@ Civil Aviation Authority MANUAL OF STANDARDS

of the Philippines (MOS)

CAAP Manual of Standards2022

I Name of Instrument
1.1 This instrument is the CAAP Manual of Standards for Part 2 of the Philippine Civil Aviation
Regulations 2022
(PCAR 2022).
1.2 This instrument is called the CAAP Manual of Standards 2022
1.3 In this instrument, unless the contrary intention appears, a reference to'this CMOS" or "the
CMOS" means the C.AAP Manml of Starulards 2022.

'l Scope
2.1 Under Regulation PCAR Part 2, this CMOS sets out matt€rs relating to:
(a) flight crew licenses, ratings and endorsements; and
(b) aeronautical radio operations; and
(c) airplane taxiing; and
(d) procedures

3 Definitions
3.1 In this CMOS, unless the contrary intention appears:
cell, for a column of a able in a Schedule of this instrument, means each individual, undivided unit
into which the column is subdivided.
in accordance with published procedures, for carrying out an activity in relation to an aircraft, means
carrying out the activity in accordance with the applicable requirements (ifany) set out in each ofthe
following:
(a) the aircraft flight manual;
(b) the aircraft operator's operations manual;
(c) the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP);
(d) another operational document applicable to the activity that is approved in writing by PCAR or the
operator.
3.2 tn this CMOS, unless the contrary intention appears, an abbreviation has the meaning grven to it
by the PCAR Part I Appendix A: Definitions
3.3 Unless the contrary intention appears, if an abbreviation used in this CMOS is not given a meaning
under PCAR Part I Appendix A: Definitions, the abbreviation has the meaning that is given to il by
the prevalent usage, custom and practice of the aviation industry.
3.4 Unless the contrary intenfion appears, if a Schedule to this CMOS contains matGr that is expressly
described as being for guidance only, theq despite the matter being in the Schedule, the matter is not
part ofthe Schedule.

{ Aviation English language proficiency standards 8nd msintenance of English

language proficiency
4.1 ihe aviation English language proficiency standard is as set out in PCAR 2.2 .7,15 2.2-7 -
4.2 The ICAO level 4, level 5 and level 6 aviation English language proficiency standards (rating
scales) are as set out in IS 2.2.7

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5 Aeronauticel knowledge stendards

5.1 The aeronautical knowledge standads for a flight crew license with an aircraft category rating, a flight crew
rating on a license or an endorsernent on a rating are as set out in the PCAR Part thar is for the license. rating or
endorsement.

6 Flight tests - competency standards

6. In this section, references to a "flight examiner" are taken to include the following when conducting
I
a flight test:
(a) PCAR;
(b) the holder ofan approval under PCAR Part 2 to conduct the flight test.
6.2 The competency standards for a flight test for a flight crcw license with an aircraft category rating,
a flight crew rating on a license, or an endorsement on a rating are as set out in the Advisory Circulars
that is for the license, rating or endorsement flight test.
6.3 For subsection 6.2, the competency standards for a flight test mentioned comprise the following:
(a) the flight test requirements for the test;
(b) the knowledge requirements for the test;
(c) the activities and maneuvers for the test, but:
(i) subject to the operational scope and conditions for the test; and
(ii) within the flight tolerances that is for the category of aircraft and for the license, rating or
endorsement.
6.4 For paragraph 6.3 (c), when conducting a flight test, the flight examiner must determine if an
applicant has demonstrated the required competency in the activities and maneuvers for the test.

7 Proficiency checks - competency standards

7. 1 Inthis section, references to a "flight examiner" are taken to include the following when conducting
a flight test:
(a)PCAR;
(b) the holder ofan approval under PCAR Part 2 to conduct the flight test.
7.2 The competency standards for a flight test for a flight crew license with an aircraft category rating,
a flight crewrating on a license, or an endorsement on a rating are as set out in the Advisory Circulars
that is for the license, rating or endorsement flight test.
7.3 For subsection7.2,the competency standards for a flight test mentioned comprise the following:
(a) the flight test requirements for the test;
(b) the knowledge requirements for the test;
(c) the activities and maneuvers for the test, but:
(i) subject to the operational scope and conditions for the test; and
(ii) within the flight tolerances that is for the category of aircraft and for the license, rating or
endorsement.
7.4 For paragraph 7.3 (c), when conducting a flight test, the flight examiner must determine if an
applicani hasdemonstrated the required competency in the activities and maneuvers for the test.

8 Abbreviations and Delinitions

8. I In this section, refer to PCAR Part I Appendix A: Definitions

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Directory of competency and units of knowledge

The following Table of Contents is for guidance only and are not part ofthe Schedule

Table of Contents

Section A Private pilot license (PPL) . 4

Section B Commercial pitot license (CPLj 4
Section C Insrument rating (IR) 5
Section D Flight Instructor license (IR) .... 6

Competency Strndards
Section 1: Common Standards 7
C I : Communicating in the aviation environment .................... 7
C2: Perform pre- and post-flight actions and procedures 8
C3 : Operate aeronautical radio ...................... 9
C4: Manage fuel .......-........... 1l
NTSl : Non-technical skills I ........................ t2
NTS2 : Non+echnical skills 2 ....................... l3

Section 2: Navigation and Instrument Flyirg Stendards .................-- 15

NAV: Navigate aircraft ... ... 15
RNE: Radio Navigation - en route t7
IFL: Limited Instrument Panel Maneuvers l8
CTR: Operate at a controlled aerodrome .. l9
ONTA: Operate at non-towered aerodrome ,..21
CTA: Operate in controlled airspace .................. ...22
OGA: Operate in class G airspace ...........-.......... ...23

Section 3: Aircraft Rating Standards ...........-..--- 25

Al: Control airplane on the ground 25
A2: Take-off airplane .................. 26
A3: Control airplane in normal flight 28
A,4: Land airplane ....................... 3l
33
A5: Airplane advanced maneuvers .............. .. .-
A6: Manage abnormal situations - single-engine airplanes ......-.......... 35

Section 4: Operational Rating and Endorsement Standards

CIR: Conduct an IFR flight
IAP: Conduct an instrument approach 2D .......-......
::::: :::: ::: :1:
.40

43
Flight Instructor Rating
FIR: Conduct aeronautical knowledge training and flight training... .. . " ' 43

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Section A Private pilot license (PPL)

Aeronautical Knowledge Standards
PPL Air Law
PPL Aircraft General Knowledge
PPL Flight Performance and Planning
PPL Human Performance
PPL Meteorology
PPL Navigation
PPL Operational Procedures
PPL Principles of Flight
PPL Radio telephony

Practical flight standards Unit code Unit of competency

C1 Communicating in the aviation environment
C2 Perform pre- and post-flight actions and procedures
C3 Operate aeronautical radio
C4 Manage fuel
C5 Manage passengers ald cargo (only ifrequired)
NTSl Non-technical skills 1
NTS2 Non-technical skills 2
NAV Navigate aircraft
AI Control aeroplane on the ground
A2 Take off aeroplane
A3 Control aeroplane in normal flight
A4 Land aeroplane
A5 Aeroplane advanced maneuvers
A6 Manage abnormal situations - single-engine aeroplanes
IFF Instrument flight full panel
ONTA Operate at non-towered aerodrome
OGA Operate in Class G airspace
CTR Operate at a controlled aerodrome
CTA Operate in controlled airspace

Section B Commercial pilot license (CPL)

Aeronautical Krowledge Standards

CPL Air Law
CPL Aircraft General Knowledge
CPL Flight Performance and Planning
CPL Human Performance
CPL Meteorology
CPL Navigation
CPL Operational Procedures
CPL Principles of Flight
CPL Radio telephony

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Practical flight st ndards Unit code Unit of competency

C1 Communicating in the aviation environment
c2 Perform pre- and post-flight actions and procedures
C3 Operate aeronautical radio
c4 Manage fuel
C5 Manage passengers and cargo (only ifrequired)
NTSI Non{echnical skills I
NT52 Non-technical skills 2
NAV Navigate aircraft
AI Control aeroplane on the ground
A2 Take off aeroplane
A3 Control aeroplane in normal flight
A4 Land aeroplane
A5 Aeroplane advanced maneuvers
A6 Manage abnormal situafions - single-engine aeroplanes
IFF Instrument flight full panel
IFL Limited instrument panel maneuvers
RNE Radio navigation - en route
ONTA Operate at non-towered aerodrome
OGA Operate in Class G airspace
CTR Operate aI a controlled aerodrome
CTA Operate in controlled airspace

Section C Instrument Rating (IR)

Aeronautical Knowledge Standards

IR Air Law
IR Aircraft General Knowledge
IR Flighl Performance and Planning
IR Human Pe rformance
IR Meteorology
IR Navigation: Air Navigation
IR Operational Procedures
IR Principles of Flight
IR Radio telephony
Threat and Error Management

Practical flight standards Unit code Unit of competency

CI Communicafing in the aviation environment
C2 Perform pre- and post-flight actions and procedures
C3 Operate aeronautical radio
IFF Instrument flight full panel
IFL Limited instrument panel maneuvers

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NTSI Non-technical skills I

NTS2 Non-technical skills 2
NAV Navigate aircraft
A1 Conhol aeroplane on the ground
RNE Radio navigation - en route
CTA Operate in controlled airspace
CIR Conduct an IFR flight
IAP2 Conduct an instrument approach 2D

Section D Flight Instructor License (f,'I)

Aeronautical Knowledge Standards

Theoretical Knowledge
Assessment of Student Performance
Leaming Process
Teaching Process
Training Philosophies and Evaluation
Training Program Development
Lesson Planning
Teaching Methods
Use of Training Aids
Analysis and Correction of Student Errors
Human Performance
Threat and Error Management

Practical flight standards Unit code Unit of competency

FIRl Conduct aeronautical knowledge training and flight training
FIR2 Range of variables
FIR3 Foundation of knowledge

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COMPETENCY STANDARDS

SECTION 1: COMMON STANDARDS

Cl Communicating in the aviation environment

1. Unit description

This unit describes the standards for communicating effectively that apply to flight crew using
aeronautical radios for the purposes of safely conducting flight operations.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 Cl,l - Communicating facetrface

The person can communicate effectively in general English as follows:
(a) pronounces words clearly, using an accent that does not cause difficulties in understanding;
(b) conveys information in clearly structued sentences without confusion or ambiguity;
(c) uses an extensive vocabulary to accurately communicate on general and technical topics, without
excessive use ofjargon, slang or colloquial language;
(d) speaks fluently without long pauses, repetition or excessive false starts;
(e) responds to communications with actions that demonstrate that the information has been received
and understood;
(f) exchanges information clearly in a variety of situations with both expert and non-expert English
speakers while giving and receiving timely and appropriate responses;
(g) uses appropriate techniques to validate communications.

