Q.

(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion
(i) Enzyme trypsin [CBSE 2020]
(ii) Enzyme lipase
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine.
Ans. (a)(i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas in an
inactive form called trypsinogen. Trypsin converts remaining proteins into
peptones and the peptones into peptides and amino acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase: It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase
converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like
projections called villi.

Two functions of villi are:

(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of
small intestine.
(ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps in rapid absorption of
digested food.

Q. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?

[NCERT, CBSE 2011, 12, 13]
Ans. The heart of human beings consist of two sides right and left. The right side of the
heart receives deoxygenated blood from the cells and tissues and sends it further for
purification to lungs. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs
which is pumped further and sent to all the parts of the body through blood vessels. This
is called double circulation. The energy demand of human beings is too large and hence it
is necessary for the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to meet this
energy demand.

Q. Define the term transpiration. Design an experiment to demonstrate this

process. [CBSE 2019]
Ans. Loss of water vapour through the stomatal openings of the leaves of a plant is termed
as transpiration. Following experiment can be performed to demonstrate transpiration in a
plant.
(i) Place a healthy growing plant on a horizontal and plane slab in the sunlight.
(ii) Place a glass bell jar over the potted plant and seel its end to the slab by applying
vaseline at its edges.
(iii) Allow the set-up to remain in the sunlight for some time.
(iv) Observe the presence of water droplets on the inner surface of the glass jar.
(v) This collection of water droplets is indicative of transpiration.
Q. Differentiate between fermentation in yeast and aerobic respiration on the basis
of end products formed. [CBSE 2019]
Ans. During fermentation in yeast, ethanol is formed while in aerobic respiration, carbon
dioxide and water are formed. The energy (ATP) released in the process of fermentation
is also very less as compared to the aerobic respiration.

Q. State the location and the function of gastric glands? [CBSE 2019]
Ans. Gastric glands are present in the wall of stomach which releases hydrochloric
acid,mucus and protein digesting enzyme pepsin.
Q. List the steps of preparation of temporary mount of a leaf peel to observe
stomata. [CBSE 2018]
Ans. The following are the steps of preparation of temporary mount of a leaf peel to
observe stomata:

(i) Remove a healthy leaf from the potted plant.

(ii) Remove a part of the peel from the lower surface of the leaf by folding the leaf over
and gently pulling the peel using forceps. Place the peel in a clean watch glass.
(iii) Put a few drops of saffranin stain in a watch glass.
(iv) After 2-3 minutes take out the peel and place it on a clean glass slide.
(v) Put a drop of glycerin over the peel and place a clean coverslip gently over it.
(vi) Remove the excess stain and glycerin with the help of blotting paper.
(vii) Observe the slide under the low-power and high-power magnifications of the
compound microscope.
Q. In the experimental set up to show that "CO2 is given out during respiration",
name the substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its
function and the consequence of its use. [CBSE 2015]
Ans. The substance taken in the small test tube. kept in the conical flask is KOH
(potassium hydroxide) solution. The CO produced by germinating seeds is absorbed by
KOH solution due to which the air from the bent tube moves into the conical flask, which
eventually pulls the water up in the bent glass tube.
Q. A student has set up "CO₂ is released during respiration". After about 1 hour he
observes no change in the water level in the delivery tube. Write two possible resons
for the failure of the experiment. [CBSE 2015]
Ans. (i) The setup was not air tight
(ii) Geminating seeds were not moist
(iii) One end of U-shaped delivery tube is placed in conical flask and the other end was
not immersed in the water of the beaker.
 Q. How is the small intestine designed to absorb the digested food?
[NCERT, CBSE 2013]
Ans. Small intestine has finger like projection in the inner lining which increases the
surface area for absorption of food. These finger like projections are called villi. The
villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and
every cell of the body.
Q. Name the two glands associated with the digestive system in humans. Name
their secretion also. [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i) Gastric glands These are present in the walls of stomach. These release HCI, a
protein digesting enzyme called pepsin and mucus.
(ii) Pancreatic enzymes The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes
like trypsin digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.

Q. What advantages over an aquatic [NCERT,CBSE 2013]

(a) 1-chambered heart organism does a terrestrial organism have with
(b) 2-chambered heart regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Ans. Aquatic organism takes in the oxygen dissolved in water which is in less
percentage than the oxygen present in air. Terrestrial organism can take in more
amount of oxygen at a time than aquatic organisms.
Q. Why rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms? [CBSE 2013, 14]
Ans. Because the amount of dissolved oxygen is in the air.
Q. (a) Discuss the role of HCI, pepsin, bile and trypsin in the digestion of food
in human body. [CBSE 2014]
(b) Where are gastric glands located in alimentary canal of human?
Ans. (a) HCI It creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of pepsin.
Pepsin->It digests proteins into peptones.
Bile->Bile breaks down fats into fat globules.
Trypsin->Trypsin digests protein.
(b) Gastric glands are present in the wall of the stomach.

