9

Technology and
Livelihood Education
Agri-Crop Production
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Storing, Preparing Plant Debris
and Waste Materials for
Occupational Health and Safety
Procedure
Technology and Livelihood Education – Grade 9
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Storing, Preparing Plant Debris and Waste Materials for
Occupational Health and Safety Procedure

First Edition, 2021

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 9

Technology and
Livelihood Education
Agri-Crop Production
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Storing, Preparing Plant Debris
and Waste Materials for
Occupational Health and Safety
Procedure
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home.
Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons
in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing
this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s
assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of
each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check you’re
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We
trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before
performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your
teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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 Let Us Learn!

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master how to handle and transport materials, equipment and
machinery according to enterprise guidelines. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are also
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

This module has one lesson:

• Storing, preparing plant debris and waste materials for Occupational
Health and Safety procedure

Objectives:
1. Identify the proper storing and preparing debris and waste materials
according to nursery/OHS procedure.
2. Identify materials and debris that needs to dispose and store in the farm
3. Recognize the benefits of agricultural and household waste composting.
4. Produce own compost in their own house following the steps in
agricultural and household waste composting.

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 Lesson Storing, Preparing Plant Debris
and Waste Materials for
1 Occupational Health and
Safety Procedure

Let Us Try!
Hello! I hope you are having a good day. Before proceeding to lesson,
try to read and answer the activity below first.

Instruction: Copy the Crossword puzzle in your answer sheet and fill in the
correct letters to come up with the correct name of the tool being defined in
the guide below.

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 Let Us Study

Definition of terms;
1. Organic matter – this term refers to any carbon-based compound found
in nature. Organic describes living organisms because they are made up
of organic compounds.
2. Composting – the process of gathering and storing plant material in order
for it to decompose and be returned to soil to enhance its consistency.
3. Pathogen – is a small organism that may cause disease, such as a virus
or bacterium.
4. Contamination – is the act of making something filthy or toxic, or the
state of having unwanted or hazardous substances in one's possession.
5. Agricultural waste – is characterized as unnecessary waste produced by
agricultural activities (i.e., manure, oil, fertilizer, pesticides 7 herbicides).
6. Estuaries – are the large sections of rivers where they meet the sea.
7. Microorganisms – any organism that is too small to be seen without a
microscope, such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and algae.
8. Transmission – occurs directly between two people from one or more of
the following methods: Coughing or sneezing on another person may
cause droplet contact.
9. Residue – remnant, remainder: all that remains after a component is
removed, divided, or designated.
10. Deadstock – are animals that died before slaughter, often from injury or
condition.
Composting is a method of reducing organic waste volume and returning
it to the soil to support developing plants. Pruning, lawn mowing, and other
regular plant care operations generate waste in all yards.

Clay soil benefits from organic matter because it increases drainage and
aeration. Compost acts as a separator, tightly packed clay particles to allow
water and air to pass through. Composting aids in the retention of water and
nutrients in sandy soil. Compost acts like a sponge, absorbing moisture and
eventually releasing fertilizer nutrients. It also boosts the activity of
earthworms and other natural soil organisms that help plants grow. Compost
is not a fertilizer; it is a soil modification.

• Composting yard waste provides nutrients to the soil while also saving
landfill space.
• Composting decreases the amount of yard waste by 50 to 75 percent.
• Due to newer strains of bacteria that cause food-borne illnesses,
compost made with manure is uncertain for use in food gardens.
• Plant wastes must be broken down by microorganisms that require
warm temperatures, moisture, and oxygen.
• Compost can be used as a mulch and as a soil amendment.
Reference: Accessed April 10, 2021, URL: https://www.waste360.com/legal/definition-yard-waste-
center-glendale-legal-dispute

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 •

How to Make Organic Fertilizer from Vegetable Waste, Accessed April 10, The Popular Mechanics: How to Compost: An Easy DIY Guide, Accessed
2021, URL: https://fertilizer-machinery.com/solution/vegetable-waste- April 10, 2021, URL:
compost-fertilizer-produc.html https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/a25748837/make-compost/

The single most important supplement you can offer your garden is
compost. It's a quick and easy way to add nutrient-dense humus to your lawn
or garden, which promotes plant growth and revitalizes depleted soil. It's also
free, simple to make, and environmentally friendly. Composting, on the other
hand, has a number of advantages.

Benefits of Composting
1. Soil Conditioner
This provides nutrients to your plants while also assisting in the retention
of soil moisture.