2.2 Cl,2 - Operational communication using an aeronautical radio

The person must be able to demonstrate her or his ability to communicate adequately for the purpose
of conducting flying operations safely as follows:
(a) maintain effective communication with others on operational matters;
(b) communicate effectively in unfamiliar, stressful or non-standard situations;
(c) apply the phonetic alphabet;
(d) transmit numbers;
(e) make appropriate transmissions using standard aviation phraseology;
(f) use plain English effectively when standard phraseolory is inadequate;
(g) receive appropriate responses to transmissions;
(h) respond to transmissions and take appropriate action;
(i) recognise and manage communication errors and misunderstandings elfectively;
O seek clarification in the time available ifa message is unclear or uncertainty exists;
(k) react appropriately to a variety of regional accents;
(l) communicate effectively in unexpected, stressfi:l or non-standard situations using standard
phraseology or plan English.

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3. Range of variables

(a) limited background noise associated with a typical work environment;

(b) aircraft environment in a routine operational setting;
(c) simulated conditions can be used;
(d) disruptions to normal communication patGms that might be encountered in an operational
situation, including background noise, equipment malfunctions and other distractions

4. [Jnderpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) basic radiotelephony phraseology specified in the aeronautical information package (AIP) for
visual flight rules (VFR) operations;
(b) common aviation terminology.

C2 Perform pre- and post-flight actions and procedures

1. tlnit description
This unit describes the skills and knowledge required for a person to conduct pre- and post-flight
actions and procedures for an aircraft ofthe applicable category, class or type.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C2.l - Preflight actions and procedures

(a) complete all required pre-flight administration documentation;
(b) obtain, interpret and apply information contained in the required pre-flight operational
documentation, including to the following:
(i) minimum equipmert list (MEL);
(ii) maintenance release;
(iii) weather forecasts;
(iv) local observations;
(v) Notice to Airmen (NOTAM),
(c) identiS special aerodrome procedures;
(d) idenli& all relevant radio and navigation aid facilities to be used during the flight (ifapplicable);
(e) determine the suitability ofthe current and forecast weather conditions for the proposed flight;
(0 using the aircraft documents, calculate the following for a given set of environmental and
operational conditions:
(i) weight and balance;
(ii) take-off and landing performance;
(iii) fuel requirements;
(g) determine whether the aircraft is serviceable for the proposed flight.

2.2 C2.2 -Perfiorm pre'flight inspoction

This element is not applicable when the training or assessment activity is being conducted in an FSTD
that is approved for the training or assessment purpose.
(a) identi$ and secure equipment and documentation that is required for the flight;
(b) complete an intemal and extemal check of the aircraft;

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(c) identi! all defects or damage to the aircraft;

(d) report to, and seek advice fiom, qualified personnel to determine the action required in relation to
any identified defects or damage;
(e) ensure all aircraft locking and securing devices, covers and bungs are removed and stowed securely;
(f) certify the aircraft flight technical log entering any defects or endorsements to permissible
unserviceabilities as appropriate;
(g) complete and certi! the daily inspection.

2.3 C2.3 - Post-flight actions and procedures

(a) shut down aircraft;
(b) conduct post-flight inspection and secure the aircraft;
(c) complete all required post-flight administration documentation.

3. Range of variables

(a) an aircraft ofthe specified aircraft category;

(b) any class or type of aircraft within that aircraft category;
(c) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures
(d) alternatively, competency is demonstrated in an FSm that is approved for the purpose

4. Underpinning knowledge ofthe following:

(a) standard operating procedures for the category, and class or type of aircraft and the operator;
(b) fuel requirements for day VFR flight operation;
(c) MEL;
(d) airworthiness requirements applicable to the aircraft category, and class or type;
(e) local weather pattems;
(f) local aerodrome requirements.

C3 Operate aeronautical radio

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required for a person to operate radiotelephone and
intercom equipment under normal and emergency conditions.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C3.l - Operate radio equipment

(a) confirm serviceability ofradio equipment;
(b) conduct transmission and receipt of radio communications using appropriate procedwes and
pkaseology;
(c) maintain a listening watch and respond appropriately to applicable transmissions;
(d) conduct appropriate emergency and urgency transmissions.

2.2 C3.2 -Matage R/T equipment malfunctions

(a) perform radio failure procedwes;

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(b) use fault finding procedures and perform corrective actions.

2.3 C33 - Operate transponder

(a) operate a transponder during normal, abnormal and emergency operationsl
(b) recall transponder emergency codes.

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) aircraft fitted with a common radio system and transponder;
(c) VFR procedures.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) the phonaic alphabeg

(b) documented radio procedures relevant to the VFR;
(c) the components ofan aeronautical radio system:
(i) power source or battery switch, radio master, microphone;
(ii) transmitter;
(iii) receiver;
(iv) antenna;
(v) headphones and speaker;
(vi) the procedures for using an aeronauical radio system;
(vii) use of radio transmit and receive selector switches (VHF' HF, VC' PA);
(viii) tuming a radio on and off;
(ix) selecting correct frequencies;
(x) use of squelch control;
(xi) correct use ofa microPhone;
(d) characteristics of radio waves, wave propagation, transmission and reception (except aircrew):
(i) radio frequency band ranges (MF, HF, VHF, llHF);
(ii) properties of radio waves;
(iii) propagation of paths of radio waves:
(A) ground waves;
(B) sky waves;
(iv) factors affecting the propagation of radio waves:
(A) tenain;
(B) ionosPhere;
(C) interference from electrical equipment;
(D) thunderstorms;
(E) power attenuation;
(v) radio antennas:
(A) characteristics of antennasl
(B) use of antennas;
(e) light sigrrals, including interpretation and actions required.

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C4 Manage fuel

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to effectively manage fuel for an aircraft
operation.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 C4.l - Operate radio equipment

(a) determine the required fuel reserves;
(b) determine the quantity of fuel required taking into account operational requirements and relevant
abnormal or emergency conditions and contingencies;
(c) determine the total fuel required for the flight.

2.2 C4.2 - l$anage fuel system

(a) verifu fuel quantity on-board aircraft prior to flight using 2 independent methods;
(b) ensure the fuel caps are secured,
(c) perform fuel quality check prior to flight;
(d) ensure fuel drain cocks are closed;
(e) monitor fuel usage during the flight;
(f) accurately maintain fuel log;
(g) calculate and state endurance at any point during flight;
(h) perform fuel tank changes correctly;
(i) maintain fuel load within aircraft limits;
O operate the fuel cross-feed system correctly;
(k) operate fuel pumps and engine controls correctly;
(l) confrgure the aircraft correctly to achieve best endurance performance and correctly calculate the
revised operational endurance.

2.3 C4.3 - Refuel aircraft

(a) identifu the correct type of fuel to be used;
(b) ensure aircraft is earthed prior to refuelling and defueling operations;
(c) correctly load and unload fuel;
(d) ensure required fuel quantity is loaded,
(e) ensure fuel caps are closed and secured after fuelling operations;
(f1 perform fuel quality checks.

3. Range ofvariables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) aircraft of the applicable category;
(c) VFR procedwes.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the followitrg:

(a) minimum fuel requirements for day VFR operations;

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(b) fuel sources and fuel grades, including methods for identi$ing difference grades;
(c) methods of veri$ing the quantity of fuel on board an aircraft;
(d) fire extinguishers that can be used for fuel-related fires, including requirements and how to use
them in the event ofa fire;
(e) location of refuelling places;
(f) limitations on using drum stock fuel;
(g) health and safety requirements applicable to fuelling operations;
(h) variations to planned fuel consumption.

NTSI Non-technical skills I

1. Unit description

This unit describes the knowledge and skills required to manage a safe flight.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 NTSl.l - Maintain effective lookout

(a) maintain traffic separation using a systematic visual scan technique at a rate determined by traffic
density, visibility and terrain;
(b) maintain radio listening watch and interpret transmissions to determine traffic location and
intentions;
(c) perform airspace-cleared procedure before commencing any maneuver.

2.2 NTSf .2 - Maintain situational awareness

(a) monitor all aircraft systems using a systematic scan technique;
(b) collect information to facilitate ongoing system management;
(c) monitor flight environment for deviations from planned operations;
(d) collect flight environment information to update planned operations.

2.3 NTS1.3 - Assess situations and meke decisions

(a) identifo problems;
(b) analyze problems;
(c) identi& solufions;
(d) assess solutions and risks;
(e) decide on a course of action;
(f) communicate plans of action;
(g) allocate tasks for action;
(h) take actions to achieve optimum outcomes for the operation;
(i) monitor progress against Plan;
O re-evaluate plan to achieve optimum outcomes.
2.4 NTS1,4 - Set priorities and manage tesks
(a) organize workload and priorities to ensure optimum outcome of the flight;
(b) plan events and tasks to occur sequentially;
(c) anticipate events and tasks to ensure sufficient opportunity for completion;
(d) use technology to reduce workload and improve cogtitive and manipulative activities.

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2.5 NTSI.S - Maintain effective communications rnd interpenonal reletionships

(a) establish and maintain effective and eflicient communications and interpersonal relationships with
all stakeholders to ensure the optimum outcome of the flight;
(b) defrne and explain objectives to stakeholders;
(c) demonstrate a level of assertiveness that ensrres the optimum completion of the flight.

3. Range of variables

(a) simulated conditions may be used where appropriate.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) effective communication under normal and non-normal circumstances;

(b) task management.

NTS2 Non-technical skills 2

1. Unit description

This unit describes the knowledge and skills required to recognize, direct, and manage threats and
errors during flight operations.

