| de | eerNaunsas ERRORS IN USE OF ARTICLES ARTICLES Indefinite + Definite (A, An) (The) Use of ‘An’ 1. Before words beginning with vowel sounds {a,¢,,0, ware called vowels, others are consonants). e.g. an apple, an egg, an owl. . 2, Before words beginning with silent ‘h’ but sounds as vowel. eg. an hour, an honourable man, an heir, an honest man. 3 FH,L, M,N, R, S, X are letters that are not vowels but'begin'with vowel sound ‘M’ has the sound of ‘em’. So, ‘an’ is used before abbreviations beginning with vowels of these letters. .A., an RAF, an N.C.C. officer, LR, an X-ray, an H.E. school, an S.P. | Use of ‘4’ 1. In the sense of one. eg. He couldn't speak a word to save himself. With ‘one’ (since ‘one’ begins with sound of w’) eg. a one-man show, a one-rupee note. Before words beginning with consonant sound eg. aboy, a box, a dog. 8. With Vowel letters having consonant value. eg. a university, a unique article, a euphenism, unit, a European language 4, With units and rate (per). eg. He earns rupees five hundred a month. 5. In exclamatory expressions before singular countable nouns. eg. What a pretty girl! 6. When two subjects or articles are thought of as a single unit. eg. He was ready with a cup and saucer With certain expressions of quantity. eg. alot of, a dozen, a great deal of, @ couple. 8 With a person's name to indicate that the person is perhaps unknown to the person addressed. eg. A Mr. roy is at the door 9. With a special meal (to celebrate something or in someone's honour). eg. Tcalled my friends toalunch tocelebrate my success. 10."To make a common noun of a proper noun. eg. This man is ‘a second Newton. * (This phrase means ‘a philosopher as great as Newton’) x English Grammar Use of ‘The? 1. When we speak of a particular person or thing already referred to. eg. I dislike the follow. 2, When a singular noun represents a whole class. eg. The mango is considered the king among fruits. 3. With name of (gulls, rivers, oceans, islands and mountains e.g. the Himalayas, the Indian ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Red sea, the Andaman islands, the Brahmaputra river. (i) Certain books eg. the Vedas, the Puranas, the Bible, the Ramacharitmanas. (iii) Musical instruments e.g. the flute, the violin, the tabla, the trumpet. (iv) The inventions e.g. [hate the telephone for its constant ringing. (v) Parts of body e.g. He was wounded in the leg. (vi) Religious groups eg. the Sikhs, the Hindus, the Parsees. (vii) Names enforcing law eg. the Police, the Navy, the Air Force. ii)Political parties ‘eg. the Congress, the Janata Pary, the B.J.P. () Aeroplanes, ships, trains ete e.g. the Makalu (aeroplane), the Vikrant (Ship), the Rajdhani express (train). () Before names of an empire, dynasty or historical event eg. the Gupta dynastry, the Old Stone Age, the First World War, the American Revolution. (ai) Clubs, foundations ete. eg. the Lion's Club, the Ford Foundation. Gi) Before common nouns denoting unique things e.g. the sun, the sky, the earth, the worl. (xiii) With superlatives e.g.He is the best boy in the class. (civ) With ordinals e.g. He took the first taxi that came his way. (ev) Before the comparative degree e.g. The more they get, the more they want. (wi) Before an adjective when the noun is understood e.g. The poor would favour him.12 = pnORS IN USE OF NOUNS founs which are used in singular form advice, © Scenery, information, furniture, ines; machinery, stationery, news, poetry; bus! mischief, fuel, issue, repair, bedding. ©. The seenery of this place is worth seciné @ Physics, Mathematics, Economics, Classic®, Ethics, Athletics, innings, gallows. : _€&. Economies is a very interesting subject (ii Brick, bread, fruit, word (as ‘promise’) e.g. Let me buy some fruit. Gv) Words like dozen, score, hundred, thousand, maillion when preceded by a numeral. e.g. He bought ten dozen oranges. (v) Expressions as a ten-rupee note, a two-hour journey, a four-mile walk, a Five-year plan, @ six-man committee etc. e.g. A ten-rupee note is lying there. Nouns used only in plural form @ Cattle, police, poultry, people, gentry peasantry, artillery. e.g. The police have caught the thief. (@ Scissors, trousers, stockings, spectacles, shorts, alms, remains, riches, goods, measles. e.g. My scissors are very sharp. Nouns used both as singular and plural in the same form @ Dear, sheep, fish, apparatus, wages. e.g. The wages of sin is death. ‘The wages of the workers have been raised. ERRORS IN USE OF PRONOUNS Pronouns are words used to replace nouns or noun groups already mentioned. 3. 4. 5. aw a sheep g7a2in in the fiela, Lamlep are sold cheaper han gay jyenounsasjury, public, team, (i) Collett tee, government, audience, Is ‘ stra. See are looking quite fit, © Tie team has not turned up yep Collective Nouns Le of people # mob of angry se, «herd of cattle/cows * fleet of shipyese) «team of players * pack of wol e flight of birds * pack of earig. Tpouquet offlowers — * loaf of bread Sshoal/school of fish * heap of com bundle of sticks # stock of grain army of soldiers class of pupils eflock of sheep « bunch of gray «crew of sailors + herd oflions «swarm of bees * pile of books ‘garland ofbeads —_* hoarde of nom e gang of thieves « block of flats, «library of books « file of papers One of or any of is followed by plural words eg. want one of the books kept on the tal, ‘Any of these tools may serve the purpo Plural nouns are used with fractions and dein over 1. oe e.g. It took us one and a half hours. : ‘Nominative! ‘Accurativel ‘Possessive Reflexive Vocative case Objective case case Pronoun (comes before verb) | (comes after verb) T Me My Myself We Us Our Ourselves He Him His Himself She Her Her Herself ‘They Them Their ‘Themselves Who Whom Whose * ‘The pronoun ‘One’ must be followed by ‘one’s’. 5. ‘Let’is followed by pronoun in the objectiv® eg. One must do one's duty to one’s country. eg. Let him go. : ‘When ‘one’ means ‘one in number, the pronoun, for it is third person singular pronoun (he, she, it). S One of them has given up one’s studies. (x) ‘One of them has given up his studies. (¥) ryone’ or Everybody’ must be followed by ‘his’ eg, Bveryone should love his country. Each, every, anyone, anybody must be followed by Sho singular pronoun of their person. eg. Anyone can do this if he tries. ‘Ever 6. a ‘But’ and ‘except’ are followed by pronous # objective case. a e.g. Everyone attended the party except him ‘such as’ is followed by pronoun in the § case. e.g. Thave no liking for such « man as ht. : Verbs like enjoy, avail, pride, resign, PP ag) assert, absent are followed by reflexive PI e.g. He absented himself from the class. We enjoyed ourselves at the party:‘erammar Reflexive pronouns are never used wi conceal, quality, spread, rest, stay es eeP> ©. I stayed away from my class. He qualified in the test, When first, second and third person si Pronouns (you and He) are used fopethen a are placed in the order : You, heandl eg. You he and I are neighbours. In case of plural pronouns, ‘we’ ‘you’ and then ‘they’, ee e.g. We, you and they must work together. But if we have only two persons including first, then first person pronoun is written first. + eg. Land Sanjeev have done this job. AO. ‘Who’ denotes subject and ‘whom’ denotes object. ) ©. Who do you think did the job ? Al. ‘Whose’ is used for persons and ‘which’ for lifeless objects. eg. This is the table which I was talking about, ‘Which’ conveys additional information and ‘that’ explains a certain thing. e.g. Iwill tell you the first thing which remember. 23. The following expressions usually take ‘that in place of ‘who’ or ‘which’, Only, Any, Itis, All, Superlatives. 4g. He is the only man that can do it. Any man that listens to you is a fool. ‘Each other’ is used for two; ‘one another’ for more than two. eg. Rahul and Renu love each other. ‘The complement of the verb to be, when it is “expressed by a pronoun, should be in Nominative case. eg. It was he who did it. 6. When the same person is the subject and object, it | is necessary to use reflexive pronouns. eg. cut me shaving this morning. (*) Teut myself shaving this morning. (“) 7. When a pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition it should be in objective case. e.g. These books are for you and I. (x) These books are for you and me.(Z) Between him and me there is an understanding. The Relative Pronoun should be placed as near as possible to the antecedent. eg. Ihave read Shakespeare's works who was a great dramatist. (*) Thave read the works of Shakespeare who was agreat dramatist.(7) : . The case of the pronoun following ‘than’ and ‘as’ is decided by mentally supplying the verb and | completing the sentence. 