C M Y K

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C M Y K
 C M Y K

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My Dear Young minds
I believe that Change Begins With
Me! When you open your senses

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You feel …. Lots of doubts sprout in your mind
1. Always carry a cloth bag. Do not accept
You may feel why? What? and How?
polythene covers from shops.
And wish to ask the same… don’t you?
2. Never use water directly from tap. Use only
little required amount. Fix leakages Don’t hesitate to ask
immediately. You have a passion to explore, experiment and
3. Save Power and Pollute less. Reduce find reasons

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power bills. Be ready to understand it by doing
4. Always have (indoor/) Plants in Home/ Just this is the way of thinking scientifically
Apartment Never support tree felling.
Grass to Galaxy will feast for your eyes.
5. Segregate dry and wet waste. Donate to

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rag pickers. Strolling ant … running squirrel

6. Buy and Sell Second hand goods. Plunging leaf … falling rain drop
7. Prefer sharing rides / Public transport / Are to discover the core hidden principle is the

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avoid junk trips. ‘Science’
8. Utilize more day light and reduce night Using wisdom and saving mother earth is the
time power consumption. ‘Science’
9. Use online tools / e-Seva / internet for So my dear little minds …
payments and tickets. Avoid travel, The universe is yours
pollution and traffic.
And you are the creators
10. Share these Green living Tips regularly to
people around. Share with at least with 3
friends.

TE Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

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 SCIENCE
CLASS VII
Editorial Board

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Dr. Kamal Mahendroo, Professor Dr. B. Krishnarajulu Naidu,

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Vidya Bhavan Educational Resource Centre, Professor in Physics (Retd)
Udaipur, Rajasthan Osmania University,Hyderabad.

Dr. Snigdha Das, Dr. M. Adinarayana,

Vidya Bhavan Educational Resource Centre, Professor in Chemistry (Retd)

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Udaipur, Rajasthan. Osmania University,Hyderabad.
Dr. Nannuru Upender Reddy, Professor,
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C&T Dept., SCERT, Hyderabad.

Co-Ordinators
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Sri. J. Raghavulu, Smt. B.M. Sakunthala,
Professor, SCERT. Lecturer, SCERT.
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Sri. M. Ramabrahmam, Sri. J. Vivekvardhan,

Lecturer, IASE, Masab Tank, Hyderbad. S.A., SCERT.
Dr. T.V.S. Ramesh,
S.A., UPS Potlapudi, Nellore.
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Published by Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

The secret of Education is respecting the children

Ralph W. Emerson

Respect the Law Grow by Education

Get the Rights Behave Humbly

I Free Distribution by Government of T.S. 2020-21

 © Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

First Published 2012

New Impressions 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020

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AN
All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

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in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means without the prior permission in writing
of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any
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form of binding or cover other than that in which it
is published and without a similar condition includ-
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ing this condition being imposed on the subse-
quent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the Director
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of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.

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This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. Maplitho,

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Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

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Free Distribution by Government of Telangana 2020-21

Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.

–– o ––

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 TEXT BOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

Smt. B. Seshu Kumari Dr. Nannuru Upender Reddy Sri. B. Sudhakar

Director, Professor, Director
S.C.E.R.T., C & T Dept., S.C.E.R.T., Govt. Textbook Printing Press,
Hyderabad. Hyderabad. Hyderabad.

AUTHORS

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Dr. T.V.S. Ramesh, S.A. Sri M. Ramabrahmam, Lecturer

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U.P.S., Potlapudi, Nellore. Govt. I.A.S.E., Masabtank, Hyd.

Dr. K. Suresh, S.A. Dr. P. Shankar, Lecturer

Z.P.H.S., Pasaragonda, Warangal. D.I.E.T., Warangal.

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Dr. S. Vishnu Vardhan Reddy, S.A. Sri J. Vivekavardhan, S.A.
Z.P.H.S., Kadthal, Mahaboobnagar S.C.E.R.T., Hyderabad.

Sri Noel Joseph, H.M. N Smt A. Uma Rani, S.A.

Science Supervisor, S.C.E.R.T., Hyd.
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St. Joseph’s HS, Ramagundam, Karimnagar.

Sri Sanjeev Kumar, S.A. Sri Y. Venkata Reddy, S.A.

Z.P.H.S., Amdapur, Nizamabad. Z.P.H.S., Kudakuda, Nalgonda.
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Sri A. Nagaraju Sekhar, S.A. Sri D. Madhusudhan Reddy, S.A.

Z.P.H.S., Chatakonda, Khammam. Z.P.H.S., Munagala, Nalgonda.

ILLUSTRATORS
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Sri K. Srinivas, S.A. Sri B. Kishore Kumar, S.G.T Sri Ch. Venkata Ramana, S.G.T
ZPHS, Pochampalli, U.P.S., Alwala, P.S. Viryanaik Tanda,
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Nalgonda Nalgonda. Nalgonda.

D.T.P. & DESIGNING

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Sri. Mohammed Ayyub Ahmed, S.A. Sri. Kishan Thatoju,

Z.P.H.S. U/M Atmakur, Wanparthy Computer Operator, S.C.E.R.T., Hyderabad.

Sri. R. Madhusudhana Rao, Sri. G.V. Gopala Krishna,

Computer Operator, S.C.E.R.T., Hyderabad. Cover Page Designer, Nellore

Sri Kannaiah Dara

DPO, S.C.E.R.T., Hyderabad.

What is done to children they will do to society

Dr. Karl Menninger

III Free Distribution by Government of T.S. 2020-21

 FOREWORD

Thought process is a unique boon given to human kind by Nature. Man

creates and reconstructs knowledge through the process of thinking and analysis.
Man generates knowledge by way of doing, imagining, redoing works in a different
way. These may be called the processes of Science.
Science is a systematic logical thought oriented process and a path to truth.
Science and Technology have improved human life by way of scientific inventions,

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discoveries and their applications in various fields.

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Human beings understand Nature through Science and use Nature for their
benefit while at the same time respecting and protecting Nature. However it is
evident that we give importance to the first i.e., harnessing Nature and forgetting to
protect and sustain Nature in its pristine form. As a result we experience several

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calamities leading to destruction of Nature, climate, Earth and finally life on Earth.

The future of the country is being shaped in the classrooms and science
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learning can never be limited to learning of principles, theories and introduction of
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experiments. Scientific attitude and thought shapes human beings in such a way so
as to make them sensitive to Nature and strive to uphold and maintain bio-diversity.
Science learning means commitment towards the good and welfare of society and
all life forms including human kind.
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Children should learn that science is not only in textbooks but also in the
works of peasants, the artisanship of potters, food prepared by mother etc., The local
knowledge should enter into science textbooks and must be discussed in the
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classrooms. Specific observations and logical thinking is required in order to inculcate

values and develop life skills. This is possible through study of science. The
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inquisitiveness and creativity should be developed through science learning. The

skill of asking questions, critical observations and developing the spirit of
investigations and enquiry shall be facilitated through science teaching and learning.
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Science teaching should promote the spirit of knowing and experimenting

rather than keep these abilities dormant. The traditional attitude of treating science
as a body of facts, theories, principles and information needs to be transformed. The
re-learning of the true nature of science must happen as recommended by the National
Curriculum Frame Work-2005.

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 The textbooks are developed based on State Curriculum Framework and its Position
Paper on Science and also reflect the spirit of Right to Education Act. Science textbooks
are developed to facilitate construction of knowledge jointly by the teacher and the pupil
but never as merely an information provider.

The textbook facilitates learning through activities, discovery, exploration in a child

centered manner. The activities i.e., group, individual and whole class, experiments, field
investigations, information collection, questioning, analysis, synthesis, projects etc., must
become a part of learning and as well as assessment in the context of science education.

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The pupil assessment procedures facilitate thinking in critical and multiple ways. Critical
pedagogy and social construction become a part of classroom pedagogies in search of

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truth. The spirit of continuous and comprehensive evaluation is reflected in the assessment
procedures. Certainly the revised textbooks facilitate the teachers in effective transaction
of science duly reflecting the nature and spirit of science.

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New textbooks are developed to achieve desired academic standards. So teachers
should develop various teaching learning strategies to make their students to achieve class
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based academic standards. We should avoid rote learning methods for successful
implementation of Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE). It is very impart to know
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more about different methods to assess student progress by summative and formative
evaluation. New textbooks reflects Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation and teaching
method with respect of discussed concepts. This is more useful to teachers and students.
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We are very grateful for the kind of support from the National and State level
experts in designing a textbook of science that transforms the very nature of science teaching
learning in the state classrooms. We are also thankful to the Textbook Writers, Editors,
Illustrators, Graphic Designers for their dedicated work for the cause of children’s science
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education.
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We humbly request the educationists, parents, NGOs and children for appropriate
suggestions to improve the science textbooks. We also expect that the teachers and
teacher educators will welcome the proposed reforms in science teaching learning process
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and implement them with appropriate professional preparation and referencing. It is also
expected that a habit of scientific enquiry and nature of questioning would be developed
among children within the contextual transaction set out in the revised science curriculum
and textbooks.

Smt. B. Seshu Kumari

Director
S.C.E.R.T., Hyderabad.

V Free Distribution by Government of T.S. 2020-21

 BEFORE STEP INTO TEXTBOOK ….
The textbook is designed duly considering th e Inquiry Nature of childhood and their power
of imagination. Children’s world is creative and they are more inquisitive and want to find out everything
they come across and ask several questions until they satisfy on any incomprehensive issue / objects.
This nature of the child is the basis for an enquiry mind and for pursuing the scientific knowledge in a
systematic way. Let us discuss some of the issues before preparing the children for the learning of
science in a scientific way.
The National Curriculum Frame Work – 2005 and State Curriculum Frame Work – 2011
defined science is questioning, observing the nature and try to understand the nature. For this purpose
one should question Why? What? How? When? on the observed phenomenon. The children imagine
and expect what happens? and what will be the outcomes? Children must experiment and observe by

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utilizing the available resources in the local environment to find out answers to their questions.
It must be theorized and generalized based on repeated observations. The natural phenomenon

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and resources which influence our life viz., day and nights, water, air, earth, heat, light, food, flora and
fauna must be understood primarily from our life experiences. For this purpose one should reflect on
our daily experiences and impact of human interventions in various natural activities / processes. Children
must be made to appreciate the applications of science for the betterment of human life, natural
phenomenon such as rain, wind, day and nights and growth of life on the earth, bio diversity etc.,

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Teachers must think and design strategies for appropriate science education and its classroom
transaction to realize the constitutional values, goals and aims of science education and the philosophical
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perspectives of science education at school level. The transformation of young minds as potential
scientists must be explored and afforded. This requires lot of planning on the part of teacher and
professional preparation, referencing, collaborative work with the children and encourages bringing
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children’s knowledge into the classrooms.
About Academic Standards….
The National and State Curriculum Frame Works, the Right to Education Act clearly envisaged
on the role of the school in achieving the expected academic standards which are subject specific and
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grade specific. Learning of science does not include learning of information alone, but it includes doing
projects to understand the science concepts, undertaking observations and experiments, collection of
information, analysis of information and finally arriving to conclusions and generalizations.
Children must draw the illustrations on the observed things and appreciate the interdependence
of the living beings in the nature. Appropriate attitudes on keeping the bio diversity and sustaining it is
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also one of the objectives of science learning in schools. Teachers must play a vital role and take the
responsibility in developing such scientific spirit and academic standards.
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Teaching Learning Strategies ….

Teaching does not mean transferring information from the textbooks. Teachers must understand
the philosophical base of science i.e., why science is as a subject in school curriculum? And what are
the expected goals and objectives of science teaching? What is the expected behavioral change in
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children through science teaching? How to motivate the children to peruse science with increased
interest and dedication. The teacher shall plan strategies for science teaching. Following are the
expected strategies of the science teaching.
• Textbooks must include various learning strategies to construct knowledge on various science
concepts through observations, discussions, experimentation, collection of information.
• Using mind mapping as one of the initial whole class activity and develop debate and discussion
on the given concepts.
• Prepare children for discussions by posing appropriate questions. The questions given in the
textbook exercises make along with planning additional questions must be used.
• Textbook reading is a must to understand and to get an overall idea on the concepts introduced
in the lessons.
VI
 • Textbook may be appropriately used while teaching the lesson both by children and as well as teachers.
• Teachers must prepare / collect appropriate equipment, plan and well in advance for a meaningful
transaction of the science lessons and plan for children participation through group / individual
/ whole class work.
• Teacher preparation includes collection and reading of appropriate reference books, sources in
the internet, library books, children exercises, appropriate questions to children to think on the
given concepts and sharing the prior ideas of the children.
• Appropriate activities to appreciate the nature and natural phenomenon.
• Plan for discussions for improved understanding and appreciation of bio-diversity and efforts
to environmental protection and specific roles of the children in doing so.
• Teaching learning strategies and the expected learning outcomes, have been developed class
wise and subject-wise based on the syllabus and compiled in the form of a Hand book to guide

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the teachers and were supplied to all the schools. With the help of this Hand book the teachers
are expected to conduct effective teaching learning processes and ensure that all the students
attain the expected learning outcomes.

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Conduct of Activities ….
The basic objectives of science teaching facilitate the learning of how to learn. Therefore,
children must be facilitated to construct knowledge collaboratively through participating in whole class,
group and individual activities.
• Provide advanced information and awareness on the experiments, observations to be done

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both in side and out side the classrooms along with study of reports.
• The exercises given in the textbooks must be performed during the classroom teaching learning
processes without delay or skipping.
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• The activities in the lesson shall be performed not only during its transaction but also during the
entire academic year for specific units Eg: food for the animals and changes around etc.,
• The observations, information collection, field investigations etc., must be taken up under the
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teacher guidance / presence. Some of the work may be given as homework also.
• Local resources may be used as alternative equipment for designing and undertaking activities /
experiments.
• Teacher must develop a year plan duly distributing the projects, assignments, field trips given in
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the textbooks so as to complete with in the available 180 working days.

• Teachers are advised to collect information about recent studies of the areas discussed in the
textbook for every year.
About assessment ….
The present practice of testing children to what extent they learnt the information must be
replaced by understanding how children are learning. What are the learning problems? What is difficult
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for children? etc., This may be possible by observing children notebooks, assignments and sitting
besides them while doing the work / problem solving. Therefore, importance must be given for the
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Assessment For Learning than Assessment Of Learning. An effort was made to provide variety of
assessment exercises in the textbooks, assess the different competencies to be developed as per the
goals and objectives of science teaching in schools. Teachers must understand the continuity and
appropriateness of varieties of assessment.
• It is expected that every child must understand the concept and try for his own answer rather
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than repeating the text given in the textbooks without any value addition.
• Teachers shall not try for uniformity in the answers across the students in the class but
encourage them for a variety of responses.
• Some of the exercises for display in the wall magazine, bulletin board, school community
meeting are not only for the sake of assessment but it reflects the nature of academic activities
to be performed in the schools.
The revised science textbook is all together an improved design reflecting the nature and spirit
of science learning and certainly make the children to think and contribute his / her ideas creatively and
facilitate the construction of concepts based on the child’s prior ideas / experiences. There is no doubt
that children would develop creatively while following and performing the activities and exercises given
in the science textbooks. It is a challenge for teachers to make children as constructors / creators of
knowledge rather than receivers of information.
VII Free Distribution by Government of T.S. 2020-21
 SC
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VIII
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 CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

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Preamble

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WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having
solemnly resolved to constitute India into
a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all

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its citizens:

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JUSTICE, social, economic and
political:
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LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,
faith and worship:
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EQUALITY of status and of

opportunity: and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring of the

individual and the unity and integrity of the
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Nation:
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IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949. do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
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OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

IX Free Distribution by Government of T.S. 2020-21

 ACADEMIC STANDARDS

S.No. Academic Standard Explanation

1. Conceptual understanding Children are able to explain, cite examples, give reasons,
and give comparison and differences, explain the process
of given concepts in the textbook. Children are able to
develop their own brain mappings.

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Children are able to ask questions to understand

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2. Asking questions and concepts, to clarify doubts about the concepts and to
making hypothesis participate in discussions. They are able to guess the
results of on issue with proper reasoning, able to predict
the results of experiments.

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Children are able to do the experiments given in the
3. Experimentation and field
text book and developed on their own. Able to arrange
investigation.
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the apparatus, record the observati onal findings, suggest
alternative apparatus, takes necessary precautions while
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doing the experiments, able to do to alternate
experiments by changing variables. They are able to
participate in field investigation and prepare reports.
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4. Information skills and Children are able to collect information related to the
Projects concepts given in the text book by using various methods
(interviews, checklist questionnaire) analyse the
information and interpret it. Able to conduct project works.
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Children are able to counicate their conceptual

5. Communication through
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understanding by the way of drawing pictures labeling

drawing, model making the parts of the diagram by drawing graphs, flow charts
and making models.
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6. Appreciation and aesthetic Children are able to appreciate the nature and efforts
sense, values of scientists and human beings in the development of s
ience and have aesthetic sense towards nature. They
are also able to follow constitutional values
.
7. Application to daily life, Children are able to apply the knowlegde of scientific
concern to bio diversity. concept they learned, to solve the problem faced in daily
life situations. Recognise the importance of biodiversity
and takes measures to protect the biodiversity.

