GROUP 3 (BTLED I.

A 3-D)

1. SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE

The Scheutzian Calculator Engine was able to rapidly calculate and print multiplication,
division, and exponentiation in a logarithmic table. By inputting numbers into the columns
and changing the setting into either multiplication, division, or exponents.

 Pehr (Per) Georg Scheutz

 Born: 23 September 1785 Died: 22 May 1873

 Was a Swedish lawyer, translator, and inventor, who is now best known for his
pioneering work in computer technology.

 Scheutz studied law at Lund University, graduating in 1805. He then worked as a legal
expert and translator (he translated several works of William Shakespeare and Sir Walter
Scott) before turning predominantly to liberal politics and mechanical engineering.

 The best known of these is the Scheutzian calculation engine, invented in 1837 and
finalized in 1843. The Scheutzian Calculator Engine was able to rapidly calculate and
print multiplication, division, and exponentiation in a logarithmic table. By inputting
numbers into the columns and changing the setting into either multiplication, division, or
exponents.

 This machine, which he constructed with his son Edvard Scheutz, was based on Charles
Babbage's difference engine. In 1851 they obtained funds from government to build an
improved model, which was created in 1853 (was roughly the size of a piano), and
subsequently demonstrated at the World's Fair in Paris, 1855. The machine was then sold
 in 1856 to the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York. In 1857 British government
ordered another model, which was built by Donkin's company in 1859.

2. TABULATING MACHINE

The tabulating machine was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing

information stored on punched cards. Invented by Herman Hollerith.
 Herman Hollerith was a German-American statistician, inventor, and businessman who
developed an electromechanical tabulating machine for punched cards to assist in
summarizing information and, later, in accounting. His invention of the punched card
tabulating machine, patented in 1884, marks the beginning of the era of mechanized
binary code and semiautomatic data processing systems, and his concept dominated that
landscape for nearly a century.

 The tabulating machine was a counting machine used for the first for tabulating U.S.
census data in 1890.

 Herman Hollerith invented the tabulating machine. It kept track of the number of cards
that had a hole punched at a specific location.

 It cannot be considered a computer as it could only tabulate (count) and couldn’t be

programmed, although it represents an early part of computer history.

 There were no printing options available at the time of its invention. A tabulation’s
findings had been read on the counter dials and written down by hand. It contained 40
counters, allowing it to count the number of cards with holes punched in up to 40 spots
simultaneously. A skilled operator could tabulate between 50 and 80 cards per minute.
3. HARVARD MARK I.

The Harvard Mark 1, also known as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC), was an early electromechanical computer designed by Howard Aiken and built
by IBM in 1944 at their Endicott labs in New York.

 Howard Hathaway Aiken (born March 9, 1900, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.—
died March 14, 1973, St. Louis, Missouri) was an American physicist and
Harvard Professor.

 Aiken was inspired to design and build the machine in part by the Difference
Engine and Analytical Engine of Charles.

 The Harvard Mark 1 played a key role in the development of nuclear warfare, as it
was used to help design the first atomic bombs.

 The first computer that could be programmed to solve any number of problems,
rather than built to solve one specific thing. the Mark 1 was built using physical
components derived from IBM’s existing punched card devices.

 The Mark 1’s operators fed sheets or rolls of paper which had been perforated by
programmers into it, and the machine read its instructions by following the
punched holes.

 That used continuously by the US Navy until it was dismantled in 1959.

4. Z1
 The Z1 was a motor-driven mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1936 to
1937, which he built in his parents' home from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically
driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from
punched celluloid film.

 The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer of the world which used
Boolean logic and binary floating point numbers. It was completed in 1938 and
financed completely from private funds. Konrad Zuse's first computer, built
between 1936 and 1938, was destroyed in the bombardment of Berlin in
December 1943, during World War II, together with all construction plans.

 The Z1 contained almost all parts of a modern computer, e. g. control unit,

memory, micro sequences, floating point logic (Only the logical unit was not
realised) and input output devices.

 Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse was a German civil engineer, pioneering computer
scientist, inventor and businessman. His greatest achievement was the world's
first programmable computer.

5. ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)

John Vincent attanasoff the full name of the developer and in the 1990s he was born on
Hamilton new york ,US on October 04, 1903 and he died in Frederick Maryland In US on June
15 1995 in the age of 91 and he's awards order of saint first class cyril and Methodius
Atanasoff invented the first electronic digital computer in the 1930s at Iowa State College (now
known as Iowa State University). Challenges to his claim were resolved in 1973 when the
Honeywell v. Sperry Rand lawsuit ruled that Atanasoff was the inventor of the computer.
The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer.
Limited by the technology of the day, and execution, the device has remained somewhat obscure.
The ABC's priority is debated among historians of computer technology, because it was neither
programmable, nor Turing-complete. Conventionally, the ABC would be considered the first
electronic ALU (arithmetic logic unit) – which is integrated into every modern processor's
design.

6. ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER)

 machine was made up of 40 panels arranged in a U-shape along three of the room's walls.
Along with the panels, which were each 8 feet high, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, the
machine included 70,000 resistors, 17,000 vacuum tubes, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays,
and 6,000 switches. ENIAC ran constantly to extend the life of its vacuum tubes, and it
generated large amounts of heat. The room had to have its own air conditioning system to
keep the computer from overheating.

 The machine was completed in February 1946 at a total cost of about $400,000. Its
purpose was to help the United States win World War II, but the war ended before the
machine was finished. Instead, its first job was doing calculations to help with building
hydrogen bombs.
John Presper Eckert: Read a biography of the lead engineer in charge of designing the ENIAC,
including details about his lifelong ties to Pennsylvania. John Mauchly: The American Institute
of Physics transcribed an oral interview given by Mauchly that includes details on his work on
the ENIAC project. Herman Heine Goldstine: Goldstine was educated at the University of
Chicago and was part of the Army when he was assigned to oversee the building of the ENIAC.
John von Neumann: Von Neumann became a United States citizen in the late 1930s. During
World War II, he consulted on the ENIAC, but he was also a vital part of the Manhattan Project.
Definition of a Plugboard: PC Magazine describes exactly what a plugboard is and how it
functioned. John Ambrose Fleming Invents the Vacuum Tube, Beginning Electronics: The
development of digital computers, including the ENIAC, was enabled by the invention of the
vacuum tube. Charles Babbage: The BBC wrote this biography of the famous mathematician and
pioneering figure in the field of computer science. The Engines: The machines that Charles
Babbage invented, including his Analytical Engine, are described and pictured in this article by
the Computer History Museum.

7. UNIVAC (UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER)

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was a line of electronic digital stored-program

computers starting with the products of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the
name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor organizations.

 When was UNIVAC invented?

Mauchly and Eckert began building UNIVAC I in 1948 and a contract for the machine was
signed by the Census Bureau on March 31, 1951, and a dedication ceremony was held in June of
that year.
  Is UNIVAC still used today?
The UNIVAC 1100/2200 series is a series of compatible 36-bit transistorized computer systems
initially made by Sperry Rand. The series continues to be supported today by Unisys Corporation
as the Clear Path Forward Dorado Series.

 Why was the UNIVAC computer important?

The UNIVAC I was designed as a commercial data-processing computer, intended to replace the
punched-card accounting machines of the day. It could read 7,200 decimal digits per second ( it
did not used binary numbers), making it by far the festest business machine yet built.