FINA 2303 Chapter 2 Part 2 Spring 2023
FINA 2303 Chapter 2 Part 2 Spring 2023
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Chapter 2: Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis
(Part 2)
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Example: CyberDragon Corporation’s Balance Sheet
Assets Liabilities & Equity
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CyberDragon’s Income Statement
Sales $112,760
Cost of Goods Sold ‐85,300
Gross Profit 27,460
Selling, General & Admin Expenses ‐14,940
Depreciation ‐1,000
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) 11,520
Interest charges: ‐3,160
Earnings before taxes (EBT) 8,360
Taxes (assume 40%) ‐3,344
Net Income 5,016
In this handout we assume that operating income = EBIT
By definition, EBIT = operating income after adjusting for other sources of income or expenses that
arise from activities that are not the central part of a company’s business (for example income
from firm’s financial investments)
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FINA 2303 Spring 2023
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Common‐Size Statements
Express each item on the balance sheet as a percentage of total assets.
Express each item on the income statement as a percentage of sales
Make it possible to compare companies of different sizes
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CyberDragon’s Common‐Size Balance Sheet
Assets Liabilities & Equity
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CyberDragon’s Common‐Size Income Statement
Sales 100.0%
Cost of Goods Sold ‐75.6%
Gross Profit 24.4%
Selling, General & Admin Expenses ‐13.2%
Depreciation ‐0.9%
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) 10.2%
Interest charges: ‐2.8%
Earnings before taxes (EBT) 7.4%
Taxes ‐3.0%
Net Income 4.4%
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Financial Ratios
Financial ratios are the principal tools of financial analysis.
Financial ratios help us identify some of the financial strengths and
weakness of the company.
We can compare a company’s financial ratios with its ratios in previous
years (trend analysis).
We can compare a company’s financial ratios with those of its industry or
competitors.
All we are trying to do is standardize financial data so that we can make
comparisons with industry norms or other standards.
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When we look at a firm, we want to answer questions about
How liquid is the firm?
Does the firm have enough cash to meet debt payments?
Is Management generating adequate operating profits from the firm's
assets? How efficiently are the firm's assets being used?
How is the firm financing its assets?
Does the firm raise capital more by debt or equity?
Are the owners (stockholders) receiving an adequate return on their
investment?
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1. How liquid is the firm?
The liquidity of a business is defined as its ability to meet maturing debt
obligations. That is—does or will the firm have the resources to pay its
creditors when its debts are due?
There are two ways to approach the liquidity question.
We can look at the firm’s assets that are relatively liquid in nature and
compare them to the amount of the debts due in the near term. For
example, current ratio and acid test ratio (quick ratio).
We can look at how quickly the firm’s liquid assets can be converted into
cash. (Example, average collection period)
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What is CyberDragon’s Current Ratio?
Current Ratio compares cash and assets that should be converted into cash
within one year with the debts that are due and payable within one year.
Current Assets 50,190
Current Ratio = Current Liabilities 1.97
25,523
If the average current ratio for the industry is 2.4, CyberDragon has less ability
to meet its maturing debt obligation compared to the industry average.
CyberDragon has $1.97 in current assets for every $1 in current liabilities.
Industry on average has $2.4 in current assets for every $1 in current liabilities.
Look at WalMart’s balance sheet –Walmart’s current ratio indicates low liquidity?
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What is CyberDragon’s quick ratio (acid‐test ratio)?
Quick ratio or acid‐test ratio is a more conservative measure of liquidity than
the current ratio.
Current Assets - Inventories 50,190 27,530
Quick Ratio = 0.89
Current Liabilities 25,523
Suppose the industry average is 0.92. This implies that CyberDragon has less
ability to meet its maturing debt obligation than peer companies in the same
industry
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What is CyberDragon’s Account Receivable Turnover Ratio?
Account Receivable Turnover Ratio measures how many times account
receivables are “rolled over” during a year, or how many times it collects
payment from its credit sales within a year.
Annual Sales 112,760
Account Receivable Turnover = Account Receivables 18,320 6.16 times per year
Suppose that the industry average is 8.2 times per year, CyberDragon is slower
at collecting its receivables than competing firms. (CyberDragon takes longer
time to collect its receivables)
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What is CyberDragon’s Average Collection Period (Account Receivable Days)?
Average collection period indicates how rapidly a firm can collect payment
from credit sales, as measured by the average number of days it takes to collect
its account receivable.
365 365
Average collection period = 59.3 days
Receivables turnover 6.16
Average collection period = account receivable / average daily sales
18,320
= (112,760/365) 59.3 days
If the industry average is 44.5 days, what does this tell us?
CyberDragon takes longer time to collect it receivables than the average firm in
the comparable group.
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What is CyberDragon’s Inventory Turnover Ratio?