X
 INDEX Class VII
Unit S.No. Name of the Chapter Page No. Periods Month
I 1 FOOD COMPONENTS 1 10 June

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2 ACIDS AND BASES 9 10 June

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3 SILK - WOOL 19 10 July

II 4 MOTION AND TIME 28 11 July

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5 HEAT - MEASUREMENT 43 12 August

6 WEATHER AND CLIMATE N 54 10 August

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7 ELECTRICITY 63 12 September

III 8 AIR, WINDS AND CYCLONES 73 12 September

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9 REFLECTION OF LIGHT 82 12 October

10 NUTRITION IN PLANTS 97 10 November

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11 RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS 104 11 November

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12 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS 112 10 November

IV 13 SEED DISPERSAL 123 9 December

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14 WATER 129 10 December

15 SOIL : OUR LIFE 138 11 January

16 FOREST : OUR LIFE 150 11 January

17 CHANGES AROUND US 157 10 February
REVISION March

XI Free Distribution by Government of T.S. 2020-21

 OUR NATIONAL ANTHEM

- Rabindranath Tagore

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.

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Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga

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Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga.

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Tava shubha name jage,
Tava shubha asisa mage,
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Gahe tava jaya gatha,
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
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Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he! jaya he! jaya he!
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Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!!

PLEDGE
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- Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao

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“India is my country; all Indians are my brothers and sisters.

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I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.

I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,
and treat everyone with courtesy. I shall be kind to animals.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.
In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.”

XII
 1 FOOD COMPONENTS

In the previous class we have learnt that we the relationship between eating food and
eat many kinds of foods like biryani, pulihora, performing activities.

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idly, chapathi, dal etc. and you also learnt how Food supplies the energy we need to do many
to cook some kinds of food making them tasty tasks in our day to day activities.

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and palatable by adding oil, sugandha dravyalu • Do we need energy when we sleep?
(condiments) etc. Why / why not?
Do you know that even while sleeping we
breathe and circulation of blood in our body

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goes on; so do you agree that we need energy
even while sleeping? Can you add some more
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sleep?
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Read the following and discuss with your
friends.
1. Suppose you don’t get food for lunch
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how do you feel?

2. If you don’t get anything for more than
a day how will you feel?
Fig. 1 3. If you don’t get food for many days what
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Every one have their own favourite food. will happen to you?
4. Why should we take food? What are the
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What is your favourite food/dish? Why do

you like it? components in it?
Is only favourite food sufficient for you? Why? Let us find out what components are present
in our food.
What food do you eat every day?
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Let us do – 2: Listing out food components

Think ,why do you eat it?
Observe the given packet (Fig. 2) and list out
Let us do – 1 : the food components present in it.
We eat different types of food items. Make a In Table 1, put a tick mark if you find the listed
group with five or six students and make a food components present in food items .
list of some day-to-day activities and food Collect some other food packets as well like
items we eat; display your group report. those of chips, coffee, biscuit, etc. and identify
Discuss in groups with your teacher about the different components present in them and
record them in the table given.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 1
 Table 1: Food items and components
Food Items Carbohydrates Protein Fat Vitamins & Other if any
(Lipids) Minarals
Milk Powder

minerals? The components present in food

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substances can be tested easily through
simple experiments.

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Let us do – 3: Confirmation of presence
of food components
Collect different types of food materials like

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milk, a potato, little quantity oil / ghee. Test
them according to the instructions given
Fig. 2
N below. For this you will need test tubes, stand,
plate and dropper. You would also need some
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1. What are the components found in chemicals as given in each section of testing.
biscuits? Take a sample of each food item in a test tube
2. What components are most common in or plate. Prepare the chemicals needed. Test
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your list? the samples with them. Note down your

3. Do you find any vitamins and minerals observations in your notebook
in them? What are they? Experiment – 1: Test for Starch:
4. Where do you write salt and sugar? Preparation of dilute
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Why? iodine solution

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5. Are there any food items with similar

components? Take a test tube or a cup
and add few drops of
What are the essential components of Iodine crystals to it.
food? Then dilute it with water
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Our food consists of Carbohydrates, Proteins, till it becomes light

Fats, Vitamins and Minerals. Besides these, yellow/brown. Fig. 3
water and fibres are also present. These are Take a sample of food item in the test tube.
the essential components of our food and we Add a few drops of dilute Iodine solution
call them nutrients. In activity 1, you
to the sample.
prepared food items list. Which of them
have carbohydrates? Which of them have Observe the change in colour. What do you
proteins? Which of them have vitamins and find?

2 Food Components
If the substance turns dark-blue or black it If the substance you wish to test is a solid,
contains starch. Try with ripen banana and grind it into powder or paste. Take a little of
curry banana. it in the test tube and add 10 drops of water
Experiment – 2: Test for fats to the powder and stir well.
Take a small quantity of Fig. 4
each sample. Rub it Take 10 drops of this solution in a clean test
gently on a piece of tube and 2 drops of copper sulphate solution
paper.If the paper turns and 10 drops of sodium hydroxide solution
translucent the to the test tube and shake well. Change of
substance contains fats. colour to voilet or purple confirms presence

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Recall your past experience when you have of protein.
eaten vada or any other food item on a paper The above tests show the presence of

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plate; you might have noticed the paper plate components of food which are usually present
turning translucent. in larger amounts as compared to others. All
Why did the paper plate turn transluscent ? types of food that we eat contain all the above

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mentioned food components. The quantity
The reason for this is presence of fats in food
of each component varies from type to type.
items.
Experiment – 3: Test for Proteins
Preparation of 2% copper
N In Rice carbohydrates are more where as in
oils, fats are present in more quantity.
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sulphate solution and 10% Fig 5 Let us do – 4: Testing of food items
sodium hydroxide solution: Test different food items as given in Table 2.
To make 2% copper sulphate You may add your own examples. Find out
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solution dissolve 2 gms of the different components in them and record

copper sulphate in 100 ml of the information on the basis of your
water. observations in table 2.
To make 10% of Sodium hydroxide You can enrich the table by adding more food
solution dissolve 10 gms of sodium substances.
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hydroxide in 100 ml of water.

Analyse the data in the table and think about
1 gram of sodium hydroxide equals to 6
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the components presents in the food items.

pellets of sodium hydroxide.
Table 2: Testing of food items for Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats
STARCH PROTEINS FATS
S.No. FOOD
Present / Absent Present / Absent Present / Absent
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1 RICE

2 POTATO

3 MILK

4 CURD

5 EGG

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 3

Discuss with your friends and answer the Let us do – 5: Roughages in some food items.
following questions. Collect some vegetables like ribbed gourd,
1. Which foods show the presence of bunch beans, lady’s finger or some boiled
starch? sweet potato etc. break them or crush them
into pieces and observe.
..........................................................................
• Do you find some fine strands or thread
2. What nutrients are present in milk? like structures?
.......................................................................... • What are these strands called?

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3. Which component of food could you Roughages are a kind of carbohydrates that
identify in potatoes? our body fails to digest. They help in free bowel

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movement in the digestive tract and prevent
.......................................................................... constipation.
4. Which food item contains more fat? Discuss with your teacher how dietary fibres
help in preventing constipation.

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..........................................................................
SOURCES OF ROUGHAGES
5. Which food items contain more protein? Bran, shredded wheat, cereals, fruits and
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.......................................................................... vegetables, sweet and plain potato, peas and
berries, pumpkins, palak, apples, banana,
LA
Generally every food item contains all the papaya and many kinds of beans are the
components of food. But some components sources of roughages.We must take care to
may be more while some may be less. include sufficient fibre foods in our daily diet.
TE

We require different quantities of

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats according
to age and need of individuals. Growing
children need more protein-containing food
T

like milk, meat, pulses etc. We also need minute

ER

quantities of some other components called

Vitamins and Minerals to keep us healthy. Fig. 6
Think! Find out from your classmates Generally we have a habit of eating some
SC

whether all of their family members take fruits with peels. We eat banana without
sufficient food. If not,why ? Find reasons peel but fruits like apples, grapes etc. are
and solutions. eaten along with peels. Most of the
ROUGHAGES OR DIETARY vegetables are also used along with peels,
FIBRES sometimes we make some special dishes
like chutneys etc. with peels. So don’t peel
There are some components of food that or discard outer layers of fruits or
are necessary for our body called roughages vegetables. They are rich in nutrients. Peel
or dietary fibres. contains fibre which helps in digestion. But

4 Food Components
now-a-days farmers use processes in our body as well. Hence, we
many pesticides in the must drink plenty of water.
fields They are very
dangerous for our
health so we must wash
fruits and vegetables
with salt water Fig. 9
thoroughly.Then only
it becomes safe to eat Fig. 7

A
them along with peels.
WATER

AN
BALANCED DIET
Water is also an essential component needed
Let us do – 7
by our body. We should drink sufficient Table - 3
water. Do you know we get water from Break fast Lunch Dinner

G
fruits and vegetables also? Most of the fruits
and vegetables contain water.
N
LA
TE

List the food items eaten by you yesterday

Fig 8 from break-fast to dinner. Does your diet
contain all the necessary components of
Observe the above fruits and vegetables and food in it? Think and discuss with your
cut them. Can you find water in them?
T

friends.
Most vegetables like cucumber, beans,
Let us do – 8
ER

kheera, tomatoes, gourds and fruits like,

papaya and melons etc. contain water. Look at the food ‘THALI’ with many food
Why does our body need water? items and list out the food items and food
components in it.
SC

Let us do – 6: To know the use of water

Take a piece of sponge and try to move it
in a pipe. It moves with some difficulty,
Remove the sponge from the pipe, dip it in
water and try to move it again in the pipe.
It moves freely or smoothly (Fig 9).Why
does it move freely? Water is food and it
also helps the food to move easily in the
digestive tract. Water helps in many other Fig. 10

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 5

 Table - 4 requirements of the
Food Items Food Components body are fulfilled. Just
balancing our diet with
Rice Starch
different kinds of foods
is not enough. It should
Fig. 11 be cooked in a proper
way.
You know many nutrients are lost by over
You need not eat all items as shown in the cooking, re-heating many times, washing the

A
“THALI” rather you should ensure that vegetables after cutting them into small pieces.
your food contains all food components Think! Is your mid-day meal a balanced one?

AN
everyday in adequate quantity. For Write your observations and display them
example, a diet containing food items in bulletin board.
having more of carbohydrates and protein
along with a little fat, vitamins and Do you know which foods are to be eaten

G
minerals makes a balanced diet. moderately, adequately, plenty and
Make your diet a balanced one sparingly?

everyday.
N
Taking green salads and vegetables • Foods like cereals, pulses, milk etc.
should be taken adequately.
LA
Taking foods like cereals, pulses, milk etc. • Fruit, leafy vegetables and other
adequately vegetables should be used in plenty.
Taking a bit of fat (Oil, Ghee, Butter etc.) • Cooking oils and animal foods should
TE

Eat seasonable fruits. be used moderately.

Don’t forget to supplement your daily diet • Vanaspathi, Ghee, Butter, Cheese must
with green salads and vegetables. be used sparingly.
T

Do you know? Avoid junk foods:

Dry fruits like dates,
If you are eating only pizzas and sandwiches
ER

plums, raisins,
daily, what will happen? Your body is being
Cashew nuts,
pistachios, etc. also
deprived of the other food substances. Junk
keep us healthy. food causes damages to our digestive system.
SC

Consumption of these in small quatities is It is better to avoid eating junk food.

good. Name some of the dry fruits you Discuss in groups or collect information
know. about junk food. In what way are they
Balanced diet is cheap indeed: harmful to us?
Scientists have found out that a balanced
diet need not necessarily be costly.
Everyone can afford it, even the poor. If a
person eats dal, rice, rotis, green vegetables,
little oil and jaggery all the food
6 Food Components
Food habits of the people depends upon • All food items contain all the
climatic conditions and cultural practices components of food. The amount of
of the particular place. We eat rice in large each component varies from one type
quantities but people living in north India of food to another.
eat chapathies as a daily food. Why? • Roughages or Dietary fibres clean our
Because wheat is grown widely in that food canal and prevent constipation.
region. The way of cooking and eating food
also reflects the cultural practices of people. • We must drink enough water so that our
body functions properly.
History of food and Nutrition:
•

A
The food that contains all the nutrients
Until about 170 years ago like Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats,

AN
there was little scientific Vitamins and Minerals in a proper
knowledge in the West proportions is called Balanced Diet.
about nutrition. The
founder of modern
• Every one requires a Balanced Diet.

G
science of nutrition was Improve your learning:
Frenchman named 1. Make a list of food items eaten during
Lavoisier (1743 to
1 7 9 3 ) w h o s e
N lunch by you. Try to mention the
components in each food item.
LA
contribution paved new ways to nutrition
research. In the year 1752 James Lind’s 2. Manjula eats only bread and omlette
discovered “Scurvy” which could be cured daily. Do you think it is a balanced diet?
or prevented by eating fresh fruits and Why? Why not?
TE

vegetables. In 1952 it was known that 3. Make a list of food items that contain all
diseases could be cured by eating certain components of food.
kinds of foods. In 19th century it was known 4. Who am I?
that the body obtains three substances
T

namely proteins, fats and carbohydrates a. I am a component of food that makes

from the food. paper translucent.
ER

KEY WORDS: b. Put a drop of me on a cut potato. It turns

Carbohydrates, Fibres, Balanced diet, dark blue. Who am I?
Proteins, Fats, Constipation, Vitamins, 5. Explain what will happen if we don’t
SC

Minerals. include roughage in our food?

What have we learnt? 6. Test the given food items and record
• Food contains some components the type of component that are present
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins in them. (Ground nut, Cooked dal,
and Minerals Pulusu)
• Fibres are also a component of food 7. Draw some food items of your diet and
that are present in different kinds of fruits explain why you like them.
and vegetables.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 7

8. If you were invited to a party with many food items in the menu like Rice, Roti,
Puri, Idly, Dosa, Samosa, Dal, Green salad, Vegetable curry, Fruit chat, Chicken
curry, Eggs, Gulab Jamun
a.What food items would come on to your plate to make your diet a balanced one?
b.What food items would you take plenty, adequately?
9. How is water useful to our body?
10. Fill in the blanks.
a. If our food is not balanced with proper nutrients we may ______________ .

A
b. Fibres in our diet prevent ______________ .

AN
c. Our daily diet should include plenty of ______________ .
d. Oils and fats give us ______________ .
11. Match the following and give the reasons.

G
1. Fibre ( ) A) energy giving
2.
3.
Protein
Carbohydrates
(
(
N )
)
B) body building
C) Bowel movement
LA
12. Prepare a balanced diet chart with the help of your group and exhibit it in your class
room science fair
13. Prepare ‘kichidi’ with your mother’s help using all kinds of available vegetables, dals, nuts
TE

etc. Write a note on the process of making kichidi.

T
ER
SC

8 Food Components
 2 ACIDS AND BASES

In our daily life we use a lot of subatances. • In what ways are they different?
Even our food has a lot of variety. Different • What kind of tastes do food substances

A
items also have different taste. In preparing we eat have?
and storing food we take a lot of care. In this

AN
chapter we would try to understand the Fruits, vegetables and other
reasons for some of them. Let us first think food substances have
over the following questions related to what different tastes.
we eat. Write the names of food substances that you

G
• What sort of food do we eat? know in the appropriate column, based on
their taste:
• N
Are all the items alike? For example do
they have the same colour, taste etc.
LA
TABLE - 1
TE
T
ER

• Do you experience any other tastes in • Do substances change their taste when
your daily life? Write them below. cooked?
•
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Do substances change their taste when

———————————
added to some other substances?
——————————— • Add salt to lemon juice. How do the two
——————————— together taste now?

——————————— • Add sugar to lemon juice what change

do you notice in the taste?
• Do you find any difference in the taste
of a raw and a ripe fruit? • Is there any difference in the taste in the
above situations.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 9

• Do substances change colour when lime water is added to it. Is it possible that
added to other substances? some other substances also change their
• Do you observed any change when lime colour. Let us see.
water is added to turmeric? Let us do - 2
Let us do - 1 Take a piece of turmeric paper. Find as many
Take some turmeric powder. Add a bit of of the substances given in the table-2 as
water to it and prepare turmeric paste. Rub possible and put them on the turmeric paper
the turmeric paste on a white paper dry it for one by one. You could try using other
some time. Then draw a flower daigram on substances around you as well.
that paper with a pencil. Colour the flower • What do you observe? Do you find any
with soap water using a brush.

A
change in colour?
• We notice that the colour of turmeric

AN
paper changes with some substances
when added to it.
Record your observations in table-2
The substances which indicate a change in

G
colour when some substances are added to
them are known as indicators.
Turmeric paper is a natural indicator. We can
Fig.1
N also prepare other natural indicators
mentioned in the table – 2 and carry out the
LA
• Does the colour of the flower remain the tests.
same when soap water is used? Let us test some substances using these natural
Similarly take some lime water. Add a few indicators. To the substances mentioned in the
drops of it on a piece of turmeric paper. Does table – 2, add natural indicators and observe
TE

the paper change its colour? Is the changed the change in colour. Write the changed
colour of turmeric paper the same in both colours in the table-2.
the cases? • What are the substances which can change
Rani and Sai dropped food they were eating the colour of the petals of hibiscus
on a white sheet. They washed the sheet with indicator?
T

soap and found to their surprise a red spot • Are there any substances which can
appearing on the sheet.
ER

change the colour of more than two

• What is the reason for the red spot? indicators?
Colour Change:- We notice here that • Is there any substance which cannot
turmeric changes colour when soap water or change the colour of the indicator?
TABLE - 2
SC

10 Acids and Bases

Try with some other substances and observe Preparation of Lime water
the changes.
Let us do - 3 Take half a beaker full of water. Add about
5 gm of lime that we apply to betel leaves.
Take solutions of some juices of fruits,
vegetables, cool drinks and various solutions Stir the beaker well and let it stand overnight.
in beakers/test tubes and test them with blue Filter this solution the following day. Use
and red litmus papers. List out results in the this filtrate in all experiments you perform.
table (3), by marking (9) in the relevant column This solution should be transparent.
if the colour changes, put (x) if the colour is
unchanged. • Which of the above substances changed
red litmus to blue?