7 eg. Sheis taller than I(am) T love more than (I love) him. 13 ERRORS IN USE OF PREPOSITIONS Preposition isa word used wit ‘pronoun toshow its relation toromecthersardin scone PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 1. Atis used (@) with a definite point of time e.g. Lusually get up at 5 o'clock. () with festivals eg. He will come at Holi. 2. Inis used: (@) with the parts of the: day, (with noon, use at), months, seasons and years e.g. He takes a walk in the afternoon. (©) with the future tense referring to the period in which action may take place e.g. You must be careful in future. 8. Onis used : with days and dates, e.g. My brother will arrive on Monday. 4. By refers to the latest time at which an action will beover e.g. The examination will be over by 5 p.m. 5, Foris used with perfect continuous tense showing the duration of action eg. Ihave been here for three years. 6. Since is used with the point of time when action begins and continues : e.g. He has been ill since last Tuesday. 7. From refers to the starting point of action. e.g. This water came from a spring. PREPOSITIONS OF POSITION 1. Atrefers to an exact point. e.g. The tourist stayed at the Tourist Hotel. He studied at Oxford. 2. In refers to larger areas. e.g. He lives in Bombay. 3. Between is used for two persons or two things. eng. Share these sweets between him and me. 4, Among is used with more than two persons or things but before the word which starts with a consonant letter. eg. Divide the sweets among the three boys. 5. Amongst is also used with more than two persons or things but before the word which starts with a vowel letter. eg. Divide the sweets amongst us. 6. Above is used for higher than. eg. The sun rose above the horizon. 7. Under is used for vertically below. eg. It is shady under the trees. . Below is used for lower than. eg. When the sun sets it goes below the horizon, 9. Overs used for vertically above. e.g. There is an aircraft coming over. 10, Beneath means a lower position. eg. the ground was slippery beneath herws Py, : 2s OF PREPO: TEEPOstrONs or pMRCTION ovnen eran sr1ON rae is : pout sho ; anothen to express motion thom one place © AMT hor iv about to retire, 2 me We Walked to the river and back, eae RANIS refers to dinection, glee mie running towards him, ' © donot on tow; s Insitige something @® Motion towards the inside 8. She fell into a ditch, A. At refors to nim, 6 ©. Heaimed at the bird eg. A thief wns brow Before the jy For denotes direction. 6, Behind means at on back of, €8. Twill Leave for Pune today. eg She st down behind the edge Against shows pressure, 7. Beyond menns ont he farther ald £8. She cleaned the edge of her knife against the "e.g. This is beyond his power, plate, & Beside means by the side of, 7% Offrrefers to separation. €.8. He was wiping sweat off his face. tong stand for in the snmo jf, ashe ed them along the corrigt ‘After rofors to sequence, feat She came after me. ‘eros mouns from one sido, fun He blew «cloud of Smoke gery Before stands for in front of, eg.l sat down beside my wife. Bosides means in addition to, 8. From refers to the point of departure. e.g. He is guilty of five killings and mor e.g. The man parted from his friends. WORDS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS « correspond with * divestof A B,C oO on divide into * abound with beset with » converge dressed in * abstain from © beware of 2 ere E * according to © blink at 5 te = effortin ig) * accordance with * boast of : eceipodi a with * clection to * accuse of » break off ¥ cuatul © embroil in * accustomed to bbungle over ae, * emphasis * acquaint with 7 Cae * criticism of © employ in = acquit of oe seats of * enamouredd = adverse to aaa aie D © encroach on * affiliate to/with aaa a ~ deadson * endowwith ¢ afflictwith =~ efamapoe # debar from © enlarge on @ afraid of eee 2 delight in <. © engage in ¢ agree talon * collide with * deliberate on © essential a + simat aoe « danude of © expostulate’ * allegation 2 Gempatible with ® depart to + extend tn, + about + complain of + departure for ne + alludeto comply with « depend on/upon © fedup with « alternate with + compliment on * deprive of * focus on + alternative to = composed of * derive from # forbid to angry with # concur in * derogate from + fraughtwith « apply to (body) * condole with * derogatory to « fritter in «appreciation of «= conducive to © desist from © fallof « apprise of * confer on © despair of * give to + approximate of * confirmation of * detrimental to . « arraign against + conform to * devoid of . « arrestin + congratulate on * difficulty in . « arrive atin + conscious of © diffidentof « ashamed of © contiguity with disabuse of . 2 aspire tofafter/at + converge on * disagree with oi * associate with + convict of * disgusted with Cat, + co-opt Be * dispose of . © cope wit * dissociate from . « attribute tosglish Grammar infect with 0,P i * oblivious cf information on Si operate oa insensible to @ byimion on insist on * overcome with interest in © pay acallan intimate to © persevere in intoxicate with © persist in intrigue with «= planfor intrude on * plead for investigation of + pleased with involve in * prefer to ran © preference for jealous of * present with jeer at © prevent from jumpat + priority to just to ‘+ probe into knock at + prohibit from lash at © proud of lay siege to RS leave for ‘= recoil from live on (income) + reconcile to long for + remand to sOME SPECIAL CASES absolve from (blame)/ of (sin) admit to (hospital, place, class) appear for (examinationy/at begin on (not from Sunday) « blow down (the roof/off (steamYover (pass off) + buy in (market, storeV/at (shop) + come/go by (bus, train) + come into (conflict with) compare with (one man height with another’s)/to (one man’s height to a building) + consist of (to denote the substance)/in (define the subject) deal with (somebody) in (goods) die of (disease)/from (other causes) differ from (to be different from)/with (to disagree) due to (used after a noun, not after a verb) entrust to (somebody a job) entrust (somebody) with a job) fill with (enthusiasm) in (a form) fire at (when not hit)/on (when injured to killed) glad of (the newsVat (having arrived safe) hostility tofin hand (being attended to/on hand (in possession of) ingratiate (oneself) with inquire into (matter)/of person)/about. often (thing) invest with (power/in (blank) key of (the door)/to (a problem) level (charge) against. Jook at (consider evidence)/to (somebody for aid) meeting (called) for (Sunday) ‘motive in (doing)for (an act) © remonstrate with © surprised at * repent of © susceptible to. «replete with «suspect of * reply to « sympathy for + research on 7,U,V,W * resolve onto teste © sailfor © tostify to, © satiate with # thank for « satisfied with # throat * sentence to * tinker at + sick of + tireof « sidewith trie to © sparing * tramplo on © square with * translate into + stichler for « try to(do . subversive of unequal to (the task) crenevoed 38 + viowith © sue for creer + voto for(a candidate) © supply with . wait fr (oraveait) + waysol s-eure of + wish for «+ neglect of dutyV/in (doing a thing) ‘* nominated to (board) + noted for (good things) «© owing to (used after a verb, not after a noun) + part from (people)Avith (things) + preventive for priority + putout (ightVoff trip) + Shoot at (when injured)in (leg, head) «take up Gobto (a hobby) + taste of (sensation)for (liking) + tear off (remove)/up (to pieces) + vest with (The PM. is vested with power to .)/ in (Powers are vested in the PM. to ...) ERRORS IN USE OF CONJUNCTIONS: 1 2 3 Scarcely or hardly is followed by when. eg. Hardly had Islept when the telephone rang. Though is followed by yet, eg. Though he worked hard yet he failed. No sooner is followed by than, eg. No sooner did we reach there than it began to rain. Not only is followed by but also, eg. Notonly did he help her, but also dropped her home safely. Lest is negative and so should not be followed by not; itis followed by should. e.g. Work hard lest you should fail, If would or may is used in place of should, then else should be used in place of lest. e.g. Give him water, else he may die, Both is complemented by and, not by as well as, eg. Both Amit and Satish are good at Science.easoning is the process of drawing conclusions from jos, These conclusions must follow inevitably from ne facts from which they are drawn. Reasoning is ot concerned with some conclusion that has a good hance of being true when facts are true. Indeed, casoning as used here refers to logical reasoning, tot of commonsense reasoning or probabilistic easoning. The only conclusions that are acceptable ire those that follow logically from the supplied facts. TYPES OF REASONING Reasoning can be classified in two major parts : ® Verbal Reasoning © Non-verbal Reasoning VERBAL REASONING Verbal reasoning tests words, letters and numbers, and require logical reasoning and a reasonable nowledge of the English Language. It is also necessary to be familiar with simple manipulations with figures, like addition, subtractions division and multiplication. The problems of number in Test of Reasoning test how logical we are i.e., how well we reason and think while carrying out simple arithmetic manipulations. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBAL REASONING I, SERIES COMPLETION Inverbal series, words, letters or digits are given in a specific sequence/order and we have to find outnext word, letter or digit to complete the given series. Numbers or alphabetical letters, are generally called terms of the series. These terms follow a certain pattern throughout. In the questions we have to identify last one or two terms to continue the series or to find a missing term in between given terms to continue the sequence followed in the question. There is no set pattern and each question may follow a different pattern or sequential arrangement ofletters or digits, which have to detect using common sense and reasoning ability. TYPES OF SERIES COMPLETION QUESTIONS Mainly following four types of question are asked. 1, Alphabet series In this series, given alphabets follow a particular sequence or order. We have to detect the pattern from the given alphabets fand find missing alphabet or the next alphabet to continue the pattern. 2. Reasoning Ability © There are no set rules. © There can be omission of alphabets in an order. © Alphabets may also be omitted in an increasing! decreasing order, which may be direct increase or decrease. © There can also be alternate order. ‘There may also be alternate sequences © There may be several other patterns in the letter series. © To tackle letter series questions, vary position ofthe alphabet and its position number in both forward and backward sequences. ‘© To continue the series after Z, we again begin with A In other words, the sequence is kept in a circular order. © In solving these questions pattern of the alphabet series should be noted. Some Skipping Patterns. () Regular Order : Number of alphabets skipped remains the same. Example. &,D, G,J, 2 Ans. M (® Increasing Order : Each time the number of alphabets skipped increases in a given pattern. Example. ACFSO? Ans. U Here, each time number of letters skipped increases by one. Gi) Decreasing Order : Each time the number ofletters skipped decreases in a given pattern. Example. AGLPS? Ans. U Here number of letters skipped decreases by one each time, i.,, first, then 4, then 3, and soon. (iv) Interlinked Series : In this two or more different series are attached together. These different series follow their own different rules. Example, ADF JMR? Ans. V Here, there are two interlinked series. Letter Series This type of questions usually consist of a series of small letters which follow a certain pattern.52 an the series ing fr However, some letters are missing fm! 1 oper ‘Then these missing letters are given Sequence as one of the alternatives. Example. aaa... bid. bbb (@baa_—abb_ bab (@aab (©) Ans. (a) Method : avatar foo © First blank space should be filled in by ' § that we have two a's followed by two b's. i © Second blank space shouldbe led neither by ‘a’, so that we have four a’s followed by two se or by ‘so that we have three a's followed by three b's. © Last space must be filled in by ‘a’. © Thus, we have two possible answers : ‘bas’ and ‘ba’, But, only ‘baa’ appears in the alternatives. So, the answer is (a). Note: Incase, we had both the possible answers in the alternatives, we would have chosen the one that forms a more prominent pattern, which is Spbb aaabbbaa. Thus, our answer would have been “bba”, 3. Number series In the number series, somenumbers are arran; ina particular sequence. All the. numbers form a series and change in a certain ord T of the Number may be Perfect square; Perf. ‘cube; Prime and Combination a Difference Series. In this type of number series, change the ainerence between each conse of the series is found out. Ratio Series. In this type of number series, the ratios between each coi the series is found out. 4. Mixed Series In this type of number series, numbe; various orders of two or more differs, nsecutive n, series. ‘inorder, sna » change in order for umber of TS obeyi alternatelyinacre Shes of series are arranged. Single Dumber est Mi paerence o- ces between consecutive 5, re in Arithmetic Progression Ap 3 Difference between consecutive "nia "a perfect square. Pes ferences between consecutive maa | 4S snultiples of a number, . fferences between consecutive F = era numbers. UR. 6. Difference between consecutive none | aperfect cube. : ference between consecutive number, * release Progression (G.P) 8. Ratio between each consecutive nm the same. 2 9, Ratio between each consecutive number, in Arithmetic Progression (A.P) 10. Ratio between consecutive numberis pes square number. : UL Ratio between consecutive number is multiple of a number. 12. Ratio between consecutive numbers i: Prime number, ‘ 13. Ratio between consecutive numbers is!! Perfect cube number. 14 Ratios between consecutive number até Geometric Progression (GP) 5. Tamespondence Series 5 ith Be of series consists of three sequent Toth three different elements (usually cap! the Sits and small letter) On cheb! larity in positions in the “ correspond’ 1,°2Pital letter is found @ unique digit and a unt , whene se tei between consecutive ny, i ad 825 similar e kind, abi Ship, Analgntarity or som oe ted see 3 Telagy test, therefore tei gg tonshiy n two 8 a sittuP betwee ability “°° Wor 'milar relationship DSy Sy ther Is a teat pa oe Sociale Teasoning Ability KINDS OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH EXAMPLES Instrument and 4. Animal and Young one © Onomatology : Nemes Measurement © Cow :Calffealfis the young @ ‘Ethnology: Human Reces ‘Thermometer : Temperat- ‘one of cow) © Ontology : Reality ure (ther ® Horse : Pony © Herpetology : Amphibians jar pera © Cat: Kitten # Pathology = Diseases measure temperature). : Fotore ¢ Barometer : Pressure © Sheep:Lamb © Astrology Anemometer : Wind vane © Butterfly : Caterpillar @ Anthropelogy = Man @ Odometer : Speed © Insect : Larva # Palacography < Wri Scale : Length © Dog: Puppy @ Ichthyology : Fishes @ Balance: Mass © Cock/Hen : Chicken o Semantis:Langunse Sphygmomanometer: © Lion: Cub © Nephrology ey os Blood Pressure @ Duck : Duckling ® Concology a ¢ Rain Gauge :Rain © Man: Child © Haematology : Bk ® Craniology : Skull @ Mycology : Fungi # Entomology : Insects grometer : Humidity 5. Maleand Female Ammeter : Current © Horse : Mare (mare is the crew Gauge : Thickness female horse) ah ‘Simms 9D ‘et stele © Stag Dee. + 9 Worker and Tool 2 Quantity and Unit © Son : Daughter @ Warrior :Sword (swords the jass: Kilogram (kilogram —_@ Lion: Lioness tool used by 2 warrior). is the unit of mass) i Seaver Sorceress Corsair: Sr @ Length } Metre # Drone: Bee @ Woodeutter : Axe ¢ Force : Newton % Gantlesinn Lady gen :Neuiis — @ Nephew : Niece Labourer Spade ¢ Resistance : Ohm Stier: rele @ Volume : Litre 6 Individual and Class sulptor : Chisel © Angle : Radians © Monkey © Chef: Knife @ Time : Seconds belongs to the class of Doctor: Stethoscope ¢ Potential : Volt mamma. Sige @ Work : Joule @ Mon : Mammal e Autha: ©, Currant : Aanpete © Ostrich : Bint 10, Tool and Action : Candela, @ Snake © Needle : Sew (needle is used @ Butterfly sInsect for sewing). 7 @ Whale: Mamma @ Knife: Cut © Temperature : Degreos @ Rat © Sword: Saughter # Power: Watt @ Lizard: Reptile @ Mattock : Dig © Conductivity : Mho az Individual and Dwelling @ Filter: Purify © Magnetic ficld : Oersted/ Place © Steering: Drive ea Dox: Kennel (og lives in @ Pen: Write & inaividie pee of kennel) © Spanner: Grip dine ie y © Boo: Apiary © Spoon ; Feed ios igeed ana nile :shea © Microscope s Magnify " @ Lion; Den © Gun: Shoot © Flowers : Bouquet: Form ® Shovel lonastery © Chisol Seoop v0 jah : Aquarium © Oar: Row Avinry © Axo: Grind able © Auger : Boro 8 Study and Typie © Spade : Dig © Ornithology : Birds (orniths 11, Worker and Working Phice ology is the study of birds), © Chof Kitchen (chet works in @ Seismology : Earthquakes akitehon) © Nomads: Horde © Botany : Plantsome : Ship Pilot : Cockpit © Beautician : Parlour © Artist : Theatre © Actor : Stage © Mechanic: Garage Lawyer : Court © Scientist : Laboratory © Teacher : Schoo! © Doctor : Hospital © Clerk : Office © Servant : House © Driver : Cabin © Grocer : Shop © Painter : Gallery © Waiter : Restaurant 12. Worker and Product © Mason : Wall (mason builds awall) © Farmer : Crop © Teacher : Education © Hunter : Prey © Chef: Food © Carpenter : Furniture © Judge : Justice © Author : Book © Choreographer : Ballet © Goldsmith : Ornaments © Producer : Film © Butcher : Meat © Architect : Design © Cobbler : Shoes © Tailor : Clothes © Poet : Poem © Dramatist : Play Product and Raw Material © Prism : Glass (prism is made of glass). © Butter : Milk © Cloth ; Fibre © Wall : Bri © Road : Asphalt © Furniture : Wood 13. @ Shoes : Leather @ Sack : Jute @ Pullover : Wool © Omelette : Ege Tn 1. 