Inventory Turnover Ratio indicates the relative liquidity of inventory. It
measures how many times we are turning over inventories into sales over the
year (how fast the firm can sell its inventory)
Cost of goods sold 85,300
Inventory turnover = 3.1 times per year
Inventory 27,530
Suppose that the industry average is 3.9 times per year, CyberDragon is worse
than its peer in inventory management.
365
In other words, CyberDragon sells its inventory in 117 .7 days on average.
3 .1
365
Their competitors sell inventory in = 93.6 days on average.
3 .9
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Note that because inventory is measured at cost, we use cost of goods sold, not
sales, as numerator. Otherwise, the inventory turnover ratio would vary from
one firm to the next solely due to differences in how each firm marks up its
sales over cost.
High inventory is not good because
1. Inventory takes up costly warehouse space.
2. Some items may become spoiled or obsolete.
To conclude, when it comes to CyberDragon’s liquidity, all financial ratios tell us
that the firm has less liquidity than the industry average.
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Example: Our firm sells books at $25 per book. In a year our firm usually sells 4
books. Cost of Goods Sold of each book is $20. If our firm always carries only
one book as inventory, how many times the firm sell the whole inventory in a
year.
Annual Revenue = 25 * 4 = 100
Annual Cost of Goods Sold =20 *4 = 80.
Annual COGS = 80
COGS = 20 COGS = 20 COGS = 20 COGS = 20
Jan 2012 Dec 2012
Inventory Turnover Ratio = 80/20 = 4. Our Inventory shown in
firm turnovers inventories 4 times in a year Balance Sheet = 20
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Example: Annual Revenue = 100 and Cost of Goods Sold = 80. If money from
sales is collected twice a year, how does the time line look like?
Collect 50 Collect 50
Account Receivable
shown on Balance
Sheet = 50
Dec 2012
Jan 2012
Revenue = 100
Account receivable turnover = Sales/Account Receivable = 100/50 = 2
Average collection period = account receivable / average daily sales
50
= (100/365) 182.5days
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2. How efficient is the management in managing our firm?
Does the management generate adequate operating profits from the firm's
assets?
We have several choices as to how we can measure profits
Gross profit does not include important information such as marketing and
distributing expense.
Operating profit (Earnings Before Interest and Tax) EBIT measures the
firm’s pricing decision + ability to acquire or produce its product cheaply +
ability to distribute the product to customers cheaply
Net income includes the effects of the firm’s financing policies.
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Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit / Sales
Operating Profit Margin = Operating Profit / Sales= EBIT / Sales
Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales
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What is CyberDragon’s Operating Profit Margin?
Operating profit margin indicates management’s effectiveness in managing the
firm’s revenue and expenses.
EBIT 11,520
Operating profit margin = = 10.22%
Sales 112,760
This is below the industry average of 12%. Based on this finding, the
management team is less competitive in managing the firm.
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EBIT
Operating profit margin =
Sales
Sales COGS - SG & A - Marketing Expenses - Depre
Operating profit margin = Sales
The driving forces of the operating profit margin are the following:
1. The number of units of product sold
2. The average selling price
3. The cost of acquiring the product
4. The ability to control administrative expenses
5. The ability to control marketing and distributing the product.
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What is CyberDragon’s Total Asset Turnover?
The total asset turnover measures the dollar sales per one dollar of assets. This
ratio indicates how efficiently a firm is using its assets in generating sales.
Sales 112,760
Total Asset Turnover = 1.38 times
Total Assets 81,890
The industry average is 1.82 times.
CyberDragon can generate $1.38 in sales with $1 in assets. It utilizes its assets
less efficiently than its peers. The firm needs to figure out how to squeeze
more sales out of its assets.
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To determine the factors responsible for CyberDragon’s poor performance,
measured by total asset turnover, we examine the turnover ratios for the
primary assets held by the firms – account receivables, inventories, and fixed
assets.
CyberDragon Industry Average
Account receivable turnover = 6.16 times/yr 8.2 times/yr
Inventory turnover = 3.1 times/yr 3.9 times/yr
Sales 112,760
Fixed assets turnover = 3.56 times 4.6 times
Net Fixed Assets 31,700
Given these turnover ratios, CyberDragon is bad in managing all kinds of its
assets.
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Suppose we assume that the ratios of XYZ are the following:
Firm XYZ Industry Average
Total Asset Turnover = 1.38 times 1.82 times
Account receivable Turnover = 3.2 times/yr 8.2 times/yr
Inventory Turnover = 4.2 times/yr 3.9 times/yr
Fixed assets turnover = 4.8 times 4.6 times
The total asset turnover of XYZ is too low. To identify, which asset is
underutilized, we calculate turnover ratios.
From the data above, what should XYZ do?
Answer: XYZ should improve its account receivable turnover; for example, it
can give more incentives to customer to pay faster, or apply penalties for late
payment.
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3. How is the firm financing its assets?
What is CyberDragon’s Total Debt Ratio?
(Total assets - Total equity) Total debt 47,523
Total Debt ratio = 58%
Total assets Total assets 81,890
The industry average total debt ratio is 47%. Cyberdragon relies on debt more
than its peers. It uses more leverage.