2. Recycles Kitchen and Yard Waste

Composting will divert up to 30% of household waste from the garbage
disposal. Organic matter in landfills lacks the oxygen it needs to
decompose quickly. Instead, when it decomposes, it produces toxic
methane gas, hastening global warming and climate change.

3. Introduces Advantageous Organisms to the Soil

Compost contains microscopic organisms that aerate the soil, break down
organic materials for plant use, and protect plants from disease.

4. Good for the Environment

When applied to lawns and garden beds, composting is a natural
alternative to chemical fertilizers.

5. Reduces Landfill Waste

Compostable materials make up one-third of landfill waste. By diverting
this waste from landfills, we will extend the life of our landfills (and so will
our wild species).

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Composting Materials

All compostable materials are carbon or nitrogen-based. Maintaining a

working balance between these two factors is the key to a balanced compost
pile.

A. Carbon
Compost gets its light, fluffy body from carbon-rich matter such as
branches, roots, dried leaves, peels, pieces of wood, bark dust or
sawdust pellets, shredded paper, corn stalks, coffee filters, coffee
grounds, conifer needles, egg shells, straw, peat moss, and wood ash.

B. Nitrogen
Manures, food scraps, green grass clippings, kitchen waste, and green
leaves are examples of nitrogen or protein-rich matter that can be used
to make enzymes.

Materials to avoid in composting

• If you're using a composter made specifically for this reason, don't

compost meat, bones, or fish scraps (they'll attract pests).
• When you compost perennial weeds or diseased plants, you risk
spreading weed seeds or diseases as you spread your compost.
• Pet manures should not be included in soil that would be used on food
crops.
• Pesticide residues can be present in banana peels, peach peels, and
orange rinds, so keep them out of the compost.
• To prevent clumping, sawdust may be applied to the compost, but it
should be mixed or spread thinly. Make sure the sawdust is free of
machine oil or chain oil traces from the cutting machine.

How to Compost
1. Start your compost pile on the ground. Worms and other beneficial
organisms will aerate the compost and transport it to your garden beds
this way.
2. Initiate by laying twigs or straw a few inches deep. This improves
drainage and aerates the pile.
3. Substitute moist and dry compost products in layers. Food scraps, tea
bags, seaweed, and other moist ingredients are examples. Straw, grass,
sawdust balls, and wood ashes are examples of dry materials. If you have
wood ashes, spread them out thinly so they don't clump together and take
a long time to decompose.
4. Add manure, green manure (grass clippings), or some other nitrogen
source should be added. This helps to activate the compost pile and
accelerate the process.
5. Keep compost moist. Water only when necessary, or let the rain do the
work.

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6. Cover it with whatever you have on hand, such as wood, plastic
sheeting, or carpet scraps. Covering aids in the retention of moisture and
heat, both of which are essential for composting. Covering the compost
often stops rain from overwatering it. Moisture should be present in the
compost, but not soggy.
7. Turn every few weeks. With a pitchfork or shovel, turn the pile quickly.
This helps to aerate the pile. The process needs oxygen to function, and
turning “adds” oxygen. Mixing, or turning, the compost pile is important
for aerating the materials and speeding up the composting process.

Pathogen contamination
Animal manure and other agricultural wastes should not be used in
ways that create new paths for pathogen and disease transmission between
livestock, humans, and the environment. Bacteria, viruses, intestinal
parasites, and other veterinary pollutants are common contaminants. The
safe use of agricultural wastes necessitates the application of certain
fundamental principles:

• Animal health control: No animal waste or slurries from any animals with
health issues will be used.
• Waste selection: Hazardous waste forms should be avoided at all costs
and channeled into appropriate, safe disposal methods.
• Certain waste categories require regulated sanitation through thermal
treatment prior to use. (e.g., pasteurization at 70°C for 1 hour.)
• Pre-treatment: pressure sterilization, etc.);
• Pathogen reduction performance must be monitored and controlled on a
regular basis.

Agricultural wastes

The Food Navigator, Accessed April 10, 2021, URL: Alamy: Agricultural waste, Accessed April 10, 2021, URL:
https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2014/12/01/Agro-industry- https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/agricultural-waste.html
seed-waste-is-promising-source-of-oils-and-ingredients

• Agricultural waste from agro-based industries like palm oil, rubber, and
wood processing factories has more than tripled. Farm animals waste
is another important cause of emissions. Pig farms generate a lot of
waste, and some of them dump their effluents directly into estuaries
and tidal rivers without any care.

