ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE [310253]

Case Study
UNIT III: Adversarial Search and Games

Title: To Study Machine Learning at Google: To Amazing Use Case Of Becoming a Fully
Sustainable business.

Software and hardware:

1)Operating system:window 11/linux.
2)Browser:chrome ,google,firefox.
3)Texteditor,wordpad.

Theory:
What Is Machine Learning?
Machine learning is a sub-field of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability
to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.

The main machine learning categories.Machine learning algorithms are usually categorized as
supervised or unsupervised.Supervised machine learning algorithms can apply what has been
learned in the past to new data using labeled examples to predict future events. Starting from
the analysis of a known training dataset, the learning algorithm produces an inferred function
to make predictions about the output values. The system is able to provide targets for any new
input after sufficient training. The learning algorithm can also compare its output with the
correct, intended output and find errors in order to modify the model accordingly.

In contrast, unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used when the information used to
train is neither classified nor labeled. Unsupervised learning studies how systems can infer a
function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled data. The system doesn’t figure out the
right output, but it explores the data and can draw inferences from datasets to describe hidden
structures from unlabeled data. The need for machine learning is increasing day by day. The
reason behind the need for machine learning is that it is capable of doing tasks that are too
complex for a person to implement directly. As a human, we have some limitations as we
cannot access the huge amount of data manually, so for this, we need some computer systems
and here comes the machine learning to make things easy for us.The importance of machine
learning can be easily understood by its uses cases, Currently, machine learning is used
in self-driving cars, cyber fraud detection, face recognition, and friend suggestion by
Facebook, etc.

Semi-supervised machine learning algorithms fall somewhere in between supervised and

unsupervised learning since they use both labeled and unlabeled data for training — typically
a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data. The systems that use this
method are able to considerably improve learning accuracy. Usually, semi-supervised learning
is chosen when the acquired labeled data requires skilled and relevant resources in order to
train it / learn from it. Otherwise, acquiring unlabeled data generally doesn’t require additional
resources. Reinforcement machine learning algorithms is a learning method that interacts with
its environment by producing actions and discovers errors or rewards.
characteristics of reinforcement learning. This method allows machines and software agents to
automatically determine the ideal behavior within a specific context in order to maximize its
performance. Simple reward feedback is required for the agent to learn which action is best;
this is known as the reinforcement signal. Machine learning is predominantly an area of
Artificial Intelligence which has been a key component of digitalization solutions that has
caught major attention in the digital arena. In this paper author intends to do a brief review of
various machine learning algorithms which are most frequently used and therefore are the most
popular ones. The author intends to highlight the merits and demerits of the machine learning
algorithms from their application perspective to aid in an informed decision making towards
selecting the appropriate learning algorithm to meet the specific requirement of the application.

How Does Google Use Machine Learning?

1.Gmail

My social, promotional, and primary mails might be different than what you have in your
mailbox. This is filtered through Google as it labels the email accordingly. This is where
machine learning plays a crucial part. The user intervention is used to tune to its threshold
and when a user marks a message in a consistent direction, Gmail itself performs a real-time
increment to its threshold and that’s how Gmail learns for future and later uses those results
for categorization. Smart replies: This is really a smart move made by Google.
Compose’ are indeed the best products that Google has given to its customers. This is also a
major reason why Google stands as one of the leading companies today.

Also, it is not just in English. It will bring support in four new languages: Spanish, French,
Italian, and Portuguese.

2. Google Maps

This also employs machine learning and while you start typing in the search box it
automatically anticipates what you are looking for. It then provides suggested search terms for
the same. These suggestions are showcased because of past searches (Recommendations), trend
(which everyone is looking for), or from your present location .With the combination of time,
distance traveled, and individual events as datasets, it is now possible for Google to provide
predictions. Now, there is no need to rely on bus schedules provided by public transportation
agencies. With the help of your location, day of the week, and time of day, your estimated time
of arrival (ETA) can be understood.

3. Google Adsense
With the help of machine learning, Google keeps track of the users’ search history. With the
help of that history, it recommends the advertisement to the user as now it's aware of its target
market. It’s heavily based on the search history data and machine learning helps Google to
achieve this It created a win-win situation. With Google AdSense, the website owners earn
money from their online content and AdSense works by matching text and display ads to the
site based on the content and the visitors.

