RAC GTU SUMS

AIR REFRIGERATION
1)
An air refrigerator working on Bell coleman cycle takes in air at 1 bar and at a temperature of 10 0
C. The air is compressed to 5 bar abs. The same is cooled to 25 0 C in the cooler before expanding
in the expansion cylinder to cold chamber pressure of 1 bar. The compression and expansion laws
followed are pv1.35 = C and pv1.3 = C respectively. Determine C.O.P of the plant and net
refrigeration effect per kg of air. Take C p = 1.009 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K for air.

2)
A Refrigerator working on Bell-Coleman cycle takes air into the compressor at 1 bar and
– 50C. It is compressed in compressor to a 5 bar and cooled to 25 0C at the same pressure. It is
further expanded in the expander to 1 bar and discharged to take cooling load. The isentropic
efficiency of the compressor = 85% and the isentropic efficiency of the Expander = 90% find the
following:
(i) Refrigerating capacity of the system if air circulation is 40kg/min.
(ii) KW capacity of motor required to run the compressor
(iii) COP of the system.Take ᵞ =1.4 Cp =1kJ/kg Cv = 0.7 kJ/kg for air

3)
An air refrigeration open system operating between 100 KPa and 1 MPa is required to produce a
cooling effect of 2000 kJ/min. Temperature of the air leaving the cold chamber is – 5°C and at
leaving the cooler is 30°C. Neglect losses and clearance in the compressor and expander.
Determine :
(i) Mass of air circulated per min,
(ii) Compressor work, expander work, cycle work ,
(iii) COP and power in kW required.

4)
The speed of an air craft flying at an altitude of 8000m, where the ambient air is11
at 0.341 bar pressure and 263K temperature is 900km/h. The compression ratio
of the air compressor is 5. The cabin pressure is 1.01325 bar and the
temperature is 270C. For 1kg/s flow of air ,determine following
i) Power requirement for pressurization excluding ram work
ii) Refrigerating effect
iii) power required for refrigeration excluding ram work

5)
A dense air refrigeration machine operating on Bell-Coleman cycle works
between 3.4 bar and 7 bar. The temperature of air after the cooler is 15oC and
after refrigeration is 6oC, for a refrigeration capacity of 6 tons calculate
1. Temperature after compression and expansion
2. Air circulation required in cycle per minute
3. Work of compression and expansion
4. Theoretical COP
5. Rate of water circulation required in the cooler in Kg/min if rate of
temperature rise is limited to 30oC.
For air take Cp=1.005 kJ/kg K, ? = 1.4. for water Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg K.
6)
A dense air refrigerator operating on Bell-Coleman cycle works between 3 bar and 07 15 bar. The
temperature of air after the evaporator and after cooler is 5OC and 20OC respectively. The
evaporator extracts 2000 kg/min of heat from the space to be cooled. Calculate (1) amount of air
required in the cycle per minute, (2) power required to run the system, (3) COP and (4) mass flow
rate of water per minute in cooler if rise in temperature of water is 20 OC.Assume isentropic
compression and expansion, Cp=1.008kJ/kg K, ?=1.4 for air and for water Cp=4.18 kJ/kg K.

7)
One kg of air at a pressure of 1.05 bar and a temperature of 20 C. is 07 compressed to 6 bar. It is
then cooled to 27 C in the cooler before entering the expansion cylinder .assuming compression
and expansion as isentropic process ,determine (1) Refrigerating effect per kg of air(2)Theoretical
C.O.P.

8)
A simple air cooled system is used for an airplane having 10 TR of air conditioning system. The
atmospheric pressure is 0.9 bar and temperature is 10 ⁰C. Pressure is increased to 1.013 bar due to
ramming. Air is further compressed up to 3.5 bar in compressor. The temperature of air is
reduced by 50⁰C while passing through heat exchanger. The aircraft is maintained at 1.01 bar and
25⁰C. Calculate power required to take load of air conditioning system and COP of the system.
Assume isentropic compression and expansion process.

9)
A dense air refrigeration machine operating on Bell-Coleman cycle works between 3.4 bar and 17
bar. The temperature of air after the cooler is 15 oC and after refrigeration is 6oC, for a
refrigeration capacity of 6 tons calculate
1. Temperature after compression and expansion
2. Air circulation required in cycle per minute
3. Work of compression and expansion
4. Theoretical COP
5. Rate of water circulation required in the cooler in Kg/min if rate of temperature rise is limited
to 30Oc.

PSYCHROMETRY
10)
The atmospheric air at 300C dry bulb temperature and 75 % relativehumidity enters a cooling coil
at the rate of 200 m3/min. The coil dewpoint temperature is 14 0C and the by-pass factor of the
coil is 0.1.Determine: 1. The temperature of air leaving the cooling coil;2. The capacity of the
cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration3. The sensible heat factor for the process.

11)
The sling- psychrometer reads 400C DBT and 280C WBT calculate followings:
(i) Specific humidity (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Vapor density in air (iv) Dew point temperature
(v) Enthalpy of the mixture per kg of dry air. Assume atmospheric pressure to be 1.03 bar.

12)
The sling- psychrometer reads 35°C DBT and 25°C WBT calculate
followings:
(i) Specific humidity (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Absolute humidity in air (iv) Dew point
temperature (v) Enthalpy of the mixture per kg of dry air.
Assume atmospheric pressure to be 1.01 bar.
13)
40 m3 of air at 35°C DBT and 50% R.H. is cooled to 25°C DBT maintaining its specific humidity
constant. Determine :
(i) Relative humidity (R.H.) of cooled air ;
(ii) Heat removed from air.

14)
The barometer for air reads 750 mm of Hg. The DBT and WBT measured using 07 sling
psychrometer is 33OC and 23OC respectively. Calculate
(1) Vapor pressure
(2) Relative humidity
(3) Humidity ratio
(4) Dew point temperature
(5) specific enthalpy
(6) wet bulb depression and
(7) dew point depression

15)
Air at 30OC DBT and 60% RH enters over cooling coil at rate 250m3/min. If
effective surface temperature of coil is 12OC and bypass factor is 0.1 then name
the process undergone by air and calculate temperature of air leaving coil,
refrigerating effect in TR, mass of water vapor condensed and SHF.

16)
Following readings are available from psychrometer:
Dry bulb temperature 30⁰C, Wet bulb temperature 20 ⁰C, Barometer reading 740 mm of Hg
Using steam table calculate the following:
1. Dew point temperature
2. Relative humidity
3. Specific humidity
4. Degree of saturation
5. Vapour density
6. Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air

17)
A mixture of dry air and water vapour is at a temperature of 22 C under a total
pressure of 730 mm of Hg .The dew point temperature is 15 C.Find (1)Partial
pressure of water vapour(2)Relative humidity(3)Specific humidity (4)Enthalpy
of air per kg of dry air (5)Specific volume of air per kg of dry air

18)
The pressure and temperature of mixture of dry air and water vapor are 736mm of Hg and 21
C.The dew point temperature of the mixture is 15 C. Determine the following using steam
table:1)partial pressure of water vapor in the mixture2)Relative humidity3)Specific humidity
4)Enthalpy of mixture per Kg of dry air(5) specific volume of mixture per kg of dry air.

VCR CYCLES
19)
In a 15 TR ammonia refrigeration plant, the condensing temperature is 25 0C and evaporating
temperature -100C. The refrigerant ammonia is sub-cooled by 5 0 C before passing through the
throttle valve. The vapour leaving the evaporator is 0.97 dry. Find (1) Coefficient of performance
Saturation Enthaply, Entropy, Specific heat,
temperature kJ/kg kJ/kg K kJ/kg K
0C

Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour

25 298.9 1465.84 1.1242 5.0391 4.6 2.8

-10 135.37 1433.05 0.5443 5.4770 -- --

and (2) power required. Use the following properties of ammonia :-

20)
A R-12 vapour compression system has saturated suction temperature of -5°C and saturated
discharge temperature of 40°C. The refrigerant vapour is dry-saturated at the suction of
compressor and becomes superheated after compression. For one ton of refrigeration capacity,
Calculate (i) Refrigerating effect (ii) mass flow rate (iii) Power and (iv) COP of the system

21)
A vapor compression machine is used to maintain a temperature of - 23 0C in refrigerated space.
The ambient temperature is 370C.The compressor takes in dry saturated vapor of
F -12. Aminimum100C temperature difference is required at the evaporator as well as condenser.
There is no sub-cooling of liquid. If refrigerant flow is rate is 1kg/min find
(i) Tonnage of refrigeration.
(ii) Power requirement
(iii)Ratio of COP of this cycle to COP of Carnot cycle.

22)
A Two stage ammonia refrigeration system operates between overall pressure limits of
15 bar and 2 bar resply. The liquid is sub-cooled to 30 oC. The temperature of de-
superheated vapour leaving the water intercooler is also 30 oC. The flash chamber
separates the dry vapour at 5 bar pressure. The liquid refrigerant then expands to 2 bar,
the evaporator pressure. The load on the evaporator is 50 kW. Calculate
1. Mass flow rate in different lines
2. Power required
3. COP

23)
A single compressor using R-12 as refrigerant has three evaporators of capacity 30TR, 20TR
and10TR.The temperature in the three evaporators is to be maintained at -10 oC , 5oC and 10oC
respectively. The condenser pressure is 9.609 bar. The liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser
is sub-cooled to 30oC. The vapour leaving the evaporators is dry and saturated. Assuming
isentropic compression, calculate (a) the mass of refrigerant flowing through each evaporator;
(b) the power required to drive the compressor; and
(c) C.O.P. of the system.

24)
A 5 tonne R-12 refrigeration plant has saturated suction temperature of -5°C.
The condensation takes place at 32°C and there is no undercooling of
refrigerant liquid. Assuming isentropic compression, find
(i) COP of the plant,
(ii) Mass flow rate of refrigerant
(iii) Power required to run the compressor in KW.
Take the following properties of R-12.
P(bar) Sat. temp hf hg Sg
(°C) (KJ/Kg) (KJ/Kg) (KJ/Kg-
K)
7.85 32 130.5 264.5 1.542
2.61 -5 95.4 249.5 1.557

25)
A refrigeration machine is required to produce ice at 00C from water at 200C. 07 The machine
has a condenser temperature of 250C while evaporator temperature is -50C. The relative
efficiency of the machine is 50% and 6 kg of Freon-12 is circulated through the system per
minute. The refrigerant enters in
Temperature Liquid heat Latent heat Entropy of liquid
( 0C) ( KJ/kg) ( KJ/kg) ( KJ/kg)
25 59.7 138 0.2232

-5 31.4 154 0.1251

the compressor with dryness fraction of 0.6. Calculate the amount of ice produced in 24 hrs. Take
latent heat of ice 335 kJ/kg.

26)
A R22 vapour compression refrigeration system operates between -100C and
450C. The refrigerant is subcooled by 50C before entering the expansion valve
and vapour is superheated by 50C before entering the compressor. By using
Pressure-enthalpy chart, Calculate (i) Refrigeration effect per kg.(ii) Mass flow
rate of refrigerant for 5 TR capacity and(iii) COP of the system.

27)
A food storage requires a refrigeration capacity of 12 TR and works between the 07 evaporative
temperature of -8OC and condensing temperature of 30OC. The refrigerant R-12 is sub cooled by
5OC before entering expansion device and vapour is superheated to -2OC before leaving to
evaporator coil. (1) Draw p-h diagram for the process and find out (2) C.O.P. (3) power required
in kW/TR.
Take specific heat of liquid R-12 as 1.235 kJ/kg K and vapour R-12 as 0.733 kJ/kg K

28)
A heat pump uses R134a refrigerant and operates between temperatures of 15 ⁰C and 50 ⁰C. The
heat required to be pumped out is 100MJ/h. Calculate the following: 1. Dryness fraction of
refrigerant of refrigerant entering the evaporator 2. Discharge temperature and 3. COP.
Use following properties of refrigerant:
Specific volume of refrigerant vapour at 15⁰C 0.04185m 3/kg

Saturation Pressure bar Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Specific Specific

Temperature liquid kJ/kg vapour kJ/kg entropy of entropy of
⁰C liquid kJ/kg vapour
 K kJ/ kg K
15 4.887 220.26 413.6 1.0729 1.7439
50 13.18 271.97 430.4 1.241 1.7312

29)
Calculate power required to compress 20kg/min of Ammonia from saturated vapour at 1.4 bar to
a condenser pressure of 10 bar by two stage compression with intercooling at 4 bar. Compare the
power requirement with single stage compression without intercooling.

DUCTS AND FANS

30)
A circular duct of 40 cm is selected to carry air in an air conditioned space at a velocity of 440
m/min to keep the noise level at desired level. If this duct is replaced by a rectangular duct of
aspect ratio of 1.5, find out the size of rectangular duct for equal friction method when (a) the
velocity of air in two ducts is same, (b) the discharge rate of air in two ducts is sam

31)
A circular duct of 40cm is selected to carry in air-conditioned space at a velocity of 440 m/min to
keep noise level at a desired level. If this duct is to be replace by a rectangular duct of aspect ratio
of 1.5 find out size of a rectangular duct for equal friction method when
(i) when velocity of air in two duct is same
(ii) the discharge rate of air in two duct is same.

32)
A fan gives a static pressure of 290 Pa with a velocity of 800 m/min at its outlet while delivering
a quantity of 120 m3/ min of air. The inlet static pressure and velocity are
200 Pa and 500m/min resply. Calculate (1) Total head developed (2) Power required
if fan mechanical efficiency = 75%.