16. ° Mita On Id © Jewellery? @ Rubber : Latex Linen: Flax e daggery 5 7 e Oil Wine © Paper sae rie : Yarv AG fon and Whole Relation ore: Nib (nib isa pen). © Pencil : Lead © House @ Fan: Blade © Class : Student © Room : Window — © Aeroplane : Cockpit © Book : Chapter Word and Intensity a © Anger: Rage rageis ofhigher intsiy than Anger © Wish : Desire © Kindle: Burn © Sink : Drown © Quarrel : War © Error : Blunder © Famous : Renowned © Unhappy :Sad ® Refuse : Deny Word and Synonym © Abode : Dwelling (abode means almost the same as ing) © Blend : Mix © Ban : Prohibition © Assign: Allot © Vacant: Empty © Abduet : Kidnap S Dearth : Scarcity dissipate : Squand, © Sedate Calm © Brim: Bdge © House : Home © Solicit : Request © Presage : Predict © Haughty : Proug © Flaw : Defect © Fierce : Violent © Fallacy :Ttusion $ Substitute : Replace © Mend : Repair © Alight : Desceng © Presume : Assume part of @ I Renserig ig rd and Antonym. 7 Wevitack : Defend (deténg jmeans opposite of Atta, @ Advance : Retreat © Cruel : Kind @ Best : Worst @ Fresh : Stale © Ignore : Notice © Initial : Final @ Condense : Expand @ Chaos : Peace © Create : Destroy © Gradual: Abrupt © Sink : Float @ Robust : Weak © Gentle : Harsh © Deep : Shallow © Cordial : Hostile e Affirm : Deny @ Mourn : Rejoice © Lethargy : Alertness . Part Gill : Fin (Gill and fin are tro parts of a fish) ‘Type Sword : Weapon(Sword isa type of weapon) Tool & Worker Paint Brush : Artist (Paintbrush is a tool to artist) ‘ Degree Warm : Hot (Warm is a greatet degree of hot) Fond : Doting (Fond is less extreme than doting) Sign of Grimace : Pain(Grimace is # sign of pain) Brush : Discomfiture (A blu signifies discomfiture) 23. Aplace for Miner : Quarry (A miner worl ima quarry) Sequence relationship Foreward : Appendix (In aboot afreword precedes the APP” 19, 20. 21. 22, 25. Worker and Work . Post : Sonnet (A sonnet is Written by a poet) aids Mason : Wall (A mason builé® a wall) Cause and Effect Soporofic : Sleepiness _ 3) Soporofic causes sleepin® fee 2 AAT tt ABT AMON TYREN OF ANALOGY QUBSTIONA Sauplating Analogous Paty vy Ho AYPO- AP QMONtHON, pivOR tye phe Av avtated fo one other in namie Sot visi iV and we roquinedd ath nani na to not the Joisiwostiy bebwoon frat te word atl elonne tie wont fon the xiven altornatives, whieh bonne Aye sae wvlationship to the thind word, ne the five two betty J aseamples Doctor : Name (avRinplayer Q)Lender Manager (@) Union MW Wwordn are, way: Another 22: Pollowor to) Workor Ans. awurse follows tho Doctor's instructions, so also follower Works as dirooted by the leader, Choosing Analogous Pair lu this type of questions, a pair of words is given, {atlowedt by four pairs of words as alternatives and se required to choose the pair in which words your the same relationship to each other as the jyonts of the given pair bear, Example. Sink : Float : :? (a) Brim: Edge (@)Mend : Repair \o) Gentle : Harsh. (@) Flow : defect (e) Solicit : Request Ans.(b) Just as sink is antonym of float, so also gentle is opposite of harsh, . Choosing Similar word In this type of questions, a group of three words is siven, followed by four other words as alternatives. The candidate is required to choose the alternative, ‘which is similar to the given three words. Example. Sitar : Guitar : Tanpura (a)Trumpet (6) Violin (c) Harmonium (d)Mridanga —_(e) Fluet Ans. (6) : Sitar, Guitar and Tanpura are all string instruments. Violin is also a string instrument. . Detecting Analogies In this type of questions, we are required to trace ut hidden analogy or common characteristic among the given words or to choose the word which possesses the same characteristic as the given word, Example. Judo : Karate : Taekwando (a) They are names of martial arts. 6) They can be performed by obese persons. (c) They are performed on stage. (d) They are important items of Asian Games. (e) They have origin in Kerala Ans.(a) saad Judo, Karate and Taekwando are martia) oF 0 (a) is most suitable description for all the 5. Three word Analogy In this type of questions, ‘elated words is given and ter- a group of three int we are required to trace 65 (nut the relationship among there three words and choose another romp with similar analogy, from mong the altornativen provided. Exumplo, Pon : Poneil : Ink: (Ce) Orange: Banana : Juice (b) Cublo Chair: Wood (e) Cow : Mill: Curd (d) Fish : Shark : Wator (e) Car; Engine : Cielo Ans. (a) Pon contains ink and poneil belongs to the same centeyory na pen i. stationery, Similarly, orange contains juice and banana belongs to the same cntegory aa orange, ke, fruits. ‘Number Analogy It includes cleats two lypes of questions + (@ Choosing a similarly related pair as the given number pair on the basis of relation between the numbers in each pair. Example, 582 : 194 :: 258 :? (a)82 (6) 86 (92 Ans. (b) Just as 582 is related to 194 as 582 is 3 times 194, in the same way 258 is 3 times the 86. (éi)Choosing a number similar to a group of numbers on the basis of certain common properties that they possess. ‘Example.Which number belongs to given set (d) 58 of numbers? 2,3, 5, 7, U1, 13, 17, 19, 23. (15 (8)9 (21 (29. (@) 27 Ans. (d) Given set of numbers belong to the prime ‘numbers. In the given option, only prime number is 29. 7. Alphabet Analogy In this type of questions, two groups of alphabets related to each other in same way, are given and ‘we are required to find out this relationship and choose a group of alphabets which is related in the same way toa third group provided in the question. Example. BCD: PQR::XYZ:? (@)FGH ()LMN ()RST (d)TUV (e)STU Ans. (b) Each letter of the first group is moved fourteen steps forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the second group. A similar relationship will exist between the third and fourth groups. HOW TO ANSWER ANALOGY QUESTIONS 1. Figure out how the capitalized words are related. 2. Create a sentence that expresses that connection. 3. Test the choices with your sentence and eliminate the ones that don't work. 4, Ifwe are left with more than one answer—or no answer at all—go back and refine your sentence, 5, Choose the best answer. Ifnone of the choices fits exactly, choose the one that works best.eelationship by making your senten Precise Example. Grain : Sit (@) Pilot : plane (©) water : reservoir (d) clock (6) judge : courtroom If we apply the “place where” idea without think- ing, here is what happens. Asilo is a place where we would find grain, @) Aplane isa place where (6) A courtroo) A silo is a place where grain is stort You would find a pilot. m is a place where you would find a ‘ow is express the relation- grain more precisely? (@) Aplaneisa place where a Pilot is stored. © A courtroom is a place where a judge stored, ©) A reservoir is a place where water is storcd @A highway is a stored. 2. Analogies Work only if there's a el connection Place where automobiles aro lear cut fin analogy depends upon a necessary connection between pairs of words based on the meaning of (®) ocean : merchandise (©) expert : automobile @) victory : farmland ‘We dont’t know what the capitalized wor ds are in this analogy, but you can still eliminate choices (oy (©) and (d). There is no clear-cut connection (n° tween the words of those choices, The actual aa ogy above is LETTER : ALPHABET :: note : seale 8. Some Analogies Work Better by Working Backward Sometimes the capitalized words fall easi ily into a tt expresses their relationship-and se eama they don’t. If we are having trouble soaking up a gentence that relates the two words, mal pie arse Reasoning Abii, od to shift gears. Try reversing tira hw onal word ra Eh ane: 1a eo) sand: dune (o) a eet C2) Seathier bird Cane re canio og witht a sehtenis elating {op to GLACIER, try relating GLACKERE ICE: : ii de of ice. evoverse the order ofthe capitalizea dodaen ieedialen reverse the order of thy words in each answer choice. : (@) A trestle is made up of a train, (6) Adune is made up of sand. (©) A forest is made up of a path. @ Abirdismade up of a feather. Clearly (b) exhibits the same relationship ag the original pair. 4. Check from the Answer Choices Many words have different meanings depend. ing upon whether they are used as nouns verbs or adjectives. If we are not sure how one of the capitalized words is’ being used, just check the answer choices. In. analogies, all the answer : noun, the capitalized pair will be NOUN : NOUN, Os the other hand, if the answer choices an peicetive noun, then the capitalized pair will be ADJECTIVE: NOUN. Ue have eliminated all tha’ sineweiehicied with words that we know