Q. How do autotrophs obtain CO₂ and N, to make their food? (CBSE 2014)
Ans. (i) CO₂ from atmosphere through diffusion of stomata.
(ii) N₂ is absorbed from soil in the form nitrates and nitrite

Q. Explain how the human body responds when adrenaline is secreted into the
blood. [CBSE 2013,14]
Ans. The heart beats faster, resulting in supply of more oxygen to our muscles. The blood
to the digestive system and skin is reduced due to contraction of muscles around small
arteries in these organs. This diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles. The breathing rate
also increases because of the contractions of the diaphragm and the rib muscles.
Q.What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food? [CBSE 2012]
Ans. Saliva moistens the ingested food with mucus, sterlises it with lysozyme and
partially digests starch part of food into sugar with the help of salivary amylase or
ptyaline.
Q. What is the role of acid in our stomach? [CBSE 2012]
Ans. Acid (HCI) present in our stomach makes the medium acidic so as to facilitate
the action of the enzyme pepsin and it kills the bacteria ingested with food.
Q. Name any two digestive enzymes secreted in the human digestive system and
write their functions. [CBSE 2011]
Ans. Salivary amylase->starch into sugar (maltose).
Pepsin->digest proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin->digest proteins into amino acids.
Lipase->digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Q. Which is the internal energy reserve in plants? Do the animals have the same
energy reserve? [CBSE 2011]
Ans. Plants have starch as the storage carbohydrate which acts as internal energy
reserve.
No, the animals have glycogen as internal energy reserve.
Q. In human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various
components of food. Explain the process of digestion. [CBSE 2012]
Ans. Small Intestine Secretions of liver and pancreas mixes with food. Pancreatic
enzymes make it alkaline. Bile juice from liver too helps in it. Bile salts break the fat
present in the form of large globules into smaller ones increasing the efficiency of
enzyme action. Enzymes like trypsin digests proteins and lipase breaks down fats.
Intestinal juice convert proteins to amino acids complex carbohydrate to glucose and
fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Q. Assume that you are a veterinary you surgeon and you had removed a good
length of the small intestine of a bear that was forward, into the stomach.suffering
from a intestinal tumour. Now, would you suggest a plant based or an meat based
diet for the bear after its recovery? Give reason for your answer. [CBSE 2011]
Ans. I would suggest meat based diet. Because to digest plant based diet, bear will need a
longer small intestine. Since the cellulose present in plant diet requires longer time for
digestion.
Q. Why do the walls of the trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?
[NCERT, CBSE 2012]
Ans. Presence of rings of cartilage in the throat ensure that the air passage does not
collapse.
Q. Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms
and terrestrial organisms? Explain [CBSE 2020]
Ans. Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic organisms thrive on
the dissolved oxygen present in water. Air contains about 21% of oxygen while water has
less than 1% oxygen in dissolved state. Oxygen diffuses through water at a much slower
rate as compared to air. A terrestrial organism has the advantage of utilising greater
amount of oxygen at a faster rate with lesser effort whereas, aquatic organisms have to
put more effort to obtain the same amoun of oxygen, therefore breathing in aquatic
organisms is much faster than the terrestrial organisms.
Q. (a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body? [CBSE 2020]
(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
Ans. (a) Human body continuously require energy for their life activities like respiration,
circulation, excretion, etc. Energy is required even we are sleeping because a number of
biological processes keep on occurring. All these processes require energy and this
energy is obtained from nutrition. Nutrition is also needed for growth and repair of
human body.

(b) The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can contract and expand
alternately. The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of foodpipe is called
peristaltic movement. The peristaltic movement moves the partially digested food in all
the digestive organs throughout the alimentary canal.