A
TABLE 3
• Which of the above substances changed

AN
the blue litmus to red?
The substances that turn blue litmus to red
are acidic in nature. The substances that are
soapy to touch and turn red litmus to blue

G
are basic in nature.
Some of the substances given in the list did
N not change the colour of either blue or red
litmus. These are said to be neutral in nature.
LA
Precautions
Don’t taste any substance unless your teacher
TE

instructs you. Wash the testtube, stick or

dropper you used for putting drops of
substances on different paper strips for next
use.
T

Let us do - 4:
Classify the above substances into the
ER

following categories from the above

observations.
TABLE 4
SC

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• Now take things which are sour in taste Apart from natural acids, there are certain acids
and used as food e.g. curd, lemon juice like Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric acid and
etc. Check with blue and red litmus, what Nitric acid etc. that are prepared from
happens? minerals.
Indicators: Basic Nature:-
The strips of litmus paper change the colour, How do you feel when you touch a cake of
based on the nature of the material put on soap? Take it between your fingers and gently
them. These are all indicators. They tell us rub your fingers on it? Do the same with the
whether a substance is acidic or basic. They other material. What difference do you

A
are used in studying acidic and basic properties notice?
•

AN
of substances. You might have touched soap water or
Acidic Nature:- lime water. How do you feel?
• Can you list out some more substances
You may have experienced a burning sensation that are soapy to touch?
when bitten by an ant. The sensation is due to

G
the presence of formic acid that the ant The substances which are soapy to touch are
releases. The acids present in plants and basic in nature.
animals are called as natural acids. N Some substances that we use
in our daily life, contain
LA
The substances that contain different acids. are different bases. For example
given in the table 5. soap, glass cleaners etc.
TABLE - 5 Various substances
containing bases are listed in the below table.
TE

TABLE - 6
T

cheese
TABLE - 6
Butter Milk, Curd
ER
SC

Let us do - 5
Burn a small piece of
Magnesium ribbon by
holding it with tongs. Collect the white ash and
dissolve it in a little water. Touch the solutions
formed and test this solution with blue litmus
and red litmus.

12 Acids and Bases

• What do you observe? Let us do - 6
Oxides of Magnesium when dissolved in water Take the substances that are given in table (3)
form Magnesium Hydroxide. Similarly oxides and test them with Phenolphthalein and Methyl
of Potassium and Sodium form Potassium orange solutions. Take a small amount of the
Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide when substance in two test tubes. Add a few drops
of phenolphthalein and methyl orange to each
dissolved in water. All these are basic in nature. test tube separately. Note the effect. Repeat
They would be soapy when touched. the process for all the substances one by one.
Chemical Indicators: Methyl orange and Draw a table just like table (7) in your
phenolphthalein used to test acids and bases notebook. Record your observations in that

A
are called chemical indicators. table.

AN
TABLE - 7

G
N
LA
TE

• What can you conclude from the above • Can you distinguish acids and bases using
data? Keep in mind that some substances
the indicators?
T

are acidic, some are basic and some are

neutral. • What would be the criteria for deciding
ER

• Compare the above observations with this?

those in case of litmus test.
Do you believe that blood comes out When a magician or a juggler cuts a lemon,
SC

of a lemon? How is it possible? blood flows out of it! Actually, he uses a knife
dipped in methyl Orange or hibiscus solution
to cut the lemon. When Methyl orange is mixed
with citric acid (lemon juice) it turns red. But
it is not blood. In many of our places we find
people doing this and presenting it as magic.
In our state some are performing above science
tips as black magic (Mantralu, Chetabadi and
Banamathi) and decieve the people. Now you
can also do this!

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 13

 Methyl orange gives red colour with acids monuments like
and yellow colour with bases. Phenolphtha- Tajmahal and our skin.
lein remains colourless in acidic solution Industrial waste gases
while it turns pink in basic solution. contain Sulphur
Let us do some more experiments dioxide, Nitrogen
Take a natural acid say lemon juice Oxide, Carbon
in six test tubes and add Copper, dioxide. When they get
Zinc, Magnesium, Iron, Brass, mixed with moisture
Aluminium pieces to each one of they change to
the test tubes separately. Note Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Carbonic acid.

A
your observations. Acid rains are also witnessed in A.P State
Light a matchstick and introduce it into the in Visakhapatnam district. Can you guess

AN
test tubes. What do you observe? the reason for acid rain in Visakhapatnam?
Henry Cavendish, an Italian Let us do - 7
Scientist discovered a colourless
gas called Hydrogen Balloons Take lemon juice in two test tubes and

G
are filled with this gas. The add some pieces of marble to one test
balloons are used for
decorations. tube and egg shells to another.
It catches fire with
a sound. Is it Hydrogen?
N What do you observe?
Bring a burning match stick near the test
LA
Do you know? tube.
What happens? The flame extinguishes.
Why are the inner sides of vessels made up
of brass and copper coated with tin?
TE

Pass the gas into lime water. What happens?

When some substances are kept in a copper Can you see the formation of precipitation?
container for a long time then a blue - green
layer is formed in the inner walls of the
container. Copper reacts with the acids
present in the substances and forms a blue
T

- green compound these are harmful for our

health. To avoid this reaction the inner walls
ER

of these vessels are coated with Tin.

• Why are pickles, jams, jellies preserved
in glass, porcelain and plastic containers?
If we preserve them in copper and brass Lime water turned milky white.
SC

vessels the acids in the above substances Is it Carbon dioxide?

will react with copper and brass vessels, Now try to write the properties of acids and
damage them.
bases from your observations in the above
Have you heard about Acid rains? experiments.
Do you know what acid rains are? Acid rains We have seen that neutral solutions have no
effect on indicators. We have also seen that
are the combination of Carbonic acid,
acids and bases have different effects on
Sulphuric acid and Nitric acid with rain water.
indicators. When is the solution made by
Acid rains cause damage to buildings and mixing of an acid and a base, be a neutral?
14 Acids and Bases
Let us do - 8 If you are given a solution of Hydrochloric
acid how can you make it into a solution which
Take a clean test tube. Using a clean dropper
is neither acidic nor basic?
put 10 drops of dilute Hydrochloric acid
carefully in it and also add 2 drops of If you are given a caustic soda solution, how
phenolphthalein indicator solution. can you make it into a solution which is neither
acidic nor basic?
What is the colour of the resulting solution?
When acids and bases are mixed in equal
Now add Caustic soda solution concentrations they give a neutral
(Whose concentration is equal to solution. We lear n more about

A
Hydrochloric acid) drop by drop neutralization in higher classes.

AN
to the test tube. Manures:-
After each drop shake the
In recent years the use of chemical fertilizers
test tube well and see if has increased. Though the use of chemical
there is any change in the fertilizers increases the production of crops,

G
colour of the solution. it changes the nature of the soil. Some
Keep adding the Caustic soda drop by drop fertilizers increase the acidity of the soil and

of solution does the test tube have?

N
until the colour turns pink. Now what kind some changes its basicity. Thus use of natural
organic manure is becoming more preferred
LA
these days.
Add one drop of Hydrochloric acid and see
if it changes back to its original (colourless)
state. If not, then add one more drop of
TE

Hydrochloric acid. Keep doing this until the

solution in the test tube becomes colourless
again.
T

Now can you say what kind of solution this

is? Check your claim with litmus paper.
ER

On the basis of this experiment can you Salts:-

explain how would you convert an acidic We have seen in the process of neutralization,
solution into basic solution? both the acidic and the basic qualities are
SC

changed. Actually when an acid and a base

If you are given a basic solution how can you
are mixed, a chemical reaction takes place
turn it into an acidic solution? and a salt is produced.
In the above experiment you might have For example by neutralizing Hydrochloric
noticed that if we add excess base (caustic acid solution with Caustic soda (Sodium
soda) to acidic solution (Hydrochloric acid) Hydroxide) solution, a salt Sodium
it gets converted into a base; similarly we Chloride is formed. Formation of a salt
can change a base into an acid by adding the depends on the type of an acid and a base
acid in excess. and ratio of their mixture.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 15
 Remember:- All neutral solutions are Let us do - 10: Classifying salts
not salt solutions. Sugar and Starches are Collect some salt substances with the help
neutral but they are not salts. of your teacher, make their salt solutions.
Let us do - 9 Test the salt solutions with blue litmus and
Test the following salt substances with red red litmus papers. Classify these salts as per
litmus and blue litmus papers. Record your your observations in the given table.
observations in the table. TABLE - 9
TABLE - 8

A
AN
G
Why is our sweat salty ?
Our body needs many types of salts. We
N
Salts which change blue litmus to red are
lose some salts through excretion. So sweat
is salty.
LA
acidic salts and salts which change red
litmus to blue are basic salts. Some salts Do you know?
affect neither blue nor red litmus papers. Uses of some acids, bases and salts
These are called neutral salts. TABLE - 10
TE
T
ER

Cool Drinks
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16 Acids and Bases

Keywords:- given a strip of red litmus? How will
Indicator, Acid, Base, Red litmus, Blue you identify the three solutions?
litmus, Acidic substance, Basic Substance, 4. When drops of lemon juice are put on
Neutral Substance, Salts, Neutralization, blue litmus it turns red what will happen
Acid rain. if you put some drops of soap solution
on the same position on litmus paper?
What we have learnt
5. What happens when Nitric acid is added
• Indicator helps us to find whether the
to egg shell?
solution is acidic or basic or neutral.
6. Turmeric stains on white clothes, when

A
• Red litmus paper, blue litmus paper,
washed with soap, turn red. Why?
phenolphthalein, methyl orange are

AN
indicators. 7. Ammonia is present in window cleaners.
It turns red litmus blue. What is its
• Hibiscus, turmeric and rose petals are
nature?
natural indicators.
8. What is the nature of urea? Is it acidic,

G
• The substances that turn blue litmus
basic / neutral? How can we verify it?
to red are acidic in nature.
9. Red litmus paper is dipped in a solution.
• N
The substances that are soapy to touch
and turn red litmus to blue are basic
It remains red. What is nature of the
solution? Explain your answer?
LA
in nature.
10. What is the effect of basic substances on
• Acid rains are the combination of
turmeric paper?
Carbonic acid, sulphuric acid and
TE

Nitric acid with rain water. 11. Can flowers and turmeric papers also be
called indicators? Why?
• All substances whose solutions are
neutral are not salts. For eg. sugar and 12. Correct the statement if it is wrong
starch solutions are neutral, but they a) Indicators show different colours
T

are not salts. in acidic and basic solutions.

• In the process of Neutralization, both b) Sodium Hydroxide turns blue
ER

the acidic and basic qualities are litmus red.

neutralised. c) Tooth decay is caused by the
• Salts need not always be neutral, they presence of base in water.
SC

can be acidic or basic. 13. Take vinegar, lemon juice, soapy

Improve your learning water, baking soda in different vessels.
Put beetroot pieces in the vessels.
1. The sting of a wasp is basic. How can
Predict what happens? Verify your
we treat the sting of a wasp?
prediction by observing the changes.
2. Why are acids not stored in a metal After 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60
container? minutes record your observations.
3. Acidic, basic and neutral solutions are What do you conclude?
given in three test tubes and you are
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 17
14. Visit a doctor. Find out the medicines she prescribes to treat acidity. Ask her how
acidity can be naturally prevented. Prepare a report.
15. Prepare violet cabbage juice by boiling a piece of cabbage in water. Use it as an
indicator and test acidic and basic solutions with it. Present your observations in
the form of a table.
16. Collect different flowers and prepare their natural indicators with the help of filter
papers verify whether they act as indicators.
17. Test the nature of lemon juice and milk sample with help of natural indicators
prepared from different flowers. Explain their nature.

A
18. How do you feel about nature? It is a big natural laboratory that contains

AN
innumerable indicators!
19. Choose the correct anser:
a. To protect tooth decay we are advised to brush our teeth regularly. The nature of

G
the tooth paste commonly used is
(i) Acidic (ii) Neutral (iii) Basic (iv) Salt

(i) Lemon juice (ii) Baking Soda

N
b. Which of the following is acidic in nature?
(iii) Lime Water (iv) Soap Water
LA
20. Match the following

a) Lactic Acid ( ) (1) Tomato

TE

b) Acetic Acid ( ) (2) Lemon

c) Citric Acid ( ) (3) Vinegar

T

d) Oxalic Acid ( ) (4) Curd

ER

21. Why industrial wastes are neutralised before releasing into water?
SC

18 Acids and Bases

 3 SILK - WOOL

We get fibres from plants and animals.

Cotton, Jute, Deccan hemp(Gongoora),

A
Coconut plant fibres are useful to make
different kinds of fabrics. In the same way we

AN
get fibres of silk and wool from animals like
silk worms, sheep, goat, camel, yak etc. Let
us find out about these animal fibres.
Story of silk:

G
Making of silk or silk fabrics is a very
N interesting story. This involves various
persons and practices. To know about silk,
LA
One day Neelima went to a flower garden to Neelima visited a sericulture exhibition.
pluck flowers with her friend Reshma. People there, shared the following experiences
Suddenly, while plucking flowers, Neelima with Neelima.
shouted and started crying, by seeing a
TE

Stall-1 (Moth to egg)

caterpiller had crawling on her dress! Reshma
This was the stall where eggs and different
quickly threw it away. “Are caterpillars
moths were displayed.
harmful?” Neelima asked. Reshma said, “All
caterpillars are not harmful, some are useful
T

too. Do you know your dress is made of

something we get from caterpillars?”
ER

Neelima was surprised and started thinking

about how dresses are made up of material
obtained from caterpillers. She remembered
SC

studied about that in class VI, the fibres

derived from plants like cotton & jute are
made into fabric. So the animals also give us Fig. 1
fibres!
Hello….! I am Prathima living in Palamakula
What fibres do animals give us? Is the way of of Ranga Reddy District. My father works in
obtaining them similar to plants? Which part a seed growing centre.
of animal is useful to make fabrics? Neelima
Do you know we call the eggs of silk moth
asked question after question. She wanted to
as ‘seeds’?
get answers to all her questions.

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Silk moth is like butterfly. We keep those
moths in grill mesh boxes in separate rooms.
My father takes care of those silk moths. We
call them as ‘Chilakalu’, my father said
scientific name of these moths is ‘Bombyx
mori’.
At the time of laying eggs we arrange white
cloth pieces or paper. Moths lay hundreds of
eggs on them( a female moth lays around 500

A
eggs in one go and dies). Those eggs are very
small in size. Fig. 3

AN
Farmers from different places of our districts As-Salam-Alekum… ! I am Rehman from
come and purchase these eggs. Most of the Karimnagar District. We grow silk worms
times my father allows these eggs to hatch in to get cocoons. We get 5-6 harvest of worms

G
special chambers usually over mats, on beds in a year. My grandfather, father and my
of chopped mulberry leaves to get small brother work on our farm. We have two
worms. Farmers from different places of our
State come and purchase these tiny worms. N acres of Mulberry plantation. My
grandfather bought Mulberry twigs from
LA
Sometimes silk moths are also sold. People Palamaneru of Chittoor district, where
buy these silk moths to produce eggs. These sericulture(the whole process of obtaining
centers are called ‘Grinages’. “I saw a big seed silk starting from silk moth) is carried out.
growing centre at Horsely Hills in Chittoor We plant the twigs to get the mulberry crop.
TE

district in AP” said Prathima. My father purchased tiny white coloured silk
Neelima walked on to the next stall .There she worms (caterpillars) from seed growing
met Rehman. centres at Horsely Hills. We place these
worms in trays. We chop Mulberry leaves
T

Stall- 2 (Egg to cocoon)

into small pieces to feed them.
Here, large trays with leaves and larva feeding
ER

on them could be seen. Some trays had white These worms eat leaves day and night. They
and yellowish egg like structures. need good hygienic conditions and proper
light to grow. When they grow bigger in size,
we transfer the worms into big sized cane
SC

frames called “Cocoonage(Chandrikalu)”

After 30-35 days the caterpillar stops eating
and settles at a particular place. It weaves a
net to hold itself. Caterpillar moves its mouth
from side to side and secretes a substance,
when it is exposed to air and heat it becomes
strong, this forms the silk fibre. The net is
Fig. 2 woven completely to cover the body of the

20 Animal Fibre
catterpillar. This seems to be a closed sack. Do you Know?
This is called ‘Cocoon (Pattukayalu)’.
Apart from Mulberry, Tasar silk (Desali
My father said the larva of silk worm Pattu) is produced in our State. Some
undergoes changes in the cocoon into a species of silk moths that lay eggs on
moth. After 2-3 weeks young moths come termanalia (oak) plantation produce tasar
out from the cocoons and fly away. So we silk. Mostly tribal people rear these kind
have to be very careful. Within 2-3 days of of cocoons. This silk plantation is mainly
concentrated in Karimnagar, Adilabad,
formation of cocoon, we start removing
Warangal, Khammam.
them from the tray.

