A. FOCUS ON THE TASK 1, Read the information about the task type. Then look at some notes two of two students made about the task. For each point, who is right: Student A or Student B? Choose the correct answer. ‘The Short Answer Questions task tests your ability to answer questions on factual information using words taken from the passage. It's often used to test your understanding of a factual passage about a specific subject. You usually read facts about a subject, and you may be asked to write words or numbers. On the question paper, you see a set of questions about the passage. Your job is to read the passage and find information to answer the questions. Here are the basic rules for the Short Answer Questions task: The questions follow the order of information in the passage. ‘The instructions tell you how many words to write in each answer. ‘The wording of the questions includes some words and ideas that you can find in the passage. ‘The words you need to write in your answer are found in the passage. You write the words in the same form as you see them in the passage (eg. singular/plural) - you don't need to change them in any way. Spelling counts! The words you write must be spelled correctly. ANH NGU VIETOP 0 Cos01 ocVielep Hoc la phai dung duoc! Short Answer Questions 1 Student —_You are mostly reading for facts and figures. Student B _Youare reading to understand the writer options. 2 Student _The questions sometimes follow the order of the passage. Student B ‘The questions always follow the order of the passage. 3 Student —_You have to check the instructions to see how many words you can write. Student B_ You always have to write two words. 4 Student You have to use your own words to explain the ideas in the passage. Student B_ You have to write the exact words you find in the passage. 5 Student All answers must be spelled correctly. Student B Small spelling mistakes are not penalized B. FOCUS ON SAMPLE TASK 2, Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you, Which questions did you find difficult? A Crack in the Earth [Researchers working off the coast of Portugal in western Europe have discovered what could be the birth of a new subduction zone, Subduction zones happen when the large tectonic plates that make up the Earth's crust crash into one another, and one slides, or subducts, below the other. According to a report published in the journal Geology, this new subduction zone could signal the start of an extended cycle that fuses continents together into a single land mass - or supercontinent - and then forces them apart again. This process has occurred at least three times during Earth's approximately four-billion-year history, with the most recent evidence coming from the splitting up of the single land mass called Pangaea about 200 million years ago. In the distant future, the Earth's continents could ‘look very much like Pangaea,’ says researcher Joao Duarte, a geoscientist at the University of Monash in Australia, The recently discovered subduction zone is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 kilometres off the southwest coast of Portugal, It is made up of six distinct segments that together span a distance of about 300 kilometres. The subduction zone is actually a newly formed crack in the Eurasian plate, which is one of the main tectonic plates making up the Earth's crust. The Eurasian plate contains all of Europe and most of Asia, In this case, ‘the Eurasian plate is breaking in two.’ says Duarte, Scientists have long suspected that a new subduction zone was forming near the western margin of the Eurasian plate, off the coast of Portugal. Part of the reason is that the region has been the site of significant earthquakes. Over the past 20 years, several scientific teams from different countries have been mapping the region's seafloor. As part of his research project while at the University of ANH NGU VIETOP Coss! 06082 = Cows OCo.04s Ocows © 08 99172227 70 Hox Cac BBB Cing Hoe S64 LeQuangDnh 106HosCoc 769 LeHingPharg | wn P.7.Q.PhuNwuin P.13,Q.TinBioh PLQGOVIp ——P7,QPhINKn P.12.Q.10, (O frsbockcomfetetopVielep Hoc la phai dung duoc! Lisbon, Duarte gathered together the data from these different mapping projects and combined them to create a new tectonic map of the seafloor off the coast of Portugal. This provided the first conclusive indication that the ocean floor off the coast of Iberia is indeed beginning to fracture, and that a new subduction zone is starting to form. ‘It is not a fully developed subduction, but an embryonic one; says Duarte. ‘The evidence collected by Duarte's team suggests that the Eurasian plate could eventually split into separate oceanic and continental sections, If this happens, the oceanic section - which is made of denser rock - will dive beneath the continental section, causing the Atlantic Ocean to shrink and pulling North America and Western Europe closer together, Other studies have indicated that geologic activity in the region could also pull Africa and Europe together, causing the Mediterranean Sea to vanish. "Eventually North America and Europe will be together again, and the collision will give origin to new mountain chains; says Duarte. Questions 1-8 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer 1 What term describes the situation in which a single land mass exists on Earth? 2 How long has it been since the last single land mass existed? 3 What is the size of the area affected by the new subduction zone? 4 What happened to make scientists think that the new subduction zone existed? 5 What name is used for the type of image Duarte produced of the region's seabed? 6 Which word does Duarte use to indicate the new subduction zone's stage of development? 