Department of Mechanical Engineering Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Lubrication and Journal Bearings Machine Design —II Edited and Compiled by Dr. Sunil Kumar GuptaBearings e Bearing is a mechanical element that permits relative motion between two parts, such as the shaft and the housing, with minimum friction. ¢ Functions of the bearing: ° The bearing ensures free rotation of the shaft or the axle with minimum friction. ° The bearing supports the shaft or the axle and holds it in the correct position. ° The bearing takes up the forces that act on the shaft or the axle and transmits them to the frame or the foundation.Classification of Bearings __ © Depending upon the direction of load to be supported: (a) Radial bearings, (b) Thrust bearings. Load Moving Y element Fixed element Fixed elementClassification of Bearings e Depending upon the nature of contact: (a) Sliding contact bearings, (b) Rolling contact bearings. he element Fixed element 1 li Moving element Balls or rollers Moving element (@ Sliding contact bearing. (b) Rolling contact bearings.ydrodynamic rarings asics Classification of BearingsApplications of sliding contact bearings Sliding contact bearings are used in the following applications: ° crankshaft bearings in petrol and diesel engines; ° centrifugal pumps: © large size electric motors; © steam and gas turbines; and © concrete mixers, rope conveyors and marine installations.Classification of sliding contact bearings ' Sliding contact bearings are classified in three ways. ° 1. Based on type of load carried © 2. Based on type of lubrication © 3. Based on lubrication mechanismClassification - Based on type of load carried e a. Radial bearings e b. Thrust bearings or axial bearings c. Radial — thrust bearings elementClassification - Based on type of lubrication e The type of lubrication means the extent to which the contacting surfaces are separated in a shaft bearing combination. Classification includes ° Thick film lubrication (surfaces are separated by thick film of lubricant and there will not be any metal-to-metal contact. film thickness is anywhere from 8 to 20 um. coefficient of friction are 0.002 to 0.010) ° Thin film lubrication (separated by thin film of lubricant, at some high spots Metal-to-metal contact does exist. coefficient of friction commonly ranges from 0.004 to 0.10)Classification - Based on type of lubrication ° Boundary lubrication (The lubricant is continuously smeared over the surfaces and provides a continuously renewed adsorbed surface film which reduces the friction and wear. Coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.20).Classification - Based on lubrication mechanism Hydrodynamic lubricated bearings Hydrostatic lubricated bearings Elasto-hydrodynamic lubricated bearings Boundary lubricated bearings Solid film lubricated bearings Hydrodynamic lubricated bearings - The film pressure is created by the moving surface itself pulling the lubricant into a wedge-shaped zone at a velocity sufficiently high to create the pressure necessary to separate the surfaces against the load on the bearing. Hydrodynamic lubrication is also called full-film, or fluid, lubrication.Classification - Based on lubrication mechanism e Hydrostatic lubricated bearings - is defined as a system of lubrication in which the load supporting fluid film, separating the two surfaces is created by an external source, like a pump, supplying sufficient fluid under pressure. Elasto-hydrodynamic lubricated bearings - The oil film thickness is very small. The contact pressures are going to be very high. Hence to prevent the metal- to-metal contact, surface finishes are to be of high quality. Such a type of lubrication can be seen in gears, rolling contact bearings, cams etc.Classification - Based on lubrication mechanism e Boundary lubricated bearings - When the speed of the bearing is inadequate, less quantity of lubricant is delivered to the bearing, an