or sort of know, and 5S OF CLassirIcaTioN QUESTIONS * Choosing Odd word re tis t¥Pe of questions, fo a , four (or five) wo inven out of which one is dissimilar to the from the giees ‘£n's have to find that odd on¢ Rxampte the word which is leas ik the the oh group. @ chair ®) cupboard (¢) Table Paper weight (e) Bed Ans, (d) Here, Choose Words in "alll except paper Weight are furnitures:i i | | se ee ag, = Cris @ Tate ts eae: Page Cae When smsie Seal ster gui west fs pact of ty Ceansting 8d mene bree 5a ise ye of sues, cxseie sores af wists all eaeage ante ave alee se Sree macuns alle ste wae mummers ie snare 2 thee arene, a ‘Eaceamgle Charme th at whisk ie dionnct From store in tin gray oa we be io eae eo hae) Lath oh the aerators exe 156 ia eseglote eat A Channing the CRE aesceral gabe peg rise Sy 8 rection, carain gaiedipssnge a nett ane ies st Of which AD excep ie aa sitll oh ans ater see: Oe Sitereas.. Tie austtinee i thea siiar ponies ee eee he come: prey on my be eshte We Ped SON WEDGES tHe seme rahe. We a 8 teh tn nme he Ad pan gy. Ramuylis,, Cinnne Ge vnerae gNir ed ee ee BBG BBS CM-I OL Ch hese: incall She gener Sick suomttbar i aighe nore: Mea Sie ns. 4 Chasing the: PB SIAN BOY ee Sepa of aussi. sary Sa OIE of eis ge pot. Vawes Sf thes ate seilay 4th PEE ste AOR Hpk WEN OE i Ne butwnsiean Linn the grosig of eters whieh ioases fisee Abed, BSE ey he AGP Poti; 1 stew see ome baste Jatt AERA TSIIM ba wx agama ype Tae OB & & teatiits seemietont, 4 Macon beta ehont es nemoran a nen hie Aepeyt a and Eieonding Tewt ix set ay to judge the a's ability ta decipher the rate that exfes & fartiexiar word! mewtage and break the cade to ar the zuecage TYPES OF COMING DECODING QUESTIONS Contong, a 1 Lester’ Te theme nestinn, seal aighabeta in a word are replicas by cxrtain other alghabesa acrarding to a spree rato estas ase m= sree the eonamine ele ant anawer Che questions scesrSinaly, Beamuple. 18 TAP iw cnet a8 820, then brow is FEEL nnd? 6 LDF pred CE EUBDID es EOE Feats Bacls letter ine the word VAP ia moved one step Sacer an carpi tir ie ‘Vhus, in FRORTE, ¥ will tecnded as ¥, Ras QE ae Wand Las Y. Se, the cade becomes EQDDD. 2 Mamboor Coding, In these questions, either numerical code values seeasnigned toa word or alphabetical cade levers ave assigned t the numbers and we are is raqpivat ts aalywethe ente aa per the divectiona, Vaxaunple, If CHINA is written as 24126 and NEPAL ia 25764, hans is PLAINE is corded ? Sokstions Clos Aighatata are ended aa shown: CHT NAEPL 36426579 Hare, PAINE ie ented a8 198125, Saxawnphe, fo 4 certain onde G7 meana ‘which cleat a SEE oscars “eaate and class’, What is th ooh for ‘canta! (ors OF fey & (dy tither Bort faady Caves, which elas = 57 fy aid'eaate an sae = SBE lity Frag rent, the commons word ‘class’ ia ended eB, Fons (ii), cant! ia coded an o 8 %, Gebatitation fhe roe neti, . srse pertienlar objecta namie, Then a question is asked facie heancnent na ection axccwnge Werke in called butler, butler ia called manager, manager ia called teacher, teacher ia called der and leek ia called principal, who: it teaeh ita at? "1 Soa gy, Nutley Ge) Manayor Ae onchon Mork MH fo) " ASCH tonchon in 4 elaaa and as give Waele hon ge lae Ke will tench he elu letter Contry, eutions, three or four completo reve the coded Inna and FHenlar word ix nuked, Ty He any two mewn beatin MON Word tire Picked up. Thy common, yy Wil mean that wea Proceeding, ney Bicking up all posse combinations se CHtire mesange e lysed. PLL 106 goo Peo’ means ‘Drink fruit ‘ ® deemeans Juice in amen et wee Tee moe’ meen He is intelligent whieh Word in that Im PEE Means ‘sweet! ? (@) see kee (lee {@) pee (©) None of these Ans, (6) In first ang cond statements, common word is ‘Juice’ and Sanmon code word ie ‘see’. So, “ ice’. In second ani third Soon Word is 4s" ar common Thus, in second maining word ‘sweet' je coded as rt message, the given too at a time, the 3 Reasoning, SLATIONS eat mfiba econ ofa candida, aaiithe knewlodge athe blocat relat tng yon ei Blood relation help won Fallowinn . Kahor' or fathor's son ~ Brother Mathers or father dnughtor= Sister Mother or father's brotineg Unde zene ae a Mother's or father's father Grand fo, Mother's or father’s mother —_ Grant do, othe, i — Danghtnt! Son's wife Banh : d — Son. Daughtershusband Husband's or wite’s sister girl Husband's or wife's brother Brother-in Brother's son lephe, Brother's daughter — Niece Uncle or aunt's son or daughter Sister’s husband Brother's wife le. Pointing to a Photograph, a man amp) Said, “I have no brother or sister But ten Photeelather is: my father’s son.” Whos Photograph Was it ? @) His o is son’. '86' means ‘stud oe (©) His son’s very hard’, 95g" jeans ‘h, Pays! any (c) His father’s @) His nephew's ‘645° means ‘stu, Y and work’. Whi h of th, Ans. (a) : following is the code for ‘very? Since man hasno brother, his father’s sonis @s @ ©7 “das ny he himselt Ans. (c) (i) Relation Puzzle In first and second Statements, common Word in this type, mut lations or other is ‘hard’and common eo digit is gr gerd informatie! of moore aed pee iM means ‘hard’, mentioned and j ‘rmation about any.twoi# In the first and third statements, common word Mentioned, is ‘study’ and the commen code digit ise 7 Ample. A ang Biraingthen ana as ‘6’ means ‘study’, sisters, ayy 4 and B thers Thus, in the first statement, (7 means ‘very? tog “Son is Tyg brother. How is B 6. Deciphering individual letter codes by © Father (6) Brother (c) Grandfather analysis . . @Unae lone of the, In this type of questions, certain sample Words Ans (q) se ee along with iment codes. The candids Bis th oe a decipher individual codes for This me,*other of ‘A; A's son is D's broths aie rs by comparing, taking iwc Words Dats D is they ter of A. Sint different lette: er the given SD are sic tus ata time, and then answer the gi questions So rs, accordingly. fa ‘hter o! Baste tees Cis leg the dauglping Abltty qin) Coded Relations In auoh questions, relatsy , onshipn are reece by Curtain eos or ayn te fy oa 71 114A he, Then relationahien between certain persone, given in thee a ee 876 the analysed, Haxnmple. WA +B moons A beth y a he wiste: i k= Mb moans A in the brother af pe 7 Henn A inthe daughtorot Babich of the following shows the relati pol the maternal unele of yp at" tha in Ht WDA CE bP ae (ODe¥4h (Deke RB te) None of these, Annie) Jin the maternal uncle of D mean D is the daughter of the ninter (say F) of Bf, PULL TEST ‘Thin type of questions put in the form of puzzles involving certain number or items, be it peruons or things and we nre required to anilyse the given information, condenue it in a suitable form and answer the quentions suked, TYPE OF PUZZLE TESTS 1, Clannificntion type Questions ‘This type consists of questionsin which certain itomn belonging to different groups or possexning different qualities ure given along with some clues with the help of which the didate in required to group and analyse the yiven items and answer the questions ‘ecordingly, Example. ead the following information carefully and annwer the questions that follow: (i) Five friend P, Q, Ry 8 and’? teavelled to five different citien of Chennai, Caleutta, Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad by five different moda of tranaport of Bus, "Train, Aeroplane, Car and Boat from Mumbai di) The pornon who travelled to Delhi did not travel by bout, (ii) Ke went to Bangalore by ear and Q went to Guleutta by aeroplane, (iv) B travelled by boat whereas S' travelled by train, (v) Mumbai jn not connected by hus to Delhi and Chennal, 1, Which of the following combinations of person und mode 18 not correct ? (a) P= Bun (b) Q—~ Aoroplane fe) Hee Car (d) 8 — Boat )'T — Aeroplane 2 Which of tho following combinations js true for 87 Gy) Delhi Dun (b) Chennai ~ Bus 4) Chonnai —Bont (d) Data inadequate {e) None of thee a 4, 5 59 Which of the following combinations of place and mote is not correct 7 (a) Delhi — Bus () Calcutta — Aeroplane (c) Bangalore —Car(d) Chennai — Boat (e) Hyderabad — Bus ‘The person travelling to Delhi went by which of the following modes? fa) Bus (b) Train (c) Acroplane (ad) Car (e) Boat Who among the following travelled to Delhi ? an 8 a (d) Data inadequate (©) None of these Ans, Given information can be analysed as follows : Mode of Transport. Rtravela by Car, Qby Acroplano, S by Boat and T by ‘Train. Now, only P remains, So, P travels by Bus. Place of Travel. R goes to Bangalore, Q to Calcutta. Now, bus transport is not available for Delhi or Chennai. 80, P who travels by Bus goes to Hyderabad. 