2. Elements and performance criteria

a. NTS2.1 - Recognize and mrnsge threats

(a) identi! relevant environmental or operational threats that are likely to alfect the safety ofthe flight;
(b) identifo when competing priorities and demands may represent a threat to the safety ofthe flight;
(c) develop and implement countermeasures to manage threats;
safe outcome
id) monitoi and assess flight progress to ensure a safe outcome, or modifo actions when a
is not assured.

b. NTS2.2 - Recognize and manege erront

(a) apply checklists and standard operating procedures to prevent aircraft handling, procedural or
communication errors;
(b) identi! committed errors before safety is affected or the aircraft enters an undesired state;
ici monitor the following to collect and analyze information to identifi potential or actual errors:
(i) aircraft systems using a systematic scan technique;
(ii) the flight envi ronment;
(iii) other crew;
(d) implement countermeasures to prevent errors or take action in the time available to correct errors
before the aircraft enters an undesired state.

c. NTS23 - Recognize and mrnrge undesired sircraft state

(a) recognize an undesired aircraft state;
(b) prioritize tasks to ensure an undesired aircraft state is managed effectively;
(c) apply conective actions to recover an undesired aircraft state in a safe and timely manner.

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3. Range ofvariables

(a) reserved;
(b) simulated conditions may be used where appropriate

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) effective communication under normal and non-normal circumstances;

(b) threat and error management detailing processes that can be used to identify and mitigate or
control threats and errors;
(c) the application of situational awareness to identifuing real or potential environmental or
operational threats to flight safety;
(d) developing and implementing plans of action for the following:
(i) removing and mitigating threats;
(ii) removing and mitigating errors;
(e) undesired aircraft states, including prevention, identifring and controlling;
(f) how an undesired aircraft state can develop from an unmanaged threat or error;
(g) what aspects of multi-crew op€rations (ifapplicable) can prevent an undesired aircraft state;
(h) use of checklists and standard operating procedures to prevent errors.
(i) task management, including:
(i) workload organization and priority setting to ensure optimum safe outcome ofthe flight;
(ii) event planning to occur in a logical and sequential manner;
(iii) anticipating events to ensure suffrcient opportunity is available for completion;
(iv) using technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities;
(v) task prioritization and protection whilst filGring and managing real time information.

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SECTION 2: NAVIGATION AND INSTRTIMENT FLYING STANDARDS

NAV Navigate aircraft

1. Unit description

This unit describes the knowledge and skills required to plan and conduct a flight from a departure
aerodrome to a destination aerodrome, or an altemate aerodrome, and navigating the aircraft under the
applicable flight rules. This includes pre-flight planning, compliance with airspace, departure and arrival
procedures, and navigation under normal and abnormal conditions.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 NAV.I - Prepare documenb and flight plan

(a) select and p,repare appropriate navigation charts for the intended flight;
(b) select a suitable route and altitude considering weather, terrain, airspa.ce, NOTAMs and altemate
landing areas;
(c) obtain and interpret meteorological forecasts, NOTAMs and operational information applicable to
the planned flight;
(d) determine whether the planned flighf can be conducted under the applicable flight rules and taking
account ofthe beginning and end ofdaylight times;
(e) calculate and document critical point (CP) and point of no retum @NR) locations;
(f) complete a flight plan to the planned destination and alternates;
(g) lodge suitable flight notification for search and rescue (SAR) purposes.

2.2 NAV.2 - Compty with airspace procedures while nevigating

(a) identifu airspace restrictions and dimensions applicable to the flight;
(b) obtain and comply with air traffic clearances;
(c) comply with airspace procedures applicable to the airspace classification throughout the flight

2.3 NAV.3 - Conduct departure procedures

(a) organize cockpit to ensure charts, documentation and navigational calculator are accessible from
the control seat;
(b) comply with all departure procedures, clearances and noise abatement requirements;
(c) establish planned track on deparh[e within 5 nm of airfield or apply altemative procedure;
(d) calculate estimated time of arrival (ETA) for first waypoint.

2.4 NAV.4 - Navigate sircraft en route

(a) maintain a navigation cycle that ensures accurate tracking, and apply track correctional techniques
to re-establish track prior to waypoint or destinafion;
(b) maintain heading to achieve a nominated track;
(c) maintain and revise ETAs (+2 minutes) for waypoint or destination;
(d) maintain track in accordance with published flight path tolerances in controlled airspa.ce;
(e) navigate using accepted mapreading techniques;
(f) maintain navigation and fuel log to monitor tracking, ETAs and fuel status;
(g) use appropriate t€chniques to obtain a positive fix at suitable intervals;

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(h) maintain awareness of route, en route terrairL en route and destination weather, and react
appropriately to changing weather conditions;
(i) perform pre-descent and tuming point checks;
O maintain appropriate radio communication and listening watch with ATS and other aircrafl if radio
is fitted and used;
(k) configure the aircraft as required for the following environmental and operational conditions:
(i) turbulence;
(ii) holding;
(iii) maximum range;
(l) maintain awareness of search and rescue times (SARTIME) and revise as required;
(m) monitor aircraft systems, manage fuel and engine to ensure aircraft is operated to achieve flight
plan objectives.

2.5 NAV.5 - Navigate at low level and in reduced visibility

(a) configure the aircraft as required for the following environmental and operational conditions:
(i) reduced visibility;
(ii ) low cloud base;
(b) navigate aeroplane at minimum heights (not below 500 ft AGL, clear ofbuillup areas) and remain
in VMC;
(c) maintain separation from terrain, obstacles, allowing for wind and turbulence at low level;
(d) avoid noise sensitive areas;
(e) operate appropriately in the vicinity of aerodromes and landing areas.

2.6 NAV.6 - Perform lost Procedure

(a) acknowledge positional unc€rtainty in a timely manner;
(b) configure aircraft for range and endurance as required;
(c) apply recognized method to re-establish aircraft position;
(d) fix position;
(e) use radio to request assistance, ifapplicable;
(f.1 pt"n u timely precautionary search and landing if unable to complete flight safely to suitable
aerodrome.

2.7 NAV.7 - Perform diversion procedure

(a) make timely decision to divert;
(b) identify an acceptable altemate aerodrome;
(c) select a suitable route and cruising level;
(d) revise flight plan considering weather, terraiq airspace and fuel available;
(e) advise ATS ofan intention to divert.

2.8 NAV.8 - Use instrument navigation systems

(a) initialize navigation sYstem;
(b) conduct navigation system validity check;
(c) select, load, check and activate the flight plan;
(d) operate instrument navigation systems correctly;
(e) use instrument navigation systems to assist with navigation;
(f) confirm waypoints and fixes using instrument navigation systems

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2.9 NAV.9 - Execute arrivsl procdures

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MANUAL OF STANDARDS
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(a) obtain updated relevant aerodrome information;

(b) determine landing direction and aerodrome suitabiliry;
(c) conduct arrival;
(d) identifu and avoid all traffic;
(e) observe local and published noise abatemenl requiremenG and curfews;

2 Range ofvariables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) different terrain;
(c) applicable airspace procedures;
(d) simulated weather conditions.

3 Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) dead-reckoning navigation;

(b) navigate in featureless terrain and extended over-water flights;
(c) diversion considerations and procedures;
(d) maximum payload and minimum fuel operafions.

RNE Radio Navigation - en route

l. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to navigate an aircraft using radio navigation
aids and systems.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 RNf,.l - Operate and monitor radio navigation aids and 3ystems
(a) select and operate navigation aids and systems;
(b) monitor and take appropriate action in relation to the integrity of navigation aid systems
information.

2.2 RIIE.2 - Navigate the aircraft using navigation aids and systems
(a) determine aircraft position fix solely with referenc€ to navigation aids and systems;
(b) intercept tracks to and from navigation aids and systems;
(c) maintain tracks within specified tolerances;
(d) record, assess and revise timings as required;
(e) recognize station passage.

3. Range ofvariables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) in an aircraft or an approved flight simulation training device;
(c)course deviation indicator display systems.

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4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) tracking tolerances for radio navigation;

(b) for nondirectional beacon (NDB):
(i) effects of coastal refraction, night error, thunderstorms, mountainous areas, types of
terrain and altitude of aircraft on NDB indications or range;
(ii) methods of selecting and using the most appropriate NDB for tracking during
navigation;
(iii) NDB tracking techniques, procedures and limitations;
(iv) procedures for sector entry and holding using the NDB;
(c) for VOR:
(i) VOR instnrment settings required to provide command indications when flying on given
tracks both to and from the VOR;
(ii) VOR tracking techniques, procedures and limitations;
(iii) procedures for sector entry and holding using the VOR;
(d) PBN specifications and requirements:
(i) applicable navigation specifications for various airspace operations;
(ii) RNP tracking tolerances;
(iii) radius to fix path terminators on RF legs;
(iv) equipment requirements;
(v) system performance, monitoring and alert requirements;

IFL Limited Instrument Penel Maneuverc

l. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to perform normal flight maneuvers and recover
from unusual afiitudes in each of the following non-normal situations:
(a) without reference to the primary attitude indicator or display;
(b) without reference to the primary heading indicator or display;
(c) without reference to reliable airs@ indications.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2. 1 IFL.I - Recognize failure of attitude indicator and strbilized heading indicator

(a) monitor flight instmments and instrument power sources and recognize waming indicators or
erron€ous instrument indications;
(b) transition from a full instrument panel to a limited instrument panel.

2.2IFL.2 - Perform mtneuver - limited panel

(a) interpret and respond appropriately to instrument indications;
(b) apply power and attitude settings to achieve straight and level performance during:
(i) normal cruise;
(ii) in an airplane-approach configuration with flaps (when fitted) and undercarriage down;
(c) apply power and attitude settings to achieve:
(i) nominated climb Performance;

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(ii) nominated descent performance;

and level flight, rate I tums onto a nominated heading;
(iii) during climb, descent and straight
(d) trim and balance aircraft;
(e) establish level flight at a nominated altitude, from a climb or descent during straight or tuming
flight.

2.3 IFL3 - Recover from upset situations end unusual attitude - limited panel
(a) correctly identi! upset situations and unusual aftitudes under simulated IMC;
(b) recover to stabilized straight and level flight using approved techniques from upset situations and
unusual attitudes under simulated IMC from any combination of the following aircraft states:
(i) high and low-nose attitudes;
(ii) varying angles ofbank;
(iii) various power settings;
(iv) various aircraft confi gurations;
(v) unbalanced flight.

2.4 IFL.4 - Re.establish visual flight

(a) transition from visual flight conditions to instrument flight conditions while maintaining control of
the aircraft;
(b) perform a maneuver to re-establish visual Ilight;
(c) implement a plan that ensures the flight continues in VMC.