7 According to Duarte, which section of the Eurasian plate is likely to move? 8 According to researchers, what might disappear as a result of the new subduction zone? C. FOCUS ON TIPS AND TACTICS 3. Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. a. Which tips and ta do you think are the most useful? b. Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample questions in Section B? ¢. Which tips will you use in the future? 1. Before you read the passage, look at the questions and think about what you're going to read. 2, Underline the most important words in the questions and think about the type of information you're looking for. For example, are you looking for a name, a number, a specific term or something else? 3, Most of the answers are facts about the topic, so many of the words you need to write are nouns. Check if words are singular or plural in the passage. ANH NGU VIETOP 0Cox01 00.02 Ocows OCo.04s Ocows 0.08 91722 70 Hox Cac BEN Cing Hee S64 LeQuangDnh IOGHosCoc ——_—769LaHEngPharg |S mnilsetopon P.7.Q.PhuNwuin P.13,Q.TinBioh PLQGOVIp ——P7,QPhINKn P.12.Q.10, (O frsbockcomfetetopVielep Hoc la phai dung duoc! 4, Read the passage quickly. Remember that the questions follow the order of information in the passage, 5, Then go through the questions one by one, Use the underlined words to help you find the relevant sections of the passage, Read these sections in detail and find the information to answer the question. 6. The word(s) you need to write are in the passage. Don't put the information you read into your own words. Copy the spelling of the words exactly and check it carefully, 7. Don't just write down the first word you find that fits the gap - keep reading and keep thinking about the meaning, 8, Remember, the instructions tell you how many words to write - if you write more, your answer will be marked wrong 9. Write numbers as figures, eg. 104" - not as words, eg, ‘one hundred and four". 10. Ifyou aren't sure of an answer, always write something. No marks are taken off for wrong, answers, D. FOCUS ON SKILLS-BUILDING 4, Read the questions and look at the underlined words. What type of information are you looking for to answer each question? 1 Who discovered that white light breaks into component colours? Which part of the human eye is sensitive to colour? ‘How many colours is the human eye able to disting Which colours are dogs unable to perceive? we wn What type of light can bees see that humans can't see? 6 Which animal has the most complicated colour vision? 5. Now underline the other important words in each question in Exercise 4. 6. Work in pairs. Discuss what each question focuses on and what kind of information you would look for in the reading passage. (NB There is no reading passage for these questions.) Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) ‘Today we know exactly what features of their physical make-up allow animals to move at speed. Less well-known is the role of motion photography in helping us to understand these features. Before moving images could be captured on film, it was difficult to know exactly how animals’ bodies moved at speed, This was because the movements happened too quickly for the human eye to perceive them, An understanding of the processes involved only came in the 1880s with the pioneering work of Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904), who was a pioneer in the development of early motion photography. ANH NGU VIETOP 0Cox01 00.02 Ocows OCo.04s Ocows 70 Hox Cac BEN Cing Hes G64 LeQuangDnh 106HosCac 769 LaHingPharg | P.7.QPhaNnuin P.IRQTinBrh P.LQGVip ——PL7.QPhoNhuin P.12,Q.10 (O frsbockcomfetetopVielep Hoc la phai dung duoc! Muybridge was an Englishman who went to the USA at the age of 20 in search of fame and fortune. By 1855, this search had taken him as far as California, which in those days was perceived as the land of opportunity. The region had just seen the rapid development associated with the Gold Rush, which attracted many ambitious young men like Muybridge to the region. San Francisco was at the centre of this boom and Muybridge initially set himself up as a bookseller in the city. He also took up photography, working for a commercial photographer, and soon began to develop a reputation for his images of the local landscape, in particular those of the Yosemite Valley. This led, in 1868, to his appointment to a us government post as Director of Photographic Surveys. As part of his new role, Muybridge travelled to Alaska, which had just become US territory, to produce a photographic record ‘The work for which Muybridge is best remembered, however, began in 1872, the year when a racehorse owner, Leland Stanford, asked Muybridge to try and establish whether or not all four of a racehorse’s hooves left the ground when it was running, Muybridge rose to the challenge, realising that photography could provide the necessary evidence. But his first efforts, using wet-plate techniques, were not conclusive because the images were not clear enough. As he worked on the problem, however, Muybridge's fascination with the idea of rapid motion photography grew and its, further development now became his main work, In his next experiment, he positioned 50 cameras alongside the track before a horserace took place. Through the use of devices called electrically- controlled shutters, Muybridge was able to capture a split-second image from each camera as the horse ran past. His findings answered Stanford's question definitively: all four hooves leave the ground at the same time, as could be seen from the photographic images. What's more, by projecting the images on to a screen, and showing them one after another at great speed, the horse's actual movements could be recreated. Muybridge's public demonstration of this technique in 1882, using a device called a zoopraxiscope which he also invented, is credited with being the birth of the moving picture industry. For the remainder of his life, Muybridge concentrated on the further development of the techniques he had developed, and is regarded as having inspired Thomas Edison, who was to invent the cinecamera. Indeed, Muybridge's groundbreaking work paved the way for a new art form, making it just as important as Joseph Niepce's pioneering still photography had been back in 1825. 