A
Stall 3 (Cocoon to fibre –process of
We kill the larvae inside by a process called
reeling; fibre to yarn)

AN
stiffling by putting a lot of these in a steam
oven for 10 to 15 minutes. The cocoons have Neelima observed that some people were to
to be stiffled to kill the larva inside as boiling and stirring something in large
otherwise, it will cut its way out after growing pots(Fig 5). She also observed removing a

G
into a moth and spoil the cocoon. We will thin thread and reeling it on to the reels.
not be able to get a continuous thread of
silk from such a cocoon. Thus we won’t be
able to obtain quality fibre for fabric! N
LA
Stiffling helps us to store the cocoons for a
long time.(Fig 4)
This process is usually done in a reeling
centres.
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Fig. 5
Locating ends of thread of cocoon
T
ER
SC

Fig. 4 Stiffling
These cocoons are kept in sealed bags and
sold at the cocoon market. If not stiffled, we
Fig. 6
sell them off within a week. My father usually
Located ends reeled onto reels
enquires about rates of cocoons in the market
at Hindupur, Madanapally, Dharmavaram, A person stood in the corner explaining about
Kadiri, Palamaner u, Raychoti and the process of obtaining fibre from cocoon.
Hyderabad. I am Prasanth from Shadnagar of

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 21

Ranga Reddy district. I am working in the Namasthe …! I am Bhupathi belonging to
reeling centre. Pochampally - silk city of Telangana. We
Neelima saw cocoons being boiled in water. weave silk fabric by using silk yarn on
She was shocked and uttered ‘Hey … ! What handlooms. For us, weaving is a traditional
are you doing? occupation. We get silk yarn from reeling
centres to weave a variety of sarees.
We are boiling cocoons to get silk fibre. Pochampally pattu and Dharmavaram are
Caterpillar of silkworm spins fiber which is famous types produced by our state.
mainly made up of two types of protein Pochampally pattu is also called ‘tie and die
(sirisine and fibroin) and it is very strong. The

A
or Jamdani’. Dharmavaram is famous for its
cocoons have to be boiled to loosen the fibre wide border and rich buta or dots.

AN
to be able to reel it
Obtaining silk fibre from cocoon is called
reeling. It is done with special machines called
reelers and twisters. The silk fibre is carefully

G
collected from the cocoon and nearly 3 to 8
of such threads are wound together to make
N
yarn from it which is reeled(Fig 6). This yarn
is cleaned, bleached and coloured.
LA
The yarn is ready to be woven into a variety
of designed fabrics, on looms. You can see Fig. 8 A Jamdani sari on loom. Weft being
reeling centres at Nandikotkur, Hyderabad, woven over warp.
TE

Karimnagar etc. Banaras, Kanchipuram, Dharmavaram,

Narayanpet, Kothakota, Pochampally are all
types of silk fabrics. They get their names from
the places where they are made. You may have
T

also heard the names of tasar silk, mooga silk,

kosa silk, eri silk etc as you went through
ER

different stalls here. These are all several

varieties of silk. Some chemicals add strength
to silk fibres. Silk is used to make other
products as well like satin and crepe. We have
SC

both handlooms and power looms to weave

Fig. 7 Warp of sari being prepared. silk.
Stall 4 Weaving Neelima was filled with wonder and delight
about the process involved in making of the
Neelima saw a handloom at one corner of
fabric of her silk frock. She tried to make a
the exhibition and talked with the person flowchart showing the stages from silk worm
displaying it. to her frock. She also wanted to make a chart
showing the life cycle of silk moth. Try to
help her. (Fig 9)
22 Animal Fibre
 Adult/ Imago woolen clothes like sweaters, mufflers, hats,
Pupa
long coats, table covers etc. There were
models of different types of animals like
sheep, goat, yak, llama, camel, alpaca etc
there. She knew sheep gives wool but why
Eggs were the other animals displayed at the stalls?
LIFE CYCLE
Grandpa told Neelima that wool is obtained
OF
from hair of all the animals displayed. It is

A
SILKWORM also called fleece or fur collectively. It is mainly
a protein called Keratin. Good quality wool

AN
Larva is obtained from Merino sheep. They are
specially reared. The fleece is 3-5 inches
Fig. 9 long and very fine and most valuable. A

G
merino sheep may yield about 5 to 18Kg of
Draw the flow chart of life cycle of silk
wool per year.
worm in your notebook.

Do you know?
N Grandpa do we find any difference among
hair of different animals?
LA
The thread you get from the average cocoon Certainly, hair of camel that lives in Rajasthan
ranges from about 1,000 to 3,000 feet, and is not same as Angora goat that lives in
TE

about 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required Kashmir. Camels have rough and coarse hair.
to make 500 gm of silk. That is about Under this rough hair some animals usually
5,000,000 feet or more than 1,000 miles! have soft hair as well. Angora goat and the
Merino sheep have soft hair.
That’s not all. People involved in the
T

process suffer from skin as well as Grandpa where do we find sheep or goat that
ER

respiratory problems due to continuous give us wool?

handling of the silk worm and the silk fibres. In Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Story of Wool: Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat. They
SC

Next day Neelima visited another part of the are often reared on large farms.
exhibition with her Grandpa. The entrance Grandpa what are they doing with that
was shaped like a big sheep! She entered scissor?
through the stomach of the sheep into the That is a shear to cut fleece from sheep.
exhibition hall. She was surprised because During spring season fleece of sheep is
the setting seemed to be a real Kashmiri removed from its body using this type of
village. There she saw different varieties of razor.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 23

 Well, they are sorting coarse and soft ones as
well as broken and long ones and making
separate piles of them. Unwanted materials
like twigs or bits of leaves etc that may be
present with the wool are also separated out.
This process is called sorting or wool classing.
Fleece is the soft mass of wool.
“Grandpa, how do these woolen fibres get
different colours? What is there in the tubs?”

A
There are bleaches and dyes in the tubs.
Fig. 10

AN
Woolen fibres are bleached and then dyed with
This process is called shearing(Fig 10). To different colours. The coloured fibres are
prevent damage to skin, grease is used. used to make yarn. These fibres are then
Well Neelima , why is shearing done during combed.
spring season?

G
There is a machine for combing or carding
Neelima replied:
wool. Wool is pulled through many teeth of
----------------------------------------------------
(Guess what her answer is ? Write it down
in your note book)
N the combing machine.(Fig 13)
From there, a
LA
“Neelima come here. See this big water tank machine rolls
and spade”. Sheared skin with hair is dipped and pulls it out
in such tanks and stirred with a spade. Often into a thick rope
TE

it may be washed under a stream of water as and another

well. This water contains some chemicals to pulls twists it
remove grease, dirt and dust. This process is into a long
called washing or scouring. thread. This is
T

After washing, cool air is passed over the wool the process of
which makes it softer. spinning.
ER

“Grandpa, What are they doing? “Why are Fig. 13

they keeping heaps of fleece at separate places? Here you can see it being wound on whirling
spools as well.
SC

Fig. 13
Fig. 11

24 Animal Fibre
Thus we get the yarn for weaving which may and under the next. All types of yarn whether
be dyed before. cotton or silk or wool etc. are woven in this
“Grandpa how can I use those needles? What manner.(Fig 15)
are they doing with the needles?” Neelima was surprised to see how fast knitting
was being carried out. She sat near a man to
“Neelima they are knitting woolen fabrics by observe and learn how to knit. Neelima
using needles. Wool can be knit easily because purchased a book about woolen fabrics and
it has a natural bend or crimp on it”. a sweater for her grandma and returned
home.At home Neelima made a flow chart to
show the processes involved from obtaining

A
wool to producing fabric.

AN
SHEARING

SCOURING

G
Fig. 14
By making knots with loops and rings of long SORTING
N
threads of yarn, this process is called knitting
woolen fabrics are knitted. In addition to
LA
BLEACHING
handmade process of knitting, handlooms and
power looms are also used on which woolen
yarn is woven to fabric.(Fig 14) DYEING
TE

COMBING/CARDING
T

ROLLING AND TWISTING

ER

SPINNING
SC

Fig. 15 WEAVING OR KNITTING

Woolen threads are stretched from the top of
loom to the bottom. These are called warp
threads. The threads that go side to side are WOOLLEN FABRIC
weft threads. A shuttle like a big needle takes Grandpa asked Neelima to check and make
the weft threads over and under warp threads. corrections in the sequence. What
One more important part of the loom is the corrections do you think Neelima needs to
harness. The harness lifts every other warp
make?
thread so that the weft threads go over one

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 25

Neelima thought that silk and wool are also • Separation of silk fibre from cocoon is
natural fibres like cotton. She wanted to find called reeling.
out the difference between silk and cotton. Let • Hair of animals like goat, sheep, camel
us help her.
etc., are used to obtain woollen fibre.
Silk Cotton • Angora goat hair is soft to spin different
1. Mainly protein 1. Mainly a types of fabrics like shawls and sweaters.
carbohydrate • Removing of hair or fleece from the skin
called cellulose of sheep is called shearing.

A
• Cleaning of fleece with a stream of water
is called scouring.

AN
Do you know? • Knitting is the process of making fabric
by using knitting needles to form
Wool is a poor conductor of heat. Air
interlocking loops and rings of woolen
trapped in between the woollen fibres and

G
prevents the flow of heat from our body yarn.
to our surroundings. So we feel hot and Improve your learning
are protected from cold. Give reasons.
Why? People in desert area also use
N 1. In sericulture industry do which stages
LA
woollen clothes. Woollen cloth also helps of silkworm do weavers buy? Why do
to douse fire. they do so?
Think why is it good to wrap a person, who 2. Which place in our state is called silk
TE

are caught fire, with a blanket. city?

3. Prepare a chart showing life cycle of
Key words silkworm and display that in the
Animal fibre, Silkworm, Cocoon classroom.
T

Mulberry, Sericulture , Bombyx

4. Why are cocoons stiffled?
mori, Reeling, Fleece,
ER

Shearing, Scouring, Knitting, 5. What will happen if cocoon is not

Bleaching, Weaving , Dyeing, boiled?
Warp, Woof 6. What are the differences between fleece
SC

What we have learnt of angora goat and camel.

• Animal fibres are natural fibres. 7. Make a flow chart showing various
• Animal fibre is a protein while plant stages of production of woollen fabric.
fibre is a carbohydrate. 8. In what way is knitting different from
• Rearing of silk worms for obtaining silk weaving?
is called sericulture. 9. Prepare a scrap book with pictures of
• Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult moth are the different wool yielding animals.
stages in the life cycle of silk worm.
26 Animal Fibre
10. Fill up the blank and give your reasons 13. Write 5 differences between wool and
for the statement. silk manufacturing.

………………….. fabric protect us 14. Observe designs on silk sarees, trace

from cold. them in your notebook and make your
own designs.
11. If you are going to visit Dal lake at
Kashmir which type of clothes would 15. In East India silk is called pat. You may
you like to keep in your luggage ? Why? collect different pieces of silk fabric
from a cloth store and write the names
12. Do you find any similarities between silk of the type of fabric and make a chart.

A
and wool weaving? What are they?

AN
READ AND ENJOY

SILK- THAT’S HOW IT BEGAN: THE WORLD OF WOOL

G
Chinese traditions, along with the writings of Woolen fabrics are as ancient as human civilization.
Confucius tell the same 2700 BC tale. It states that According to archeological evidences domestication of
N
the empress Leizu (Hsi- ling- shi) was having tea one
day under a mulbery tree with her husband, emperor
woolly sheep may have started around 6000 BC by
early Iranians. Earliest woven wool garments are dated
LA
Huang-ti, when a silk worm’s cocoon fell into her cup. 2000-3000 years later.

In an attempt to take it out, the thread of the cocoon In 15th century, British made laws to control wool
TE

began to unroll. So the Empress thought of weaving smuggling and at one time they punished people by
the thread. The Emperor, encouraged his wife to study cutting off their hands! The industrial revolution
the life of silk worm, and so she learned the art of introduced mass production of wool. Leaders of wool
raising silk worms or what is called sericulture. Her production are Australia and China.
T

finding was taught as well and thus the advent of the

ER

silk industry.

However, archaeological evidences show that the origin

of silk industry traces back to 3000 and 5000 BC.
SC

The sites of Yangshao culture in Xia Country,

Shanxi reveal a cocoon of a bombyx mori or a
domesticated silk worm along with silk weaving looms.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 27

 4 MOTION & TIME

Motion is a common experience in our life. · Why has this difference occurred?
We observe birds flying in air, buses, autos, · Is it because the tree moved to the right

A
cars, bullock carts, moving on roads , trains of the car or the car moved to the left of
on railway tracks and many other objects the tree?

AN
around us in motion. Apart from observing We know that the position of the car has
motion of objects around us, we ourselves changed with respect to the tree in ‘2’ seconds.
experience motion while we are walking, But there is no change in the position of the
running, playing, riding a bicycle etc., Similarly tree with respect to its surroundings.

G
we observe many objects like trees, buildings,
An object is said to be in motion if it changes
display boards, electric poles etc., at rest while
we walk to school. N
Other than running, playing and walking when do
its position with respect to its surroundings in
a given time.
LA
you experience motion? Prepare a list.
An object is said to be at rest if there is no
When we sit inside a moving bus or train we change in its position with respect to its
observe that the objects like trees, buildings, surroundings in a given time.
TE

electric poles etc., appear to be moving.

Are these trees, buildings, electric poles Thus, we can say that the tree is at rest and the
etc., really in motion or at rest? car is in motion while we observe them over
a period of time (2 seconds in this case).
T

To understand this we should understand the

meaning of motion and rest. Can you give some more examples of
ER

Motion and Rest: objects which are at rest or in motion?

Observe the following pictures
Let us do - 1:
Observing motion of the car.
SC

Fig. 1 Fig.2 (2 sec later)

· What difference do you notice in the
position of the car? Fig .3 Fig.4
· What difference do you notice in the Look at the pictures. State which of the
position of the tree? following statements are true.

28 Motion and Time

i. The distance between the driver and the
car changes. ( )
ii. The distance between the car and gate
of the house is changed ( )
iii. There is no change in the position of gate
of the house with respect to its
surroundings ( ) Fig. 5
iv. There is no change in the position of the The man in the boat is moving with respect to

A
car with respect to its surroundings ( ) the bank of river. He is at rest with respect to
Imagine that you sat in the above moving car the boat.

AN
beside the driver. Would you observe any
change in the driver’s position? Is there any
change in the scene you view through the
window (buildings, trees etc.)?

G
As the car moves, the distance between you
and the landmarks like buildings, trees, poles
etc., outside the car changes. This change in
N
LA
the scene you view through the window
indicates that the car is moving. However your Fig. 6
position with respect to the driver of the car The girl on the swing is ....................... with
remains the same. respect to the seat of the swing.
TE

That is, you and the driver of the car are at She is ........................... with respect to the
rest with respect to each other, but both of garden.
you are in motion with respect to the
surroundings outside the car.
T

A body may be at rest with respect to one

ER

set of surroundings and at the same time be

in motion with respect to another set of
surroundings.
Thus motion is relative to the observer.
SC

Let us do - 2:
Observing certain motions. Fig. 7
Observe the following pictures. Read the The girl on the bicycle is .....................with
statement below the first picture and write respect to the road.
similar statements about other pictures. Talk
about them with your friends. She is ..................... with respect to the bicycle.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 29

Uniform and non uniform motion What difference do you find in the movement
A body is said to be in motion if its position of the hands of a clock and the body of a
keeps on changing with time (with respect to butterfly?
the observer). But in our daily life we In which case is the change of position with
experience certain motion in which, the change time constant?
in position of objects remains the same for a We observe that in case of the wall clock,
time interval. In some other motion, the change in position of minute hand is the same
change in position of an object will not be the for every minute. How do we know this?
same for a given time interval. Measuring the angle between two positions of

A
Imagine the movement of hands in a wall the minute hand is the way. But in the case of

AN
clock and the movement of a butterfly in a the butterfly, the change in its position is not
garden. In these two cases; hands of wall clock constant while it is flying from one flower to
and the butterfly are in motion. They change another in the garden.
their positions with time.
Let us do - 3:

G
Observing time and distance values.
N Observe the following tables, showing
distances travelled by two different cars for
LA
different intervals of time.
Fig. 8 Fig. 9
TE
T
ER
SC

Car A Car B
1. Which car has travelled equal distances but for car-B, the change in position is not
in equal intervals of time ? constant. For 1st 10 seconds, it is 50m, for 2nd
2. Which car has travelled unequal distances 10 seconds, it is 40m, for 3rd 10 seconds it is
in equal intervals of time? 90m, and for 4th 10 seconds it is 50m.
Obviously we notice that for car - A, the Thus motion of car - A is uniform and motion
change in position in every 10 seconds is 150m of car - B is non-uniform.

30 Motion and Time

 If a body covers equal distances in
equal intervals of time, it is said to be
in uniform motion. A car travelling along
a straight road.
If a body covers unequal distances in
equal intervals of time, it is said to be
Fig. 10
in non-uniform motion.

