Senior High School

Physical Science
Quarter 2 - Module 4
Properties of Light and Wave-like
Properties of Electron
Physical Science - Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 4: Properties of Light and Wave-like Properties of Electron

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Region X-Northern Mindanao

Regional Director: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Jenifer Jude G. Ragandang
Noeme S. Lagos
Doris D. Pabalate

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, EPS-Science

Ma. Loreta Desalisa
Nina D. Leyson
Mary Thessa Jude C. Dalupere

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Schools Division Superintendent

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Jean S. Macasero, EPS-Science
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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Physical Science
Quarter 2 - Module 4
Properties of Light and Wave-like
Properties of Electron

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module. ...........................................................................................................i
Icons of this Module. .............................................................................................................................. .ii

What I Know. .......................................................................................................................................... .iii

Lesson 1:
Wave-like Properties of Electron
What I Need to Know. ................................................................................... 1
........................................................................................................ 1
..................................................................1
What Is It: Can Electrons Behave Like Waves ..............................................2
.............................................................3

........................................3

Lesson 2:
Properties of Light
........................................................................................................ 4
.......................................................................4
What a Colorful Day ..............................................................4
What Is It: Dispersion & Scattering of Light ...................................................4
Interference & Diffraction of Light .................................................6
.......................................................................7
Let Me See You Through .........................................................7

What I Can .....................................................7

Key to Answers ......................................................................................................................10

References .............................................................................................................................12
What This Module is About

Electron is considered to be an elementary particle of an atom. But with the discovery

of the dual nature of light, as a wave and as a particle, so does electron. Many scientists did
experiments to find evidence of the wave-like properties of the electron.
In this module, you will be introduced to some evidence that proved the wave-like
property of the electron. All in-depth discussion of the properties and behavior of light as a
result of its duality in nature is delivered in lesson 2 of this module. Some properties of light
can be explained by considering light as a wave (interference of light, diffraction and
scattering) while other properties can be explained by considering light as a particle
(photoelectric effect) and still, others can be explained considering light as both wave and
particle (reflection, refraction and dispersion).

Quite interesting! You may now start exploring this module.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Wave-Like Property of Electron
2. Properties of Light

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Cite experimental evidence showing that electrons can behave like waves
(S11/12PS-IVf-6);
2. Differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction (S11/12PS-IVf-65)

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
Get your pen and journal ready.
Take your time reading the lessons carefully note-taking important information and
keywords.
Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
Perform the activities to the heart. Write your observations in your journal.
Answer all the given tests and exercises as honestly as possible.
If you have any questions for clarification, feel free to consult your teacher.

i
Icons of this Module
This part contains learning objectives that
What I Need to
are set for you to learn as you go along the
Know
module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge of the subject matter at hand,
What I know
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge

This part connects the previous lesson with

that of the current one.

An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

These are discussions of the activities as a

What is It way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

These are follow-up activities that are

intended for you to practice further to master
the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you have

Learned learned from the lesson

These are tasks that are designed to

showcase your skills and knowledge gained
What I can do
and applied to real-life concerns and
situations.

ii
 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. He formulated the hypothesis that an electron being a particle has wave-like characteristics.
A. Albert Einstein C. Louis de Broglie
B. Max Plank D. Neils Bohr

2. What experimental evidence supports the prediction that electrons exhibit wave-like
properties?
A. electron shot at a double slit produces an interference pattern on a screen behind
it.
B. proton shot at a double slit produces an interference pattern on a screen behind it.
C. electron shot at a double slit produces a dispersion pattern on a screen behind it.
D. electron shot at a gold foil produces an interference pattern on a screen behind it.

3. What wave property proved that an electron can be a wave?

A. Dispersion C. Interference
B. Scattering D. Diffraction

4. Who among the scientists were successful in doing experiments to prove the wave-like
property of electron?
A. Davisson and Gemer C. Schrodenger and de Broglei
B. Eisnstein and Plank D. Bohr and Maxwell

5. Where can be the greatest probability of finding an electron in the electron cloud?
A. least dense area in the electron cloud C. anywhere in the electron cloud
B. densest area in the electron cloud D. outside the electron cloud

6. What does the dispersion of light as it passes through a prism show?

A. all wavelengths have different speed in a material
B. the prism contains many narrow equally spaced slits
C. the index of refraction is the same for all wavelengths
D. different wavelengths have different speed in a material