Even though CyberDragon has higher leverage than the industry average, they
are much less efficient, and therefore, less profitable
For this formula, sometimes only interest‐bearing debt is used (see textbook)
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Debt‐Equity Ratio
Debt‐Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total Equity
Debt‐equity ratio is one of many measures for firm’s leverage
CyberDragon’s Book D/E Ratio = 47,523/ 34,367 = 1.38 times
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What is CyberDragon’s Times Interest Earned (TIE) Ratio?
Times interest earned compares operating income to interest expense. It
measures firm’s capacity to service its debts.
EBIT
Times interest earned ratio = Interest Expense
11,520
= 3.65 times
3,160
The industry average is 6.7 times. This confirms that the firm uses more debt
financing than average.
TIE ratio is based on EBIT, which in not really a measure of cash available to pay
interest because depreciation, a noncash expense, has been deducted when
computing for the EBIT.
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What is CyberDragon’s Cash Coverage Ratio?
EBIT Depreciati on
Cash coverage ratio = Interest Expense
11,520 1000
= 3.96
3,160
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4. Are the shareholders receiving an adequate return on their investments?
We want to know if the earnings available to the firm’s shareholders are
attractive when compared to those in the peer group.
Return on common equity (ROE) indicates the accounting rate of return on the
stockholders’ investment.
Net Income Net Income
ROE = Book value of Equity (Par Paid in Capital Retained Earnings)
Net income is for the full fiscal year (before dividends are paid to common
stock holders but after dividends are paid to preferred stock holders)
Shareholder's equity does not include preferred shares.
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What is CyberDragon’s Return on equity?
5,016
For CyberDragon, its ROE = = 14.6%. The industry average is 17.54%.
34,367
We need further analysis to understand the reasons why CyberDragon’s
shareholders receive lower returns than their peers.
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The Du Pont Analysis: An Integrative Approach to Ratio Analysis
The Du Pont Model shows that ROE is driven by
Profitability
Efficiency
Leverage
Higher Equity Multiplier
Net Income indicate that the firm
use more debt
ROE = Total Equity
Net Income Sales Total Assets
ROE = Sales
Total Assets Total Equity
ROE = Net Profit Margin Total Asset Turnover Equity Multiplier
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Net Income 5,016
For CyberDragon, Net Profit Margin = =
Sales 112,760
Sales 112,760
Total Asset Turnover = =
Total Asset 81,890
Total Assets 81,890
Equity Multiplier = =
Total Equity 34,367
5,016 112,760 81,890
CyberDragon’s ROE = = 14.6%
112,760 81,890 34,367
ROE of CyberDragon is lower than industry average (17.54%).
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Net Income
Because Return on Asset (ROA) = , we can also rewrite the
Total Assets
equation above as
ROE = ROA Equity Multiplier
5,016 81,890
ROE = 81,890 34,367 = 14.6%
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We also know that
profitability and asset turnover of CyberDragon are lower than those of
industry average
but its debt ratio is higher than debt ratio of industry average.
Therefore, CyberDragon can improve its ROE by
1. Reducing cost
2. Increasing sales
3. Increasing leverage (debt) but also take more risk, especially when
CyberDragon’s debt ratio currently is higher than industry average. Note
that interest expense reduces net profit margin. Increasing leverage may
reduce ROE if cost of debt (Rd) is too high.
4. Selling assets that do not generate sufficient income.
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DuPont Analysis: Yahoo vs. Google
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DuPont Analysis: Wal‐Mart vs. Nordstrom
Determine how much WalMart would need to increase its net profit margin in
order to match Nordstrom’s ROE.
Net Profit Margin Asset Turnover Equity Multiplier
WalMart 3.60% 2.4 2.6
Nordstrom 7.70% 1.7 2.4
WalMart’s ROE = 3.6% * 2.4 *2.6 = 22.46%
Nordstrom’s ROE = 7.7% * 1.7 * 2.4 = 31.42%
New WalMart’s ROE = new net profit margin * 2.4 * 2.6
31.42% = new net profit margin * 2.4 * 2.6
New net profit margin = 5.0%
WalMart have to increase its net profit margin from 3.6% to 5.0% in order to
raise its ROE to 31.42%
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Limitations of Ratio Analysis:
- Difficult to identify peer firms especially when the firm engages in
multiple lines of business. For example, which firm is similar to GE,
which has six business lines?
- Accounting practices differ widely among firms (e.g. depreciation). This
can lead to differences in computed ratios.
- Industry average may not provide a desirable target ratio, because it
includes both good and bad firms. If the firm wants to be the best, it
should use the best competitor as the target, or try to find self‐
determined peer group.
- Seasonality in firm’s operation. Ratios are varied with the time of year
when the statements are prepared (fiscal year end). To avoid this
problem, an average account balance should be used. For example, an
average of inventory balances might be used to compute inventory
turnover.