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) single-engine or approved flight simulation training device;
(c) manually flown in single-pilot operafions;
(d) simulated IMC conditions;
(e) up to and including light turbulence.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) scan technique appropriate to frtted flight insruments and phase offlight (without attitude or
stabilized heading indicators);
(b) performance instrument indications and power requirements to achieve specified flight profiles;
(c) instrument failure and waming systems fitted to the aircraft;
(d) the safety risks associated with application of large or rapid control inputs in more than I axis
simultaneously.

CTR Operate at a controlled aerodrome

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aircraft to and from a controlled
aerodrome.

2. Etements and performance criteria

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2.1 CTR.I - Controlled aerodrome pre-flight preparation

(a) using a current NOTAIvI, for the controlled aerodrome, extract all the relevant operational
information;
(b) interpret the extracted informatiorl
(c) identi$ all special aerodrome procedures;
(d) check cunent weather forecast and local observations;
(e) identi! all relevant radio and navigation aid frequencies.

2.2 CTk2 -Taxi aircraft at a controlled aerodrome

(a) obtain and comply with ATC clearances;
(b) maneuver aircraft to holding point as instructed and take appropriate action to avoid other aircraft
and obstructions;
(c) recognize gound markings during taxi and take appropriate action;
(d) recognize lighting signals and take appropriate action;
(e) identifu airport runway incursion hotspots;
(f) maneuver aircraft to avoidiet blast hazard;
(g) request taxi guidance if unsure ofposition;
(h ) use strobes when crossing any nrnway.

2.3 CTR3 - Perform departure from controlled aerodrome

(a) receive and conectly read back an airways clearance;
(b) check and ensure nrnway approach is clear prior to entering a runway;
(c) correctly set fransponder code and mode prior to entering runway for take-off;
(d) comply with ATC departure instructions;
(e) advise ATC as soon as possible if unable to comply with clearance;
(fl contact approach with airbome report or give deparnrre call to tower;
(g) maintain lookout;
(h) avoid wake turbulence,
'lookout
(i) comply with airways clearances within tracking and altitude tolerances and maintain traffic
until clear ofthe aerodrome control zone.

2.4 CTR4 - Perform arrival and landing at controlled aerodrome

(a) check NOTAM prior to entering control area and extract required operational informafion;
(b) receive ATIS and correctly set the appropriate QNH;
(c) request and receive ATC clearance and set correct transponder code prior to entering control area;
(d) advise ATC as soon as possible if unable to comply with clearance,
(e) maintain lookout at all times;
(0 update QNH as required;
(g) maintain tracking tolerances;
(h) establish aircraft on the correct leg of the circuit in preparation for landing and maintain separation
from traffic;
(i) confirm clearance to land;
fi) vacate runway and obtain taxi clearance.

3. Range ofvariables

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(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) Class C or D aerodromes;
(c) day VFR conditions.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) NOTAM decoding;

(b) aerodrome ground markings and lighting;
(c) standard RT phraseology;
(d) transponder codes for radio failure and emergency

ONTA Operate at non-towered aerodromes

1. tlnit description
This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operat€ an aircraft to and from a non- towered
aerodrome or landing area.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 ONTA.I - Non-towered aerodrome - pre-Ilight preparation

(a) using a current NOTAIv{, for the non-towered aerodrome or landing area, extract all ofthe relevant
operational information;
(b) interpret the extracted information;
(c) identifo all special aerodrome procedures;
(d) check current weather forecast and local observations;
(e) identi& all relevant radio and navigation aid frequencies.

2.2 ONTA.2 - Taxi aircraft at a non-towered eerodrome or landing area

(a) refer to aerodrome or landing area chart;
(b) set local QNH;
(c) broadcast intentions on appropriate frequency;
(d) obtain and interpret traffic information;
(e) maintain lookout for, and separation from, other aircraft, wildlife and other obstructions,
(f) recognize ground markings during taxi and take appropriate action;
(g) reserved;
(h) taxi aircraft to holding Point;
(i) use strobes when crossing any runway.

2.3 ONTA.3 - Perform departure rt I non-towered aerodrome or landing area

(a) check and ensure runway approach is clear prior to entering a nrnwayl
(b) conectly set transponder code and mode prior to entering runway for take-off;
(c) confirm runway approaches clear in all directions prior to entering runwayi
(d) broadcast line up details;
(e) Reserved;
(f) transmit appropriate radio calls and maintain separation with other aircraft;
(g) advise air service provider of departure details, if required;

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(h) conduct departure.

2.4 ONTA.4 - Perform arrival and lrnding at a non-towered aerodrome or landing area
(a) check NOTAM prior to entering circuit areal
(b) set correct local QNH;
(c) use correct radio frequency to transmit inbound calls as required;
(d) maintain effective lookout,
(e) maintain aircraft separation and avoid other traffic;
(f) maintain tracking tolerances;
(g) determine wind velocity;
(h) determine landing direaion;
(i) confirm runway is serviceable for the operation;
0) determine circuit direction;
(k) conduct landing area inspection;
(l) position aircraft in the circuit in preparation for landing and maintain separation from traffic;
(m) make all necessary circuit radio calls;
(n) veriff runway is clear of other traffic, wildlife and other obstnrctions;
(o) land the aircraft;
(p) vacate runway;
(q) cancel SARWATCH, if applicable.

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) non-towered aerodromes;
(c) landing areas;
(d) Class G airspace;
(e) CTAF;
(0 day VFR conditions.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) decode NOTAM;

(b) aerodrome ground markings and lighting;
(c) standard RT phraseology for operations at non-towered aerodromes and landing areas;
(d) transponder codes for G airspace

CTA Operate in controlled airsprce

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aircraft in controlled airspace

2. Elements and performance criterie

2.1 CTA.I -Operate aircraft in controlled airspace

The person must be able to demonstrate her or his ability to do the following:

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(a) comply with airways clearance requirements for operating in all classes ofairspace, including lead
time required for flight plan submission, contents, 'clearance void time', and'readback' requirement;
(b) apply airways clearance requirements for entering, operating in and departing from CTA and CTR,
including details that need to be provided to ATC, and what details to expect from ATC;
(c) maintain control area protection tolerances;
(d) maintain tracking and altilude tolerances when operating on an airways clearance;
(e) reconfirm any clearance items when doubt exists;
(f) advise ATC as soon as possible if unable to maintain clearance due to adverse weather conditions;
(g) follow ATC requirements for a change oflevel in CTd including in an emergency situation;
(h) comply with departue, climb, transition to cruise (levelling out), cruise, change of levels, descent
and visual approach procedures in CTA and CTR instructions;
(i) apply sepa.ration standards between IFR flights, and IFR and VFR flights in the various classes of
CTA;
0) perform appropriate actions in the event ofthe loss of radio communication in CTA and CTR,
1i; perform appropriate actions in the event ofabnormal operations and emergency procedures in CTA
and CTR;
(l) operate under radar vectoring procedures, including radio procedures and phraseologies;
(m) maximum permissible time interval between ATC transmissions during radar vectoring are not
exceeded;
(n) perform appropriate actions in the event of abnormal operations and emergencies;
(o) recall transponder emergency code and communication failure code.

3. Range ofvariables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day VFR conditions;
(c) any category of aircraft;
(d) Class C, D, or G airsPace.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) decode NOTAMS;

(b) aerodrome ground markings and lighting;
(c) standard RT phraseology for operations at controlled aerodromes;
(d) radio failure procedures;
(e) transponder codes

OGA Operate in class G airsPace

1. Unit descriPtion

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an aircraft in Class G (uncontrolled)
airspa.ce.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 OGA.I - Operate aircraft in Class G airspace

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(a) maintain tracking and altitude toleranc€s to remain outside controlled airspace;
(b) apply separation tolerances between IFR flights, and IFR and VFR flights,
(c) when using an aircraft radio:
(i) monitor appropriate radio frequency;
(ii) make appropriate radio calls;
(iii) obtain operational information from air services provider and other aircraft;
(iv) use information to ensure aircraft separation is maintained;
(v) apply loss of radio communication procedures;
(d) using a suitable chart:
(i) operate clear of active aerodromes and landing areas in the vicinity ofthe aircraft;
(ii) identifr and remain clear ofcontrolled and restricted airspace;
(iii) take appropriate action when operating in the vicinity ofa danger area;
(e) perform actions in the event of abnormal operations and emergenciesl
(0 recall transponder emergency code and communication failure code.

3. Range ofvariables

(a) acfivities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) day YFR conditions;
(c) Class G airspace;
(d) simulated or actual abnormal, emergency situations and radio failure

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

Class G airspace

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SECTION 3: AIRCRAFT RATING STANDARDS

AEROPLANE CATEGORY

A1 Control airplane on the ground

l. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to operate an airplane on the $ound

2. Elements and performance criteria

2. I A1.I - Start and stop engine

(a) perform engine start and after start actions;
(b) perlorm engine shutdown and after shutdown actions;
(c) manage engine start and shutdown malfunctions and emergencies;
(d) considers ground surface in relation to contamination and propeller care during engine sta( and
stop activities

2.2 !r1.2 -Taxi airplane

(a) use aerodrome or landing area charts to taxi aircraft;
(b) comply with taxiway and other aerodrome markings, right-of-way rules and ATC or marshalling
instructions when apPlicable;
(c) perform applicable taxi checks, including the following:
(i) brales and steering function normally and take appropriate action in the event of a
malfunction;
(ii) instmments for correct readings;
(iii) altimeter setting;
(d) maintain safe taxi speed and control ofthe aircraft;
(e) maintain safe spacing from other aircraft, obstnrctions' and persons;
(f) maintain the aircraft on the taxiway centerline;
(g) avoid causing a hazard to other aircraft, objects, or persons;
4 qua&ants;
ih) conect trandling techniques are applied to consider wind from all
(i) conectly manage the engine during taxi maneuvers.

