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Moments Center of Mass and Centroids PDF

This document defines moments, centers of mass, and centroids. It provides formulas to calculate the x- and y-coordinates of the center of mass for systems of point masses or planar regions. The center of mass is the point where the entire mass of an object can be considered to be concentrated, and it can be used to predict how the object will balance. Centroids are the centers of mass for planar regions, which may be irregular shapes bounded by curves.

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Shaine Valerrie
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116 views7 pages

Moments Center of Mass and Centroids PDF

This document defines moments, centers of mass, and centroids. It provides formulas to calculate the x- and y-coordinates of the center of mass for systems of point masses or planar regions. The center of mass is the point where the entire mass of an object can be considered to be concentrated, and it can be used to predict how the object will balance. Centroids are the centers of mass for planar regions, which may be irregular shapes bounded by curves.

Uploaded by

Shaine Valerrie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Moments, Centers of Mass, and Centroids

Definition.

Moment of Mass (M) – the product of mass (m) by its distance


(r) from the reference point, line or plane. In symbol, M = m r .

General Formula: M = 𝒎𝟏  𝒓𝟏 +   𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 + ⋯  𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏

Definition.

Center of Mass (center of gravity) is the point (𝒙, 𝒚) where the


total mass is concentrated. This is the point where the weight
of the system of n- masses is felt. It is also the point where the
fulcrum can be put in order to attain equilibrium.

Symbol for center of mass: C 𝒙, 𝒚 where 𝒙  𝒂𝒏𝒅  𝒚  

𝒂𝒓𝒆  𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏  𝒂𝒔  𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔:

Formula:

a) For center of n masses (𝒙𝒚 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆)

𝒎𝟏 𝒙𝟏 +   𝒎𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ +   𝒎𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝒙 =  
𝒎𝟏 +   𝒎𝟐 + ⋯ +   𝒎𝒏

𝒎𝟏 𝒚𝟏 +   𝒎𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + ⋯ +   𝒎𝒏 𝒚𝒏
𝒚 =  
𝒎𝟏 +   𝒎𝟐 + ⋯ +   𝒎𝒏

where 𝒙!𝒊 𝒔  𝒊𝒏  𝒕𝒉𝒆  𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏    𝒙   are the distances from


the origin to the point of projection of the masses on the
𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
Similarly, the 𝒚!𝒊 𝒔  𝒊𝒏  𝒕𝒉𝒆  𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏    𝒚   are the distances
from the origin to the point of projection of the masses
on the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.

Theoretically, the center of mass (𝒙, 𝒚) is the point on


the plane where the system will balance if a pointed
object is placed at that point.

Mass is a measure of a body’s resistance to changes in motion,


and is independent of the particular gravitational system in
which the body is located. However, because so many
applications involving mass occur on Earth’s surface, an
object’s mass is sometimes equated with its weight. This is not
technically correct. Weight is a type of force and as such is
dependent on gravity. Force and mass are related by the
equation F = ma.

Sample Problems

Center of Mass in a One- Dimensional System

1. Find the center of mass of the point masses lying on the


𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔:
                  𝒎𝟏 = 𝟕,      𝒎𝟐 = 𝟑,      𝒎𝟑 = 𝟓
𝒙𝟏 =   −𝟓,      𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎,      𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑

𝟒
Ans. 𝒙 =   −
𝟑
Center of Mass in a Two- Dimensional System

2. Find the center of mass of a system of point masses


𝒎𝟏 = 𝟔,      𝒎𝟐 = 𝟑,      𝒎𝟑 = 𝟐,        𝒂𝒏𝒅  𝒎𝟒 = 𝟗,   located at
𝟑, −𝟐 , 𝟎, 𝟎 , −𝟓, 𝟑 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅  (𝟒, 𝟐).

𝟏𝟏 𝟑
Ans. Center of mass is   ,
𝟓 𝟓

Centroid of a Plane Region

For plane regions that can be divided into rectangles, we will


consider that the center of mass of regions of uniform density.
We will assume that the density has the value 1 (one). This
means that the total mass of a region is equal to its area.