7. Which property of light is responsible for white clouds, blue sky and red sunset?
A. Dispersion C. Interference
B. Scattering D. Diffraction

8. What property of light is responsible for the beautiful spectrum of colors reflected on soap
bubbles?
A. Reflection B. Diffraction C. Dispersion D. Interference

9. Which of the following situations exemplifies the dispersion property of light?

A. The image of the flower in a mirror
B. The sparkling glow of the diamond ring
C. The swaying movement of coin underwater
D. The rainbow in the sky after the rain shower

10. Which of the following light phenomena is caused by the diffraction of light?
A. Silver lining at the end of the clouds
B. Spectrum of colors on soap bubbles.
C. A secondary rainbow
D. Dark clouds

iii
 Lesson

1 Wave Property of an Electron

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you should be able to cite some experimental evidence showing
that an electron can behave like a wave.

In module 3, you learned that light can behave as a particle and as a wave. The
idea of photoelectric effects, which show the particle property of light fascinated the French
physicist Louis de Broglie. If light being a wave can show a particle-like property, then electron
and other particles may also have wave-like properties such as wavelength and frequency.

1. Match the year, the scientist and their contribution to the development of the wave-like
property of the electron.

2. Write your answer in the column for Coded Answer.

A (Year) Coded Scientists Contribution

Answer
1. 1900 1. ___, __ A. Albert Einstein G. proposed that electron could have
wave-like properties
2. 1905 2. ___, ___ B. Clinton H. Photoelectric effect
Davisson and Lester
Germer
3. 1922 3. ___, ____ C. Arthur Holy I discover
Compton
J. announced the complementary
4. 1924 4. ___, ____ D. Max Planck relation between the wave and
particle aspect of electron
5. 1927 5. ____, ___ E. Louis de Broglie K. Compton effect

6. 1928 6. ___, ___ F. Neils Bohr L. experimentally established the

wave nature of electron

1
 What Is It

Can Electrons Behave Like Waves

In 1900, Max Planck was able to formulate and discover the so-
radiation law. In 1905 German
physicist Albert Einstein first showed that light, being considered as a form of EM
wave, can be thought of as a particle and localized in packets of discrete energy. This
was shown in his photoelectric effect experiment. The observations of the Compton
effect in 1922 by American physicist Arthur Holly Compton could be explained only if
the light had a wave-particle duality.

Fascinated with the idea that light as a wave can have a particle-like property,
in 1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie proposed that electrons and other discrete
bits of matter, which until then had been conceived only as material particles, must
also have wave properties such as wavelength and frequency. Later in 1927, the
wave nature of electrons was experimentally established by American
physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer on their Davisson-Germer double-slit
experiment where an electron was shot in a double-slit producing an interference
pattern on the screen behind the double-slit. An understanding of the complementary
relationship between the wave aspects and the particle aspects of the same
phenomenon was announced by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in 1928.

Moreover, the electron is considered as a wave that created questions that gain
the interest of other fellow scientists. Among the questions that lingered on the minds

The answer to this question was given by German physicist Werner Heisenberg
in 1927, in his famous Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. He articulated that both the
momentum and position of the electron cannot be measured exactly at the same time.

Another scientist in the name of Erwin Shrodinger derived a set of equations

also called wave functions for electro

the electrons confined in their orbits would set up standing waves and the probability
of finding the electrons in the orbitals could be described as the electron density
clouds. The greatest probability of finding an electron in an orbital is in the densest
area, likewise, the lowest probability of finding an electron is in the orbital of least
dense.

2
Activity 4.1.2 Where Can I Find
You?
1. Encircle as many words that
relate to the wave-like property
of electrons on the puzzle mat.

2. It can be horizontal, vertical, or

diagonal.

3. Write the words that you found

in the puzzle in your journal
notebook

4. Good luck and enjoy the

puzzle.

What I Have Learned

Activity 4.1.3: Let me Test Myself!

What are some experimental pieces of evidence showing that an

electron has a wavelike property? Write your answer in your journal notebook.

What I Can Do
Activity 4.1.4: Challenge the Scientist in Me!
I. Choose any 1 of the activity.

A. Search on Davisson-
hypothesis. Make a synthesis of their experiment. Write it in your journal
notebook.

B.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/toms-
and-electrons/v/de-broglie-wavelength. Write a synthesis of the video on
your journal notebook

3
 Lesson

2 Properties of Light

As you may recall, the wave-particle nature of light can explain why light is
reflected or it may bounce back as it hits an opaque surface and it shall be refracted or bend
as it passes through a transparent material. In this lesson, you shall encounter more properties
of light that may uncover the formation of rainbows, the rainbow-colored soap bubbles that
you played with your younger siblings, the beautiful horizon that you experience in the late
afternoon and white fluffy clouds below the blue sky during the midday.