8 travels by boat and hence, S did not go to Delhi. So, 8 goes to Chennai. Now, only T remains. So, T goes to Del Person | Place Mode Pp Hyderabad | Bus Q Calcutta ‘Aeroplane R Bangalore | Car 3 Chennai Boat 7, Dell Train 1, (e). Incorrect combination is T — Aeroplane 2, (c). Correct combination for S is Chennai — Boat 43. (a). Incorrect combination is Delhi — Bus 4, (b).T travelled to Delhi by Train 5, (c). T travelled to Delhi 2 Seating / Placing Arrangements In this typo of questions, some clues regarding seating or placing sequenee (linear or circular) of some persons or items is given, The candidate is required to form the proper sequence using these clues and answer the questions accordingly. Example. Four girls are sitting on a bench to be photographed. Shikha isto the left ofReena. Manju isto the right of Reena, Rita is between Reena and Manju. Who would be second from the left in the photograph ? (a) Reena (6) Shikha (c) Manju (d)Rita (e) Hither Shikha or Reena Ans. (a)40 we Nhik 0 Holt of Ne Manju tn to ber rane te tothe toi of Reena and Ma WU is hohwoon Homa ane Manju None onion in Niki, ftoonn Hite, Mant eft 4 Ue phate, Hs ll J nun fe el lL ZompNtON Hype Quentiona Jing Wi this typo of qtioat Jon, elina are given roqurd nt Pena to MONA A Ae of porn ae Ul wi {ate Wome or muon quien and we are vequle . (a diwlyie the whole tnfirmation, farm a propar Hriceatlurtoseonliny reqquonew andl ion anwar Hh Hiven quoations aecordingtly Exnmpte, Rew the informagion yen below and (unnwver the quentions that fallow t (O ‘Mhore ta a pronp of five itivla, (WO Kamin in second in height but younor than pa, (OPoaja ts taller than Monika but youngor In ago. (00) Rupa and Monika nro of the sam ago but Rupa fs tallent botwvoon thon, {®) Noolam ia taller than Poaja and oldor to Rupa, AaM they avo arranged in tho auconding order of hojght, who will bo in Chind ponition ? (@) Monika @® Rupa (©) Monika or Rupa (@) Data inadequate (¢) None of theso 2 Uf they tro arranged in the descending order of thelr ages, who will bo in fourth position ? (@) Monika or Rupa (®) Kamini (c) Monika (@) Data inadequate (©) None of these 5. Tp answor the question “who is the youngost person in the group”, which of the geet statements is superfluous? (@) Only (i) (®) Only di) (©) Only) (@) Bither (ior (iv) (©) None of these Ans.First find sequence of heights By (ii), we have M

x means = > means x &, 15, and problem may be solved, In yet another type of questions included under this system, even the digits (instead of the symbols) 0, 1, 2,.... 8, 9, may be replaced by alphabets and the candidate may then be asked to perform calculations and solve the given problem. For instanee, codes may be used as (a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 etc.) or in reverse (ie, 22 1, y =2, x =3 and s0 on). Following question employs such a code. Q Ify xw=s and u—v =z, what is r/x? @y @z @s @x Solution : If we count backwards from z, we get yas the 2nd letter, w as the 4th letter, and s as the 8th letter. In this order wis the 6th, v is the 5th and z the Ist letter of the code, So, 2x4=8and6-5=1 Hence, r= 9 and x = 3. So += =3, 80 the answer is (d) x. x3 Incertain cases, arithmetical operations may not be defined. Consider the following question. Q.1f8 + 12 =2, and 7 + 13 = 3, then what is the value of 10 + 18? @)9 6 (4 @7 employed here is special. Inx+y,'+’stands for e 104 18= , s0 the answer is (c).Sag SE Lotca, SEQUENCE oF woRDS i Soot oeleemsmerate route; intensity ete. anges ‘choose the correct Fettence according Examples, 1. Arrange the fottox sequence : cing in @ meaningful £: Consultation 2 THinese es 4. Treatment 5. Recover @23145 6) 23,415 O43025 @aerage 23,451 S (a) ess 25 Thus, the comect onder, St 3,1, 2 Arrange the following ina logical order : 1. Euphoria 2. Happiness 3. Ambivalence 4 Ecstasy 5. Pleasure @41325 @ 305, La O24345 widgess © 54,301 Ans. (6) In such type of test, a vacancy is declared. The egsaTY qualifications required se the candidates coming up to fill the Vacaney are provided and merits of the candidates mentioned, Phe decision about each candidate hay Sram roo angst the five choices named (a) (0), (2), ©) which state the courses of acc tobe taken as per the candidate's potentinis Example. Read the following information to answer the given questions ae ing are the criteria for selecting, marketing oft ine company The rans (1) be a graduate with at least 50% marks, (2) have secured at least 40% marks in thy atten last 5 Reasoning, Atay, , be Tess than 24 years and mary 3) mot be tess ry o 6 : % rs as.an officer. However, if eangess thy years as json 1th October, 2007," thy 3, Should have Work eXPCTEERCE OF at egg er criteria except aL LA) ahs {ult ploman Marketing Managemen for casei tobe referred te Gene Men wer ease is to Reena criteria except at (3), fhovety, posreorked ae Marketing Ofer at fet tive purrs, hisher contig to be retary Director, Marketing. Based on the above criteria and information in each of the following questions, soho ygee " the decision in regard to each ease. Wen Q assume anything. These cases aro given aay” October, 2007. : Mark answer (a) ifeandidate is ‘Mark answer (6) if the candi appoint . Mark answer (c) ifthe data given arenot cuff to take d wk tobe appointed, date is not to icieng ke decision; Mark answer (d) if to be referred to Gener Manager - Marketing; and Mark answer (e) if to be referred to Director - Marketing. 1 a And She wntE2S an Officer for the latin 3. 1 3. 4, 5 Amit, born on Sth June, 1983, has dc ig in an organisations Qcer forthe last ten years wore date of bith truary, 1964. He has seewot ne nthe, @eBree examination wea Tr2rks in the written tect Manju is a first clase Sraduate and has donet cting Management. She hit wated 50% marks i the written test. She Ni.22 Years old ason sit September, 2006. born on 25th Au ist, 1985. He has ited 605% and 50%, marksin graduation and in the written test, Tespectively, He has bett Tearing in an organisation as Officer for tht ast four ‘Years, cent is a graduate With first class and bi Tastee 90% marks ith written test. Sit ™ on 20th May, 1982, © Alleonditions ofetjey., ited. onc of eligibility are satisfied (©. Consiton is violated but itean be watt! (ay, 22 Rition ig) 4 ). ae ‘Sindidate flgsgallconditionser Waived "fll condition eran tall i (e), nei inst areata Satisfies condition cays (@, Au condition e “vou NEY 108. ANSTRTION AND Rha ais HAT MOAT TO Fa thie an Crowteo and binabili tang CaN data ‘SON Nt ns test A Staton WE wornetly wi NONE Hatonn, Ny. =v «AY at Rea CR rag aynnitet Be alternative samme eee te Ne ven at tho vomTDSt ae Ne esa . 81 be oh wot the aston he ae jose the monet altemmatite fiom the Sy Wath A and Rate trae (1008) « 20x « ie OeI8) ws tox tee 28 or 20% 1,16 = 23 Tdcerease a number by a given Ma Multiply the numbor by the factor iene 4, decrease 30 by 205%, i.0 90 x( 20020) 80. 2 80 xen 24 80x 500 a wh 30x 0.8 = 24 nd tho“ increase of « number: total ineronse , 199 jal value Final value~ Initial value , 499 Py Tnitial value Population af a village in 1980 was 3000 and in 810 wax 9200, Pind tho % increase. 3200 8000 , 199 3000 ‘inerenso = “ increase = Percentage and Its Applications we of n number, 4h decrenta = Lisl dorreaie, seyy Initial value | value -¥ Initial value , toy Cont of a bile ask year ts % 19000, Its erect thie ‘To find % deeres by)ue , soyy sear bs 17000, Find the % deren in itn ore, te derenng « 19809-17090, 500 2000 sem 100 = NO 5990 7290" 10 Notes Q)If price of a commodity inereanes by ri, then reduction in eonsumplion, 0 us not vo increas r ne ¥ 100) expenditure is wat id } (2)1f price of a commodity decrease by 1%, then the Inerease in eonsumption nn ax not to decrease : r expenditure is (wis 100} (9) A's income fs r% more than that of B, then B's income js Jess than that of A by (saers*100) (A)If Xs income is 1% Jess than that of B, then Bs income ia more than thatof Aby (abs 100)%. SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST When a sum of money is lent by A to B, A is called ender (creditor), B the borrower (debtor). ‘The sum lent is called principal (P). Inlereat (I)is the extru money paid by the borrowed to the lender for the use of the money for a specified time, ‘The timo for which the monoy is borrowed ia called period (N). ‘Tho oxtra amount paid per 100 rupees in a year is called rate per cent per annum (R). ‘Tho num of interest and principal is called Amount (A), AeP4+ Simple Intorest (8.1) When interest is patd as it falls duo, itis called simple intorost ie., Uroughout the load period, interest is ‘charged on the original sum (principal) borrowed, 1.0 ENR#iied the nom iene and Soe amu Sas Becomes tite prixenal rr tie ae peur or pert Te serine Peteess ft repeared mani She amount Sor Se (2 Ecos, interest inetd semi exemall> Ea pei Biterember of hell years and Bis rate percent ges yearie, Nomber of years « 2 =Nemierofiei yee Bee percent per emacs ~ 2 = Bose percent per Eevee (Gols case intorest is pitt quereeix Wie momber of quesers and Eis rece persenz per queer Nomier of yeaa+t wi “ge ES "opalation Formals: The erizical poputs., ponte? and enna ee oe EE a decreaseis r%,thes popslation in: a change of sign is the formnia a a5 EY ig Sf any Pei eatsPo ond te Applications: 1 ye Mave! Price ~ Discount “ata we SPS (GooeP relies 100 ) et? ss (ian % Discount Marked Price 200 ame important points fs . ism ceo items are sold each at CX, a % ‘Ay One in wept and the other ata gain) of at a loss of p%, there is an| Loss %, 4 piscount 2 ba bs attloss given by 2 coset 355. The abso valu xh Toss is given by — 22S ec? of two items is eye pero same Wain on the tivo items are equa en ad spss or net profit is zoro. Leen nat wrx get y free Le, ix +y articles are soldat gy Baye ¢ cost price of x articles, then ove’ percentage discount (p By using false weight, ifa substance is soldat cost price, then overall gain % = 220+ Gsin& 100 __ Truo Seale or Woight False Seale or Weight ive discount a% and b&, at) -2}%, atb. joo) ** (5) In case of successi effective discount. -( PARTNERSHIP hrisan association of two or more Ps 0 theirmoney in order to carry on acertain business. A Pa aE manages the business isealled working former and the one who simply invests the money 5 calle sleeping partner. Ufeapitals of the partners are invested for the same ‘tne, then partnership is: ‘called simple, and ‘ifinveste f-diferent periods, the partner is ‘called compound. {period of imvestment ia the same for each POP: then profit or lose is divided in the ratio of their ‘Srestments, &, (i) IfAand Bare partnersin Investment of A _ Profit of A Investment of B Profit of B ersons who invest a business, then or Investment ofA _ Loss of A Investment of B an of Bos, then ui) IA, Band Care Investment 0! Investment fC = Profit of A: Pro! ‘OR Lass of As SS ; Investment of B: «Profit of c ic of B AaB: Loss of 23 Month yE ofthe Tepid petal Investment It is the product investag tt investod and the poriod for which itis Iporiod oti me in divi ae chetmont is difforent, then profit o loss Tove in the ratio of thoir Monthly Equivalent Oy Ih, N and B aro partnors in a business, then, Fee naan Investment ofA lonthly Equivalent Investment of B _ ProfitofA _ Lossof A * Profit of B ~ Loss of B ie, Rvestment of AxPoriod of Investment of A Tnvestment of Bx Periof of Investment B _ Profitof A _ Lossof A bt = Profit of B ~ Loss of B IFA, Band C are partners in a business, then Monthly Equivalent Investment of A : Monthly Equivalent Investment of B +: Monthly Equivalent Investment of C = Profit of A : Profit of B : Profit of © or Monthly Equivalent Investment of A : Monthly Equivalent Investment of B : Monthly Equivalent Inv + Loss of B : Loss of C STOCKS AND SHARES Face value: The price of a shau share certificate is called face val (Nominal value). Dividend: Every shareholder ofa company is entitled toa proportionate share of the profits of the company: Thapmbuntof profits on each share iscalled dividend. Dividends expressed asa percentage ofthe face value Market Value: In the market, selling price of the ayar may be different from its face value. Thus, srarket value of a share is fluctuable price. Sharesiln the market, three types of shares are available () Premium share: If market price of a shart is Premhan nominal value, then it is called premium share. (i Par share: the nominal iii) Discount shai than the nominal share. : types of shares: There are two txpes of shares: (preference shares: On these shares 2 fixed rate Pretend is paid to share holders irespective 0° makes any profits or whether whether the company Hetuns into loss. Incase the company is not able to vay th agreed dividend te preference ‘shareholders, BAY fhyidend on cumulative preference shares os thediumulating and is paid as and when the company can do $0. restment of C = Loss of A re is printed on the jue of the share. ‘market price of a share is equal to value, then it is called par share. re: If market price of a share is less ‘value, then itis called adiscountat is left ference shareholders is distributed u holders. This dividend on equity = ‘Sometimes be more or § — dividend on the preference share. Stock = In order to meet expenses of a certain Pet om Government of India sometimes raises a lotd 570 the public at a certain fixed rate of interest. Bonet Promissory notes called stocks of fixed value for sale to the public. Note: () Income per share = Rate of dividend x Nominal value of 1 share. (2) Annual income = Income per share x Number of shares. _ MCQTYPE QUESTIONS” 1. The Manager (M) of the company along with his stant Manager (AM) and a Business Analyst (BA) invest & 55000, 7 45000 and ¢ 60000 ively in a partnership firm for six months, ‘The Manager being the highest authority amorig the three gets one-tenth of the total profit and Assistant Manager being second highest 1 authority gets 55 th of the remaining and the temaining profit is divided among the three in the ratio of their investments. If the total profi as © 4000 gets the minimum share and (a) BA,2 11400 ©) AM, 11419 (©) AM,% 12500 sume of A, B and C have invested then money east entire year and profits are shared inti F their investments. = Ratio of (a) 748000 (6) 742000 © 76000 (@) Data insufficient 3. Abhay and Bimal started a busin’ | partnership. Abhay invested a capita’ often Bimal agrees to pay Abhay an interest on}, ‘ the capital at 8% per annum. Also Bimal reces lf a salary of € 500 per month for managers business. Afler six months Abhay witht Ue © 20000 and Bimal pitches in an equa anes Bimal continues to pay Abhay interest gt gout annum for the balance amount: At the eng gf year they divide the profit equally and foun fatal earning of Bimal in the year wag crue thrice that of Abhay. ‘The total profit ? shares og) Number of SPE value ofall the shares = "ominal value of one shares F Market value of the shares eee Bi ‘Market value of one shaw S| Total Dividend > Dividend per share on the Invest (yield) Total income x109 “Total investment When stokelshare is purchased, broke, | added to cost price. E (6) When stock/share is sold, brokerage js. Subir, en ee Nae fans wakoe oF share = st blems, iste obet, 100 unless specified, (4) Rate of interest 6) @ = 7200 @) =6800 (© %5400 @ 24800 4. How much stock must be bought in 3 pare: sot in order that by selling itat 912 apni % 45 may be made? @20 30 ©@40 @n 5. Which is the better investment (the security bes equal), 3 percents perp at 124, the latter stock being redeemal 20yearsat par? (Simple interest to be reckons! @ 8% at par ©) 5% at 124 ©) Both are same 6, (2 Cannot be determined That rate pereent per annum does a man tt aides, 4100 share & 70 paid-up) at € 60 @) 405% “e per annum? i ©) 7.14% © gs. Tes = @ 52% ©) 1250 @ 5000 fa) is equal to @) 2Fe0fab - (@) 2% of 100 3 moran of goods is worth $0462 *y Ps, Wan Harland’, and 15% eS gH any pat is the value of stock om 218, ert respectively? 49" ¢ 10082) $1419, $1088 $1081 (gy $8228, $ 11HPa tt ot ecxistob) and is monsured by 4, term ‘a’ and ‘bis denoted by a sb cals alled ‘antecedent’ and tlenominator male sosequent’ secumyparings M00 quantities in terms of ratio : tities must bo of the same kind, sof measurement of the two quantities must ati te the same, 2and b = 50 paise, apaivis a pure number, ic., without any unit of sessurement as it denotes how many times a sien quantity is in comparison to another. auto would stay unaltered even if both anteced- stand the consequent are multiplied or divided bythe same number. oe egarb= 222%R a BR. b bxm > m Nperties of Ratios Imvertendo sit 2 = ©, then® = ¢ iesinverse pda ‘Tatias of two equal ratios are equal. ¢ Die, ratios ratios Aternendo If F = Gothen Seg ‘faatecedents and consequents of two equal Reequal, arb. otf Crponendo Hee = 2 then =~ ‘Sadding 1 to both sides. F obo 2 2, then E> od Dvidena b * tubtraeting 1 from both sides: Cong a. &, then Ponendo-Dividendo ¢ If 5 ~ 4 a feomponend? aye Ratio, Proportion and Mixtures Equal i? Ratio sit © = £ then eacty ratio f = Sum of Numerators _ asc Sam of Denominatora ~ bd The principle can alao be applied after multiplying jumerator and Denominator of any fraction by the same number. ‘ ce then each ratio is equal ta - (misatete| steeper a have any values except that they must not all Be zer0s. PROPORTION “When ratio of two terms is equal to the ratio of two other terms, then these four terms are said to be i= proportion, ic, ifazb=e=d,thena, 6, cand dare in proportion. a,b, cand d are called firs, second, third and foes propartionals respectively. The terms = and dere band care called means called extremes, while Ifa:b=c:4, then ad beie., product of extremes is equal to product of means. Continued Proportion When 2 = E then a, b and ¢ are said to be in b,c continued propo ‘or mean proportional tion and bis called geometric mean: J between aand c b= vac , then a, b, 6.4, @... aresaid to Pie be in