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 • Agricultural wastes that flow directly into surface waters include high
levels of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), compostable organic
carbon, pesticide residues, and fecal contamination bacteria (bacteria
that normally live in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and
indicate contamination by animal wastes).
• Agricultural waste is characterized as unwanted waste produced by
agricultural activities (i.e., manure, oil, silage plastics, fertilizer,
pesticides and herbicides; wastes from farms, poultry houses and
slaughterhouses; veterinary medicines, or horticultural plastics).
• Pesticides and herbicides are used to control pests, but when used
repeatedly, they build up in the soil, causing serious harm to beneficial
microbes and pollinators. The majority of pesticides and fertilizers are
water soluble and can leach into water bodies as well as food products.
• Pesticides can destroy non-targeted plants, birds, and other wildlife, as
well as have a significant effect on soil quality and fertility. Some
fungicides also contain mercury, which has a harmful effect on the
nervous system's activity as well as the kidneys.

Animal Fodder
A waste to wealth initiative is the use of agricultural waste as animal
feed, fish feed, or a component in feed preparation. Many agricultural wastes,
on the other hand, are unsuitable for direct use by animals because they must
be physically and chemically handled to make them edible. Roughage and
fiber residue are frequently nutritionally deficient, necessitating the addition
of supplements.

By Syda Productions, Accessed April 10, 2021, URL: KJ KRISHI JAGRAN, Accessed April 10, 2021, URL:
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-19190089-agriculture- https://krishijagran.com/animal-husbandry/good-news-now-govt-to-
industry-farming-people-animal-husbandry-concept supply-fodder-to-cattle-rearers-during-corona-crisis/

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Vermicomposting of Waste from Agricultural Sector
Agricultural wastes include crop residues, weeds, leaf litter, sawdust,
forest waste, and livestock waste. Among the various agricultural wastes,
livestock waste is always a preferred choice for researchers as feedstock for
earthworms and as bulking substrate for vermicomposting. Livestock waste
is considered as the suitable organic amendment to enhance the process of
vermicomposting because of its low cost, easy availability, sufficient nutrient
content, and ideal.

OSU Extension: Compost in the Backyard, Accessed April 10, 2021, URL: Modern Farmer: What to do with all the poo? Accessed April 10, 2021,
https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/techniques/compost-backyard URL: https://modernfarmer.com/2014/08/manure-usa/

Type of waste Duration Results

Buffalo waste, 90 days Maximum earthworm growth rate was
sheep waste, achieved in the various combinations of
goat waste, cow buffalo dung and minimum growth rate in
waste sheep waste.
Rice 105 days Paper waste and rice straw effectively
straw + paper convert into nutrient-rich vermicompost.
waste + cow Vermicompost is more fragmented than
dung parent feedstocks. Use of rice straw in
higher ratio was not recommended.
Sewage sludge 80 days Vermicomposting modifies the structure of
(cattle dung) bacterial community in the waste and
reduces the pathogenic human bacteria
population.
Pig manure and 40 days Vermicompost has higher pH, P, K, Zn but
rice straw lower available N and Cu than the parent
substrate. Increment in aromatic
compounds indicated high humification
during vermicomposting.
Crop/tree Earthworm growth and conversion
residues efficiency vary with waste. In all the crop
residues, pH, EC, and N and P levels
increased, whereas C/N and C/P ratios
decreased.
Horse manure, 240 days Study evaluated vermicompost
apple pomace, characteristics based on 120-day-old layer
grape pomace, and 240-day-old layer in vermi-reactor.