Let us do - 4 Motion of blades of

A
Identifying Uniform and Non-Uniform a ceiling fan

AN
motion.
Identify uniform and non-uniform motion Fig. 11
among the following examples and mark
Uniform as (U) and non uniform as (NU). Motion of needle in

G
a running sewing machine
1. Movement of hands of a clock.
( )
2. A boy cycling in a crowded place.
N Fig. 12
LA
( )
3. Movement of a housefly. Motion of pendulum
( ) in an old wall clock
TE

4. The fan in an air cooler running at fixed

speed. ( )
Fig. 13
T

5. A train entering into a railway station. Considering the direction of motion what
( ) differences do you notice in the above
ER

6. Kite in the air. examples?

( ) The motion in the above examples are
different in terms of direction of motion.
7. Rotation of Earth.
SC

( ) • Car is moving in same direction along a

straight line.
Types of Motion
• Blades of ceiling fan rotate about a fixed
When we discuss about motion, it is important line in a circular path.
to be aware that there exist different types of
motion and each type is dependent on a
• Needle of sewing machine moves up and
down about a fixed point.
particular situation.
Let us consider the following examples.

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• Pendulum of the wall clock oscillates ‘to’ and ‘fro’ about a fixed point.
Based on the path taken by the bodies in motion we classify motion of bodies as,
1. Translatory motion 2. Rotatory motion 3. Oscillatory motion
Translatory motion
Look at the following pictures

A
AN
Fig. 14 Fig. 15
The bus moved from point ‘A’ to ‘B’, in a certain interval of time.

G
Think and answer the following questions:
1. Do all the parts of bus (like wheels, head lights, windows etc.,move along from point ‘A’

2.
to ‘B’? N
Is the direction of motion of bus along a straight line or a curved line?
LA
Can you give some more examples of motion in which all points of moving body move in the
same direction as that of the body?
TE

Let us do - 5: Observing the path of the motion.

Observe the following table, and state the paths of motion for each case by putting ( ) mark
in the relevant column .
T
ER
SC

In all the above cases of motions, do all the points of moving objects move in same direction
of motion?

If all parts of a moving body move in the direction of motion

then the motion is said to translatory motion.

32 Motion and Time

 If a body in translatory motion
moves along a straight line then
motion is called rectilinear motion.

If a body in translatory motion

moves along a curved path then Fig. 18 Fig. 19
motion is called curvilinear motion.
Let us do - 6: Identifying types of
motion.

A
We notice everyday some motion which are
rectilinear and curvilinear at a time. Some

AN
examples of motions are given below: Label Fig. 20 Fig. 21
them as rectilinear (R) or curvilinear (C) or
1. What similarity do you find in all the
Rectilinear and curvilinear (RC) motion.
motion?
1. Seconds hand of a watch.

G
( ) 2. What is the path of motion of each
2. Movement of a train on tracks. particle of the body that moves?
(
3. Movement of a tape in a tape recorder.
N) 3. Is there any change in the position of a
body while it is in motion?
LA
( )
4. Movement of a needle in a speedometer Let us examine motion of blades of ceiling
of car. fan. Consider one blade of the rotating ceiling
fan drawn below.
TE

( )
5. Movement of a bus on hill station road. While the blade of a fan is moving, the points
( ) A, B, and C on the blade move to A1, B1, C1
6. Motion of coins on a carrom board. first and then move to A2, B2 and C2 position.
( ) Thus when a fan is in motion, each point on
T

7. Motion of the ball in pin board. the blade moves in a circular path around the
ER

( ) centre of the fan which is fixed.

8. Motion of a mango falling from tree. A
( )
B
Rotatory motion:
SC

C
Let us do - 7:
Observe the following diagrams C2
C1
B2 B1
A1
A2

Fig. 22
Here, we observe that the position of a fan
Fig. 16 Fig. 17 is not changing. Only the blades of fan are

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 33

changing their position continuously and 4.
moving in circular path around a fixed
point. The imaginary line passing through
this fixed point is called axis of rotation.
This type of motion is called Rotatory ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Motion.
Rotatory motion means that, motion of all
particles of a moving body follow a circular
path with respect to a fixed centre or axis

A
of rotation. Fig. 26
Let us do - 9:

AN
1. Are all the objects shown in activity -
7 in rotatory motion? Take a table tennis ball, and keep it on the
2. Can you give some more examples of surface of a table. Push the ball with your finger
rotatory motion? and observe its motion.

G
Let us do - 8:
Observe the following motion of objects,
State whether they are in rotatory motion?
N
LA
Draw a line showing axis of rotation by using
a pencil.
1.
TE

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Fig. 27
Is it in Rotatory motion or in Translatory
Fig. 23
motion?
T

2.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
When you push the ball on the surface of a
ER

table, it moves from one end to the other end

and all the particles of the ball also move along
the direction of motion of the ball. Hence the
ball is in translatory motion. Similarly, each
Fig. 24
SC

particle of the ball moves in a circular path

3 about a particular line, when the ball rolls on
the surface. Therefore it is in rotatory motion.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Thus in the above example the ball possesses

both translatory and rotatory motion.
Can you give some more examples of
objects having both translatory and
Fig. 25 rotatory motion?

34 Motion and Time

 Let us do - 10:
Observe following motion of bodies and label them as Rotatory (R), Translatory (T),
Translatory and Rotatory (TR)

A
AN
G
N
LA
TE

Oscillatory motion:
T

Observe the following pictures and answer the following questions.

ER
SC

Fig. 28 Fig 29 Fig. 30 Fig. 31

• What similarity do you find in the • Is the direction of motion constant?

motions of the above given situations? If we critically examine the above
• Are the objects in motion following mentioned motion, we understand that in
the same path again and again? each case the objects move backwards and
forwards or upward and downward, on the
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 35
either side of a fixed point or a line. For The ‘to’ and ‘fro’ motion of an object
example, the girl on a swing moves about a fixed point always following
backwards and forwards, on either side of the same paths is called oscillatory
the rest position of the swing. motion.
Similarly in other cases also the body is in Can you give some more examples of such
‘to’ and ‘fro’ motion along the same path type of motions?
of motion. This type of motion is called
oscillatory motion.
Let us do - 11

A
Identify oscillatory motion among the following and put ( ) mark in the brackets given.

AN
1. A spinning top ( )
2. Bullet fired from a gun ( )
3. Typewriter key ( )
4. Motion of a potter’s wheel ( )

G
5. Motion of a vibrating sitar string ( )
6. Motion of a car taking a turn while moving ( )
7.
8.
Ringing of a bell
A bouncing ball
N (
(
)
)
LA
4.1 Slow and Fast Motion:
We observe many objects in motion in our daily life. In some cases objects move slowly and in
other cases they move fast. How do we know whether the motion is slow or fast?
TE

Let us assume that you started to school on a bicycle and your friend started in a bus at the
same time from a place.
• Who reaches the school first? Why?
• Do you find any difference in the time taken by bicycle and bus to reach the school?
T

Let us do - 12: Comparing the motion of objects.

ER

Observe following pairs of objects that are in motion. Compare their motions and decide
which moves slower and which move faster. Mark ( ) in relevant box.
SC

• How can you decide whether the motion of a body is slow or fast?

36 Motion and Time

• Do we need to know about distance Who do you think ran the fastest and whose
covered, time taken by the body in running is slowest? Why?
motion to decide whether the motion Obviously we can see that all of them ran
is slow or fast? the same distance of 100 m but time taken
Let us look at details of a running race. to cover the distance was different. Priya
took the shortest time of 20 seconds which
Priya, Karthik, Divya and Kiran shows that she was the fastest.
participated in a 100 m. running race. They
took 20 s, 22s, 25s and 28s respectively to

A
reach the finishing line.
Thus we understand that the distance travelled by an object in a given interval of time can help

AN
us decide which one is faster and which one is slower.
Time:
We use the word time very often in our daily life. Look at the following examples.

G
Hey could you please tell
me what the time is?
I forgot to put on my
watch today!

N Your attention please!

The train scheduled to arrive
at Hyderabad from Tirupathi
LA
is running an hour behind
the scheduled time.
TE
T
ER
SC

If we observe the above examples, we use

That line is moving the word ‘time’ for different purposes. In
very fast. Why is
this person so slow?

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 37

some situations, without using the word time like time taken for completion of
‘time’, we express the duration of time like chemical reaction, time taken by the
‘so late’, ‘so early’ etc. pendulum for one oscillation etc.
How do we measure or estimate time?
Let us do - 13: Estimating time.
Ravi and Sathish started for school at 8.00 a.m.
from their houses which are side by side. Ravi
started on a bicycle and Sathish by walk.
• Who will reach the school first? How
much earlier will he be compared to the Fig. 34 Fig. 35

A
other?
• How do you measure ‘early’ or ‘late’ Now-a-days we find stop clocks almost in

AN
arrival at school? all cell phones. In our daily life stop clocks
You can easily estimate that Ravi reaches the help measure pulse rate etc. Apart from this,
school earlier than Sathish. But to answer the they also help us to accurately measure the
question of how early Ravi reached, we need
to measure the times taken by both Ravi and times in running races , swimming races etc.

G
Sathish and find the difference of time Let us try to measure time using a stop
between both the cases. clock.
For this we need time measuring instruments
like watches, clocks etc.
Try to give some more examples of how to
N Let us do - 14:
LA
measure time in addition to watches Take a cell phone . Go to ‘setting’ and open
Now-a-days, we use different instruments like ‘stop clock’ option. If you are not able to do
electronic clocks, digital clocks, quartz clocks this take help from your friend or teacher.
etc to measure time. A few decades ago people
TE

Measure the time taken for the events

used pendulum clocks that have now become
rare. mentioned in the table.
Event Duration of
Time
T

Ringing of long bell in the

Fig. 32 Fig. 33 school.
ER

Do you know: Completion of prayer song

Like minutes and hours, week, fortnight,
month, season, ayanam are also units for Running 200m by your
SC

measuring time. Sand clock, water clock, sun friend in the school ground.
dial etc. were used earlier instruments for
estimating time.
Completion of pledge
Measurement of time using stop clock during school assembly
Stop clocks are used to measure time
interval between occurrence of events Which event has taken more time to
accurately. You might have seen stop clocks complete? Let us know, how much time does
in the laboratory. We use stop clocks in the it take to sing the national anthem?
laboratory to measure short intervals of
38 Motion and Time
Units of time: .................................................................................................................
Depending on the context, we express time ..................................................................................................................
in seconds or minutes or hours to specify the ..................................................................................................................
occurrence of and time taken by an event.
..................................................................................................................
The basic unit of time is a second (s). Larger
units of time are minutes (min) and hours (h). Have you seen a bicycle with a speedometer?
Do the following activity:
Table: Units of time
Travel on a motor vehicle with your father to

A
60 seconds 1 minute market or any other place and observe the
60 minutes 1 hour changes in speedometer reading.

AN
24 hours 1 day Note the exact time when you started from
home and observe speedometer reading
365 days 1 year carefully and note it and the corresponding

G
10 years 1 decade Speedo Meter Reading Corresponding Time
10 decades 1 century (Speed) (Time)

10 centuries 1 millennium N 0 Started at home 9-10 a.m.

LA
20 9.15 a.m.
Speed:
30 9.20 a.m.
Many objects in the world around us are
moving. To compare how fast they are time in the table. Some examples are given
TE

moving, we need to know their speed. in the table.

You may have observed the speedometer in • Does the speed of the vehicle remain
motor cars which tells us how fast the car is the same throughout the journey?
travelling.
•
T

If not, what can you say about the speed

Usually, the Odometer in a vehicle shows the of the vehicle during the journey?
ER

distance travelled in kilometers and the

We experience in our everyday life that
Speedometer the speed of the journey in
most of the objects in motion do not have
kilometres per hour.
the same speed throughout the journey. To
Look at the speedometers of two vehicles express the speed of the object, we consider
SC

shown here and decide which vehicle is slower. its average speed.
How to calculate the average speed?
Average speed = Total distance travelled /
Total time taken to travel the distance
Car - 1 Car - 2. Thus we can define speed of an
Have you seen any other vehicles having object as the distance travelled by
speedometers? Write their names? it in a unit of time.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 39

Units of speed From the table, we notice that the car has
Depending on the need and context, speed covered unequal distances in equal
is measured in different units. intervals of time (10 min), which shows the
speed of the car is not uniform. To find
Unit of speed in S.I. system is meter per
the speed of the car in the journey we
second (m/s)
should calculate total distance travelled by
Another unit commonly used for speed is the car and the total time taken to cover
kilometer per hour (Km/h) that distance.
1 Km / h = 5/18 m/s Total distance travelled by the car = 60 km

A
Do you know how we got this? Time taken = 40 min.

AN
1 km = 1000 m The distance must be either in meters or
1 h = 3600s kilometers and time in seconds or hours. We
express the speed either in m/s or in km/h.
1 km / h = 1000 m / 3600s
In this example distance is 60 km and time is

G
= 5/18 m/s 40 min.
If we travel 1km in 1 hour it means we 1 hour = 60 min
travelled 5 meters in 18 seconds. N 40 min =
40 2
hour = h
LA
Consider a car driven on a road. A person
60 3
seated beside the driver recorded the
distance travelled after every 10 minutes by distance travelled
Speed =
noting the distance reading in the time taken
TE

Odometer. The distance travelled by the

car at different instances of time is as follow. 60 km 3
= = 60 × km / h
Reading of 2 2 = 90 km/ h
h
Time 3
Distance Covered
T

0 minute 0 km Thus, the car travelled with an average

10 minute 15 km speed of 90 km/h.
ER

20 minute 25 km Solve the following problem

30 minute 38 km The speed of a bus is 72 km/h, whereas the
40 minute 60 km speed of a car is 12.5 m/s. Which vehicle
SC

moves faster?
• What is the total distance travelled by
the car? To compare two speeds. They must be
expressed in the same units. In the above
• What is the time taken to travel the
example, speed of a bus is expressed in km/
distance?
h and the speed of a car in m/s, to compare
• How do you find the speed of the car? these speeds, one of them must be
• Is the speed of the car uniform converted to other.
throughout the journey? Speed of a bus = 72 km/h

40 Motion and Time

 Speed of a car = 12.5 m/s a) A body can be at rest and in
1 km/h = 5/18 m/s motion at the same time in
relation to the same set of
1 m/s =18/5 km/s surroundings.
Thus the speed of car is b) A passenger flying in an
12.5 x 18/5 km/h = 45 km/h airplane is at rest with respect to
the airport and moving with
Hence, the bus moves faster than the car
respect to other passengers.
Key words:-
c) The wheels of a train are in

A
Motion, Rest, Translatory motion, rotatory motion as well as in
Rotatory Motion, Axis of Rotation,

AN
translatory motion, when it
Oscillatory Motion, Speed, Average moves.
Speed.
2. John tied a stone to a string and whirled
What we have learnt:- it around. What type of motion do you

G
• Motion is a common experience in our find there?
life. 3. What is common to the following?
• An object is said to be in motion if itN
changes it’s position. And it is said to be
Motion of the propeller of a flying
helicopter, the minute hand of a watch,
LA
in rest if it does not changes it’s position the tape of a cassette recorder.
with respect to time. a) All are examples of
• There are three types of motion namely translatory motion
TE

translatory motion, rotatory motion and b) All are examples of oscillatory

oscillatory motion. motion
• We measure time by using diffrent c) All are examples of rotatory
instruments like electronic clocks,
T

motion
digital clocks, etc.
d) All are examples of periodic
ER

• Speedometer helps us know the speed motion

of a vehicle.
4. Which of the following is not an
• Units of speed in SI system is meters oscillatory motion?
SC

per second. In another system it is kilo

a) Motion of the hammer of an
meter per hour
electric bell.
Improve your learning:-
b) Motion of your hands while
1. State whether the following running.
statements are True or False. Rewrite
c) Motion of a child on a see -
the wrong statements correctly.
saw.
d) Motion of a horse pulling a
cart.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 41
5. Arun completed a 100 meter race in second car is faster because it
16s., while Karthik finished it in 13s. takes less time.
Who ran faster ? d) The speed of a car is
expressed in km/h.
6. I.A train runs from New Delhi to
Hyderabad. It covers first distance of 9. The basic unit of speed in SI system is
420 km in 7 hrs. and next distance of a) km / min b) m/min.
360 km in 6 hrs.
c) km/h d) m/s
II. Gopi takes part in a car race. He
drives a distance of 70 km each in the 10. The correct relation between speed,

A
first, second and third hours. distance and time is.

AN
Which of the following statements is a) Speed = distance x time
true. b) Speed = time / distance
a) I, is an example uniform c) Speed = distance / time
motion and II is an example of d) distance = speed / time

G
non-uniform motion.
b) I is an example of non- 11. The distance between two stations is 240
uniform motion and II is an
example of uniform motion.
N km. A train takes 4 hrs to cover this
distance. Calculate the speed of the
LA
c) I and II are examples of train.
uniform motion. 12. A train travels at a speed of 180 km/h.
d) I and II are examples of non- How far will it travel in 4 hours?
uniform motion.
TE

13. When do you say an object is in

7. Write the motion of different parts of a rotatory motion?
bicycle while it is in motion.
14. Can an object possess translatory and
a) the wheel
rotatory motion at the same time? Give
T

b) the cycle chain

an example.
c) the pedal with its arm
ER

d) the movement of the feet 15. Make a collection of action pictures

pedaling showing living and non-living things in
e) the movement of the rider motion. Paste them neatly in a scrap
along with the bicycle. book. Under each picture write the type
SC

of motion the picture shows.

