Enzymes

O level IGCSE 2022-2023

26/11/2022
Part 1
Enzymes

Dr. Nihal Gabr

 Enzymes

**
Substrate
Enzymes are protein molecules
Explain how '
Act as a biological catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction
enzyme cataylse
By lowering activation energy .
a reaction Active
Explain / Enzyme site
By having a specific shape of active site
describe role of
Which complementary to specific substrate
enzyme in
So they can fit and bind to form Enzyme substrate complex Substrate fit into the
breaking
active site forming ESC
( enzyme substrate
complex )
lactose /
Which can catalyse either the break down or build up of a
Mechanism by
molecule.

*
which enzyme
Substrate
works
Under optimum pH and optimum temperature
Protect leave the active unchanged.
Enzyme
↑

Anabolic reaction

Catabolic reaction Condensation

of
Hydrolysis

· Protein
Amino acids
 Factors affecting enzyme activity
Peak
Describe
1. Temperature B
As temperature increase up to 40C, the rate of the

1
reaction increase gradually ( slowly)
Rate of At temperature 40 C it peaks / reaches to maximum
enzyme rate / optimum.
Gradual
cataylsed After 40 C , the increase in temperature will show a
increase
reaction Steep steep decrease in rate of reaction .
decrease

A C

40 Temperature / C
Explain the shape of the graph

A……as temperature increase , the kinetic energy of the molecules increase , increase frequency of collision , increase
number of successful collision , so number of enzyme substrate complexes increase , so increase rate of reaction .

B…..optimum temperature ..showing maximum rate of enzyme cataylsed reaction .

C..above the optimum , the enzyme starts to denature , Losing shape of its active site , becoming no longer
complementary to the substrate , so no enzyme substrate complex
2 PH A
Describe

l
= "
At pH 7 , there is maximum activity ( peak / optimum )
Far away from the optimum , decrease or increase in pH from
Rate of
optimum , the activity will decrease
enzyme
At pH 1 and 9 , no activity
cataylsed
reaction
As pH increase from 1 to 7 , the rate of the reaction
increase
At pH 7 there is maximum activity
7 As ph increase from 7 to 9 , the rate of reaction decrease.
I 9
PH At pH 1 and 9 there is no activity
Each enzyme has its optimum pH

Explain

A ….at pH 7 maximum activity as its the optimum pH

B …at pH near the optimum , the enzyme is still working
C……at pH far away from the optimum , the enzyme denature , losing shape of active site , becoming no
longer complementary to substrate , so no enzyme substrate complex .

3 Surface area

4 Substrate and enzyme concentration.

Skills to solve graph questions

A
Level off/ plateau/ stay constant

Steep / fast
'

Gradual /slow
Time
Both lines are following same trend of
an increase and decrease
Both of them peak
Both lines are following
same trend of gradual
increase followed by a 1. Steep , gradual ( increase / decrease )
faster/ steeper increase . 2. Peak / maximum
3. Level off / stay constant
4. Fluctuation…( describe increase then

wr decrease then followed by another increase)

5. 2 graphs together …….same trend …
Over all there is an increase
With fluctuations …regular
Peaks many times
 Rate of reaction Describe
Temperature
Remember to mention similarities

10 1.53
Similar
20 1.61
30 3.9
40 6.2
50 2.5

5550
Similar
5650
7700
9980
 Check list
Check list :
1. Definition of enzyme : protein molecule that act as a biological cataylst , speed up
chemical reaction without being changed .

2. Mechanism of enzymes …describe how …..enzyme works ?

Protein
Specific
Active site
Complementary to substrate
Fit together
Form Enzyme substrate complex
Lowering to activation energy

3. Factors affecting the enzyme activity :

1. Temp
Describe graph + explain
2. PH
3. Substrate concentration
4. Enzyme concentration .
5. Surface area "
2 Page 4 May/june 2009 Syllabus-0610 Paper 31

a
cour
Fateo

r
ab
G
al
No activity below 10 C
As temperature increase from 10 to 90 C , the activity will increase
ih

The steepest increase in the activity , from 50/ 60 to 90 C

N

At temperature 90 C its the optimum/ peak / maximum

Above 90C , the activity decrease .
r.
D

94
3 3D shape of enzyme March 2017 New Syllabus Paper 42

1
Acidic 7
pH Neutral
Alkaline 14
pH

r
ab
G
It has a specific shape of active site
Direct
Complementary to specific substrate
al
So they fit together
ih

To form Enzyme substrate complex

N
r.
D

95


Direct Astemperature increase , the kinetic energy of the

molecules increase , increase in frequency of collision,

r
ab
increase in number of successful collision ……number of
enzyme substrate complexes increase …so increase in
rate of reaction
G
al
ih

PH
N
r.
D

96
4 Page 3 October/november2010 Syllabus-0610 Paper 32

Make

Direct Enzyme in root hair cells with specific shape of active site
Complementary shape to substrate is glucose
Fit and bind forming enzyme substrate complex
By lock and key mechanism
So enzyme lower activation energy
Speed up rate of reaction
Condensation of glucose into starch

r
ab
Direct G
From 10 to 30 C increase in temperature , increase kinetic
energy , increase collision ,increase number of successful
al
collision , increase ESCs
Above optimum , enzyme will denature
ih
N

Glucose …….maltose / sucrose …………….starch

r.
D

Condensation

Hydrolysis

97
 5 Page 7 October/november2010 Syllabus-0610 Paper 33

Hydrolysis

r
ESC

ab
G
al
ih

Direct
N

① Enzyme sucrase
By having specific shape of active site
r.

Which complementary to specific substrate which is sucrose .

D

So they can fit and bind together to form enzyme substrate complex
Which catalyse the break down ( hydrolysis ) of a sucrose
By lowering the activation energy
Under optimum pH and optimum temperature
Products are fructose and glucose leave the active site unchanged

98


Peak

r
ab
Optimum temperature
G
al
Highest rate of reaction
Above optimum , enzyme denatures
ih
N

Skills As ph increase from 3 to 7 , the rate of reaction increase

r.

As pH increase from 7 to 11 , the rate of reaction decrease

D

At pH 7 , peak
At pH 3 and 11 there was no activity

99
 6 Page 10 October/november2014 Syllabus-0610 Paper 31

Direct
By having specific shape of active site
Which is complementary to substrate
Forming fit and form enzyme substrate complex
By lock and key mechanism
Lower activation energy
Product leave the active site unchanged

r
ab
G
Cellulose in cell wall
al
ih
N
r.
D

Protease activity is similar in both locations

Skills
Cellulase activity is higher in location A than B
Protease and cellulase activity are similar in location B
Cellulase activity in location A is higher than protease activity
in location A
All enzyme activity is greater in location A than location B

100
 / surface area/ PH / temp

Skills Protease activity is not affected by pH and water content

Yet cellulase activity is higher at higher pH

cellulase activity is higher at lower water content
Leaves have different surface area

7 Page 4 October/november2014 Syllabus-0610 Paper 32

r
ab
Level. Off
G
Gradual increase
al
ih

data quotes
Steep incrrase
Include unit
N
r.
D

Over all as time pass, there is an increase in volume of

oxygen collected then it leveled off .
From 0 to 10 seconds, there was a steep
increase ,followed by a gradual increase till 90 seconds
Then leveled off at 90 seconds, at volume of oxygen of
6.2 cm3

101