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) single-engine airplane with propeller;
(c) aircraft with undercarriage and flaps;
(d) windsock located on the aerodrome;
(e) sufficient wind that requires control adjustment;
(f) hazardous weather;
(g) day VFR conditions;
tii f oiat area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aerdrome curfews
4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

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(a) typical single-engine airplane aircraft systems;

(b) differences between normally aspirated and fuel-injected systems;
(c) carburetor icing;
(d) the cause and effect of fuel vaporization;
(e) typical aircraft performance characteristics of single-engine airplanes and the effects of local
weather conditions on performance;
(f) aircraft weight and balance and the how to calculate aircraft center of gravity;
(g) the contents ofthe flight manual and POH for the aircraft being flown;
(h) the environmental conditions that represent VMC;
(i) propeller wash, rotor wash and jet blast and how they alfect other aircraft;
O the day VFR flight rules;
(k) the meaning of:
(i) light and marshalling sigtals;
(ii) aerodrome markings, signals, and local procedures;
(l) care of propellers;
(m) the actions to be taken in the event ofa brake or tire or steering failure;

A2 Take-offairplane

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to complete pre-take-offchecks, take-offairplane
into wind and in cross-wind conditions and perform after take-off checks in an airplane.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A2.l - Carry out pre'take'off procedures

(a) conectly identifu critical airspeeds, configurations, and emergency and abnormal procedures for
normal and cross-wind take-offs;
(b) work out a plan of action, in advance, to ensure the safest outcome in the event ofabnormal
operations;
(i) verify and correctly apply correction for the existing wind component to the take-off
performance;
(d) perform all pre-take-off and line-up checks required by the aircraft checklist;
(e) insure approach path is clear of conflicting traffic and other hazards before lining up for
take-off;
(fl align the airplane on the runway centerline.

2.2 1t2.2 Take offairPlane

-
(a) apply the controls correctly to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centerline ofthe runway, if
appropriate, prior to initiating and during the take-off;,
(b) adjust the power controls considering the existing conditions;
(c) monitor power controls, settings, and instruments during take-off to ensure all predetermined
parameters are achieved and maintained;
to attain the
ta) uaj*t the controls to attain the desired pitch attitude at the predetermined airspeed
desired performance;

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(e) perform the take-off applying the required pirclL roll and yaw inputs as appropriate in a smooth,
coordinated manner;
(0 trim the airplane accurately;
(g) perform gear and flap retractions, power adjustments and other required pilot-related activities;
(h) maintain flight path along the runway extended centerline;
(i) apply the applicable noise abatement and wake turbulence avoidance procedures;
(l) recognize take-off abnormalities and take appropriate action to reject take-off.

2.3 A2.3 - Take olf airplane in a crosswind

(a) perform a take-off in an airplane making appropriate adjustments for cross-wind conditions;
(b) maintain the runway centerline and extended centerline.

2.4 A2.4 - Carryout after take.off procedures

(a) perform after take-off checklist;
(b) maintain the appropriate climb segment at the nominated heading and airspeed;
(c) maneuver according to local and standard procedures;
(d 1 maintain traffi c separation.

2.5 A2.5 Take.off airplane from 'short field'

-
(a) calculate take-off and landing performance in accordance with the airplane's performance charts;
(b) perform take-off airplane to achieve the minimum length take-off performance;
(c) perform take-off airplane to achieve the obstacle clearance parameters

3. Renge of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published prccedures;

(b) airplane with piston or turbine powerplant and propeller;
(c) aircraft with nose wheel or tail wheel;
(d) aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage;
(e) aircraft with or without flaPs;
(0 sealed, gravel or grass runways and taxiways;
(g) windsock located on aerodrome;
ifiiengire start and shutdown malfunctions and emergencies covered by the aircraft flight manual;
(i) simulated hazardous weather;
O day VFR conditions;
G) for take-off in cross-wind, the cross-wind component must be:
(i) otherwise, 70Yo of the maximum permitted for the type of airplane being flown,
(l) local area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aero&ome curfews.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) obtiining or calculating the crosswind and down or up wind components;
(b) the factors affecting take-off and initial climb performance;
ici interprefing windsock indications and determining wind direction and speed;
(d) take-off distance required calculation;
(e) aerodrome charts and an ability to interpret them;

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(f) local topographical charts to identi! safe areas for engine-failure purposes and noise abatement
considerations.

A3 Control airplane in normal flight

l, Unit description

This unit describes the skills and tnowledge required to control an airplane while performing normal
flight maneuvers.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A3.l - Climb airplene

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems when commencing, during, and completing a climbing
flight maneuver;
(b) adjust altimeter subscale according to applicable settings;
(c) identi$ and avoid terrain and traffic;
(d) for the following climbing maneuvers select power, attitude and configuration as required for the
flight path, balance and trim tlrc airplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated confiol inputs to
achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the maneuver:
(i) cruise climb;
(ii) best angle climb;
(iii) best rate climb;
(e) anticipate level-offaltitude and achieve straight and level flight.

2.2 A3.2 -lvlaintain straight and level flight

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems during sraight and level flight maneuvers;
(b) adjust altimeter subscale according to applicable settingsl
(c) identi& and avoid terrain and traffrc,
(41 for ttre tottowing straight and level maneuvers select power, attitude and configuration as required
ioi tt" Right path, balance and trim the airplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control
inputs to achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the maneuver:
(i) at slow speed;
(ii) at normal cruise;
(iii) at high-speed cruise;
(iv) during acceleration and deceleration;
(v) except for the RPL, at maximwn range;
(vi) except for the RPL, at maximum endurance;
(vii) with flaps selected.

2.3 A3.3 - Ilescend airPlane

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems during descending flight maneuvers;
as required for
iUi for tfr" following descending maneuvers select power, attitude and configuration
ttre night path, batance and trim the airplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control
inputs
to achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the maneuver:
(i) glide;
(ii) powered;

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(iii)
approach configuration desc€nt;
(c) anticipate level-off altitude and achieve straight and level flight.

2.4 A3.4 - Turn airplane

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems during tuming flight maneuvers;
(b) for the following turning maneuvers selecl power, attitude and configuration as required for the
flight path, balance and trim the airplane accurately, and apply smooth, coordinated control inputs to
achieve the required flight tolerances that apply to the maneuver:
(i) level turns;
(ii) climbing tum;
(iii) powered descending;
(iv) gliding descending tum;
(c) complete tum maneuver on a nominated heading or geogra.phical feature;
(d) turn airplane at varying rates to achieve specified tracks;
(e) maneuver airplane over specified tracks or geographical features.

2-5 A3.5 - Control eirplane at slow s@s

(a) complete pre-maneuver checks;
(b) operate and monitor all aircraft systems when operating the airplane at slow speed in straight and
level, climbing, descending and tuming flight;
(c) for the following manoeuwes selecl power, attitude, and configuration as required for the flight
path, balance and trim the airplane accurately, and apply smooth coordinated control inputs to
achieve stable flight at the required flight tolerances that apply to the following:
(i) minimum approach speed with flaps retracted;
(ii) minimum approach speed in approach configuration;
(d) observe audible and visible stall wamings and recover aeroplane to controlled flight;
(ej recogtire and respond positively to reduced effectiveness of controls during slow flight
maneuvers;
(0 recognize the need to increase power while maneuvering in slow flight to maintain nominated
altitude and a margin of speed above the stall;
(g) transition from slow speed configuration, using take-off power to achieve nominated speed in
excess of 1.5 Vs without loss of height.

2.6 A3.6 - Perform circuits and approaches

(a) operate and monitor all aircraft systems when operating the airplane in the circuit; -
ibj in with specific local procedures, safely perform a full circuit pattem (5 legs) by
"""ordan..
balancing and trimming the airplane accurately while applying smooth, coordinated control inputs to
achieve i-he required flight tolerances specified for the flight path flown during traffic
pattem
maneuvers as follows:
(i) track upwind along extended cemerline to 500 ft;
(ii) establish and maintain cross-wind leg tracking 90o to the runway;
distance
iiiiy establish and maintain downwind leg tracking parallel to, and at a specified
from, the runway at circuit height;
(iv) establish base leg tracking 90o to the runway at a specified distance from the runway
threshold;
(c) perform checks as required throughout circuit;

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(d) establish the approach and landing configuration appropriate for the runway and meteorological
conditions, and adjust the powerplant conrols as required for tlre following:
(i) commence and control approach descent path;
(ii) adjust descent commencement point to take account of extended downwind leg or traffic
adjustments;
(iii) aligrr and maintain aircraft on final approach {light path with specified or appropriate
runway;
(iv) set and maintain approach configuration not below 500 ft AGL;
(v) identifu and maintain the nominated aiming point;
(vi) maintain a stabilized approach angle at the nominated airspeed not less than l.3VS to the
round-out height;
(vii) veriS existing wind conditions, make proper correction for drift, and maintain a precise
ground track;
(viii) apply speed allowances for wind gusts;
(ix) configure airplane for landing;
(e) maintain aircraft separation and position in the circuit with reference to other aircraft traffic in the
circuit area

2.7 A3.7 - I.acal area airsPace

(a) using an appropriate chart, for the local area and circuit area:
(i) identi! geographical features;
(ii) identiS geographi cal limits;
(iii) identifu restricted, controlled, and uncontrolled airspace areas;
(iv) state local airsPace limits;
(v) identify the transit route between the departure aerodrome and training area;
(vi) identi& the geographical limits of the training area;
(vii) identi! aerodromes and landing areas within the local area;
(b) maintain orientation and pinpoint location by using geographica! features and a local area chart;
(c) transit from the circuit area and transit to the designated training area;
(d) operate safely within a transit lane (ifapplicable);
(e) remain clear of restricted, controlled and other appropriately designated airspace;
(f) operate safely in the vicinity of local aerodromes and landing areas;
(g) transit from the designated training area to the circuit area;
(h) set QNH appropriatelyl
(i) correctly determine which runway is to be used for landing;
O ensure runway is serviceable and available;
(k) position aircraft for arrival into the circuit.

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) airplane with piston and propeller;
(c) aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage;
(d) aircraft with or without flaPs;
(e) simulated hazardous weather;
(f1 approach and landing configurations:
(i) normal;

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(ii) flapless;
(iii) glide;
(g) circuit pattems:
(i) normal 1,000 ft AGL circuit;
(ii) low-level 500 ft AGL circuit;
(iii) full circuit pattern, including 5 legs;
(iv) shortened circuit Patterrq
(h) day VFR conditions;
(i) local area airspace limitations.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) the primary effects ofcontrols;

(b) the secondary effects ofcontrols;
(c) the stall waming devices;
(d) aircraft systems;
(e) aircraft performance;
(f) aircraft weight and balance;
(g) hazards when performing performance maneuvers;
(h) tuming using a magnetic compass;
(i) relationship between angle of bank, load factor and stall speed;
O relationship between induced drag and operating at slow speed;
(k) dangers associated with mechanical and wake turbulence;
(l) engine considerations during prolonged climbing and descending;
(m) contents of the aircraft flight manual and pilot's operating handbook;
(n) environmental conditions that represent VIV{C;
(o) day VFR flight rules;
(p) local area operating procedues;
(q) relevant sections of the AIP.