8. Which of the following statements is
correct? 16. In a sewing machine used by tailors,
a) The basic unit of time is mention the type of motion of sewing
second. machines parts when it runs.
b) Every object’s motion is a) the wheel
uniform.
b) the needle
c) Two cars move for 5 minutes
and 2 minutes respectively. The c) the cloth

42 Motion and Time

 5 HEAT - MEASUREMENT
In class VI we learned about different changes We see that some objects are cold and some
that take place in different seasons in the lesson are hot. We also know that some objects are
‘Changes around us’. We wear different clothes hotter than others while some are colder than

A
in different seasons. others. How do we decide which object is
We wear woollen and dark hotter than the other and which object is

AN
coloured clothes during winter colder than the other? We need a reliable
when it is cold out side. method to decide the hotness/coldness of
Woolen and dark coloured an object, Generally hotness or coldness is
clothes keep us warm. We expressed in ter ms of temperature.

G
prefer to wear light coloured Temperature is a measure of the degree
cotton clothes when it is hot. of hotness or coldness of an object.
They give us a feeling of
coolness. You might have
N By touching with our hands, we can guess
LA
Fig. 1 whether a cup of milk is still worth sipping
wondered why a particular or has become too cold, whether milk is hot
type of cloth is suitable for a enough for making curds etc. But estimating
particular season. temperature with our hands can, sometimes
TE

In winter we feel cold inside the house. If we mislead or confuse us.

come out in the sun, we feel warm. In summer Let us do - 1:
we feel hot even inside the house. How do
we know whether something is hot or cold? Take some coldwater, normal water and
T

We try to get answers to these questions in hot water in three different vessels.
this chapter. Immerse your left hand finger in the cold
ER

water vessel and right hand finger in hot

Let us do this: water vessel simultaneously. Wait for two
Fig. 2
Some objects are given in the table. Mark or three minutes. Take off both your
these objects as hot or cold? fingers and dip them in the normal water
SC

Table - 1 vessel.
OBJECT COLD HOT
Ice Cream
Fruit Juice
Metal Chair Kept
in the sun
Spoon in cup of hot
tea Fig. 3

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 43

What do you feel about hotness of water now? Have you seen the lid moving up and down
Do both of your fingers feel the same and listened to the sound coming out of it?
hotness? Though both fingers are in the same Where does the sound come from? Why is
glass of water, one finger we feel it cold and the lid moving? Sometimes the lid might be
the other feel it hot! Look how our fingers thrown away too. What is the reason ?
are confused. Can we say hotness and coldness We know that boiled water is being converted
of the water? to water vapour. The volume of the water
Can we exactly decide hotness/coldness of a vapour increases. The increasing volume of
substance just by touching it? Why? It is not vapour tries to go out. In this process it tries

A
possible to guess the hotness of a substance to lift the lid up. What makes the lid lift up?
only on the basis of feel/touch. It is certain We need energy to lift any object. Where does

AN
that the water in different tubs has different this energy come from? It comes from the
degrees of hotness which cannot be exactly heated water. Where did this water get energy
determined simply by touching. from? From the heat of the fire! Thus heat is
a form of energy.

G
Heat – A form of Energy
We know that heat is a form of energy that is
transferred from an object at higher
N temperature to one at lower temperature.
When we stand in the sun or near fire, heat
LA
energy enters our body and we feel hot. When
ice is put on our palm, heat energy moves from
our body to the piece of ice. That’s why we
TE

feel cold.
“The energy which makes an object appear
Fig. 4 hot or cold is called heat.”
We feel hot when we sit in sunlight or near
T

Let us do - Conversion of Energy.

fire. We feel cold when we put a piece of ice
ER

on our palm. Have you ever thought why it • Rub your palms together.
is so?
How do you feel?
Think it over!
• Have you ever observed that iron
When rice is being cooked you observe
SC

the plate on the rice bowl jumps! becomes hot when it is

Why is it happening? beaten with a hammer?

...................................... • Take a soapnut seed. Rub

it on a stone and touch it.
......................................
How do you feel? Fig . 6
Fig . 5
Have you observed water boiling in a vessel In above cases mechanical energy is
with a lid on it? What do you notice? converted into heat energy.

44 Temperature and Its Measurements

• Did you ever bathe with cold water Give examples where heat energy gets
during winter? What happens? converted into other forms of energy and vice
.......................................................... versa.

.......................................................... Heat and Temperature:

• What do you do to protect yourself If you stand close to fire, you feel warm.
from cold? When a warm object is placed close to a cooler
object, heat energy moves from the warmer
.......................................................... object to the cooler one until both objects
.......................................................... attain the same temperature. Often we think

A
that heat and temperature are the same things;
• How do you get hot water in winter?
this is wrong. Temperature is a measure of

AN
.......................................................... the heat energy in a body and which indicates
.......................................................... the ability of a body to give heat to another
body or absorb heat from another body. We
• Generally we heat water to get hot

G
use thermometers to measure temperature.
water. How do you heat water? What
sources do you use? Have you observed any
N
..........................................................
thermometers in daily life?
Have you seen the
LA
..........................................................
ther mometer used by
If we use electric heater to heat water doctor’s in hospitals? What
electrical energy is converted to heat. does it contain?
TE

Likewise, if we use gas stove, chemical

How does it help us to
energy is converted to heat. In solar
measure the temperature?
heaters, solar energy is converted to heat.
Let us obser ve a
thermometer:
T

Hold the thermometer and

ER

observe it carefully. What

is it made up of ?
Fig. 7 Fig. 8 What do you find inside the
In the above examples, different kinds of thermometer?
SC

energies are being converted to heat. In the What do you find at both
same way heat energy can be converted to ends of the tube?
other forms of energy. You may have heard
How do they differ from
that in a thermal power station, heat energy is Fig. 9
each other?
converted to electrical energy. In a steam
engine, heat energ y is converted to At one end of the tube you observe a bulb. It
mechanical energy which helps in moving the is filled with Mercury. What do you observe
engine. at the other end of the tube?

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 45

The other end of the tube is sealed after Properties of Mercury:-
removing air from it. Do you find any • Its expansion is uniform. (For equal
markings on the tube? We find a scale which amounts of heat it expands by equal
is marked to express temperature in degree lengths.)
Celsius. We read the temperature with the help • It is opaque and shining.
of these markings. Read the markings on the
tube. Where does it start? Where does it
• It does not stick to the sides of the glass
tube.
end?
• It is a good conductor of heat.
This arrangement of the marks is called scale
• It is easily available in pure state.

A
of temperature.
Properties of Alcohol
All thermometers are based on the fact that

AN
matter expands on heating. To understand the
• It can record very low temperatures.
working of a thermometer we need know • Its expansion per degree Celsius rise in
how matter expands on heating. temperature is very large.

G
It can be coloured brightly and hence is
Let us do: Expansion of liquid due to heat
easily visible.
Take a flat bottom flask and fill it with coloured
N
water. Fix a cork, having a capillary tube, in
the mouth of flask such that level of water is
How to use a thermometer?
To find the temperature of an object, the bulb
LA
as shown (Fig 9). Place the flask in a metal of the thermometer needs to be in close
trough. Pour boiling hot water into the trough contact with that object. Watch the shiny line
and carefully observe the level of coloured of Mercury in the tube. The highest point on
TE

water. What do you observe? the scale, at which the rise of Mercury stops ,
shows the temperature of the object.
If you take the flask out of
the trough and keep it out Example: To find the temperature of your
side for some time, what do palm, place the bulb of a thermometer in
T

you observe? In the above contact with the palm for two minutes and
activity we see that water see the Mercury rise. When Mercury stops
ER

expands on heating and rising and its level becomes steady, note the
contracts on cooling. position of its upper end. This is the
So does Mercury. It is used Fig. 10 temperature of your palm. How much is it?
as liquid for indicating temperature in
SC

If markings on thermometer are wiped

thermometers. Apart from Mercury we also out, how do we create new markings?
use alcohol as thermometer liquid.
Take some ice in a beaker. Immerse a
Think: thermometer in ice for two minutes. Mark
the Mercury level. Now let the ice melt.
Why do we use mercury or alcohol as
thermometer liquids? Can you observe any change in Mercury level?
The level of Mercury remains same while ice
melts. This means that temperature is

46 Temperature and Its Measurements

constant. This constant temperature at which Do you know about the first thermometer?
ice melts is called melting point of ice and
mark it 0°C.
Take some water in a beaker. Immerse the
thermometer in it and start heating the water.
It will start boiling while getting converted
into steam. Mercury level starts rising and
reaches a point beyond which it doesn’t rise.
Mark the level of mercury at this point. Fig. 11

A
Observe the constant level at which Mercury First thermometer was invented by Galileo
stays while water is boiling, this constant in 1593 AD. In this thermometer air was used

AN
temperature is called boiling point of water. as the thermometric substance as air rapidly
We mark the level of mercury at this point as expands on heating and contracts on cooling.
100°C. Further, the substance that is used in
thermometer has uniform expansion or

G
Thus temperature at which ice melts or water
boils is constant. These values are fixed as contraction with the rise or fall in temperature.
0°C and 100°C respectively. Like water, all
substances in pure form melt and boil at
certain fixed temperatures.
N Let us do this:
Do you find any difference in temperature of
LA
air in shadow and in the sun?
To create a scale, we need two fixed points let
us choose the melting point (0°C) and boiling
point (100°C) as two fixed points for the scale
TE

of thermometer. Now divide the distance

between these two points on the thermometer
into 100 equal parts. Think about how we can
achieve this. Fig. 12 Fig. 13
T

Eachof the 100 equal parts represents 1°C. Measure temperature of air using a
thermometer. What will you do to keep
ER

We further divide 1°C into 10 small divisions.

It can be read as 1/10 = 0.1°C. thermometer in close contact with air?

Now can you precisely determine which water ........................................................................

is cooler and which is hotter than the other in Record your observations in the following
SC

the 3 beaker experiment? If the temperature table.

of the beaker in which we immersed both the Table - 2
hands is 25°C, what can be said about the
RECORDED
temperature of water in other beakers? OBSERVATION
TEMPERATURE
The beaker containing cooler water will record Air in the shade (at 12 noon)
temperature less than 25°C. Air in the Sun (at 12 noon)

The beaker containing hotter water will record Morning (at 8 am)
temperature more than 25°C. Night (at 8 pm)

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 47

• What did you observe? Is there any Clinical Thermometer:
difference in temperature with variation Generally when we are
of time or place? suffering from fever our body
.............................................................. temperature increases.
.............................................................. Can you find how much the
body temperature has
• Why do you use an umbrella in increased?
the hot sun during summer? Doctors use a thermometer to

A
Fig. 14 find out the temperature of
our bodies. It is called Clinical

AN
Do you know? Thermometer. Mercury bulb
In Libya (Africa) on a particular day in the Hold the Clinical
year 1922, it became so hot that the Thermometer in your hand Fig. 16
temperature of air even in shade was as high and observe it carefully.

G
as 58°C. At some places (Kothagudem,
Ramagundam) in Telangana, the maximum
temperature of air sometimes reaches 48°C
and more. When it is so hot we feel
N Fig. 17
There are two types of scales marked on the
LA
extremely uncomfortable as the normal clinical thermometer one that starts with 35
temperature of the human body is 37°C. degrees and ends at 45 degrees is Celsius scale.
The lowest temperature in the world has While the other that starts with 95 degrees and
TE

been measured in Antarctica where it once ends at 110 degrees is the Fahrenheit scale.
went down to about -89°C. The minus sign Do you see a kink in the capillary near the
is used for temperature which is less than bulb?
0°C. Water freezes at 0°C, just think how This kink prevents Mercury level from falling
cold -89°C must be. In winter when the on its own.
T

atmospheric temperature around us becomes Reading the Fahrenheit Scale on

ER

15°C - 20°C we begin to feel cold. thermometer:

Fig. 15 There are markings on it from
The maximum 95°F to 110°F on fahrenheit
(highest) and scale. Note the temperature
SC

minimum (lowest) difference indicated between the

temperatures of a two bigger marks. Also note
day are measured down the number of divisions
by a thermometer between these marks. Suppose
called the Six’s two consecutive bigger marks
maximum - differ by one degree and there are
minimum thermo five divisions between them.
meter Then one small division reads
1/5 = 0.2 ºF Fig. 18
48 Temperature and Its Measurements
How to use a clinical thermometer? Measure it now with
clinical thermometer.
Wash the thermometer preferably with an Record your observa-
antiseptic solution. Hold it firmly by the end tions in table.
and give it a few jerks. These jerks will bring
the level of Mercury down. Ensure that it falls
below 35°C (95°F). Now place the Fig. 22
thermometer bulb under your tongue or arm Make sure that you have cleaned the
pit. After one minute, take the thermometer thermometer before each measurement.
out and note the reading. It tells your body

A
Table - 3
temperature.
Temperature

AN
Estimated Tempera-
What did you record as your body Name of the Student
ture by touching
measured with clinical
thermometer
temperature?

95°F 100°F 105°F 110°F

G
98.4°F
Fig. 19

N
LA
Fig. 20
In the picture first thermometer shows the Compare the values in the table after
body temperature of Srikar. Second ther- completion of recording.
TE

mometer shows the temperature of Srinath.

Who is suffering from fever? How can you
• What do you observe in the table?
say that? • Are the estimated temperature and
The normal temperature of human body is measured temperature same?
T

37°C (98.4ºF) which is measured by clinical • Is the body temperature of every person
thermometer. 37°C (98.4ºF)?
ER

Let us do this: • What is the average body temperature

of your friends?
The average body temperature of a large
SC

number of healthy persons is known as

normal temperature(98.4ºF).

Fig. 21 Thermister thermometer:

Feel the body temperature of some of your It is available in market to
friends by placing your hand on their forehead. measure the human body
Estimate the temperature and record it in the temperatures, particularly
table. for infants and children. Fig. 23
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 49
Can you guess why? Laboratory thermometer
........................................................................ Observe the thermometer in Fig 26. It
is laboratory thermometer. Label the
........................................................................ parts of it. Observe the markings of
Digital thermometer: the laboratory thermometer. What is its
There is a lot of concern over the use range ?
of Mercury in thermometer. Mercury What do you mean by minus degree
is a toxic substance and is very difficult Celsius?
to dispose of if a thermometer breaks.

A
Is it less than 0°C or greater than it?
These days digital thermometers are
also available which do not use How to use it

AN
Mercury. Take some tap water in a beaker.
Fig. 24 Dip the thermometer in water so
that the bulb is immersed in water

G
but does not touch the bottom or
side of the beaker. Hold
N thermometer vertically, wait till
the mercury thread becomes
LA
steady. Note the reading. That is
the temperature of water at that
time.
TE

Fig. 25 Reading the Celsius scale on Fig. 26

We are advised not to use a clinical thermom- thermometer
eter for measuring the temperature of any Note the temperature difference
object other than human body. Also we are indicated between two bigger
T

advised to avoid keeping it in the sun or near marks(Fig 27). Also note down
a flame. Why? the number of divisions between
ER

Try this: those marks. Suppose two

consecutive bigger marks differ
Measure the temperature of a person with
by one degree and there are 10
clinical and digital thermometers. Are the
SC

divisions between them then one

temperature readings same or different?
small division reads
Explain your observations.
1/10 = 0.1°C Fig. 27
How to measure the temperature of other
objects? Let us do this:
To measure the temperature of other objects Take some hot water in a beaker, dip
there are other thermometers. One such thermometer in it for one minute. Record
thermometer is known as the laboratory the temperature while the thermometer is in
thermometer. water.

50 Temperature and Its Measurements

 Take out the thermometer from water. Improve your learning
Observe the mercury thread carefully. 1. The body temperature of Srinath is 99°F.
Is he suffering from fever? If so, why?
2. Why do we use Mercury in the
thermometer? Can water be used instead
of Mercury? What are the problems in
using it?
3. Temperature of Srinagar (J & K) is -4°C

A
Fig. 28 and Hyderabad is 7°C . Which of them
has greater temperature? What is the
What do you notice after some time? Why?

AN
difference between the temperatures of
We are advised not to use the laboratory these two places?
ther mometer to measure our body 4. During winter mornings why do
temperature. Why? people stand in the Sun? Explain.

G
Hint: (Think about the kink) 5. After walking some distance on a hot
How does the laboratory thermometer differ summer day, why do we prefer to go into
from the clinical thermometer? N the shade?
LA
Key Words: 6. Srikanth takes a sip of cool drink and feels
the chill. Guess what its temperature is?
Heat energy, Temperature, Thermometer,
Try to measure it.
Fahrenheit scale, Celsius scale, Clinical
TE

thermometer, Expansion 7. Gauthami was prepared to measure

the temperature of hot water with a
What we have learnt?
clinical thermometer. Is it right or
1. Temperature is the degree of hotness or wrong. Why?
coldness of an object.
T

8. Swathi kept a laboratory thermometer

2. Heat is a form of energy in hot water for some time and took it
ER

3. Heat flows from an object at high out to read the temperature. Rani said
temperature to another at lower it was a wrong way of measuring
temperature. temperature. Do you agree with Rani
4. Mercury and alcohol are used as ? Explain your answer.
SC

thermometer liquids in thermometer. 9. Why do we jerk a clinical thermometer

5. Doctors use a clinical thermometer to before we measure body temperature?
measure the human body temperature. 10. Heat energy is converted into other
6. The normal temperature of human body forms of energy. Give some examples.
is 37°C ( 98.4°F) 11. Prathima said ‘Heat is a form of energy’.
7. Laboratory thermometer is used to How do you support her?
measure the temperature of objects. 12. Why is a clinical thermometer not used
to measure the temperature of air?
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 51
13. Fill in the blanks
a. Doctor uses _____________ thermometer to measure the human body temperature.
b. At room temperature Mercury is in _______________ state.
c. Heat energy transfer from _______________ to ___________
d. -7°C temperature is _______________ than 0°C temperature.
14. Match the following
i) Clinical thermometer ( ) a) A form of energy
ii) Normal temperature of human body ( ) b) 100°C

A
iii) Heat ( ) c) 37°C
iv) Boiling point of water ( ) d) 0°C

AN
v) Melting point of water ( ) e) Kink
15. Use the 16. Draw the diagram of a clinical
Thermometer and thermometer and label its parts. What is

G
record the the use of kink in clinical thermometer?
temperature in your
17. Draw the diagram of a laboratory
school daily at mid
day meals time in
the following table.
N thermometer and label its parts. How
does it differ from a clinical
LA
thermometer?
Record temperature
for a month. 18. Measure the body temperature between
Table - 4 Fig. 29 fingers, under the tongue, armpit,folded
TE

hands, folded legs etc., Is it the same?

Date Temperature Does the body temperature remain the
same after jumping ten times?. Why?
19. Collect information from hospital/
T

health centre about the precautions to

be taken while reading temperature
ER

with a clinical thermometer.

Fig. 30
SC

„ On which day was the temperature

highest? What could be the reason?
„ On which day was the temperature
lowest? What could be the reason?
„ What was the average temperature
during the month?

52 Temperature and Its Measurements

20. Measure the temperature of water in normal conditions. If you add the following
substance to the water, do you find any difference in temperature? Predict and verify.
Table - 5
Water(100ml each time) Temperature of the solution
Water temperature in
mixed with Prediction immediately after mixing the
Celsius
Two tablespoonful of each substance

Glucose Decrease

Washing powder

A
Baking soda

AN
Sugar

Common salt

G
Do you find any change in temperature before and immediately after mixing the
above substances in water? If yes, what could be the reason?
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 53

 6 WEATHER AND CLIMATE

• Do you know what they are ? Discuss in

groups and make a list of those
indications.

A
It is a common experience for everybody to
hear elder people talking about the possible

AN
weather on a day before planning to celebrate
a function of the family. They do it by
Fig. 1 observation of different seasons. Farmers

G
In class VI you had seen how Ramya and listen to radio or watch T.V. for weather
Sowmya’s mother predicted that it was going forecast. They depend on these weather

umbrella.
• On what basis did Ramya and Sowmya’s
N
to rain. She also advised them to take an predictions to plan their agricultural activities.
These weather predictions effect our daily life.
LA
mother predict that it was going to rain?
• Where do these predictions come from?
• Does it happen that each time you think • How does the meteorological
it would rain, it rains? department make these predictions?
TE

Generally our elders try to predict rain. The department collects data and uses it to
Sometimes their expectations come true and make predictions.
sometimes not. They look for some
Let us do-1: Observe the following table.
indications to make such predictions.
Table - 1
T

Weather aspects Day - 1 Day - 2 Day - 3

ER

Maximum Temperature 28oC 27oC 29oC

Minimum Temperature 21oC 17oC 21oC
SC

Rainfall None Light Shower None

Sky may be Clear Cloudy Cloudy
Wind velocity Very mild breeze Mild breeze Good breeze
Humidity 95% 90% 85%
Sun rise 6:25 a.m. 6:30 a.m. 6:31 a.m.
Sun set 5:40 p.m. 5:40 p.m. 5:41 p.m.

54 Weather and Climate

This is about weather of Hyderabad for Table - 2
Maximum
three consecutive days. Day Date
temperature
• What aspects do you see in this weather
record? 1 10-12-2011 30oC

• On which day did it rain ? 2 11-12-2011 31oC

We find that these aspects of weather keep
changing. The humidity changes, the wind 3 12-12-2011 31oC
changes, the temperature changes the sunrise

A
and sunset times change too. 4 13-12-2011 30oC
We find that there are some changes in a day.

AN
5 14-12-2011 30oC
But most of the day is normal. The weather is
a complex phenomenon that it can vary over
very short period of time. Sometimes it is
sunny in the morning but clouds appear from

G
somewhere and it starts raining. Within a
matter of a few minutes this gives way to
bright sunshine. You must have had several
such experiences. The temperature, humidity,
N
LA
rain, wind speed change. All this effects the
life of human beings and other living
Fig. 1 Graph showing the variation of maxi-
organisms. This constitutes weather.
mum temperature during 10-14 Dec. 2011 at
TE

Do you know? Hyderabad.

Many people died during the tsunami in • Draw graphs for the minimum
Andaman and Nicobar islands in 2004. temperature and humidity as well.
But the tribals who observed the ocean
•
T

Understanding weather reports-

moving back and birds making sounds
Let us do-3: Understanding weather
ER

moved away from danger. They could

predict the danger and save their lives. reports
Let us do-2: Plotting Graph Report 1:
• Take a newspaper or watch the TV news Isolated rain or thunder showers are lightly to occur
SC

and record the maximum and minimum over Chittoor, Nellore, Prakasham and some parts
temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind of Kadapa districts. Mainly dry weather will prevail
pattern of any 3 cities or towns in a table. over southern Telangana districts and northern coastal
Do this over a week. districts of Andhra Pradesh. Sky may be cloudy for
the next two days in Kurnool and Ananthapur
• Take the figures of the maximum
districts.
temperature over a week and plot the
data on a graph. For example one is Report 2:
given here. According to meteorological department report 42oC
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 55
maximum temperature recorded at Ramagundam of to measure highest and lowest temperatures
Peddapally district and 29oC minimum temperature of a day.
recorded at Aarogyavaram of Chittore district.
Activity 4:
Because of cumulonimbus clouds 2mm of rainfall
was recorded in Hyderabad. Scattered rainfall recorded Take a maximum minimum thermometer
in some parts of interior Rayalaseema. Remaining part (MMT) from your school laboratory. Let us
of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh States was dry. find out how to use it to measure the two
• Which report explains what will happen? temperatures.

• What aspects of the weather are B

A
discussed in both the reports? I2 I I1
2 I1

AN
• What are the differences in the weather
A
situation given by the two reports?
The report that explains future conditions is
a weather forecast. The report that explains

G
about past conditions is a weather report. In
common conversation we often refer to both
as weather report. N Fig - 2
LA
Measuring components of weather
We have different types of measuring
instruments to measure different weather Six invented the maximum minimum
thermometer (MMT) thermometer to
TE

components. Do you know how we measure

them? Let us know how to measure weather measure highest and lowest temperatures of
components like temperature, rainfall, wind a place. This consists of a cylindrical bulb A,
speed, humidity etc. connected through a U-shaped tube to
spherical bulb B that contains alcohol.
T

Measuring temperature of a place

The weather of a place can change every
ER

day. This is why we often say today’s weather When the temperature increases, the alcohol
is very humid or it is too hot and so on. in the bulb A expands. The mercury in the U
Generally mornings and evenings are tube goes up to the bulb B side and the
pleasant during summers but we feel that it indicator(I1)also moves up. This indicates
SC

is very hot during noon. maximum temperature of the day. If the

• How do we compare a place which is temperature decreases,alcohol in the bulb A
hot with a place which is cool ? contracts then the mercury in the U-tube goes
• How do we determine the hottest part to the A bulb side and the indicator (I2 )also
of the day? moves up. This indicates minimum
We have already learnt that there are temperature of the day. After taking readings
thermometers that help us measure the the indicators I2 and I1 are brought to their
temperature. There is a special thermometer original places by using a magnet.

56 Weather and Climate

 Table - 3
Temperature at your school Temperature obtained based on
observed by MMT Radio or TV forecast
Date Comparsion
Minimum Time Maximum Time Minimum Maximum

A
AN
Collect weather reports of a nearby city from Graph showing the variation of maximum
newspapers. Tabulate your observations for temperature during the period of 10 to 14
a week and compare them. Dec. 2011.

G
Table - 4
Write your observations in your notebook Maximum
Day Date
about the temperature that you have
measured.
N 1 10-12-2011
temperature
31oC
LA
• When was the maximum temperature
recorded? 2 11-12-2011 32oC
• When was the minimum temperature
TE

recorded? Why? 3 12-12-2011 32oC

• Is there any similarity in temperatures
4 13-12-2011 32oC
between your school and the nearest
city?
T

5 14-12-2011 32oC
Activity 5
•
ER

Pravin has measured temperature of his For how many days did Pravin observe
village with the help of MMT. He expressed the temperature of his village?
his observation through a graph. Observe the • On which day was the highest
graph. temperature recorded?
SC

• On which days did the lowest

temperature recorded?
• Do you find any relation between 10th
and 14th of December 2011? What is
that?
• Make a graph with your observations of
maximum and minimum temperatures.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 57

Measuring rainfall Direction of the wind
• How can we measure the amount of We feel happy in the mornings and evenings
rainfall at a particular place? in summer. At that time cool breeze blows.
Farmers estimate the rainfall based on the We know that there is air in our surroundings
wetness of the soil after the rain. They call it and also that moving air is wind.
as “PADUNU”. This much of rainfall is • Can we guess what the direction of wind
sufficient to start agricultural activities like is?
ploughing. This is an approximate measure. Let us do-7:

A
Let us do - 6: Let us find the direction of wind by using card
Take a 10cm wide beaker and insert a funnel board pieces and a thin nail.

AN
of the same width. Keep the apparatus in an
open place when it is raining. The rain water Take two cardboard pieces and cut them the
would be collected through the funnel into the shape of an arrow and paste them together.
beaker. After the rain is over, measure the Insert a thin needle or iron wire (as shown the

G
amount of water collected in the beaker. If figure) in the middle of the arrow. The needle
the depth of water is 1 cm then that the must be long enough to be fixed on a strong
magnitude of rainfall is 1 cm. N base and should allow the arrow to move
along the direction of the wind.
LA
TE

Fig - 3
Fig - 4
Meteorologists measure the rain fall using a
T

‘Rain gauge’. It is also called Udometer or

We can also measure wind speed and direction
Pulvinometer or Anthrometer. They can
ER

with an Anemometer.
measure exact amount of rainfall. Rainfall is
expressed in centimeters or millimeters.
In rural areas if there is rainfall at the right
SC

time farmers celebrate crop festivals.

• How do farmers celebrate the first
showers?
• Try to find out about this. Fig - 5
• Discuss with your elders in your village/
Observe the direction of wind. In one day
town. You can also collect the songs they
with the help of anemometer you made
sing at that time. Display them on your
Tabulate your observation of wind direction.
school wall magazine.

58 Weather and Climate

 Table - 5
North South
Time East North East North West South South East
West West
Early
Morning

Noon

After Noon

Evening

A
Night

• Does the wind move in the same The quantity of moisture in the air is the

AN
direction the whole day? ‘humidity’ of the place. If the humidity is high
• In which direction does it move in the when it is hot, we feel sweaty. We will learn
morning? more about humidity in subsequent classes.
Think and discuss:

G
Humidity:
Why is it sweaty in Vijayawada and relatively • Why do people living in hot and humid
less in Hyderabad in summer? Even though it
is hotter, we do not sweat as much in
N •
region wear cotton clothes?
In which season is the quantity of
LA
Hyderabad. In places near a river or in coastal moisture in the air high?
regions the weather in summer is humid.
Are weather conditions cyclic during the
In summer season if you are in coastal region years?
TE

you would feel very sweaty in addition to

We know that in the equatorial region it is very
feeling hot winds.Vijaywada is more humid
hot and in the polar region it is very cold. How
than Hyderabad.
can we say a particular place is cold or hot?
• Why is Vijaywada generally more humid?
Let us do - 9:
T

Fig - 6
Let us do - 8:
Observe the weather report (temperature and
ER

Take about 10 ml water in a rain fall) of two places in Telangana state. The
test tube. Heat it on a Bunsen average temperature and rain fall for the last
burner or a candle. What 25 years of the particular month is given in
happens? Think about it. the table. (See the table in next page)
SC

• Why do bubbles appear in water? • In which month was maximum

• Why is the water level reducing? temperature recorded? Why?
• Where did the water go? • Comparatively which place is hot? Why?
When water is heated, it changes into water • How can you say Hyderabad is cooler
vapour. The vapour enters into the air. In the than Ramagundam in summer?
same way sea water changes into vapour due If the same weather recurs periodically at a
to heating by the sun. place it is considered as climate of that place.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 59

 Table - 6
Ramagundam Arogyavaram
Average Average
Month Average Rainfall Average Rainfall
temperature in temperature in
in millimeters in millimeters
Celsius degrees Celsius degrees
January 30 1 28 6
February 32 - 28 2
March 34 - 29 -
April 38 - 30 1

A
May 41 1 33 3

AN
June 39 4 31 3
July 36 2 30 8
August 38 10 30 16
September 35 11 29 9

G
October 36 11 29 18
November
December
31
32
N 11
9
28
28
23
14
LA
What is Climate? Table - 7
The average weather pattern taken over a long S. No. State Climatic Condition
time, say 25 years, is called climate of that
TE

1 Kerala
place.
2 Andhra Pradesh
Broadly, the same patterns of temperature,
rainfall, humidity wind speed that have been 3 Rajasthan
T

generally continuing for a long time, say the 4 Jammu & Kashmir
last 25 years, at a place gives the climate of
ER

that place. 5 West Bengal

If we find that temperature at a place is The Indian Meteorological Department

generally high for large part of the year, we (IMD) studies climate of our country.
Climate describes the weather condition
SC

say the climate of that place is hot.

occurring over a relatively longer period of
• When would you say that the climate of time in a given place. For example in the
a place is rainy or cold? month of June. We expect the weather to be
dry in Bangalore, humid in Kolkata, hot and
Let us do-10 dry in parts of Rajasthan, cold in Kashmir and
Observe features of the following states, and rainy in Coastal Kerala. What does this tell
specific places in India from an ATLAS. Try us? Think about it. For example does it mean
to write down something about the climate in that in coastal Kerala it is always rainy in the
month of June or and it would be always
these areas.
humid in Kolkata?
60 Weather and Climate
 Do you know? What we have learnt
The people living in an area adjust to the • Weather affects our life.
conditions of climate. For example the rain • The factors hot, cold, winds, rain etc
fall has being relatively less for the past two describe the weather of a place.
decades. Even in Rayalseema during rainy
season the tanks and canals remain dry. The
• We can measure temperature of a place
with maximum and minimum
dried canals and tanks are now used for
thermometer.
other purposes. The less rainfall has also led
to developing ways to use less water. The • The quantity of water vapour (moisture)

A
change in rainfall pattern shows there may in air is humidity.
be shifts in climate over long periods of • Humidity is measured by a hydrometer.

AN
time. In areas which do not have a climate • Rainfall of a particular place is expressed
of rain when it rains heavily there is no way in millimetre (m.m.), centimetre
to drain out the water. As a result many areas (c.m.) and measured with a rain gauge.
were flooded and submerged in Kurnool

G
in 2010 and also in other parts of • Anemometer is used to measure wind
Rayalaseema. speed.
N
Now-a- days there is a complaint that climate
is not as ordered as it was . Seasonal climatic
• Climate of a place can be defined after
25 years of weather observations.
LA
condition do not appear as predictable and • We adjust to the climate to live
known. Give examples of such changes in your comfortably.
area after discussing to elders. Improving your learning
TE

Climate and life style 1. What aspects should you observe to

Climate mostly effects on our daily life. We know and predict the weather of your
change our life style to suit that climate. We village?
wear cotton clothes in summer. We want to
T

2. Read a newspaper, collect the weather

drink cool water also. What do we like to do reports in it. Write about the various
ER

in winter? We take care to protect ourselves elements of the weather mentioned in

from rain. Imagine the precautions you would the report.
need to take if you were going to visit
3. Where is the meteorological department
Kashmir or Ooty during winter. Discuss with
in your area? How is it useful to you?
SC

your friend and write a note on these

precautions. 4. If it is hot and sweaty at a place. What
could be the possible reasons for that?
Keywords
5. Write true or false. Give reasons.
Weather, forecast, temperature,
climate, humidity a. Minimum temperature is recorded in
early morning. ( )
b. The direction and speed of wind is found
by an Anemometer. ( )

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 61

c. In summer the winds blow towards the earth from the seas/ocean in the afternoon
( )
d. In our state the maximum temperature is recorded in the month of July. ( )
6. Observe the graph showing rainfall (in mm) of a place from August to December. Write
down the observations from it and what inference you can draw.

100
90

A
80
70

AN
RAIN FALL IN MM

60
50
40

G
30
20
10
0Aug.
N
LA
Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

7. Why do people need and observe weather?

TE

8. Explain these symbols used in a weather forecast report.

T
ER

9. Collect the weather reports from the news papers and make a profile of the weather in a
city.
10. Every year we have floods in the rainy season. Why?
SC

11. Observe your surroundings and try to predict how tomorrow would be?
12. Priya’s mother said “It is very hard to stay at Vizag during summer” Why did she say so?
13. Collect different news papers and compare the weather reports. Are they same or not?
Why?
14. Observe your surrounding immediately after rain. Express your feelings in the form
of a song.
15. Prepare some questions to conduct a quiz programme in your class on this chapter.

62 Weather and Climate

 7 ELECTRICITY
CURRENT AND IT’S EFFECT

Rajesh and Pavani MAKE YOUR OWN CELL

are studying at

A
night (fig. 1)and the
power goes off.

AN
(fig.2) Rajesh
searches the table
desk for the torch
and the batteries.