A. Simple Regions

A simple region means a rectangular region or a region


which can be divided into finite number of rectangles.
Since a rectangle has a geometrical center, this
geometrical center is the center of mass of the rectangle.
The geometrical center of a figure is the point of
intersection of any of any two lines of symmetry of that
figure.

For a region composed of several rectangles, subdivide


into rectangular regions, say 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , … 𝑨𝒏    and determine
their corresponding centers of mass given as
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , … , 𝒙𝒏 , 𝒚𝒏 and then use the formula
for 𝒙, 𝒚  such as
𝑨𝟏 ∙  𝒙𝟏    !    𝑨𝟐 ∙  𝒙𝟐    !  …!  𝑨𝒏 ∙  𝒙𝒏  
𝒙 =
𝑨𝟏  !    𝑨𝟐 !  ...!    𝑨𝒏

𝑨𝟏 ∙  𝒚𝟏    !    𝑨𝟐 ∙  𝒚𝟐    !  …!  𝑨𝒏 ∙  𝒚𝒏  


𝒚 =
𝑨𝟏  !    𝑨𝟐 !  ...!    𝑨𝒏

Example 3

A region is made up of a combination of rectangles with


the corresponding dimensions. Find the center of mass.
(the figure to be seen in the messenger)

𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟏
Ans. center of mass is   ,
𝟒 𝟖

B. Regions Bounded by Curves

We will find the center of mass of regions that are


irregular in shape, that is, of regions bounded by curves.

Principles to be considered in the determination of center of


mass.

1. The center of mass lies on any line of symmetry of the


region.
2. If a region has at least two lines of symmetry, then the
center of mass is the point of intersection of any two lines
of symmetry.
3. If a region R consists of several parts, 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , … , 𝑨𝒏 with
their corresponding centers of mass
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , … , 𝒙𝒏 , 𝒚𝒏 , then the center of mass of
the Region will be given by

𝑨𝟏 ∙  𝒙𝟏    !    𝑨𝟐 ∙  𝒙𝟐    !  …!  𝑨𝒏 ∙  𝒙𝒏  


𝒙 =
𝑨𝟏  !    𝑨𝟐 !  ...!    𝑨𝒏

𝑨𝟏 ∙  𝒚𝟏    !    𝑨𝟐 ∙  𝒚𝟐    !  …!  𝑨𝒏 ∙  𝒚𝒏  


 𝒚 =
𝑨𝟏  !    𝑨𝟐 !  ...!    𝑨𝒏

We shall consider a homogeneous region with density


assumed equal to one (1), so the mass of the region is
equal to its area.
If the region 𝕽 lies between two curves
𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙  𝒂𝒏𝒅  𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒙 , where 𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝒈 𝒙 , the
centroid of 𝕽 is located at the point 𝒙, 𝒚 where

𝟏 𝒃
𝒙 =   𝒂
𝒙   𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑨

𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚 =   𝒂 𝟐
  𝒇(𝒙) −   𝒈(𝒙)  𝒅𝒙
𝑨

Sample Problem

4. Sketch the region bounded by the curves and


visually estimate the location of the centroid . Find the
exact coordinates.
𝒚=𝒙+𝟐 𝒚 =   𝒙𝟐

𝟏 𝟖
Ans. ,
𝟐 𝟓
5. Find the center of mass bounded by the curves

                           𝒚 =   𝒙𝟐   and 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙.  

𝟗 𝟗
Ans. ,
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎

Seatwork.

1. Introduce an appropriate coordinate system and


find the coordinates of the center of mass of the
planar lamina.
(the figure to be sent through the messenger)

𝟖𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟓
Ans. center of mass ,
𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟒

2. Find the center of mass of the region bounded by the


curves y = x and the parabola y = 𝒙𝟐 .

𝟏 𝟐
Ans. ,
𝟐 𝟓

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