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and digestate Maximum biomass of earthworms was in
(manure slurry, 120-day-old layer. After 240 days,
corn silage, microbial biomass activity decreased due to
haylage) decrease in the earthworm activity,
indicating a high degree of stabilization.
Cow manure 60 days Urease activity is a suitable indicator of
and wheat vermicompost maturity and waste
residues stabilization during the process of
vermicomposting.
Wheat straw, 90 days Highest worm production and growth rate
pig dung, were obtained with cow dung followed by
poultry dung, pig dung; however, earthworm growth
rabbit dung, decreased in vegetable compost. Maximum
cattle dung, earthworm growth rate was found on the
sheep dung, 90th day. Growth and worm production
and vegetal depend on the biochemical quality of the
compost feedstocks.
Sawdust, 100 days MSW and carbonaceous materials in
boxwood leaves, different proportions, viz., 50:50, 70:30,
and cardboard 85:15, and 100:0, were vermicompost for
compost (MSW) 100 days. Vermicomposting for 75 days is
sufficient for vermicompost maturity.
Salvinia 45 days Total concentration of heavy metals (Zn,
natans (cattle Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni) increased;
manure and however, concentration of water-soluble
sawdust) and plant-available heavy metals was
reduced in the final vermicompost.
Leaf litter 60 days Cashew leaf litter mixed with cow dung at
(horse dung, 2:2 ratio was found to best in terms of
sheep dung) vermicompost properties. Reduction in the
lignocellulose and phenol content is due to
the combined action of the gut
lignocellulolytic microflora and earthworms
during the vermicomposting process.
Ipomoea 30 days Total carbon contents decreased from
527.3 to 282.8 g/kg and total nitrogen
contents increased from 20.2 to 28.5 g/kg.
C/N ratio of Ipomoea vermicompost was
9.9. Spectroscopic analysis revealed
transformation of weed into potent organic
fertilizer.
Coconut husk 21 days Vermicompost contains higher pH,
poultry microbial biomass carbon, and macro- and
manure, pig micronutrients than the initial waste.
slurry
Cow dung, After vermicomposting, pH, and C/N ratio
poultry manure were reduced but EC and HA were
increased. Heavy metals stabilized.

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 Crop residue 90 days Highest earthworm weight and
(rice, wheat, vermicompost matter were achieved in
corn, wheat and lowest with corn residue.
sugarcane)
Parthenium — Chemicals responsible for the allelopathic
effect of parthenium weed are destroyed.
Scanning electron microscopy shows
marked disaggregation of the material in
the vermicompost as compared with the
well-formed matrix of Salvinia leaves.
Tomato plant 6 months Characterize HA isolated from different
debris + paper waste mixtures before and after
mill sludge vermicomposting. Vermicompost produced
from tomato debris/paper mill sludge (2:1)
recorded higher C content and C/N ratio.
Filter cake 30 days Nanopore volume found to be negatively
(cattle manure) correlated with phosphatase activities for
filter cake but not for cattle manure. HA
content of filter cake vermicompost was
higher than that of cattle manure
vermicompost
Teodorita Al Seadi, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen (2019). Agricultural Waste, Accessed April 15, 2021
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/agricultural-waste

Storage & Disposal of Farm Wastes

When farm wastes, such as deadstock, are improperly handled, they
can contaminate the premises, animals, inputs, and food. Farm waste may
also serve as a shelter and food source for pests.

Large Business, What’s New in Business, Accessed April 11, 2021, URL:
Rutgers, what is an animal waste management plan, Accessed April 11, 2021, URL:
https://kenhphanphoiduanchungcu.xyz/whats-new-in-business.html
https://njaes.rutgers.edu/animal-waste-management/what-is-an-awmp.php

10
General Farm Waste
Storage
• Keep farm waste storage areas separate from food preparation, input
storage, and livestock housing to avoid cross-contamination and pest
attraction.
• Ensure that the storage areas and containers for farm waste are
sufficient for the amount of waste produced between disposal periods.
• Clean farm waste storage areas on a regular basis to prevent cross-
contamination or the attraction of pests.
• Store farm waste in containers with lids before it is removed.

Disposal
• Remove farm waste on a regular basis and in a manner that prevents
cross-contamination and pest attraction.
• Products must be disposed of in accordance with local bylaws and
provincial legislation.
• If farm waste can be used in other industries, store and ship it so that
food safety is not a concern. Vehicles used to transport agricultural
waste should not be used to transport food products or farm inputs
unless they have been properly sanitized.

Medical Waste

Productcare Recycling: Hazardous Household Waste, Accessed April 12, Nhan Dan: World Bank offers advice on Vietnam, Accessed April 12,
2021, URL: https://www.productcare.org/products/hhw/ 2021, URL: https://en.nhandan.org.vn/scitech/item/5958802-world-
bank-offers-advice-on-reducing-agricultural-pollution-in-vietnam.html

Storage
• Mark used needles, empty medicine bottles, and unused or expired
animal health items as NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE (medicine bottles) or
BIOMEDICAL WASTE (needles, scalpels, and other “sharp” equipment)
in rigid, leak-proof containers.