7. Read the passage Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and the questions (1-8) below. Put a tick (7) next to the correct answers. Put a cross (x) next to incorrect answers and write the correct answer. 1 What historical event had just ended when Muybridge arrived in San Francisco? The Gold Rush 2 What was Muybridge's first job in San Francisco? Commercial photographer 3. What type of photographs did Muybridge originally become well-known for? ANH NGU VIETOP 0Cox01 06082 = Cows OCo.04s Ocows © 08 99172227 70 Hox Cac BBB Cing Hoe S64 LeQuangDnh 106HosCoc 769 LeHingPharg | wn P.7.Q.PhuNwuin P.13,Q.TinBioh PLQGOVIp ——P7,QPhINKn P.12.Q.10, (O frsbockcomfetetopVielep Hoc la phai dung duoc! landscape 4 Where did Muybridge serve as a government photographer? Alaska 6 What was the purpose of the zoopraxiscope? jecting th 7 When was the first moving picture show seen by the public? in 1072 8 Who was influenced by Muybridge? Joseph Niepce E. FOCUS ON EXAM PRACTICE BD) With heatwaves gripping much of the planet every summer, electricity companies worry that they may not be able to generate enough energy to meet demand during the warmest months because air-conditioning systems use a tremendous amount of energy. However, one group of forward- thinking designers believe that they may be able to find the answer by studying the way other creatures function, Through a process known as biomimicry, they aim to use designs inspired by the natural world to address human problems. DE ‘The idea is that over billions of years, nature itself has solved many problems which are similar to those that humanity faces today, In natural systems, nothing is wasted, since everything can be used by something else. Human manufacturers, on the other hand, use large inputs of non-renewable energy, produce toxic chemicals as by-products and then ship finished goods across the globe. Nature makes what it needs, where it needs it, using water-based chemistry. The following designs are examples of how this approach might be applied to the issue of air-conditioning: 1.Ventil: mn inspired by termites Perhaps the most famous example of biomimicry when it comes to heating and cooling is ventilation inspired by termites. A few years ago, scientists observed that big termite mounds in Africa stay remarkably cool inside, even in blistering heat. The insects accomplish that feat by creating air pockets in strategic places in the mounds they inhabit. This clever design creates a natural ventilation system, driving air through the mound through the process of convection. Architect Mick Pearce and engineering firm Arup borrowed that idea to build the Eastgate Centre, a large office and shopping centre in Zimbabwe that is cooled with the outside air. The system uses only 10% as much energy as conventional air-conditioning 2, Countercurrent heat exchange inspired by birds Penguins that live in cold climates have an innovative adaptation that helps them survive in frigid water. The veins and arteries in their feet have a countercurrent configuration, which ends up ANH NGU VIETOP 0Cox01 06082 = Cows OCo.04s Ocows (@.0899172227 70 Hox Cac BEN Cing Hee S64 LeQuangDnh IOGHosCoc ——_—769LaHEngPharg |S mnilsetopon P.7.Q.PhuNwuin P.13,Q.TinBioh PLQGOVIp ——P7,QPhINKn P.12.Q.10, (O frsbockcomfetetopVielep Hoc la phai dung duoc! warming the blood that is closer to the animal's core and cooling the blood at its extremities. By keeping cooler blood closer to the snow and icy water, such birds lose less body heat overall, Heat exchangers in industrial-scale heating and cooling systems use a similar type of principle to maximize efficiency. 3. Moisture absorption inspired by ticks A system called a liquid desiccant dehumidifier is designed to pull humidity from the air inside a building (traditional air-conditioning also reduces humidity). It uses a liquid salt solution - something similar to the liquid that a parasitic insect called the brown dog tick secretes to absorb water from the air. 4. Efficient fans inspired by whales In another take on better fan design, a company called WhalePower is developing fan blades that produce greater lit, and therefore move more air, thanks to an idea inspired by the bumpy design ofa humpback whale's flipper. WhalePower says its fans move 25% more air than conventional fans while using 20% less energy. The company is also working on more powerful wind turbine blades, Questions 1-8 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. What name is given to the idea of taking ideas from nature to serve human needs? ‘What do industrial processes consume in a wasteful way? What do termites create in order to cool their mounds? In which part of a penguin’s body does warmer blood circulate? What mechanism used by air-conditioning units is inspired by penguins? Which creature produces a fluid that can take moisture from the air? Which feature of one species of whale do WhalePower fans copy? ery anewone How much more effective are WhalePower fans? ANH NGU VIETOP Coss! 06082 = Cows OCo.04s Ocows © 08 99172227 70 Hox Cac BBB Cing Hoe S64 LeQuangDnh 106HosCoc 769 LeHingPharg | wn P.7.Q.PhuNwuin P.13,Q.TinBioh PLQGOVIp ——P7,QPhINKn P.12.Q.10, (O frsbockcomfetetop