Just recently, we’ve already discussed about motor learning

process. Motor learning is a complex process that involves acquiring,

completing, and using motor information, knowledge, experience, and
motor programs to improve movement performance. Motor learning
daw is a complex process that involves acquiring when we say acquiring,
it involves gathering sensory feedback about the movement. Completing
motor programs involves selecting and executing the appropriate
movements to achieve a specific goal. Using motor programs involves
applying the motor plan in a real-world context, adapting to changing
task demands and environmental conditions, and refining the motor
plan through ongoing feedback and practice. So diba we already
distinguished the three phases in the process of motor learning: the
verbal-cognitive phase during which a new movement is first identified
and then understood; the associative phase during which several
elements of the movement are integrated and adapted to the changing
circumstances; and the autonomous phase during which movements
becomes automatic and results in few errors. Example for this is learning
to play a song on the piano it initially takes a lot of thought, time to
practice and mastered.

Motor learning in sport

According to Schimdt ang motor programme daw is a multitude of
commands meaning to say daghan that travel from the central nervous
systems to the muscles and defined prior to movement. So diba we all
know that motor programme is a series of subroutines organized into a
correct sequence to perform a movement. This means that the
commands or yung mga movement na atong ginahimo is naga agi pana
siya sa central nervous system which is our brain bago siya mo travel sa
atong muscles and then right after that draa na ma execute ang
movement. For example, in tennis, the motor programme gives the
instructions to the muscles in the arms and legs about where and when
to contract. So kini siya gi distinguished ni Schimdt between short-term
and long-term motor memory. When we say short term memory this is
our capacity to keep small amount of information in mind in an active,
readily available state for a short period of time. It is a working memory
that only lasts for 30 seconds. The long-term motor memory stores well-
mastered and automated tasks. So long-term memory ma retrieved lang
na siya na mga information when we need to perform a skill. So both
short-term and long-term motor memory are important in motor
learning especially ang short term because it is the initial stage of
learning.
In sport, motor learning is typically focused on improving specific
motor skills that are relevant to the sport such as throwing, kicking or
shooting. This involves breaking down the movement into its component
parts, identifying errors or areas for improvement, and providing
targeted feedback and practice to address these issues. One effective
strategy for motor learning in sport is deliberate practice, which involves
focused, structured, and challenging practice with the goal of improving
specific aspects of performance. This may involve practicing under
varying conditions, such as different levels of pressure or distraction, to
help athletes develop the ability to adapt to different game situations.
Another important aspect of motor learning in sport is the use of
feedback, which can be provided through various means, such as verbal
cues, video analysis, or wearable technology. This feedback can help
athletes identify errors, track progress, and make adjustments to their
movements to improve performance. Ultimately, motor learning is an
ongoing process in sport, as athletes must continue to refine their skills
and adapt to changing game conditions to stay competitive. By using
effective training and coaching strategies that are tailored to the
individual needs and abilities of the athlete, coaches can help athletes
develop the motor skills and movement patterns that are necessary for
success in their sport.

Motor learning is important in sports because it enables athletes to

perform specific movements with greater precision, efficiency, and
consistency, leading to improved performance outcomes.

THEORIES OF TRANSFER OF LEARNING

Transfer of learning- the influence of previous experiences on

performing a skill in a new context or on learning a new skill.
So ang transfer of learning daw is ito yung mga dati nating mga nalearn
na mga skills and knowledge na pwede nato gamitin in another new
learnings.

Positive vs. Negative

Positive transfer: when learning in one context improves performance in
some other context. For example, skills in playing the violin facilitate
learning to play piano. Knowledge of mathematics facilitates to learn
physics in a better way. Learning one stanza of a poem helps to recite
and remember another stanza even if changes occur.
Negative transfer: when learning in one context has a negative impact
on performance in another context. For example, driving on right-right-
sided vehicles hinders learning to adapt on left-sided vehicles.

Near Transfer Theory: This theory suggests that transfer of learning is

more likely to occur when the original learning task and the new task are
similar in terms of their content and context. For example, someone
who has learned how to speak Spanish may transfer that learning to
Italian because both languages are similar in structure and share many
words.

Far Transfer Theory: This theory proposes that transfer of learning is

possible even when the original learning task and the new task are
dissimilar. For example, someone who has learned how to play a musical
instrument may transfer that learning to improve their performance in a
sport because both activities require the development of fine motor
skills and coordination.

Identical Elements Theory: This theory suggests that transfer of learning

occurs when there are identical elements present in both the original
learning task and the new task. For example, if someone learns how to
ride a bicycle, they may transfer that learning to a motorcycle because
both activities involve balancing on two wheels.

Generalization Theory: This theory proposes that transfer of learning

occurs when learners are able to generalize their knowledge and skills
from one context to another. For example, someone who has learned
how to solve mathematical problems in one domain may be able to
apply those skills to solve problems in a different domain.

Overall, these theories suggest that transfer of learning can occur in a

variety of ways and is influenced by factors such as the similarity of the
original and new tasks, the context in which learning occurs, and the
learner's ability to generalize their knowledge and skills across different
domains.