Do you ever wonder how multicolored rainbows are formed? Perform the next
activity diligently to know-how.

Activity 4.2.1A Am I Dispersed? (Adopted from project EASE-physics Module 3)

Materials: a prism or a clear bottle half-filled with water
Flashlight or sunlight
White bond paper/white wall

Procedure: Hold a prism or a bottle half filled with water against the sunlight or any light
source like a flashlight. Observe its reflection in a white bond paper or white wall.

Guide questions:
1. What do you see in the white bond paper/white wall?
2. Enumerate the colors you observe.

Activity 4.2.1B What a Colorful Day

Now, get your pen and journal notebook and go outside for a while and look up at
the sky above you. Note down the things and colors you have noticed. Repeat your
observation at any time of the day and in the late afternoon. You may do this observation
activity for a series of 2-3 days when the weather Is fine. Keep your journal notebook handy.
Good luck

What Is It
Dispersion & Scattering of Light

As light enters into a prism or an object that may

act as a prism, it separates into a different band of
colors. This separation of white light into different
colors as it passes through a prism is called
dispersion. The separated band of colors, red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, range
from 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers in wavelength. Figure 4.1 Dispersion of light in a Prism

4
 Dispersion occurs due to the slight difference in the
refractive index of each color.
A rainbow is formed after a rain shower when
droplets of water in the sky act as a prism that separates
the rays of the sun hitting the water droplets into a band
of different colors.

Scattering of light is responsible for this blue- Figure 4.2. A rainbow captured after a
rainshower in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro
colored sky and beautiful horizon. Tiny dust particles, City. Photo credits to Ms. Maria Chicany R.
and atoms of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere Blegario
which are far apart from each other act as the
scatterer. They scatter sunlight in all directions. Of the
band of colors of light, violet has the shortest
wavelength of 400 nanometers. It is scattered the most,
followed by indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red
which is scattered the least. But our eyes are not
sensitive to indigo and violet, and blue is most
predominant to our sight, so we see the blue sky. Figure 4.3.A view from the 2nd flr new JHS
building of Bayabas NHS, Cagayan de
Oro City. Photo credits to JJ Ragandang

In the late afternoon where the sun is on the horizon,

the longer wavelength red light reaches our eyes
more than the blue light which is scattered the most.
Red being scattered the least is transmitted and
passed through more of the atmosphere than any
other color. Thus, it is the red color together with
some orange that reaches our eyes in the late
Figure 4.4. A view from the Beach of Man-iso, afternoon and we see the beautiful red-orange
Balingasag, Misamis Oriental.
Photo credits to Ms. SJ Khu. sunset.

Clouds are made of water droplets of varying

sizes. Smaller droplets scatter blue, medium droplets
scatter green and yellow and larger droplets scatter red
color. A combination of these color results in white
clouds.
Figure 4.5.A view from San Franz, El Salvador City
Photo credits to Mr. Zigger Villahermosa, SH of
San Franz ES, El Salvador City Division

Rain clouds appear dark because the water droplets

become bigger and denser and it can absorb more light
than scatter it. Almost all colors are absorbed and the
resulting color is dark or even black.
Figure 4.6. Dark clouds in the sky over the new So, the next time you look up the sky and view the
JHS building of Bayabas NHS, CDO horizon, you know the science behind its beauty.
Photo credits Ms, JJ Ragandang

5
Interference & Diffraction of Light
The beautiful spectrum of colors reflected on the soap bubbles is produced by the
interference of light. It occurs when 2 waves meet while traveling on the same medium. It
may be constructive interference producing bright fringes or destructive interference producing
dark bands. In the case of soap bubbles, the incident rays of white light constructively interfere
in the different regions of the bubbles producing the rainbow-colored appearance.