continued proportion: Z Concept of continued proportion is useful in the ing situation. Sie eadeth cn (Sefer are know, then we can find ‘aoe eid aa bat ape @42 If a, b, © and @ are four quantities and 2: b,b: Ge: are known, then we can find e:d. 2:15 (LOM of 3 and 4 is 12) arbre =8:18:15 a:b: e=56:84:105,e:d= 105 and 15 is 105) a:bre:d= 66:84: 105: 195 are mixed together, it is called simple mixture, Compound Mixture : When two or more simple mixtures are mixed together to forme another mixture, itis called compound mixture, Alligat Alligation rule states that “W) Quantity of Cheap __Price of Dear Mean Price Quen aeae Price of : Quantity of Dear ~ Mean Price =Priee of Cheap Application of ANligation Rule : 2) find proportion in wh Prices must bo mixe iven price, Some Important Results ; (1D Whon x, quantity of ingrediont A ofcont C, and x, antity ofingrediont B ofcoxt C, ure mixed, the, cost of the mixture, Gye SILA Cake, nee hich ingredionts at givon 'd to produce a mixture at a Ratio, Proportion and tg, @) Similarly, when more than two ingredient, yxy + Core + Cy, 4.6 mixed, then C,, = re mn two mixtures M, and M, each conta Notions A and B in'the ratio a:b ang ae respectively, are mixed, then proportion of ingredients A and B i.e. in mixture is given by. In? Gy» in the compa, b x{ —Y_ 5}eMs (5) and, quantity in which M, and M, is to be mize When quantity of A and B ie, q° and pin the compound mixture is known is given by ()- a _) Quantity ofMy _ ety) “lag tan) Quantity of My q, (3) Ja @ When a mixture of th imp nd find the ratio, Once again, take twrnne ingredients and find their rati 9. Then find combined Trtio. This will give infinite number sf steane () Iavvesselcontains's’ litres ofliquia A, and ltrs be withdrawn and Yeplaced by liquid B, then if’ {tesofmixturobe withdrawn end replaced by lid B, and operation Tepeated ‘n’ times in all, then ey ‘guid A tof after n'® operation ioe Tnitinl quantity of liquid A in vessel i -(2=4) a! Mauid A tet ater nth (° operation | a Liquid B loft ator ni operation ~ -(y je network may be defined as a combinati Meer of electric cieaeate ue = ' =r jumped or distributed orkathend eck, in any manner network topology is only se withthe geometrical structure of thenetwork. eet vork is the inter connection of various jements which are either active or passive ny geometrical pattern is considered in the oi apology and differential network elements vot considered. GRAPH OF A NETWORK _gaph of any network can be drawn by placing all ‘hich are points of intersection of two or work el re nodes Wl re branches. @ Fig.t. Given network é d Fig.2, Graph of the Figs. Oriented graph given network of the nett or the purpose of identification’: the bra te € graph are numbered correspondine work. lumbering of the elements in Ca ction which eng of the Mis assigned & Oren wicates the direction of ow of cul at branch The direction on he OTT, rhitrarily, When the Oranches 1 gg a ection: then the groph is ROC the n “wh. Thus, the oriented graph 0 '6. is as shown in Fig-3- Topological Graph of a Network Th obtain a topological graph reduce all the zero and Penie! inserice with ileal current sources and in parallel with idea! voltage sources. In the passiv® network 80 obtained, represent each element ‘merely by a line with small cireles at the ends denoting junctions. This resulting graphical portrayal Showing the geometrical interconnection of elements only Is called the topological graph of the network. : eg.Consider, the networ! hhown below. The topological graph for this network js as shown below: ofa network, vifany, the impedances c Fig.5. Oriented topological graph of network of Figed Definitions (@ Branch : Each oriented line segment ofthe graph is called a branch. The number of ech ia graph isdenoted by b, For the graph in Fig.6 bak " Node : The end point of a branch is calle node ‘The number of nodes ina freph Loaner Ny ne For the graph in Fig.5, n = 5, Subgraph :A subgraph " the branches of the renee graph isa subset of eg., (1, 5, 6) is a subgraph of the graph in Fig, (ii)12 io) @ (i) in network In general, the number’ of subgraphs =P-2 of the Branch h. For es 5, is inciden' ee ee reident to any other ‘nodes of thi other by traversing! ina sequential manner. . oe 1, 6, 7) is a path in Fig, sine Te can SS cced from node to node ¢ Py traversing Srece branches in a sequential manner. Connected and non-connected graphs + if fhorecrists 2 path between every pair ‘of nodes, there mph, then the graph is said to be 2 connected graph. Now consider the following circuit: KB wl og Le (vii) (viii) gl g ‘The graph of this network is as shown below = 4 i \A 6 6, & e Fig The graphs G,, G, and G, are connecte 1G, d, but the total graph isnot connected. Thus, in an circuits, we come across non-connected Circuit : A circuit of a graph i: a pphis a set ofbranche such that exactly two branches are incident to ach of the nodes in the set. Thus, (1, 5, 6) is a circuit eubgraph of the graph in Big 1¢ ma e seen that a circuit subgraph is always connected. aoa ‘Tree : A tree of a connecter is iit eee (a)is connected (6) contains all the nodes of th e (c) contains no circuits. Bit In simple words, a tree connects ds, 7 of the graph without forming a coed (ix) ‘arfow trees oF HE On" pelow: = Fig.8 i ches of a tree are known as twigs, If, racine ferns 0 is One imber of tree branchess je. twigs=7—-1- ee eree : Those branches of a graph which are Cotret ided in a tree form a corre. Acotrsis not implement of a tree so that tree + co-tree = given graph. ‘tree are called links or ‘The branches of a c0~ f The pre. The co-trees associated with the chorang trees are shown by dotted lines. (b) Fig.9 Ifthe total number of branches and nodes 0 connected graph are b and n respectivel he? the number of links / is given by i I=b-(-1) or [= b-n +1 TSE Basic equation of topology Properties of a Tree @ It consists of all the nodes of the graph. (i) If graph has n number of nodes, then °° é (iii) 2 a) eee will be no closed path in the tree ‘here can be many possible different tree ide rs of 008 have (n ~ 1) branches. 95 fr given i ee enh Sepeading ‘on the numbe! (©) Number : fb (vi) of branches in tree, b="-1 4; Number of co-tree branches or numbet te mehes,1= 6,5 =, -n+1fer and Co'Tron al ob tt network ts male, the Dee an ; th therefore Chere ire oithap wlnnge? which play the i Oh rable part of pute #1 total number of braneh | muni twins and links, Hynnel, a wi 0H ron ey if tin jap ttoarh reph dentroya all sl Hovey farcen all the branch Mar nnay bt ai tha tik only Al yeti old the power of fe and de junk THU Ha inka Herndon UE network, The tolgeurrenta uniquely torma of the nk eurrenta, a Hnuhor of Independent KVL, sul tothe wuntbor of Tinka in a network: + jet KVL qu nolwotd, the branch voltagen are to Evin VOU AHO and Tink voltayen. Faget al ae nd! oF jrraph, wetting mn aera a! te nes be hulurnty UCL all the branch voltages (0 cntucinygs he teoiy voltages to ero forces Lataahggr alse fo bocante 2670 ive, itivonly the Sooewhich hold dhe power of life cand death satin network, Hence, Tt a8 only the feist botihane independent in network and the in terms ofthe syvcun expressed uniquely “ars In simple words the number o! sath equations ie qual to the number e ‘wstwork graph fe Sebyenfet RCL oqations 1 Sieve tuamd thorefine the characterization Worms of currents requires different Jon voltae and nodal uN yew than those required {Mos choioo between the Loop # yy tons te ‘Ors and Matrices ireuit, Bot nk to. a a trye thems & §) fort the and the tree (8, 65° earn Ow x ae phe grata ruil defines: wl ee! The Lot Nant up Way 14. f YAH OTH iO o ot agg thoy ranch cineult row yer pao 1 Veet ling OW Vector form a eaten baatet Le. theme jn a to Mranebo around 4 wh Nich w loop current circulates. 6 Pig y Thoelre Piyd2 Piste (20) fred by inddition of ink 2 to the x10, dofines following circuit row vector. 12345678 hye fv rooo1 tg Vor any clreult row voetor fi and any arbitrary vector V of across varinblos idontified by the b branches of a ayatom graph, pva0 ‘This equation ie calld a cireutt (or dese) equation of the ayatom. Inaconnectod grap! thoronro feb= ‘Thug, [circuits are unig eon treo, This aot of having b branches and n nodes, + Links. ly defined by the links of ¢ is ‘reuit iscalled fundamental et ogercuits, Mo sot of = b= 1 circuits eae! edined by a fink is called fancdamental st of circuits Fach of the fundamontalcieuils independent since ieeontains a Tink which i not {included in any other ts can be written &3 circuit, These fundamental circuit follows + 5] ists (1658) ano) trix, We Bet ae above matrbs | ations) as gows of the OH ait ems TOT Tou eatin feinenit 0 in ope laws! flees yrtise aoe ah ment? ete el wight : ; 2 ats sjvebranch curentsin Seuhe entanns oH gant ra of HO Ce ghe ae ceurtunts, and dy ig