MATH NOTES (Definition only-Quarter 4) Survey – in a national level, surveys are usually covered

by the government and other form of surveying

MODULE 1-INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
organization such as National Statistics Office (NSO). A
Statistics is a branch of Applied Mathematics survey can also be done in small scale (i.e. a class of 25
specializing in procedures for collecting, organizing, students can be surveyed)
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data from
Questionnaire- if you have big number of sample, it is
observations
the most practical way to use. You gather data through
writing. However, you must be careful presenting your
questions, since we need to consider the culture, and
statistical question is one that can be answered by characteristics of the respondents. You may use email,
collecting data that vary. letter, or personally give your questionnaire to your
Example: respondents.

1. How many hours does the grade 7 students spend Types of Questions
time in studying? (Summarizing question) 1. Closed questions These are questions which can be
2. Do the grade 7 students spend more time in social answered with “Yes” or “No,” or they have a limited set
media than studying? (Comparing question) of possible answers (such as: A, B, C, or All of the
above). For example, ‘Do you wear glasses?’ the
respondent either does (responding ‘yes’) or doesn’t
TYPES OF DATA: (responding ‘no’) wear glasses. What shows are you
watching from 7:00 PM to 10:00 PM? From 7:00 - 8:00
1. Categorical data- Categorical data take non- PM News TV; 9:00 - 10:00 PM Telenovela
numerical values, such as colors, information or
questions that are answerable by YES or NO, 2. Open-ended questions These are questions that
labels, etc. (example: large, medium, and small) allow someone to give a free-form answer. Example,
2. Numerical data – are those in numerical form “How did you answer the modules?” 3. Multiple-choice
which are either continuous or discrete questions These are questions that provide a certain
a. Discrete data - a are those that can be number of specific response options as possible
counted in a finitely answers.
b. continuous data are measurements
that can take any value from an is
infinite range MODULE 2:

LIST OF STATISTICAL INSTRUMENTS: ------Collecting Data------

Observation- it focuses in determining the changes in Methods Used in the Collecting Data
the attitude, characteristics and behavior of people or
• Interview Method – this method of collecting data is
other subjects. This technique includes watching and an oral or verbal communication where the interviewer
recording actions and behaviours.
asks questions in any mode (face to face, telephone, or
Interviews- it is being performed through personally virtual) to an interviewee. The person gathering the
asking questions to people who have the authority or data is called the interviewer, while the person
expertise to say something about the data needed. supplying the data is the interviewee.

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) - it is used to know the • Questionnaire Method – on this method data is
thinking, feeling or opinion, about a certain gathered through a set of question that is mailed or
phenomenon, idea and etc. FGD is conducted with a handed to respondents who are expected to read and
small group of people with common knowledge and understand them. And the respondents then, write
common field (usually 6 to 8 people). down their responses in the space provided the
accomplished questionnaire is then returned for
appropriate processing.
• Observation Method – the data on this method are MODULE 3:
gathered either individually or collectively by means of
------presenting data-------
observation. The person who gathers the data is called
an investigator while the person being observed is A. For Ungrouped data
called the subject. 1. A pie graph or pie chart is another visual
representation of data. It is used to show how
• Experiment Method – this method is used when the
all the parts of something are related to the
objective is to determine the cause and effect
whole. It is represented by a circle divided into
relationship of a certain phenomenon under controlled
slices or sectors of various sizes that show each
condition
part’s relationship to the whole and to other
parts of the circle.
2. A bar graph uses rectangles (or bars) of uniform
-----Organize Data----- width to represent data, particularly the
Frequency – the number of occurrences of a data nominal or categorical type of data. The height
Frequency table – is a table that lists items and shows of the rectangle denotes the frequency of the
the number of times the items occur. variable. There are two types of bar graph: the
vertical bar graph, which is sometimes called a
column chart, and the horizontal bar graph. A
Steps in constructing a frequency table (for ungrouped vertical bar graph is used to show the changes
data) on the numerical value of a variable over a
period of time.
Step 1: Make three columns. Arrange the data in order 3. A line graph is used to represent changes in
in the first column. data over a period of time. Data like changes in
temperature, income, population, and the like
Step 2: Make a tally.
can be represented by a line graph. Data are
Step 3: Count the tallies then write the frequencies Step represented by points and are joined by line
4: Total all the frequencies segments. A line graph may be curved, broken,
or straight
B. For Grouped Data
1. A Histogram is a bar graph that shows the
frequency of data that occur within a certain
interval. In a histogram, the bars are always
vertical, the width of each bar is based upon the
size of the interval it represents, and there are
no gaps between adjacent bars. Histograms
have no gaps because their bases cover a
continuous range of possible values.
2. The ogive (also called the cumulative frequency
graph or cumulative frequency curve) is a graph
plotted from a cumulative frequency table. The
following examples show how to draw a
cumulative frequency curve for grouped data.