1.Google Search

• Google Assistant

Google knows everything and when you start typing in the search box it automatically
anticipates what you might be looking for and provides suggested search terms. These
suggestions could be based on the past searches you have made, what is popular now, or where
you are at the time.
Want a little help in organizing your calendar? Want to know the best Italian restaurants near
your home? Want to book movie tickets on the go? Well, never fear!!! Google Assistant is
here to make your life easier! It is basically a personal assistant that is enabled using a
combination of Google Knowledge Graph, Image Recognition, and Natural Language
Processing.The Google Assistant is envisioned as a chatbot by Google which can be
connected to your phones, TVs, speakers, etc. with the ability to actually have a conversation
with you. Here the Google Knowledge Graph provides information gathered from various
sources while Natural Language Processing allows the Google Assistant to interact with you
and formulate its answers according to your questions.

4. Google Photos
In case you are a millennial, I am sure you are a selfie addict! And of course, you use Google
Photos a lot if you are an Android user as well. And it’s no shock that you do! Google Photos
allows you to back up all your photos in a single location even if they were shot from multiple
devices and it also offers lots of other cool effects using Machine Learning.

For Example, Google Photos also automatically creates albums of photos taken during a
specific period without any input from you. And that’s not all, it can also select the “best
photos”. And in case you haven’t sorted all your pictures into albums, you can also search for
them by typing in names. Suppose you want to find a picture with your dog, type in “Dog” and
you will get all the dog pictures! This is done using Image Recognition, wherein Deep Learning
is used to sort millions of images on the interne in order to classify them more accurately. So
using Deep Learning, the images that are classified as “Dog” in your Google Photos are
displayed.
5. Google Translate
Want to translate a text from English to Hindi but don’t know Hindi? Well, Google Translate
is the tool for you! While it’s not exactly 100% accurate, it is still a great tool to convert text,
images, or even real-time video from one language to another. And in case you wonder how it
translates more or less accurately, well Google Translate uses Machine Learning of course!
It uses Statistical machine translation (SMT) which is a fancy way of saying that it analyses
millions of documents that are already translated from one language to another (English to
Hindi in this case) and then looks for the common patterns and basic vocabulary of the
language. After that, it picks the most accurate translation possible based on educated guesses
that mostly turn out to be correct.
Google Translate is a web-based free-to-user translation service developed by Google in April
2006. It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages.
Originally, Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation service. The input
text had to be translated into English first before being translated into the selected
language. Since SMT uses predictive algorithms to translate text, it had poor grammatically.
6. Google Music

Spotify is the master of music recommendation system. It is new to India and everyone is
taking it too seriously. Even I did that until I knew that both, Spotify and Google Music (music
streaming services) have 30 million-plus songs available for streaming.
Spotify allows you to add the utmost of 10,000 tracks from its catalog. While with Google Play
Music, you can handle up to 50,000 own songs without making any subscription. Google Play
Music creates recommendations based on what you’re already listening to. So now you can
listen to the music you have played in the past, music depending on your mood or music that
Google play suggests.

Advantage:
• Natural language processing. ...
• Recognising images. ...
• Data mining. ...
• Autonomous vehicles. ...
• Better advertising and marketing. ...
• Better products. ...
• Speech recognition. ...
• Detecting fraud
Disadvantage:
• Data Acquisition. The whole concept of machine learning is about
identifying useful data. ..
• Time and Resources. ...
• Results Interpretations. ...
• High Error Chances. ...
• Social Changes. ...
• Elimination of Human Interface. ...
• Changing Nature of Jobs. ...
• Highly Expensive.

Reference:
1] C. Phua, V. Lee, K. Smith, R. Gayler (2010); “Comprehensive Survey of Data Mining-
based Fraud Detection Research”, ICICTA ’10 Proceedings of the 2010 International
Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation Volume 1, pp. 50-53.
2] S. Cheng, J. Liu, X. Tang (2014); “Using unlabeled Data to Improve Inductive Models by
Incorporating Transductive Models”; International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial
Intelligence, Volume 3 Number 2, pp. 33-38.
3] Sonal S. Ambalkar, S. S. Thorat2, “Bone Tumor Detection from MRI Images using
Machine Learning: A Review”, International Research Journal of Engineering &
Technology”, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Jan -2018.
4] Rajat Raina, Alexis Battele, Honglak Lee,Benjamin Packer, Andrew Y. Ng , “Self-taught
Learning : Transfer of Learning from Unlabeled Data”, Computer Science Department,
Stanford University, CA, USA, Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Machine
Learning Corvallis, OR, 2007.
5] Jimmy Lin, Alek Kolcz, “Large-Scale Machine Learning at Twitter”, Proceedings of
SIGMOD ’12, May 20–24, 2012, Scottsdale, Arizona

Conclusion: Through this case study we learn about Machine Learning At Google To
Amazing Use Case Of Becoming a Fully Sustainable business
Prepared by :Priyanka Shantaram More
Class :Third Year(Computer Engineering) Sign of Subject Teacher
Roll No:40