A4 Land airplane

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to conduct a landing in an airplane

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 A4.l - Land airPlane

(a) maintain a constant landing position aim point;
ibi u rrooth, positively-controlled transition from final approach to touchdown, including
the ".hi"u"
following;
(i) control ballooning during flare;
(iiy touchdown at u *ntroll"d *t" of descent, in the specified touchdown zone within
tolerances
(iii) control bouncing after touchdown;
(iv) touchdown aligned with the centerline within tolerances;

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(c) ensure separation is maintained,

(d) maintain positive directional control and cross-wind correction during the afterJanding roll;
(e) use drag and braking devices, as applicable, in such a manner to bring the airplane to a safe stop;
(f) complete the applicable afterJanding checklist items in a timely manner.

2.2 A4.2 -land airplane in a crmswind

(a) veri! existing wind conditions, make proper correction for drift, and maintain a precise ground
track,
(b) configure the airplane for the crosswind conditions;
(c) control the airplane during the transition from final approach to touchdown and during after landing
roll to compensate for the crosswind conditions.

2.3 A4J {onduct a mfused aPProach

(a) recognize the conditions when a missed approach should be executed;
(b) make the decision to execute a missed approach when it is safe to do so;
icj mate a smooth, positively-controlled transition from approach to missed approach, including the
following:
(i) select power, attitude, and configuration to safely control airplane;
(ii) maneuver airplane clear ofthe ground and conduct after take-off procedures;
(iii) make allowance for wind velocity during go-around;
(iv) avoid wake turbulence.

2.4 A4.4 - Perform rocovery from missed landing

(a) recogrrize when a missed landing is occurring and when it is appropriate to take recovery action;
iti *rfi *r" decision to execute recovery fiom a missed landing only whenmissed it is safe to do so;
i"j ,"k" u ..*th, positively-controlled transition from missed landing to approach, including
the following:
(i) seiect poweq attitude, and configuration to safely control airplane;
iii) maneuve. airplane clear ofthe ground and conduct after take-off procedures,
(iii) make allowance for wind velocity during go-around,
(iv) avoid wake turbulence.

2.5 A4.5 - Short landing

(a) land airplane at nominated touchdown point at minimum speed;
(b) control ballooning during flare;
(c) control bouncing after touchdown;
(d) maintain direction after touchdown;
(e) apply maximum braking without locking up wheels;
(0 stops aircraft within landing distance available

3. Range ofvariables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) airplane with piston or turbine powerplant and propeller;
(c) aircraft with nose wheel or tail wheel;
(d) aircraft with fixed or retractable rmdercarriage;
(e) aircraft with or without flaPs;

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(f) sealed, gravel or grass runways and taxiways;

(g) windsock located on aerodrome;
(h) simulated hazardous weather;
(i) day VFR conditions;
fi) for landing an airplane in cross-wind, the cross-wind component must b€:
(i) for RPL, not more than l0 kls;
(ii) otherwise, T0% of the maximum permitted for the type of airplane being flown;
(k) local area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aerodrome curfews.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) typical single-engine airplane aircraft systems;

(b) airplane perfolmance;
(c) airplane limitations;
(d) airplane weight and balance;
(e) options when local conditions are not suitable for landing;
(f) causes ofloss of control ofairplane on landing;
(g) contents ofthe aircraft flight manual and pilot's operating handbook;
(h) environmental conditions that represent YMC;
(i) day VFR flight rules;
O propeller waslL rotor wash and jet blast;
(k) relevant sections ofthe AIP.

A5 Airplane advanced maneuvers

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to perform advanced maneuvers in an airplane.

2. Elements and performance criterir

2.1 A5.1 - Enter and recover from stsll

(a) perform stalling pre-maneuver checks;
(b) recognize symptoms of a stall;
i.j .ort:ot tt " uirplane by trimming and balancing accurately for slow flight and then applying the
required pitch, roll and yaw inputs to enter and recover from the following'
(i) slow flight where initial symptoms of a stall become evident;
(ii) stall, recovering without application ofpower;
(iii) stall, recovering with full power applied;
(iv) stall under the following conditions:
(A) straight and level flight;
(B) climbing flight;
(C) descending flight;
(D) aPProach to land configuration;
(E) tuming flight;
(d) perform stall recovery including the following:
(i) reduce angle of attack;

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(ii) prevent yaw;

(iii) use available power and height to increase the aircraft energy state;
(iv) avoid secondary stall;
(v) re-establish desired flight path and aircraft control with balanced control application;
(e) perform stall recovery in simulated partial and complete engine failure conditions;

2.2 A5.2 - Avoid spin

This element only applies to a single-engine airplane:
(a) perform stalling pre-maneuver checks;
(b) recognize wing drop at the stall;
(c) from balanced flighr, recover from stall in the attitudes and configurations most likely to
cause a wing droP:
(d) perform recovery where the airplane exhibits a tendency to drop a wing at the stall;
(e) perform stall recovery at simulated low altitude.

2.3 A53 - Turn airplane steePlY

(a) pre-maneuver checks for steep tumingl
heading or geographical
iUj it."p 1evel tum using a nominated bank angle, ending on a nominated
feature, without altitude change;
(c) steep descending tum using a nominated bank angle, ending on a nominated heading or
geographical feature ending on a nominated altitude;
(d) airplane operating limits are not exc.€eded.

2.4 A5.4 - Sideslip airPlane

(a) straight sidesliP:
and
[y induce ilip to achieve increased rate of descent while maintaining track and airspeed;
(ii) adjust rate of descent by coordinating angle ofbank and applied rudder;
(b) sideslipping turn by a justing the bank angle to tum tkough minimum heading change of90o at
constant uir.p.ia using sideslip, and exiting the tum on a specified heading or geographical feature,
within tolerance;
(c) recover from a sideslip and retum the airplane to balanced flight'

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published proc€dures;

(b) maneuvers are performed within operating limits of airplane;
(c) airplane with piston and propeller;
(d) aircraft with nose wheel or tail wheel;
(e) aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage;
(f) aircraft with or without flaPs;
(g) sealed, gravel or grass runways and taxiways;
(h) windsock located on aerodrome;
(i) simulated hazardous weather;
O day VFR conditions;
(kl focaf area operational limitations such as noise abatement and aerodrome curfews.

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

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(a) operational circumstances where steep turns are required;

(b) aerodynamic and airplane operational considerations related to slow flight, sideslipping, stalling,
spinning, steep tums, upset airplane states, including but not limited to the following:
(i) symptoms of approach to stall and throughout the stall maneuver until recovery;
(ii) relationship between angle of attack and stall;
(iii) effects of weight, center of gravity position, 'g' force and angle of attack;
(iv) dangers of unbalanced flight;
(v) principle of stick and control and the point of stall;
(vi) priority given to reduce angle of attack during stall maneuvers;
(vii) loss of height is considered in relation to available height and energy state;
(viii) the technique of converting excess speed to height;
(ix) the technique of converting excess height to speed;
(x) symmetrical and rolling 'g' force limitations;
(xi) higher stall speeds when airplane is turning;
(xii) effects on fuel, pitot and flap systems;
(c) contents of the flight manual and POH;
(d) environmental conditions that represent VIUC;
(e) day VFR flight rules;
(f) relevant sections of the AIP.

A,6 Manage abnormat situations -single-engine airplanes

l. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to accurately assess an abnormal situation,
reconfigure the airplane, control the airplane and execute appropriaG maneuvers to achieve a safe
outcome with no injury to personnel or damage to the airplane or property.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2. 1 A6.l - Manage engine failure - takeoff (simulated)

(a) conectly identify an engine failure after ake-off;
(b) apply the highest priority to taking action to control the airplane;
(c) maintain control of airPlane;
(d) perform recall actions;
(e) perform emergency actions as far as time permis;
(f) maneuver the airplane to achieve the safes possible outcome;
(g) ensure passengers adopt brace position;
(h) advise others such as ATS and other aircraft of intentions if time permits'

2.2 A6.2 - Manage engine failure in the circuit erea (simuleted)

(a) conectly identifo an engine failure during flight;
(b) apply the highest priority to taking action to control the airplane;
(c) perform recall actions;
elsewhere;
id) select a suitable landing area within gliding distance, on the aerodrome or

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(e) perform emergency procedures and land the airplane if the engine cannot be restarted as time
permits;
(f) advise ATS or other agencies capable of aiding ofsituation and intentions;
(g) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and hamess security;
(h) land the airplane ensuring safest outcome if an engine restart is not achieved.

2.3 A63 - Perform forced lending (simulated)

(a) after a simulated complete engine failure has occurred, without prior indications, carryout the
following:
(i) identi$ complete power failure condition and control airplane;
(ii) perform immediate actions;
(iii) formulate and describe a recovery plan, including selecting the most suitable landing area;
(iv) establish optimal gliding flight path to position the airplane for a landing on the selected
landing area;
(v) perform emergency procedures and land the airplane if the engine cannot be
restarted as time Permits;
(vi) advise ATS or other agencies capable of aiding of situation and intentions,
(vii) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and hamess security;
(viii) land the airplane ensuring safest outcome if an engine restart is not achieved;
(b) after a simulated partial engine failure has occurred, without prior indications, carryout the
following:
(i) identifu partial power failure condition;
(i i) perform recall actions;
(iii)-adjust flight controls to re-establish flight path t}lat maximizes performance for partial
power condition and maintain a safe airspeed margin above stall speed;
(iv) establish radio communications where possible;
(v) perform partial engine failure actions;
(vijformulaie a plan to recover airplane to a safe landing area or aerodrome, considering that
partial failure might lead to a full power failure at any time;
(vii) maneuver the airplane to a selected landing area or aerodrome using the remairung power
to establish an optimal aircraft position for a safe landing;
(viii) advise ATS, or other agencies capable ofproviding assistance of situation and intentions;
(ix) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and hamess security;
(x) maintain a contingency plan for coping with a firll power failure throughout the maneuver;
(xi) when a safe landing position is established, shut down and secure engine and
airplane

2.4 A6.4 - Cor/luct precrutionrry search and landing (simulated)

(a) assess flight iircumstancei and make an appropriate decision when to perform precautionary
landing;
(b) configure airplane for conditions;
(c) perform precautionary search procedure;
for landing, taking into account:
id) ielect hnaing area, carryout an inspection and assess its suitability
(i) unobstructed approach and overshoot paths;
(ii) landing area length adequate for landing;
(iii) landing area surface is suitable for airplane type and clear of hazards;
(e) maintain orientation and visual contact with the landing area;

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(0 advise ATS or other agencies capable ofaiding of situation and intentions;

(g) re-brief passengers about flight situation, brace position and hamess security;
(h) land and secure aircraft and manage passengers.