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Q. 1. Carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of
(a) glycogen
(b) starch
(c) they are absorbed and not stored
(d) they are not stored
Q.2. Carbohydrate in humans is stored in the
(a) glycogen
(b) starch
(c) chloroplast
(d) guard cells
Q. 3. In the experiment to test the presence of starch, why is the leaf dipped in
alcohol not heated directly?
(a) Alcohol is flammable
(b) For better heating
(c) Alcohol is acidic in nature
(d) Alcohol is basic in nature
Q.4. Which of the following is an essential element used in the synthesis of
proteins?
(a) Hydrogen
(b) Oxygen
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Carbon dioxide
Q.5. Rhythmic movement of muscles in the lining of gut are known as
(a) Contracting movements
(b) Dilating movements
(c) Peristaltic movements
(d) None of the above
Q.6. Complete digestion of carbohydrates;proteins and fats takes place in
(a) Stomach
(b) Large intestine
(c) Small intestine
(d) Villi

Q.7. Bile juice is secreted by

(a) Stomach
(b) Small intestine
(c) Pancreas
(d) Liver
Q.8. Pancreas secretes the following pancreatic juices
(a) Trypsin
(b) Pepsin
(c) Bile juice
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Q.9. Lipase acts on
(a) Amino Acids
(b) Emulsified fats
(c) Carbohydrates
(d) All of these
Q.10. After digestion, proteins, carbohydratesand fats are respectively converted
into
(a) Glucose, fatty acids and glycerols
(b) Amino acids, glucose and fatty acids.
(c) Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol
(d) Glucose, glycerol and fatty adds
Q.11.Respiration taking place in absence of oxygen is called
(a) Aerobic respiration
(b) Anaerobic respiration
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Q.12.Cramps caused during sudden activities are due to the formation of
(a) Ethanol
(b) Acetic acid
(c) Lactic acid
(d) excess of water

Q.13. In human beings respiratory pigment is

(a) Chlorophyll
(b) Water
(c) Blood
(d) Haemoglobin
Q.14. CO₂ is transported in our body through
(a) Haemoglobin
(b) Blood
(c) Water
(d) All of these
Q.15. Blood consists of a fluid medium is called
(a) Lymph
(b) Platelets
(c) Plasma
(d) All of these
Q.16. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through
(a) Right ventride
(b) Right atrium
(c) Light ventride
(d) Left atrium
Q.17. Separation of right and left side of the advantage of residual volume of air in
lungs?
(a) Ensure proper and effident working of heat
(b) Avoid any blockage
(c) Allow highly effident supply of oxygen
(d) All of the above
Q.18. Amphibians have
(a) 1-chambered heart
(b) 2-chambered heart
(c) 3-chambered heat
(d) 4-chambered heat
Q.19. Pulmonary artery carries blood
(a) Away from the heart
(b) Towards the heart.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Q.20. One cell-thick vessels are called
(a) Afteries
(b) Veins
(c) Cimllofinn
(d) Pulmonary artery
 ANSWERS

1.-- b
2.-- a
3.-- a
4.-- c
5.-- c
6.-- c
7.-- d
8.-- d
9.-- b
10.- c
11.- b
12.- c
13.- d
14.- b
15.- c
16.- b
17.- c
18.- b
19.- a
20.- c
Q. Draw the diagram of an open stomatal pore of a leaf and label on it
chloroplast and guard cells. [CBSE 2014]
Ans.

Q. A student is observing the temporary mount of a leaf peel under a

microscope. Draw labelled diagram of the structure of stomata as seen under
the microscope.
Ans.

Q.Draw a diagram showing cross-section of a leaf and label on it Phloem, Xylem,

Vascular bundle,Lamina. [CBSE 2012]

Ans.
Q. (a) Draw a diagram of excretory system in human beings and label on it
Aorta, Vena cava, Urinary bladder,kidney. [CBSE 2011, 12, 13]
(b) List two vital functions of the Urethra.
Ans.

(b) Two vital functions of kidneys are

(i) They maintain the pH and salt concentration of body constant and also
the water balance.
(ii) They help in removal of waste products that are harmful for human body.

Q. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons. [NCERT, CBSE 2013]

Ans. Structure of nephrons It consists of a Bowman's capsule in which glomerulus is
present (cluster of capillaries). The afferent artery brings the impure blood to
nephron. The cup shaped structure (Bowman's capsule) form a tubular part of nephron
which leads to collecting duct.
Working of Nephron
(i) Filtration:-The renal artery or afferent artery is wider and slowly it becomes a narrow
tube in the glomerulus. Due to difference in the width, pressure difference is caused and
water with dissolved impurities are squeezed out from the tube. It is collected in the
Bowman's capsule which is cup like structure and passes into the tube.
(ii) Reabsorbtion:-The above filtrate passes through the tubule where the major amount
of water, glucose, amino acids are selectively reabsorbed by the capillaries which are
surrounding the tubule.
(iii) Urine formation:-The water and impurities which is not reabsorbed is sent to a
collecting duct. This filtrate contains more of dissolved nitrogenous wastes ie, urea and
hence it is termed as urine. From here the urine enters the ureter and is collected in
urinary bladder.
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