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Disposal
• Dispose of syringes, prescriptions, and other products, as well as
expired medical supplies, according to the instructions given by
suppliers or manufacturers.
• Another viable disposal option may be your veterinarian. Disposal on
your property or in burn barrels are not desirable disposal options.
• Ensure that medicated feed and water are disposed of properly so that
they do not pollute the atmosphere.

Used Pesticide Containers

Storage
• Triple-rinse all empty pesticide containers by following these steps:
1. Fill empty containers to a minimum of one-tenth of their capacity with
water.
2. Rinse by shaking or rolling the container twice.
3. Fill the sprayer tank with the contents of the pesticide bottle.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 two times.

Disposal
Return rinsed pesticide containers to a pesticide bottle recycling site.
There are three options to dispose of unwanted pesticides:
• Return any pesticide containers that have not been opened to the
dealer.
• Use the pesticide on a different crop than the one mentioned on the
label.
• Pay for the pesticide to be disposed of by a hazardous waste disposal
company.

Deadstock
Storage
All supervised dead animals must be removed, composted, or buried in
accordance with provincial regulations. Locate deadstock burial pit and
composting site away from:
• Housing for animals,
• Areas where fruits and vegetables are grown,
• Areas with a lot of livestock or people, and
• Any sources of water.
• Keep all stored deadstock out of sight and away from other animals,
poultry, and predators.

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Disposal
• Pick up by a provincially licensed Deadstock Pick-Up Service;
• Composting at least 15 meters away from any watercourse and 30
meters away from any domestic water source;
• Burial at least 30 meters away from every source of water used for
domestic purposes, with pollution-proof pits.

If You Need an Audit

Be prepared for the auditor to observe or inquire about storage activities to
ensure that:
• Adequate and proper waste storage areas and/or containers are clearly
designated on the farm,
• Farm waste storage containers and areas are well kept and maintained,
• Farm waste is removed on a regular basis,
• Medical waste containers are clearly marked,
• Empty pesticide containers and unwanted pesticides are stored in a
designated area labelled for disposal.
British Columbia 2021. Farm Inputs - 6.4 Storage & Disposal of Farm Wastes. Accessed April
15, 2021. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/agriculture-seafood/food-
safety/good-agricultural-practices/6-4-storage-disposal-of-farm-wastes

13
 Let Us Practice

You did great on your first day! Now, let’s try what you have learned.
Are you ready?

Activity 2: TRUE or FALSE

Instruction: Identify the underlined word/s if it is true or false. Write TRUE if
the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write
your answer in your separate sheet of paper.
1. Locate deadstock burial pit and composting site away from areas of high
livestock or human traffic.
2. Farm waste storage containers and areas should be well kept and
maintained at least once a month.
3. Empty pesticide container contents into sprayer tank.
4. Make sure medicated feed and water are disposed in a manner that does not
contaminate the environment.
5. Follow the instructions of your parents for disposal of syringes, medications
and other items.
6. Locate farm waste storage areas near from food handling to prevent cross-
contamination and avoid attracting pests.
7. Livestock waste is the least suitable organic amendment to enhance the
process of vermicomposting.
8. Clean farm waste storage areas often enough to avoid creating conditions
that can cause cross-contamination or attract pests.

Let Us Practice More

Very good! You made it this far. Let us continue rolling!

Activity 3: Disposal or Storage
Instruction: Identify the sentence/s if it belongs to proper Disposal or proper
Storage of plant debris or waste materials. Write Disposal if it belongs to
proper disposal or waste materials or plant debris and write Storage if the
statement belongs to proper storage of waste materials or plant debris.
1. Burial at least 30 m from any source of water used for domestic
purposes and pits constructed to prevent pollution.
2. Fill empty containers with water to a minimum of one-tenth of the
container size.
3. Store used needles, empty medicine containers and unwanted or
expired animal health products in rigid and leak-proof containers.
4. Locate farm waste storage areas away from food handling, input
storage and livestock housing areas to prevent cross-contamination
and avoid attracting pests.
5. Make sure farm waste storage areas and containers are adequate for
the amount of waste generated between disposal times.

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 6. Return unopened pesticide container to the dealer.
7. Make sure medicated feed and water are disposed in a manner that
does not contaminate the environment.
8. Composting at least 15 m from any watercourse and 30 m from any
source of water used for domestic purposes.
9. Protect all stored deadstock from other livestock, poultry and
predators and away from public view.
10. Remove farm waste often enough and in a manner to prevent cross-
contamination and avoid attracting pests.