2.5 A6.5 - Manage other abnormal situations (simulated)

(a) conectly identi! the situation and always maintain safe control ofthe airplane;
(b) manage abnormal and emergency situations in accordance with relevant emergency procedures
and regulatory requirements;
(c) follow appropriate emergency procedures while maintaining control ofthe airplane;
(d) identifu and conduct flight with an unrcliable airspeed indication;
(e) conectly identifi when an emergency evacuation ofan airplane is required;
(f) execute a simulated emergency evacuation ofan airplane;
(g) advise ATS or other agencies capable ofaiding of situation and intentions.

2.6 A6.6 - Recover from unusual llight ,ttitudes

(a) identi& nose-high or noseJow unusual attitude flight condition;
(b) recover from nose-low or nose-high unusual attitudes by adjusting pitch, bank and power to
resume controlled and balanced flight;
(c) apply controlled corrective action while maintaining aircraft performance within limits

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) single+ngine airplane with piston or turbine powerplant and propeller;
icj aiscontinue simulated maneuvers that would be terminated by a forced landing when the assessor
is satisfied that the landing standard would be achieved;
(d) day VFR conditions

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) engine failure scenarios and procedures for partial and complete power loss;
(b) forced landing scenarios and procedures;
(c) causes leading to precautionary landings;
(d)judging descent profiles in various configurations;
(e) prioritizing activities during emergencies and non-normal situations;
(0 ditching;
(g) suitable fields for forced landings and precautionary landings;
i[) considerations when practicing emergencies and non-normal operations'
(i) aircraft performance in a glide (straight and tuming);
O hazard of sideslip at low altitude;
i() .ff""S of partiai engine power on performance, flight profile, range and landing options;
(l) contents of the flight manual and pilot's operating handbook;
(m) passenger control and briefing;
(n) vlvlC;
(o) low-flying hazards.

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SECTION 4: OPERATIONAL RATING AND ENDORSEMENT STANDARDS

INSTRUMENT RATING

CIR Conduct an IFR flight

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to conduct a flight in an aircraft under the IFR

2. Elements and performance criteria

2.1 CIRI - Plan a flight under the IFR

(a) determine aircraft is properly equipped and serviceable for IFR flight;
(b) possess and use all the required documentation that is current to plan an IFR flight;
(c) prepare an accurate flight plan that ensures all applicable operational requirements are met;
(d) make flight notification;
(e) check navigation system database is current;
(f) conduct RAIM check if required;

2.2 CIR.2 -Perform an instrument deperture

(a) prepare aircraft and aircraft systems for departure'
(b) demonstrate consideration of and planning for non-normal and emergencies during departure;
(cj demonstrate adequate knowledge of both of published and cleared and non-published and non-
cleared instrument departures;
(d) establish lowest take-off minima required considering aircraft performance, aerodrome, available
instrument approaches and environmental conditions;
(e) conduct instrument departure to comply with obstacle clearance requirements

2.3 CIRJ - Conduct a published instrument departure (ell engines)

(a) perform a SID or other published departure;
(b) maintain assiped SID, including all tracks' headings' altitudes, and speeds;
i"j p".io* a cleared departure safely and maintain tracks, headings, altitudes, and speeds within
specified tolerances.

2.4 CIR4 - Conduct an instrument departure (1 engine inoperative) - simulated IMC

(a) for single-engine aircraft instrument endorsements:
towards most
liyiolloring engine failure esablish optimum flight path and maneuvers aircraft
suitable terrain considering conditions;
(ii) time permitting conduct checklists and radio calls

2.5 CIR6 - Perform a descent and arrival under the IFR

(a) demonstrate adequate knowledge of the published procedures for the conduct of a descent and
arrival to an aerodrome;
(b) perform a descent and published arrival prccedure to an aerodrome

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2.6 CIRT - Perform a published bolding procedure

(a) demonstrate adequate knowledge ofa published holding procedure;
(b) track aircraft to the holding fix and performs holding procedure (entry, full holding pattem and
exit) safely.

2.7 CIRS - Perform an instrument spproacb 2D or 3D

(a) demonstrate adequate knowledge ofpublished procedures associated with an instrument approach;
(b) perform an instrument approach unique to the instrument approach type;
(c) maintain a stabilized flight path within specified tolerances during the approach procedure

2.8 CIRI0 - Perform visual approach operations (includes visual circling where applicable)
(a) demonstrate adequate knowledge of published procedures for the conduct ofa visual approach;
(b) conduct a visual circling approach requiring at least 90 degrees change ofheading to establish the
aircraft onto the final approach leg to the specified runway whilst maintaining a stabilized flight path.

3. Range ofveriables

(a) for the single-engine airplane instrument endorsement, the aircraft must be a single-engine airplane;
(b) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;
(c) IMC or Simulated IMC conditions;
(d) aircraft or approved synthetic training device;
(e) day and night;
(0 analogue or digital flight decks;
(g) RVSM or non-RVSM airsPace;
(h) AIP, Jeppesen or other approved IAL plates;
(i) approved checklists;

4. llnderpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) full panel instmment maneuvers;

(b) limited and partial panel instrument maneuvers;
(c) AIP and published regulations,
(d) approved aircraft flight manual;
(e) relevant sections of published regulations;
(f1 airspace requirements and procedures under IFR conditions;
(g) IFR route planning requirements;
(h) use ofthe navigational computer,
iil aircraft fuel planning, including holding, altemate, fixed reserve, and usage rates;
[) visual and instrument flight rules and procedures;
(k) factors affecting en route performance, range, and endurance;
(l) critical point and point ofno retum;
(m) meteorological considerations for an IFR flight;
(n) icing conditions and hazards;
(o) requirements for an altemate aerodrome;
(p) aetermine tat<e-offminima for single at aerodromes with and without suitable departure or
instrum€nl approach procedures;

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(q) conditions for take-off if a forecast cannot b€ obtained;

(r) departure procedures;
(s) transponder codes;
(t) when deparnre track must be established;
(u) contents of airbome and depa(ure reports, and when these must be made;
(v) pilot's responsibility in an IFR visual deparnre;
(w) procedures for loss of radio communication;
(x) procedures for abnormal operations and emergencies;
(y) aero&ome and en route holding procedures;
(z) IFR cruising levels, selection, and hazards;
(za) operations, functions, modes, limitations and errors of navigations aids and systems;
(zb) insfument approach procedwe chart;
(zc) instrument approach procedures and limitations, including the minimum system components
required to conduct an aPProach;
(zd) conect sector entry join for entering the holding pattem ofthe approach procedure,
(ze) tracking tolerance and altitude limitations for flying a published arc ofthe approach procedure;
(zQ approach procedure applicable minima for aircraft;
a missed approach
1zg) conditions under which a circling approach must be discontinued and
initiated;
(zh) circling area applicable to the aircraft performance category being flown;
(zj) when an aircraft may descend below the MDA (day and night);
(zJ) procedure to conduct a missed approach from any nominated point within a circling area on a
specified approach;
(zk) read and interpret a STAR chart;
(zl)STAR procedures and limitations;
(zm) pilot's respons'ibilities when STAR clearance is given or cancelled;
(m) applicable instrument approach procedure or visual approach at end of STAR;
(zo) knowledge of STAR radio procedures;
(zp) procedures for loss of radio communication during STAR;
aid
1rg pro."a*"t for abnormal operations and emergencies during STAR, including navigation
failure;
(zr) conditions permitting descent below minima;
(zs) procedure forjoining the circuit from an approach procedure;
(zt) approach procedure missed approach procedure,
procedure missed approach procedure;
izu) minimum obstacle clearancai.ite.ia during an approach
(zv) knowledge of approach procedure radio procedures;
(zw) proceduies for loss of radio communication during an approach procedure;
t21ipr*"6*", for abnormal operations and emergencies during an approach procedure, including
navigation aid failure, loss of sigrral integrity and disparity between aids

IAP2 Conduct an instrument approech 2D

1. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to perform a 2D instrument approach operation

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2. f,lements and performance criteria

2.1 lAP2.l - Prepares for approach

(a) review latest available information for destination;
(b) conduct navigation system validity check;
(c) conduct RAIM check if requird
(d) select and brief cunent approach chart for the approach to be flown,
(e) check and confirm navigation aid required for the approach is serviceable

2.2 lAP2.2 - Conducts initial approech

(a) set altimeter QNH correctlY;
(b) maneuver aircraft to the holding fix.

2.3 IAP2.3 - Conducts a holding pattern

(a) from the holding fix enter and perform a holding pattem;
(b) fly aircraft in accordance with procedure.

2.4 lAP2.4 - Conducb sn apProach

(a) update and set Altimeter QNH;
(b) approach performed correctly and within published tolerances;
(c) navigation aid sigrral integrity monitored during approach;
(d) from the final approach fix to minima aircraft is flown to a stabilized descent profile;
iej after establishing- visual reference, a visual circling or runway approach is conducted for a landing
on the selected runwaY.

2.5 IAP2.5 - Conducts a missed approech

(a) conditions requiring a missed approach are recognized and missed approach is initiated;
(b) aircraft is maneuvered to MAPI;
(c) missed approach procedure is conducted in accordance with the IAL chart;
(d) obstacle clearance in IMC or simulated IMC is maintained.

3. Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

(b) tasks may be rmdertaken in:
(i)IMC;
(ii) VMC with simulated IMC conditions;
(c) performance may be demonstrated in:
(i) single-engine aircraft ;
(ii) approved flight simulation training d€vice;
(iii) variable air trafEc conditions;
(iv) variable weather conditions;
(v) variable flight situations;
(vi) abnormal situations;
(vii) differing classes of airspace;
(d) aircraft may include:
(i) fixed wing;

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(ii) other commercial or military aircraft;

(e) crew may include:
(i) single pilot;
(f) instruments may be:
(i) frtted flight instruments suitable for instrument flight;
(ii) head up display suitable for instrument flight;
(g) pertormance must be demonstrated using azimuth guidance and CDI guidance in the following:
(i) tracking;
(ii) holding pattern;
(iii) approach operations;
(iv) missed approach operations;
(h) limitations may be imposed by:
(i) local noise abatement requirements and curfews;
(ii) airspace endorsements;
(i) conditions may include:
(i) a method of simulating IMC;
(ii) simulated icing conditions;
(iii) moderate turbulence;
(iv) simulated hazardous weather;
(v) autopilot and flight director;
(vi) simulation of emergency and abnormal procedures;
O one ofthe following kinds of2D instrument approach procedures:
(i)NDB;
(ii) VORand LOC;
(k) approaches may include:
(i)NDB;
(ii)voR;
(l) for an approach NDB private instrument endorsement, competency must be demonstrated using
a non-directional
-
beacon navigation system;
(m) for an approach VOR private instrument endors€ment, competency must be demonstrated using
-
a VHF omni-range/localizer navigation system;
(n) for an approach DME private instrurnent endorsement, competency must L}e demonstrated using
-
distance measuring equipment or a global navigation satellite system;

4. Underpinning knowledge of the following:

(a) instrument approach procedures and limitations;

(b) sector entry join procedures for entering a holding paftern;
i"j t toi"rance and altitude limitations for fllng the published approach procedure;
""ting forjoining the circuit fiom an approach procedure;
(d) procedure
missed approach
iej minimum obsiacle clearance criteria during a approach prccedure and
procedure;
(f) missed approach procedure for an approach;
(g) radio procedures during an approach;
(h) loss of radio communication during an approach procedure;
including navigation aid
iiy aUnorm4 operations and e.ergencies procedures during an approach,
failure;

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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR RATING

FIR Conduct aeronautical knowledge training and flight training

l. Unit description

This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to competently plan, conduct and review
aeronautical knowledge training and effectively conduct flight training in an aircraft or flight
simulation training device.

2. Elements and performance criteria

2. I FIRI.l - Plan training

(a) confirm trainee readiness for proposed training through review of training records to confirm
their competency status;
(b) identifi training objectives based on performance criteria in the manual of standards and
operator's training plans;
(c) iaentifu underpinning knowledge for the units and elements relevant to the lesson and confirm
trainee understanding;
(d) select appropriate training methods to facilitate training objectives and knowledge transfer,
(e) apply threat and error management into each ground lesson;
iD id"riiry pot"ntial threats and enors in a flight lesson, including those associated with
simulation
of abnormai or emergency procedures or aircraft mishandling by trainee, and consider suitable
mitigators;
(g) silect appropriate training resources and confirm availability and sewiceability ofrequired
il"iliti.., equipment, trainint aids, reference material and the airworthiness ofthe training aircraft or
device.

2.2 FIRl.2 - Conduct aeronautical knowledge training

(a) establish a leaming environment and motivation that suits the trainee's needs;
(b) clearly state training objectives that are relevant, practical and measurable;
i"i rorau"t the lesson foliowing or modiffing the lesson plan to achieve training objectives and
transfer of knowledge;
(d) present and link new knowledge to previous knowledge;
(e) use selected training aids to illustrate and enhance explanations;
deliberate
uppfy appropriate iistnrctional techniques; with instruction to the point using clear and
i0
speech;
19) deliver technical knowledge accurately and
clearly to the required standard;
(h) provide opportunities for trainee participa.tion and practice;
iijdi."ur. tt i*t and error managemlnt issues and ensure application is understood by. the trainee;

|j connrm training objectives naJve been achieved by questioning, review and other suitable methods;
(k) provide feedback on trainee perfbrmance;
(l) develop trainee self-assessment skills;
(m) complete training objectives in the time available;
(n) ensure all training is conducted effectively.

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 eig Civil Aviation Authority MANUAL OF STANDARDS
of the Philippines (MOS)

2.3 FIRI.3 - Conduct a published instrument deperture (all engine)

(a) confirm the trainee is mentally and physically prepared for flight training;
(b) brief the trainee on the training outcomes, the associated performance criteria and the actions
required of the trainee during the flight;
(c) link previous training to the current exercise;
(d) briefthe trainee on how the flight will be conducted to meet the training outcomes;
(e) confirm the trainee's ability to recall the training outcomes, underpinning knowledge, handling
technique and planned flight scenario;
(0 discuss the environmental conditions and their suitability for the training exercise;
(g) discuss threat and error management issues applicable to the proposed flight and confirm the trainee
understands her or his responsibility for managing those issues (airmanship).

2.4 FIRl.4 - Conduct airborne treining

(a) manage responsibilities as pilot in command for the safe operation ofthe aircraft;
for the qualification
iUi appty nying techniques and procedures to the competency standards specified
being trained for whilst occupying the instructor seaq,
(c) demonstrate the task:
(i) introduce tasks in manageable portions without trainee overload;
(ii) make clear, concise and systematic explanatiors;
(iii) coordinate demonstration with explanation of maneuver,
techniques;
ilvy mate coordinated control inputs without abrupt maneuvering, uslnq rycgnted
in this manual for a
iv) demonstrate the maneuver io the competency standards specified
commercial pilot.
(d) direct the task :
(i) implement handover and takeover procedures for control ofthe aircraft;
(ii) provide direction appropriate to the trainee's progress;
(iii)provide instructions in a clear, concise and timely manner;
(iv) provide suflicient practice for the trainee to achieve the task'
iv;'intewene only to the extent nec€ssary to assist the trainee's progress or to maintain safety.
(e) monitor the task (unassisted practice):
(i) identifu the trainee's ieficiencies and provide feedback to assist the trainee in achieving the
standard;
(ii) provide and vary additional instruction and demonstration as necessary to assist trainee;
(iiif .nt*" t"."dial training is effective such that enors are corected;
(iv) encourage the trainee to develop self-assessment skills;
(v) note training events for debriefing and assessment'
(fl intervene to recover-the aircraft ifthe trainee does not manage an undesired aircraft state;
of human factors principles for threat
ig) a"u.top the trainee's responsibility through the application
and error management.

post-flight briefing
-2.5 FIR1.5 Conduct
th" Lainee io self-asseis performance against the performance criteria;
i")
"n"or*g" the trainee's performance and assess the
tUi a*"*J clearly and accurately, significant daaiis of performance criteria;
trainee's achievement against the t ainiig outco-es for the lesson and associated
(ciiJentifv any deficiericies in performance and suggest remedial actions and training;
the flight;
iai air"u.i tt.ot and error management issues encountered during
t
("i b.i"ttt" inee on the details ofthe next training exercise;

44
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 cD Civil Aviation Authority
of the Philippines
MANUAL OF STANDARDS
(MOS)

2.6 FIRl.6 - Complete post-trrining administration

(a) record achievement, or otherwise, of competency, any remedial training required and identi!
content ofthe next training exercise;
(b) complete administration procedures required for issue of an endorsement or military equivalent
where applicable.
(c) inform relevant staff ofthe trainee's performance and results where required;
(d) review eflectiveness of training and identifo any adjustments to delivery, presentation and content
for improvement, and discuss with appropnate stakeholden.

FIR2 Range of variables

(a) activities are performed in accordance with published procedures;

license, rating or endorsement using a
iUj Rigt t truining includes training for the issue ofa flight crew
suitabie training aircraft or approved flight simulation training device;
(c) flight trainin'g includes thl units and ilements authorized by the flight training endorsement(s) held
by the instructor;
post-flight briefings, is provided to support the
1i) aeronautical knowledge training, including pre- and
flight training units and elements;
regulatory requirements and
i"inigfr, trai"ning and aircraft operation is conducted in accordance with
,ujf. o]*r"tionuipractices and lncludes administrative procedures associated with authorizing and
recording flight training and maintaining raining records;
presentation, including audio visual aids,
1fl suitaSle ieaming ."so*"er may be used to assist the
operations manuals;
aircraft models, synlhetic training devices, regulatory publications and aircraft and

FIRS Foundation of knowledge

(a) relevant sections of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations;

(b) principles and methods of instruction
against a standard;
1tj ih. p.o""tt of making an objective assessment
performing as a flight crew member
iOj ptouirion of evidencJ of competency in
i.j i"r., used in respect of the evidence used to determine an individual's competency against a
standard
(0 the different forms of assessment and application in flight training
of performance offlight crew standards;
igl irr" ,"qrir.rents for assessing consistency
performance at different 1icense levels;
if;i m" aif"r.n""s in standards fir consisteniy of
(ij the application of the range of vanab!9s in making an assessmelt - - l
and developmental issues and
iji p"rrorrning -a tea-ing ;omptex skills, including cogritive
observational leaming;
trainees situation
ititrr"l"r"ir .f situaional awareness and methods of developing and monitoring
awareness skills
(i *i" enforced automaticity and the foundations of expertise;
"if*-.g,
i;;;;;iil;f"ssionalism, inctuding interpersonal skilts, implications of being a role-model,
self-reflection ind self-managed professional development;
plans;
(n) effective use ofa course oftraining' curricula and syllabus and lesson
(o) training and assessment standards;
(p) debriefing and feedback techniques;

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 Civil Avietion Authority MANUAL OF STANDARDS
of the Philippines (Mos)

(q) transfer of control

(r) principles of flight;
(s) crew resource management (CRM) principles;
(t) techniques for introducing tasks in manageable segrnents to avoid overloading a trainee and
principles for integrating task segments;
(u) appopriate use of scenario-based training in flight instruction;
(v) application ofrisk management principles to emergency procedure simulations in flight;
(w) checklists for single-pilot or multi-crew operations as applicable;
(x) common student errors and suggested suitable remedial instruction;
(y) obstacles to leaming associated with flight training
(i) operational concept of threat and error management in relation to flight training
(aa) procedures and strategies for developing trainee threat and error management skills;
iUU) tast priorltlzation system to assist the development oftrainee
task management skills
i..j .rritubte pro"edures for making decisions in-flight and for developing trainee decision-making
skills;
(dd) goal fixation effects on good decision making;
(ee) Stress management
(ff) completing relevant documentation;

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