increase in the bearing load, or an increase in the lubricant temperature resulting in drop in viscosity — any one of these may prevent the formation of thick film lubrication and establish continuous metal-to-metal contact extensively. Often bearings operating in such situations are called boundary lubricated bearings. ¢ Solid film lubricated bearings - For extreme temperature operations ordinary mineral oils are not satisfactory. Solid film lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide or their combinations which withstand high operating temperature are used. These types of bearings are common in furnace applications, or trunnion bearings of liquid metal handling systems, hot drawing mills etc.Lubrication e Lubrication is the science of reducing friction by application of a suitable substance called lubricant, between the rubbing surfaces of bodies having relative motion. © The objectives of lubrication are as follows: ° to reduce friction ° to reduce or prevent wear ° to carry away heat generated due to friction ° to protect the journal and the bearing from corrosion ¢ Classification of lubricants: ° Liquid lubricants like mineral or vegetable oils ° Semi-solid lubricants like grease ° Solid lubricants like graphite or molybdenum disulphideViscosity Viscosity is defined as the internal frictional resistance offered by a fluid to change its shape or relative motion of its parts. e Newton’s viscous effect states shear stress in a fluid is proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y F du T=QsH5 (12-1) ¢ “is absolute viscosity, also called dynamic viscosity vy, —!| A | esViscosity e For most lubricating fluids, the rate of shear is constant, thus du/dy =U/h fo (12-2)Units of Viscosity e Units of absolute viscosity © ips units: reyn = lbf-s/in? ° SL units: Pa-s = N-s/m* © egs units: Poise =dyn:s/cm? © cgs units are discouraged, but common historically in lubrication Viscosity in cgs is often expressed in centipoise (cP), designated by Z e Conversion from cgs to SI and ips: (Pas) = (10) °Z (cP) Z (cP) 6.89(10)° p(mPa - s) = 6.89 yu’ (wreyn) ju(reyn) =Measurement of Viscosity Saybolt Universal Viscosimeter used to measure viscosity Measures time in seconds for 60 mL of lubricant at specified temperature to run through a tube 17.6 mm in diameter and 12.25 mm long Result is kinematic viscosity Unit is stoke = cm?/s Using Hagen-Poiseuille law kinematic viscosity based on seconds Saybolt, also called Saybolt Universal viscosity (SUV) in seconds 1s A= (022 - *) (12-3) where Z, is in centistokes (cSt) and f is the number of seconds SayboltSaybolt Universal WATER HEATER: VISCOSITY = ELAPSED TIME FOR 60 mL OF FLUID TO PASS: THROUGH PRECISION ORIFICEMeasurement of Viscosity In SI, kinematic viscosity v has units of m?/s Conversion is v(m?/s) = 10°°Z, (cSt) Eq. (12-3) in SI units, we (02m = *) (10-5) (12-4) To convert to dynamic viscosity, multiply v by density in SI units =p (02% - *) (10-*) (12-5) where pis in kg/m and sis in pascal-seconds 20Measurement of Viscosity SAE number 20 30 40 BL SAE number SAW aU PA Saybolt universal viscosity at 210°F Maximum 45 less than 58 58 less than 70 70 less than 85 85 less than 110 Saybolt universal viscosity at 0°F Maximum = 6000 6000 less than 12000 12000 48000Viscosity Index The measure of variation of viscosity with temperature is the viscosity index (VI). For Pennsylvania crude oils, VI = 100, which undergoes the least change of viscosity with temperature. For Gulf coast oils, VI = 0, which undergoes the greatest change with temperature. Other oils were rated intermediately. VI of Multigrade oils such as SAE 10W-40 is more than that of single grade designation (as SAE 40 or SAE 10W). VI = 7, * 100% Where L- viscosity of a standard 0% VI oil at 100° F (40° C) H- Viscosity of standard 100% VI oil at 100° F (40° C) U - Viscosity of oil with unknown VI oil at 100° F (40° C) 8Viscosity Index Oil Boing ConsideredTemperature and