Let Us Remember

Awesome! Now, let us gather what we have learned.

Activity 4.1: ENUMERATION

Instruction: Give the necessary answer to the given area. Enumerate the
complete information needed. Copy the table below and write your answer
in the separate sheet.

Agricultural waste Toxic Waste

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Activity 4.2: STEP ARRANGEMENT

Instruction: Arrange the steps below correctly and write the letters
correspondingly in your answer sheet.

1. Add manure to the compost.

2. Start your compost pile on bare earth.
3. Lay twigs or straw first for drainage and aeration.
4. Keep your compost moist.
5. Turn the pile every week to aerate the compost.
6. Add compost materials in layers.
7. Cover with wood, plastic sheets to retain moisture.

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 Let Us Assess

It is amazing how you were able to study and answer the activities! Now
it is time to try the fruit of your journey by answering the assessment below.
The first item is done for you.
Activity 5: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Instruction: Choose the best answer and write only the letter in your
answer sheet.
1. It includes crop residues, weeds, leaf litter, sawdust, forest waste, and
livestock waste.
a. Toxic waste c. Industrial waste
b. Household waste d. Agricultural waste
2. What should be followed in the disposal of syringes, medications and
other items as well as outdated medical supplies?
a. Operator’s manual c. Manufacturer’s instruction
b. Guardian’s advice d. Teacher’s instruction
3. It is defined as unwanted waste produced as a result of agricultural
activities (i.e., manure, oil, silage plastics, fertilizer, pesticides and
herbicides)?
a. Residues c. Feeders
b. Industrial waste d. Agricultural waste
4. It improves the drainage and aeration of clay soil.
a. Fertilizer c. Inorganic
b. Compost d. Synthetic fertilizer
5. Which of the following is not included in the benefits of composting?
a. Good for the environment c. Reduces landfill
b. Good for the animals d. Soil conditioner
6. Which of the following is/are not included in pathogens?
a. Bacteria c. Cancer
b. Cocci d. Virus
7. Which is not included in the principle in pathogen contamination?
a. Waste selection
b. Pre-treatment
c. Livestock health control
d. Once a year regular follow up

16
 Let Us Enhance

Activity 6: APPLICATION OF COMPOSTING

Instruction: Make your own small compost in your house following the steps
in composting. List all the materials and tools you used for your compost.
Draw your output in a separate sheet of paper.

Let Us Reflect

You have reached the end of this module. Thank you for the time
and effort you have extended just to accomplish the different tasks given to
you in this module.

Activity 7: Essay
Instruction: Answer the following question and write your answer in your
separate sheet of paper.

How can we benefit as a What will be the effect of proper

backyard gardener on the storing and disposing of
creation of compost? agricultural waste to the lives of
the people in the community?
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17
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Activity 2 Activity 3
Activity 1
1. Composting 1. True 1. Disposal
2. Deadstock 2. False 2. Storage
3. Contamination 3. True 3. Storage
4. Pathogen 4. True 4. Storage
5. Estuaries 5. False 5. Storage
6. Transmission 6. False 6. Disposal
7. Microorganism 7. False 7. Disposal
8. Agricultural waste 8. True 8. Disposal
9. Organic 9. Storage
10. Disposal
10. Residue
Activity 4.1 Activity 5 Activity 6
Answers may vary 1. D Answers may vary
2. C
3. D
Activity 4.2 4. B
5. B
1. D Activity 7
6. C
2. A 7. D
Answers may vary
3. B
4. E
5. G
6. C
7. F
Answer Key to the Activities
 References

C.R. Wilson and J.R. Feucht (2021). Composting Yard Waste. Accessed April
15, 2021. https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-
garden/composting-yard-waste-7-212/
Teodorita Al Seadi, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen (2019). Agricultural Waste,
Accessed April 15, 2021 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-
and-planetary-sciences/agricultural-waste

British Columbia 2021. Farm Inputs - 6.4 Storage & Disposal of Farm Wastes.
Accessed April 15, 2021.
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/agriculture-
seafood/food-safety/good-agricultural-practices/6-4-storage-disposal-
of-farm-wastes

Guides in Composting. April 15, 2021.

https://learn.eartheasy.com/guides/composting/
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI (DepEd- XI)

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax: (082) 291-1665; (082) 221-6147

Email Address: regionxi@deped.gov.ph * lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph