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Companding

Companding is a technique of achieving non-uniform quantization by using a compressor at the transmitter to amplify weak signals and attenuate strong signals before a uniform quantizer, and an expander at the receiver performs the inverse operation to recover the original signal levels. It works by varying the step size of quantization according to signal level, using a smaller step size for weak signals to reduce quantization noise.

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68 views5 pages

Companding

Companding is a technique of achieving non-uniform quantization by using a compressor at the transmitter to amplify weak signals and attenuate strong signals before a uniform quantizer, and an expander at the receiver performs the inverse operation to recover the original signal levels. It works by varying the step size of quantization according to signal level, using a smaller step size for weak signals to reduce quantization noise.

Uploaded by

Nitish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Companding

Definition: Companding is a technique of achieving


non-uniform quantization. It is a word formed by the
combination of words compression and expanding.
Companding is done in order to improve SNR of weak
signals.
As we know in non-uniform quantization, the step size
varies according to the signal level. If the signal level is
low then step size will be small. So, the step size will be
low for weak signal. Thus the quantization noise will
also be low.
So, in order to maintain proper signal to quantization
noise ratio, the step size must be variable according to
the signal level.
Thus in order to achieve non-uniform quantization the
process of companding is used.
Model of Companding
The figure below represents the companding model in
order to achieve non-uniform companding:
As we can see the companding model consists of a
compressor, a uniform quantizer and an expander.
Initially at the transmitting end the signal is
compressed and further at the receiving end the
compressed signal is expanded in order to have the
original signal.
Initially at the transmitting end, the signal is first
provided to the compressor. The compressor unit
amplifies the low value or weak signal in order to
increase the signal level of the applied input signal.
While if the input signal is a high level signal or strong
signal then compressor attenuates that signal before
providing it to the uniform quantizer present in the
model.
The operation performed by this block is known as
compression thus the unit is called compressor.
The output of the compressor is provided to uniform
quantizer where the quantization of the applied signal
is performed.
At the receiver end, the output of the uniform
quantizer is fed to the expander.
It performs the reverse of the process executed by the
compressor. This unit when receives a low value signal
then it attenuates it. While if a strong signal is achieved
then the expander amplifies it.
This is done in order to achieve the originally
transmitted signal at the output.
Characteristic of Compander
Compressor characteristic: The figure below shows the
graphical representation of characteristic of the
compressor:

The graph clearly represents that the compressor


provides high gain to weak signal and low gain to high
input signal.
Expander characteristic: Here the figure shows the
characteristic of expander:

As we have already discussed that expander performs


reverse operation of the compander. So, it is clear from
the above figure that artificially boosted signals are
attenuated to have the originally transmitted signal.
The figure below represents the companding curve:
The compressor and expander performs inverse
operations thus in the above figure the dotted line
represents the linear characteristic of the compander
indicating that the originally transmitted signal is
recovered at the receiver.
( This material is downloaded from internet)

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