Pressure Effects on Viscosity Index Temperature Effects * Nonpetroleum-base lubricants have widely varying viscosity indices. Silicone oils, for example, have relatively little variation of viscosity with temperature. Thus their viscosity indices substantially exceed 100 on the Dean and Davis scale. * The viscosity index of petroleum oils can be increased by the use of viscosity index improvers known as additives. Pressure Effects ¢ All lubricating oils experience an increase in viscosity with pressure. This effect is usually significant only at pressures higher than those encountered in sliding bearings. ¢ This effect is important in elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication.Properties of a lubricant Properties of a good lubricant are: 1. It should give rise to low friction. 2. It should adhere to the surface and reduce the wear. 3. It should protect the system from corrosion. 4. It should have good cleaning effect on the surface. 5. It should carry away as much heat from the surface as possible. 6. It should have thermal and oxidative stability. 7. It should have good thermal durability. 8. It should have antifoaming ability. 9. It should be compatible with seal materials. 10.It should be cheap and available in plenty.Lubricant for Journal Bearing Application Recommended Lubricants for the Bearing Application SAE 10 — spindle oil for light loaded bearings and high speeds. SAE 20 — 40 — Machine oil for bearings of IC engines, machine tools, turbines etc. SAE40-50 — Machine oil for diesel engines heavy load and medium speeds. SAE 60-70 — machine oil for high temperature, heavy load and low speeds. SAE Specification of Lubrication oils Viscosity of SAE 30 oil lies in between “thickest” SAE 20 and “thinnest” SAE 40 oil being the thickest. SAE 20,30,40 and 50 are specified at 100°C. SAE 5W, 10W and 20W are specified at -18°C. SAE 10W-40 oil must satisfy the 10W viscosity requirement at - 18°C and the 40 requirement at 100°C. 26Lubricant for Journal Bearing Application ISO Specification of Lubrication oils Industrial fluid lubricants are commonly specified in terms of international standards, which appear as * ASTM D 2422, + American National Standard Z11.232, * ISO Standard 3448. >» The various viscosity grades are designated as “ISO VG” followed by a number equal to the nominal kinematic viscosity at 40°C. » Eighteen grades are specified, with kinematic viscosities at 40°C of, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 22, 46, 68, 100, 150, 220, 320, 460, 680, 1000 and 1500 cSt (mm7/s).Lubricant for Journal Bearing SAE Grades For Engine lls Recommended in Relation with the Outside Temperatures (°C) 50 +5 +40 +45 +20 [sae 200 SHE3O SAE 10W-30 10W.40 ‘SAE 10W-60 ‘SAE 15W-40 mineral base SAE 15W-40; ‘SAE 20-60: :OW-30 synthetic base EE SAE 10w.30 ‘copermce T panes 10 w 30 ‘N10 W30 isan SAE 30 weight oll that aes tke 10Lubricant for Journal Bearing Loti thPi shit F HTHEL fi feastate es SLitit fi tii iii} rt : teeesere 3 a g§ 8 Teter ety 9 8G8¢8 88 Sees sa 8 8 : = ERett 8 tage Saybot ‘Visconties sus SUS @0rr @210'F 0000 SAE Gear Grade Crankcase 1. Kinematic viscostes st eure @r00' 28 gS 8888 & Be SBeRComparison of Absolute Viscosities of Various Fluids Absolute viscosity, Pa.s 6.89 6.89 (10!) 6.89 (10) 6.89 (10) 6.89 (10%) 6.89 (10°) 6.89 (10%) | 30Petroff’s Lightly Loaded Journal Bearing Petroff’s equation is used to determine the coefficient of friction in journal bearings. ¢ Assumptions. ° No eccentricity between bearings and journal and hence there is no “Wedging action”. ° Oil film is unable to support load. ° No lubricant flow in the axial direction and clearance is completely filled with oil © The bearing is subjected to light load “Keyway™ r= radius of shaft, osig ean) c= radial clearance, and weacs” = Jength of the bearing, 07 N rev/s = shaft rotates oneal i \suctata eine — SuLface velocity U=2arN. re 31Petroff’s Equation e shearing stress in the lubricant