has on a
person’s life meets any one of the following criteria:
a. the transmission and perception of message is faulty;
b. the person is placed at an economic disadvantage;
c. the person is placed at a learning disadvantage;
d. the problem causes physical damage or endangers the health
of the person.
6. Hearing impairment
- is a generic term that includes
hearing disabilities ranging from mild to
profound, thus encompassing children
who are deaf and those who are hard
of hearing.
7. Visual impairment
- display a wide range of visual disabilities-
from total blindness to relatively good
residual(remaining)vision.
a. A child who is blind is totally without sight or has so
little vision that he or she learns primarily through the other
senses, such as touch too read braille.
b. a child with low vision is able to learn through the
visual channel and generally learns to read print.
8. Physical impairment
- may be orthopedic impairments that involve the skeletal
system- the bones, joints, limbs, and associated muscles. Or, they
may be neurological impairments that involve the nervous system
affecting the ability to move, use, feel, or control certain parts of
the body.

- Health impairments include chronic illness, that is, they are


present over long periods and tend not to get better or disappear.
9. Severe disabilities
- generally encompass individuals with severe and profound
disabilities in intellectual, physical and social functioning.

- children and youth with severe disabilities include those who


are seriously , schizophrenic (psychiatric disorder with symptoms of withdrawal
into self: a severe psychiatric disorder with symptoms of emotional instability,
detachment from reality, and withdrawal into the self), autistic, profoundly and
severely mentally retarded, deaf-blind, mentally retarded- blind and
cerebral-palsied-deaf.
Say the COLOR
not the word
VIOLET
YELLOW
BROWN
ORANGE
WHITE
•Your right brain tries to
say the color but your left
brain insists on reading
the word……

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