Iridescence is the term used to refer to the production of colors by interference in thin
films. Other examples may include the beautiful band of colors you see in a shiny compact
disk, water with some oil spill, the colorful feathers of birds, the fan-like feathers on a peacock,
the beautiful changing colors on the scales of a snake and the colors on an oyster shell. The
interference of light demonstrates the wave nature of light. See the sample photos below.
Figure 4.7. Some real-life examples of Interference of Light

Changing colors on the scale of a snake

As you look at the light through the slit between your fingers, you will observe the
vertical white and dark bands which is due to the bending of light as it passes through an
opening or an obstacle. This is described as a diffraction of light. Diffraction is dependent on
the size of the obstacles, that is, it will take place if the size of the obstacle is comparable to
the size of the wavelength of light which is from 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers. If the
size of the slit is near to this limit, only then we can observe the phenomenon of diffraction.
That is why the narrower the slit, the more pronounced the pattern becomes. See the sample
photos below.
Figure 4.8. Some observable examples of diffraction of light

6
 Activity 4.2.2 A Let Me Interfere!

Materials: 10 mL Liquid soap, 500 mL water, basin

Procedure: 1. Put some 500 mL water in a basin and pour 10 mL of liquid soap.
2. Stir and make soap bubbles.
3. Blow on soap bubbles.
4. Observe.

Guide Question:
What can you observe in the soap bubbles? Write your observation in your journal
notebook.

Activity 4.2.2 B Let Me See You Through!

Materials: light source, white wall/white bond paper

Procedure:
1. Look at the light from a source such as a fluorescent bulb through the slit between
your fingers. What do you observe? Do you see vertical white and dark bands?
What causes these bands?
2. Repeat step 1 but make the slit narrower. Compare your observations with the
previous one.
3. Write your observations in your journal notebook.

What I Have Learned

Activity 4.2.3 You Complete Me!

I. Complete the table below: Write your answer in your journal notebook.

Properties of Light Description Applicable light phenomena

1. 2. Rainbow

Scattering of light 3. 4.

Diffraction 5. 6.

7. 8. Rainbow-colored
appearance in soap
bubbles

7
 What I Can Do
Activity 4.2.4 Let Me be a Collector!

Take and collect pictures applying at least two of the four properties of light
mentioned in this lesson. Post it in your journal notebook and briefly describe the science
behind the pictures. Submit your journal notebook to your teacher for the rating.

Summary

1. Electrons being a particle has also wave-like properties as shown in the interference
pattern formed behind the double-slit in the Davisson-Gemer experiment.

2. The various light phenomena are governed by the behavior and properties of light such
as photoelectric effect, reflection, refraction, dispersion, scattering, interference and
diffraction of light.

8
 Assessment (Post Test)

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the
given choices. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

1. What is the hypothesis of Louis de Broglie about electrons?

A. it can exhibit the photoelectric effect
B. it cannot exhibit wave-
C. it can exhibit wave-like properties such as wavelength and frequency
D. it can produce an interference pattern when shot on a double slit material

2. Who among the scientists were successful in doing experiments to prove the wave-like
property of electron?
A. Davisson and Gemer C. Schrodenger and de Broglei
B. Eisnstein and Plank D. Bohr and Maxwell

3. What experimental evidence supports the prediction that electrons exhibit wave-like
properties?
A. electron shot at a double slit produces an interference pattern on a screen behind it.
B. proton shot at a double slit produces an interference pattern on a screen behind it.
C. electron shot at a double slit produces a dispersion pattern on a screen behind it.
D. electron shot at a gold foil produces an interference pattern on a screen behind it.

4. What wave property proved that an electron can be a wave?

A. Dispersion C. Interference
B. Scattering D. Diffraction

5. Where can be the greatest probability of finding an electron in the electron cloud?
A. least dense area in the electron cloud C. anywhere in the electron cloud
B. densest area in the electron cloud D. outside the electron cloud

6. Which property of light is responsible for white clouds, blue sky and red sunset?
A. Dispersion C. Interference
B. Scattering D. Diffraction

7. What property of light is responsible for the beautiful spectrum of colors reflected on soap
bubbles?
A. Reflection B. Diffraction C. Dispersion D. Interference

8. Which property of light is responsible for the silver lining at the edges of the clouds?
A. Diffraction C. Interference
B. Dispersion D. Scattering

9. Which of the following situations exemplifies the dispersion property of light?

A. The image of the flower in a mirror
B. The sparkling glow of the diamond ring
C. The swaying movement of coin underwater
D. The rainbow in the sky after the rain shower

10. What does the dispersion of light as it passes through a prism show?
A. all wavelengths have different speed in a material
B. the prism contains many narrow equally spaced slits
C. the index of refraction is the same for all wavelengths
D. different wavelengths have different speed in a material