is equal to the velocity gradient times the viscosity. U-—= 2arpuN r=y—= (a) h e © Torque 2a T = (rar) = (FS ) @uriy(r) = EN (6) ¢ Radial force on the bearing W. Then bearing pressure (P=W/2rl) ¢ The frictional force (/W) and frictional torque T = f Wr =(f)(2rlP)(r) = 2r? fIP (od) ¢ From equation (5) and (c) N fewktt (12-6) PeImportant Dimensionless Parameters e Some important dimensionless parameters used in lubrication ° r/e radial clearance ratio © LN/P bearing characteristic number ° Sommerfeld number or 2 S= ) By (12-7) re P e Interesting relation 2 i= an (£) =2n?S (12-8) i PNG 33Stable Lubrication e Stable: right of 4B, changes in conditions are self-correcting (Temperature up, viscosity down, friction down, heat generated by shearing the lubricating oil down, temperature down) ¢ Unstable: left of AB, changes in conditions tend to get worse (Temperature up- viscosity down, friction up (metal to metal contact), more heat generated which increase the temperature up) A 1 I = ' e/\ S| thin fim | Thick film = | (unstable) ! (stable) So 1 =e 1 3 1 Ss ' 5 I g ic oC B Bearing characteristic, wN/P 7Stable Lubrication A 1 I S \ i & 1 & H : 3 | Thin film | Thick film = (unstable) | (stable) e I 3 I = 1 5 1 8 ic Co 1 B Bearing characteristic, ~N/P e Point C represents approximate transition between metal-to-metal contact & thick film separation of parts e Common design constraint for point B, IN > > 0.362(107°) 35Journal Bearing e A journal bearing is a sliding contact bearing working on hydrodynamic lubrication and which supports the load in radial direction. ¢ Partial bearing has B< 360 ¢ Full bearing has B= 360 Fitted bearing has equal radii of bushing and journal 120° 120° 36Nomenclature of a Journal Bearing Center of journal at O Center of bearing at O' Eccentricity e Minimum film thickness ho occurs at line of centers Film thickness anywhere ish Eccentricity ratio e e=- c c= radial clearance Line of centers >< Bushing, 37Hydrodynamic Theory e Present theory originated with experimentation of Beauchamp Tower in early 1880s Partial bronze bearing Lubricator hole ¢ Partial bearing, having a diameter of 4 in, a length of 6 in, and a bearing arc of 157°, and having bath- type lubrication. Coefficients of friction obtained was quite low. Lubricant level 38Hydrodynamic Theory e Drilled a 0.5 in-diameter lubricator hole through the top. But when the apparatus was set in motion, oil flowed out of this hole. To stop, a cork stopper was used, but this popped out, e A wooden was plugged into the hole. Wooden plug was also pushed out. e A pressure gauge connected to the hole indicated a pressure of more than twice the unit bearing load. Lubricator hole Partial bronze bearing Lubricant level 39Hydrodynamic TheoryPressure Distribution Curves of Tower e Finally, he investigated the bearing film pressures in detail throughout the bearing width and length and reported a distribution similar. Prax YY p=0 Ab | Ui \ Pee es { ———— | = 6 in 1 KL d=4in 4iHydrodynamic Lubrication Theory e When a bearing is supplied with adequate oil, a pressure is developed in the clearance space when the journal rotates about an axis that is eccentric with the bearing axis. He exhibited that the load can be sustained by this fluid pressure without any contact between the two members ¢ The load supporting pressure in hydrodynamic bearings arises from either ° (1) the flow of a viscous fluid in a converging channel, the wedge film, ° (2) the resistance of a viscous fluid to being squeezed out from the between approaching surface, the squeeze film. EnclStages in hydrodynamic lubrication e Stage 1: the bearing clearance space is filled with oil, but the load W has squeezed out the oil film at the bottom. Metal-to-contact exists. The vertical axis of bearing and journal are co-axial. (a) At rest 43Stages in hydrodynamic lubrication Stage 2: When the journal starts rotating slowly in clockwise direction, because of friction, the journal starts to climb the wall of the bearing surface. Boundary lubrication exists now. The wear normally takes place during this period. However, the journal rotation draws the oil between the surfaces and they separate. 1 (b) StartingStages in hydrodynamic lubrication e Stage 3: As the speed increases, more oil is drawn in and enough pressure is built up in the contact zone to float” the journal. Further increase in speed, additional pressure of the converging oil flow to the right of the minimum film thickness position (h,) moves the shaft slightly to the left of center. As a result full separation of journal and bearing surfaces occurs. In stable operating condition, the pressure distribution on the journal is shown. This is known as — Hydrodynamic lubrication or full film/thick film lubrication. At this equilibrium condition, the pressure force on journal balances the external load W. (c) Running 4sStages in hydrodynamic lubricationReynolds Analy: e Hydrodynamic theory is based on experiment by Tower . e Later, the mathematical theory of lubrication is developed by Osborne Reynolds e Reynolds concluded that there must be a definite equation relating the friction, the pressure, and the velocity. Roving journal h oo Banaras — 4 ae & = Tare y Say Sonar part bashing Pai testing » 47Reynolds Plane Slider Simplification e Reynolds realized fluid films were so thin in comparison with bearing radius that curvature could be neglected e Replaced curved bearing with flat bearing, Called plane slider bearing ¢ Assumptions ° The lubricant obeys Newton’s viscous effect. ° The forces due to the inertia of the lubricant are neglected. ° The lubricant is assumed to be incompressible. © The viscosity is assumed to be constant throughout the film. © The pressure does not vary in the axial direction. © The bushing and journal extend infinitely in the z direction; this means there can be no lubricant flow in the z direction. ° The film pressure is constant in the y direction. Thus the pressure depends only on the coordinate x. ° The velocity of any particle of lubricant in the film depends only on the coordinates x and y aReynolds Plane Slider Simplification SS ———— e An element of lubricant in the film of dimensions dx, dy, and dz. e Normal forces, due to the pressure, act upon the right and left sides of the element, and shear forces, due to the viscosity and to the velocity, act upon the top and bottom sides ‘Stationary partial bashing » 49Derivation of Velocity Distribution e Summing the forces in the x direction gives Yo = pdydz- (r+ Pax) dydz —tdxdz+ (= + ray) dxdz=0 (a) dp _ at no (b) ou TSE (c) e where the partial derivative is used because the velocity u depends upon both x and y. q au p (a) dx "Oy? 50Derivation of Velocity Distribution e Holding x constant, we now integrate this expression twice with respect to y. This give dp vu ey C) dx aye (d) a. 1d, ay cy dy pdx ld ss w= — Pye qyte 2udx © Note that the act of holding x constant means that C, and C, can be functions of x. e Assume that there is no slip between the lubricant and the boundary surfaces. SLDerivation of Velocity Distribution * This gives two sets of boundary conditions for evaluating C, and C;: * Stationary Plane At y=0,u=0 * Movingplane ay yh y=U * Velocity distribution superposes parabolic distribution onto linear distribution 1 dp, U = — Pry?—-ayy4—y ¥= Fd? tT (-.-.- Parabolic) (----linear)Velocity Distribution e This equation gives the velocity distribution of the lubricant in the film as a function of the coordinate y and the pressure gradient dp/dx. ¢ When pressure is maximum, dp/dx = 0 and u = (U/h) y Rotating journal Y Stationary bushing 53Derivation of Reynolds Equation Volume of lubricant flow @Q in the x direction. By using a width of unity in z-direction, the volume o= [ua (H 1 dp U We kni =— hy 5 ‘e know u an 0” W+zy ==-—-2 ti) ‘dx 2dx dx d (I dp dh i (= z)- 6U— (12-10) 34Reynolds Equation e Classical Reynolds equation for one-dimensional flow, neglecting side leakage, d (hh dp =outt (12-10) dx \ dx)” ~~ dx e With side leakage included, a (I ap a (IW ap ah = (2 Sp a(S 22) ee — =(* z)+e(5 z) Ox f2-11) e No general analytical solutions e One important approximate solution by Sommerfeld, r=ol(2) | (12-12) where ¢ indicates a functional relationship. Sommerfeld found the functions for half bearings and full bearings by using the assumption of no side leakage. 