33)
Dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature recorded by sling psychrometer are 350C and
250C respectively. Calculate following :1) Relative humidity 2) vapour density and
3)enthalpy of moist air. Take, Saturation pressure of water at 250C is 0.0317 bar
(4) A duct of rectangular cros-section 600mm * 400mm carries 90m3/min of airhaving density of
1.2 kg/m3. Determine the equivalent diameter of the circularduct :
i)When the quantity of air carries in both the cases is same; and
ii)When velocity of air in both the cases is same .
Take friction factor = 0.011. Also calculate pressure loss per 100m length of duct.

34)
A circular duct of 40 cm is selected to carry air in an air conditioned space at avelocity of 440
m/min to keep the noise level at desired level. If this duct isreplaced by a rectangular duct of
aspect ratio of 1.5, find out the size of
rectangular duct for equal friction method when (a) the velocity of air in two ducts is same, (b)
the discharge rate of air in two ducts is same

Saturation Saturation Enthlypy Entropy

Temperature pressure ( KJ/kg) ( KJ/kg)
( 0C) ( bar) liquid vrapor luquid vrapor
-8 2.354 28.72 184.07 0.1149 0.7007
30 7.451 64.59 199.62 0.24 0.6853
35)
A duct of 15m length passes air at the rate of 90m 3/min. Assuming friction factor of 0.005,
calculate pressure drop from the square duct. Size of duct is 0.3m. Name the material commonly
used for making of duct.

LOAD CALCULATION
36)
A small office hall of 25 persons capacity is provided with summer air conditioning system with
the following data: Outside conditions = 34 0 C DBT and 280 C WBT Inside conditions = 240 C
DBT and 50 % RH Volume of air supplied = 0.4 m 3/min/person Sensible heat load in room =
125600 kJ/h Latent heat load in the room = 42000 kJ/h Find the sensible heat factor of the plant.

37)
A summer air –conditioning system for a small office building is to be designed. The design
is to be based on the following information:
Outside design condition 35oC Tdb ,28oC Twb
Inside design condition 26oC Tdb, 50% RH
Room sensible heat gain 45 kW
Room latent heat gain 9 kW
Ventilation air 0.95 m3/s
A four row direct expansion refrigerant 134a coil with bypass factor of 0.2 is to be used.
Analyze the problem on a psychrometric chart and determine the following:
a) The room apparatus dew point(ADP)
b) The temperature of the air leaving the coil
c) The total quality of air required(m3/s)
d) The temperature of mixed air entering the coil

38)

Explain ventilation and infiltration in brief. Also calculate total infiltration air inm3/min and
load due to outside air for the Restaurant. Take Inside designcondition 26 OC DBT,
specific humidity 11.1 gm/kg of dry air and Outside designcondition 42 OC DBT, specific
humidity 16.4 gm/kg of dry air. Size of room is18x18x4 meter, No. of air changes required/hr
is 1.5, No. of occupants 100, dooropen/hr/occupant is 3 and usage factor for swinging door is
3.

39)
An office for seating 30 occupants is to be maintained at 22 C DBT and 55% RH.The
outdoor conditions are 36 C DBT and 27 C WBT.The various loads in the office are
1)solar heat gain:8500W
2)sensible heat gain per occupants:83 W
3)Latent heat gain peroccupant:100W
4)Lighting load :2500W
5)Sensible heat load from other sources:12000W
6)Infiltration load:15m3/min
Assuming 40% fresh air and 60% of re circulated air passing through the evaporator coil
and the bypass factor of 0.12 Determine:1)Dew point temperature of the coil (2)Capacity of
the plant

40)
Following data is available for an air conditioning system comprising of filter, cooling
coil, fan and distribution system using only fresh air for the purpose of maintaining
comfort conditions in summer. RSH = 11.63 KW, RLH = 2.33 KW. Outside
design condition: 28°C DBT, 20°C WBT. Inside design condition: 21°C DBT,
50% RH. Temperature of air entering the room = 11°C. Calculate (i) RSHF (ii)
Coil bypass factor (iii) rate of flow of air kg/hr. (iv) Load on cooling coil (v) Coil ADP

41)
A two cylinder reciprocating compressor with 5% clearance is used in a refrigeration
cycle to take load of 7.5 tons at 5oC refrigeration temperature and 40oC condensing
temperature. The compression index is 1.35. The speed of piston is limited to 3m/s.
take L/D =0.8 if refrigerant used is R-12 determine
1. Power consumption of compressor and COP of cycle
2. Volumetric efficiency of cycle
3. Bore , stroke and RPM of compressor

42)
A room has sensible heat gain of 24kW and latent heat gain of 5.2 kW and it has to be
maintained at 26⁰C DBT and 50% RH. If 180m3/min of air is supplied to the room, calculate
the supply air condition.