55Design Considerations e Variables either given or under control of designer 1 2 3 4 The viscosity 2 The load per unit of projected bearing area, P The speed N The bearing dimensions r, c, 8, and / © Dependent variables, or performance factors 1 2 3 4 The coefficient of friction f The temperature rise AT The volume flow rate of oil 0 The minimum film thickness ho 56Significant Angular Speed e Angular speed N depends on the rotation of the journal & bearing and, the load. ¢ Used in Sommerfeld equation. Significant angular speed is = Nj + Ny — 2Nyl (12-13) where Nj = journal angular speed, rev/s . = bearing angular speed, rev/s = load vector angular speed, rev/s w y M=0.N/=0 N= 0.N/=N, =0.N=4L NaN, N= NIN 40-20) =, N=IN,+0-2N) =N, N=|N,+0-2N,/2|=0 N=IN,+N,-20)= 20, @ o © w 37Trumpler’s Design Criteria e Trumpler, a well-known bearing designer, recommended a set of design criteria. e Minimum film thickness to prevent accumulation of ground off surface particles ho = 0.00508 + 0.00004d mm e Maximum temperature to prevent vaporization of lighter lubricant components Bnox®S 021°C. e Maximum starting load to limit wear at startup when there is metal-to-metal contact Wee < 2068 kPa ID e Minimum design factor on running load ng > 2 (d) 38The Relations of the Variables e Albert Raymondi and John Boyd used an iteration technique to solve Reynolds’ equation. d (i dp dh ax (F +) Tax ¢ Published 45 charts and 6 tables ¢ This text includes charts from Part III of Raymondi and Boyd e Assumes infinitely long bearings, thus no side leakage ° Assumes full bearing ° Assumes oil film is ruptured when film pressure becomes zero 59Viscosity Charts — Function of Temperature : e Viscosity is clearly a function of temperature e Viscosity charts of common lubricants are given in Figs. 12-12 through 12-14 e Raymondi and Boyd assumed constant viscosity through the loading zone ¢ Not completely true since temperature rises as work is done on the lubricant passing through the loading zone e Use average temperature to find a viscosity AT Te = Fi + >> (12-14) where 7, is the inlet temperature and AT is the temperature rise of the lubricant from inlet to outlet.Viscosity-Temperature Chart This graph is obtained from experiment , not from _—_ Reynold’s equation ‘cha ay PR a a Temperature CC) 61Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Multi-viscosity Lubricants Temperature CF) 62Curve Fits for Viscosity-Temperature Chart e Approximate curve fit for Fig. 12-12 is given by b = pexn -————— in ° es HyeeP laa + ml Tint MTS Constant Oil Grade, SAE FRY k° 1 b,°Cc 10 0.1089 1157.5 20 0.0937 1271.6 30 0.0971 1360.0 40 0.0827 1474.4 50 0.1171 1509.6 60 0.1288 1564.0 ce *y = po explb/(1.87 + 127)), 7 in°GNotation of Raimondi and Boyd e Polar diagram of the film pressure distribution showing notation used by Raimondi and BoydMinimum Film Thickness (/1)) and Eccentricity Ratio (€) » Journal is centered in the bushing, e=0 and ho=c, corresponding to a very light (zero) load. Since e=0, e=0. > As the load is increased the journal displaces downward; the limiting position is reached when hy=0 and e=c, that is, when the journal touches the bushing. For this condition the eccentricity ratio € is unity. Since ho=c-e, dividing both sides by c, ho 65Position of Minimum Film Thickness (¢) 100 80 0 d= jum film thickness & (deg) 1/2, 30 1/4, 20 10 0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 02 04 0.6 081.0 2 4 6 810 ra Bearing characteristic number, $= (£) 4Coefficient of Friction Variable f (dimensionless) Coefficient-of fiction variable 0 001 002 0.08 0.06 0.1 02 04 06 0.81.0 2 46 810 yen Bearing characteristic number, $= (£) 4p o7Flow Variable ‘008 006 01 6 #10 04 06 0810 02 uN Bearing characteristic mime, = (£4Flow ratio “ 07 0.6 os 04 0.3 0.2 Ol Flow Ratio of Side Flow to Total Flow EEE aoa 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 02 04 06 10 2 4 6 810 2 uN Bearing characteristic number, 5 = (ey o(&) ze Prax Maximum-film-pressure ratio 10 09 0.8 07 06 os 04 03 02 ol Maximum Film Pressure 1/4 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 Bearing characteristic number, $= (£) 04 0.6 0.81.0 pan P 2 810 70Terminating Position of Film 2 3 i & “Terminating poston of film, (ce) s Postion of maximum film pressure , _ (deg) 001002 008 006 0.80.1 02 0406 08 1.0 2 + 6 80 ty mo Beating cars mmbe 5« (5) 8H 7Finding Temperature Rise from Energy Considerations ° The temperature of the lubricant rises until the rate at which work is done by the journal on the film through fluid shear is the same as the rate at which heat is transferred to the greater surroundings i Sump /<—0-0, qT T,+AT Supply Q,T, Return End leakage 2-9, Control Hest loss rele 0,7, + ar T,+A4T surface ; Aves (a) (b)Finding Temperature Rise from Energy Considerations Let OQ = volumetric oil-flow rate into the bearing, m*/s Q, = volumetric side-flow leakage rate out of the bearing and to the sump, m?/s O-— Q, = volumetric oil-flow discharge from annulus to sump, m*/s T, = oil inlet temperature (equal to sump temperature 7,), °C T= temperature rise in oil between inlet and outlet, °C p = lubricant density, kg/m? C, = specific heat capacity of lubricant, KJ/(kg. °C) J= Joulean heat equivalent, N . mJ H = heat rate, J/s or W 3Finding Temperature Rise from Energy Considerations Using the sump as a control region, we can write an enthalpy balance. Using 7, as the datum temperature gives Heat loss=heat loss through leakage + heat loss through return 1 Qs Hos = 0CpQ.AT/2+ pCO QNAT = pC,0AT (I-32) (a The thermal energy loss at steady state H),,, is equal to the rate the journal does work on the film. 2nNT loss = 7 = Hwork done on film The torque T=/Wr, the load in terms of pressure is W=2Pri, and multiplying numerator and denominator by the clearance c Hhoxe = Ae PINE rf J c ¢ Eqt (a) and (b) JpCy AT rfie 47P (1 =0.50,/0)[Q/(reND)] (b) (cd) 74Finding Temperature Rise from Energy Considerations For common petroleum lubricants p = 862 Kg/m*, Cp = 1.758 KJ/Kg-°C, and J = 995 (10e6) m.M/J; therefore the left term of Eq. (c) is JpCpAT _995* 10° * 862 * 1.758 AT _ 0.12 AT 4nP 4nPupa = Pisa oazar Me vate (a a7 3“/0) [ren] 75Combined Temperature Rise Chart 70 7 8.0, 4, 020M Fi Parra foot tt tg sot + s 2 8 A 40. zg a Bose ; : 2 i & F ~8 20 oor 2) 3 4 567801 2 3 4567810 Sommerfeld Number 76Interpolation Equation e Raimondi and Boyd provide interpolation equation for //d ratios other than given in charts sain H( (4) ($C) (4) HO-DOBnerkODO-Do] 7Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings Previous analysis assumes lubricant carries away all enthalpy (heat energy) increase Bearings in which warm lubricant stays within bearing housing are called self-contained bearings Heat is dissipated from the housing to the surroundings Heat flow (a) Bearing lubricating film to housing by lubricating oil (b) Housing to Surrounding 8Heat Dissipated From Bearing Housing to Surrounding e Heat given up by bearing housing to the surrounding Aloss = ticrA (Th — Too) where AA,,, = heat dissipated, 4cp = combined overall coefficient of radiation and convection heat transfer, A = surface area of bearing housing, T,, = surface temperature of the housing, T,, = ambient temperature, 9Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer e Overall coefficient of radiation and convection depends on material, surface coating, geometry, roughness, temperature difference between housing and surroundings, and air velocity ¢ Some representative values 114.W/(m? + °C) for still air Tick = § 15.3 W/(m?+°C) for shaft-stirred air (12-18) 33.5 W/(m? *°C) for air moving at 24.5 m/s 80Difference in Lub Film and Ambient Temperatures e The difference between lubricating flim and ambient temperatures is given by Ty — Ty = a(Ty — Too) (a) e where a depends on lubrication system and housing geometry TS Te Oil ring Moving air 1-2 Still air 1 1 2 Oil bath Moving air - Still air t 81Housing Temperature e Bearing housing heat loss to surroundings Ty Tu Aioss = RcrA(T — To) = BcrA ita ae herd 5 = Hoss = Tyg Tt — Too) (12-19a) ¢ Housing surface temperature _ Tp +aTo i Th = Tiiefeea | (12-19b) 82Heat Generation Rate = Work Rate Frictional Torque e Because of the shearing of lubricant film heat is generated ¢ The heat generation rate H,,,,, at steady state, is equal to the work rate from the frictional torque T. T =477 PF lu/c 248uN?lr3 Hgen = T (2nN) = ———— In steady state condition, ° Heat dissipated from the housing to surrounding = Heat generated in lubricant film. Now pens Aioss = ieetn Too) = Hgen = e 248uN?Ir3 NcrAc 248yN2Ir3 Ty = Tx + 248(1 + @) 83Steady State Condition In steady state condition, ° The average film temperature J, is unknown, hence the viscosity of the lubricant in a self-contained bearing is unknown. ° Finding the equilibrium temperatures is an iterative process wherein a trial average film temperature (and the corresponding viscosity) is used to compare the heat generation rate and the heat loss rate. ° Stop iteration when Hge,=Hioss 84Clearance e In designing a journal bearing for thick-film lubrication, the engineer must select the grade of oil to be used, together with suitable values for P, N, r, c, and 1. ¢ Asmall clearance (film that is too thin), so that the oil flow is insufficient, causing the bearing to overheat and, eventually, fail. Furthermore, the radial clearance c is difficult to hold accurate during manufacture, and it may increase because of wear. e A large clearance will permit the dirt particles to pass through and also will permit a large flow of oil. This lowers the temperature and increases the life of the bearing. However, if the clearance becomes too large, the bearing becomes noisy and the minimum film thickness begins to decrease again. ae ning = Clearance: na” soa 85Effect of Clearance on Example Problems e Some performance characteristics from Examples 12-1 to 12-4, plotted versus radial clearance 25 3.0 is 2.0 0 05 1.0 Radial clearance ¢ (10™* in) 86Clearance Table 12-3 a Maximum, Minimum, Type of Fit Symbol Maximum Average — Minimum and Average Clearances 8/17 0.001 75 0.001 125 0.000 5 for 1.5-in-Diameter Free-running H9/d9 0.003 95 0.002 75 0.001 55 Journal Bearings Based on Type of Fit Table 12-4 «in [om ho, in f CE Performance of 0.000 5 226 0.000 38 0.0113 0.061 0.086 1 }-Diameter Journal 0.001 125 142 0.000 65, 0.009 0 0.153 0.068 Bearing with Various 0.001 55 133, 0.00077 0.008 7 0.218 0.066 ‘Clearances. (SAE 20 0.001 75 1s 0.000 76 0.008 4 0.252 0.064 Lubricant, 7; = 100°F, 0.002 75 18. 0.000 73 0.0079 0.419 0.060 N= 301s, 500 Ibf, 0.003 95 13 0.000 69 0.617 0.059 L=15in) 87Figure 12-26 Temperature limits for mineral coils. The lower limit is for oils ‘containing antioxidants and applies when oxygen supply is unlimited. The upper limit ‘applies when insignificant oxygen is present. The life in the shaded zone depends on the amount of oxygen and catalysts present. (Source: M. J. Neale (ed.), Tribology Handbook, Section BI, Newnes-Butterworth, ‘London, 1975.) Temperature Limits Esa ‘Temperature (°C) 100 Life (h)References e Joseph E. Shigley, “Mechanical Engineering Design”, McGraw Hill Publications. e Robert L. Norton, “Machine Design: An Integrated approach” Prentice Hall e Robert C Juvinall and Kurt M. Marshek, “Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, Wiley-India e V. B. Bhandari, “Design of Machine Elements” 3rd Ed., Tata McGraw Hill 89