G
Fig. 3
Fig. 1
You will need a few things to make a cell. First
N
Pavani tries to insert the batteries in the torch,
she tries for a few minutes and the torch lights
get two injection bottles. Then cut two 3cm
long bits of thick copper wire. Use sandpaper
LA
up. to scrape about 1cm of the coating off both
ends of the wires. Break and open a discharged
You must be dry cell and remove its outer metal covering
(made of Zinc). Cut 2mm wide and 3cm long
TE

familiar with
such a situa- zinc strip from zinc plate and a copper strip
tion. from a copper plate. Insert the copper strip
and zinc strip separately into the rubber caps
of the injection bottles as shown in Fig 3.
T

Ensure that the copper strip and zinc strip do

not touch each other.
ER

Think: Fig. 2 Now take a wire and connect the zinc strip of
1. Do you know how to insert batteries in one bottle with the copper strip of the other
a torch? bottle. Fill both bottles with sulphuric acid
SC

2. Can you make out whether the switch of (ask your teacher to help you). Carefully close
the torch is working properly? the bottles with the caps in which the copper
wires and zinc strips are inserted.
3. Can you determine whether the bulb in Your cell is ready. How will you test it? Take
the torch is fused? an LED (Light Emitting Diode). Attach two
In class 6 you have learnt about the torch and wires to its two terminals. Touch the wire from
how it works. Now let us see what a cell or one terminal to the copper wire of the first
battery contains. bottle and the wire from the other terminal
to the zinc plate of the second bottle.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 63

Did the LED light up? In case you have any Dry cell converts chemical energy
problem, consult your teacher. into electrical energy
Do all the cells contain liquid in them? Let us Symbols of electric Components
find out what the batteries in our torches Do you know about symbols? How do you
contain. indicate to your teacher that you wish to go
Activity - 1 : out to drink water? You know the signs for
addition, subtraction, multiplication and
Take the help of your teacher to division. You might have used the symbols for
cut open a dry cell. What can you ‘greater than’,’ less than’ , ‘equal to’ etc.

A
see inside it? Observe the
chemical components in the dry Symbols play an important role in our life.
They convey precise meaning with few

AN
cell. Inside a dry cell there are
certain chemicals which react descriptions. Some common electric
with one another to produce components can be represented by standard
electric energy. Fig. 4 symbols as shown in the following page.

G
Dry Cell Activity - 2 : Write the symbols for given
Fig. 5 - Parts of Cell Metal cap
(Positive terminal)
electric components in the table.
Seal
N
LA
Zinc Container Carbon rod
(Negative terminal)
Carbon
powder
TE

Outer
Amonium cover
Chloride
Paste
T

A dry cell consists of a container made up of Activity - 3 : Drawing a circuit diagram

zinc metal. The container also serves as the
ER

In the previous class you have learnt about

negative terminal in the centre. A carbon some simple circuits. Let us
(graphite) rod with a metal cap serves as a learn a little more about
positive terminal. them by performing a few
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The carbon rod is surrounded by a mixture experiments.

of carbon particles and a chemical called Look at figure 6. A bulb,
ammonium chloride. The cell is sealed from battery and switch are
Fig. 6 - Simple switch connected as shown. Can we
the top. to close the circuit
make this drawing simpler
The dry cell can supply electric current in a using symbols? The picture of circuit using
circuit for a certain time. After that, its symbols is called a circuit diagram.
chemicals get exhausted and it cannot be used Figure 7 shows a circuit diagram of the circuit
any more. shown in figure 6.
64 Electricity_Current and It’s Effect
 ELECTRIC SYMBOLS AND THEIR USES

A
AN
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
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VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 65

 Series and Parallel circuits:
In a series circuit, electricity has only one
path to flow through. All the electrical
components are connected in this path. If
any one of them is removed or is not
functioning properly, the circuit will be
incomplete.
Fig. 7 - Circuit daigram
A parallel circuit has more than one path for
Circuit Diagram the flow of electricity. Each bulb in the circuit

A
There should be a source, which is one or is connected in a separate path through which
more electric cells(battery). The switch can electricity can flow. If any one of the bulbs

AN
be placed anywhere in the circuit. If the switch removed the current flows continuesly in
parallel circuit.
is in the ON position, the circuit is complete
from the positive terminal of the battery to Connecting Electrical cells in series:
its negative terminal. The circuit is then said Activity - 4:

G
to be closed and the current flows throughout
Take a dry cell and torch bulb. Connect
the circuit constantly. The wires should not
the bulb to a cell using copper wires shown
have any discontinuity (gaps). When the switch
is in the OFF position, the circuit is
N in figure-8. Observe the intensity of light.
LA
incomplete. It is said to be open. No current
flows through any part of the circuit.
Observe the sequence in which the cell, bulb
TE

and switch are connected in the circuit.

The sequence of components is as follows: Fig. 8 - Dry cell to make a bulb glow

Now take one more dry

Positive terminal of the cell cell and connect two cells
T

Wire Switch Wire Bulb as shown in figure-9. In this

method the positive
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Wire Negative terminal of the cell

terminal of the first cell
Fig. 9 - Connecting
and the negative terminal dry cells in series
Is it compulsory to follow the above sequence? of the second cell are
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Can you change the sequence and still make connected to the bulb.
the circuit work. Try this experiment and write Is there a difference in the intensities of the
other possible sequences. bulb in the above case? When does the bulb
…………………………………………… glow brighter?
……………………………………
…………………………………..………..
…………………………………….
…………………………………..………..
You may use three or four cells in the same
manner. The bulb glows brighter and brighter.
66 Electricity_Current and It’s Effect
Thus by connecting cells in series, we get a Connecting Electric Bulbs in Series:
battery. The battery cells in the torch are in
series.
Think:
Can we connect as many cells as we want for
making a bulb glow brighter and brighter? Is Fig. 12 - Bulbs connected in series
there any restriction on the how many cells Connect three torch bulbs in series as shown
can be/should be used for a given bulb? in figure-12.

A
Connecting Electric cells in Parallel: Connect this to a dry cell. Observe the
brightness of each of the three bulbs. Now

AN
connect one more dry cell in series with the
first cell. Observe the brightness of each of
the bulb. Then connect one more dry cell in
series with the first two cells. Again observe

G
the bulbs.
Fig. 10 - Connecting cells in parallel
Disconnect one of the three bulbs from
Activity - 5 :
Take three dry cells and connect them as
N circuit. What do you observe? In series
connection of bulbs, if one bulb gets fused,
LA
shown in figure-10. That is, all the positive all the other bulbs in the series will stop
terminals of the three cells are connected glowing. It means that if one bulb is
together and all the three negative terminals disconnected the other bulbs do not glow.
TE

are connected together. These three positive This can be observed in serial bulbs used in
and three negative terminals are connected to decorative items at the time of marriages and
a bulb. other festivals.
Is there any difference in the intensity of bulb Connecting bulbs in parallel:
T

glow compared to that in the case of only one

ER

cell?
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Fig. 13 - bulbs connected in parallel

Activity - 6 :
Connect three bulbs in parallel as shown
Fig. 11 - Parallel circuit daigram
in figure 13. That is, one end of each of the
three bulbs are connected to one wire. The
other ends of the three bulbs are connected
Fig. 11 - Parallel Circuit
to another wire. These two wires are
connected to a cell. All the three bulbs glow

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 67

dimly. Now disconnect one of the bulbs. You might have noticed that when these
What would happen? Can you predict? It appliances are switched on, their filaments
means that if one bulb is disconnected the become red hot and give out heat.
other bulbs continue to glow. This can be The amount of heat produced in a wire
observed in our household electric circuit. All depends on its material, length and thickness.
components in our houses are connected in Thus, for different requirements, the wires of
parallel. different materials, lengths and thicknesses are
Think! used.
1. Why does the bulb glow brighter and The wires used for making electric circuits do

A
brighter when electric cells are connected not normally become hot. On the other hand,
the elements of some electric appliances

AN
in series?
become so hot that they are easily visible. The
2. Do the electric bulbs used in your house
filament of an electric bulb gets heated to such
glow with a dry cell? Why?
a high temperature that it starts glowing and
3. Are the cells used in torch light and wrist

G
giving out light.
watch the same?
When an electric current passes through a wire,
4. What is the reason for connecting electric
N
bulbs in parallel in a household electric circuit?
the wire gets heated. Can you think of some
electric appliances that get heated up just like
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Heating effects of Electric Current a bulb when electric current passes through
them? ..............................................................
The bulb becomes hot when
you put it on for some time. ..........................................................................................
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Why do you think this happens? ..........................................................................................

It is the filament of the bulb
that heats up due to current Activity - 7 :
flowing through it. Fig. 14
Electric Bulb Think of the main use of electrical appliances
and write their names in the correct column.
T

You might have seen an

electric iron, electric cooker One example is given for you
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and electric heater. All these

An Electric kettle, a lift in a building, a street
contain a coil of wire made
lamp, a tube light, an exhaust fan, a rice
up of Nichrome. This coil is
called filament of the Fig. 15 cooker, a cassette player, an electric mixer, an
electric oven, a water pump.
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appliance. Electric Heater

Table - 1

68 Electricity_Current and It’s Effect

Tube Lights and Compact Fluorescent Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB):
Lamps (CFLs)
Wastage of electricity can be reduced by using
fluorescent tube lights (figure-16 a) in place
of bulbs.

Fig. 18 - Miniature Circuit Breaker

A
Fig. 16 a – Tube light These days Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
is increasingly being used in place of fuses.

AN
Compact Fluorescent Lamps These are switches which automatically turn
(CFLs) (shown in figure 16 b) off when current in a circuit exceeds the safe
also reduce wastage and can be limit. It has a switch which goes OFF
fixed in ordinary bulb holders. automatically if there is overheating. This

G
The ISI mark of a lamp ensures breaks the circuit. If we turn them on, the
that the appliance is safe. circuit is once again complete
Electric Fuses N The advantage miniature circuit breakers have
LA
When excessive electric over fuses is that they can be reset (manually
Fig. 16 b C.F.L.
current flows through a or automatically) to restore normal operation,
circuit the wires or the whereas fuses need to be replaced after every
single operation. The MCB can be reset by
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appliances may get

hand and the circuit becomes complete once
heated and can catch fire. again . Look for ISI mark on MCBs also.
To avoid fire, a safety
What can be a disadvantage of MCB?
device known as a fuse is
T

connected in series in the Electricity in our home:

Fig. 17
circuit.
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Electric fuse
A fuse is a small, thin piece of wire as shown
in figure 17. It is made of a special alloy that
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gets heated quickly and melts. If the current

in the circuit is too high, the fuse wire gets hot Fig. 19 - Electric & Digital Meter
and melts. This leaves a gap in the circuit. Most of the electricity that we use at home
Automatically the circuit is broken and flow and at school is alternating current. The mains
of electricity is stopped. This protects electricity that is supplied to our houses
appliances from getting burnt due to the comes from power stations. Sub-stations
passage of too large a current through them. distribute electricity. Electricity is not free of
cost. We have to pay for it according to how
much we consume.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 69
You may have noticed that a person belonging Note: Unit cost differs in different areas and
to the electricity department, the meter reader, also on the slabs. Electricity provided for
visits houses every month and takes the meter domestic purpose is cheaper compared to that
readings. If you look at the meter in your
for commercial or industrial purposes.
house you will notice a wheel that goes around
and the numbers in the window keep changing. 2) Suppose in a house there are four bulbs
Modern meters have digital displays. of 100 W each, six of 60 W each and six of
What does the term ‘one unit’ mean? How is 40 W each. All of them are used for two hours
the usage of electricity measured? If you look a day. How many units of electricity will be

A
at the bulbs used in your home, you will notice used up in 30 days? How much will they have
that they are marked in watts 25W, 40 W, 60W,

AN
to pay at Rs. 2.80 /- per unit.
100W. The wattage measures how ‘powerful’
the bulb is. The brighter the bulb, the higher Total power used
its wattage and the more the electricity used = (4 x 100W) + (6 x 60 W) + (6 x 40 W)
by it.

G
= 1000 W = 1 KW.
1 Kilowatt (KW) is 1000 Watts (W). When
Total power used every day
any appliance of 1 Kilowatt is used for one
hour, it uses up one kilowatt - hour (KWH) N
or ‘one unit’ of electricity. If it runs for two
= 2 hrs x 1Kw = 2 KWH
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hours it will use up two units of electricity. In 30 days, power used

You can learn how to calculate the amount you = 2 x 30KWH = 60 KWH
have to pay in the electricity bill through the
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The cost of the power is

following exercise table.
=Rs. 2.80 x 60 = Rs. 168/-
Exercise:
Think!
1) The meter reading in Ayub’s house in
T

January is 400 units, February 580 units. Are there households in Telangana who do not
Calculate how much his parents would have have electricity ? Which areas of Telangana
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to pay towards electricity bill of February? are they found in large numbers? What may
The unit cost is Rs. 3.05. be the reasons for those people having to live
Table - 2 without electricity?
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Think! Our country faces shortage of

electricity. So wasting electricity means you
are depriving someone else of electricity.
Your bill also goes up. So use electricity
carefully and only when it is needed. Think
of the ways of saving electricity.

70 Electricity_Current and It’s Effect

Do you Know! • If one bulb is disconnected in a series
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) connection, all the other bulbs also get
disconnected.
Michael Faraday observed that by moving a
magnet in and out of a coil. we can make • Wastage of electricity can be reduced by
electric current flow through the coil. Using using fluorescent tube lights in place of
this he built the first electric generator or bulbs.
dynamo in 1831. He also invented the • Safety device used in electric circuit is
transformer. fuse.
•

A
New words: 1 Kilowatt (KW) equal to 1000 watts.
Cell, Batter y, Fuse, Series Circuit,

AN
Improve your learning:
Parallel Circuit, Bulbs in Series, Bulbs in
Parallel, Tube light, Compact Fluorescent I. Answer the following Questions
Lamps, Miniature Circuit Breaker, Watt, 1) Draw the symbols of the following
Circuit Diagram, Heating effect of electric components

G
Current, Switch, a) Cell b) Battery
c) Switch d) Electric bulb
What we have learnt:
•
N
Electric cell is a source of electric energy. 2) Draw an electric circuit diagram
LA
consisting of a cell, a bulb and an electric
• The two terminals of an electric cell are switch.
called positive (+ve) and negative (-ve).
3) In a series connection of bulbs, if one
• Dry cell converts chemical energy into a
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bulb fails, why do all other bulbs go

electrical energy. OFF?
• Two or more cells joined together form 4) Write the difference between series
a battery. connection and parallel connection.
T

• The battery cells in the torchlight are kept 5) What is the advantage of Miniature
in series. Circuit Breaker?
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6. Fill in the blanks

• An electric bulb has a filament that is
connected to its terminals. a. Longer line in the symbol for a cell
represents its ____________ terminal.
•
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An electric bulb glows when electric

b. Smaller line in the symbol for a cell
current passes through it.
represents its ____________ terminal.
• In a closed electric circuit, the electric c. The combination of two or more cells
current passes from one terminal of the is called a ____________
electric cell to the other terminal.
d. Safety device used in electric circuit is
• Switch is a single device that is used either ____________
break the electric circuit or to complete e. The device used to close or open an
it. electric circuit is ____________

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 71

7. Mark ‘T’ of the statement is true and ‘F’ ii. Device used to close or open an electric
if it is false. Give reasons for choice of circuit is ( )
answer. a) Electric bulb b) Battery
a. In series circuit the electricity has only c) Switch d) Fuse
one path (T/F).
iii. Which one of the following is used as a
b. In parallel circuit the electricity has more for light source. ( )
than one path (T/F).
a) Cassette player b) Electric mixer
c. To make a battery of two cells, the

A
negative ter minal of one cell is c) Rice Cocker d) Table lamp

AN
connected to the negative terminal of iv. Safety device used in electric circuit is
the other cell (T/F). a) Electric bulb b) Battery ( )
d. When the electric current through the c) Switch d) Fuse

G
fuse exceeds a certain limit, the fuse wire 9. Visit your classmates houses. Find out
melts and breaks (T/F). the meter readings of three months.
e. The switch is used to close or open an
electric circuit (T/F).
N Record your observations. Ask your
parents about how electricity bill is paid?
LA
8. Choose correct answer. 10. Draw the circuit daigram for the
i. Arun buys four bulbs of 15W, 40W, 60W following series connection.
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and 100W respectively, Which one

should be use in his room as a night bulb.
a) 15 W b) 40W ( )
c) 60W d) 100W
T
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Fig. - 20

11. Match the following

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1. Cell ( ) a) Used to open or close a circuit

2. Switch ( ) b) Safety device used in electric circuit.
3. Circuit ( ) c) A complete path for the flow of an electric current
4. Miniature Circuit Breaker ( ) d) Reset by hand, circuit becomes complete once
again.
5. Fuse ( ) e) A device which converts chemical energy into
electrical energy

72 Electricity_Current and It’s Effect

 AIR, WINDS AND
8 CYCLONES
We know that when we ride on a bicycle in
the direction of the wind, it is easy to ride the

A
bicycle, but when we go opposite to the
direction of the wind, it is very hard and we

AN
may tire easily.
• Try to guess the reason.
• How else does wind effect and influence Fig.1

G
our lives?
Keep the glass straight and press it so that
Sometimes the wind is cold and sometimes it the glass is completely under water. Take it
is pleasant and nice. It can blow clouds andN
sometimes raises dust. It is sometimes gentle
out and observe what happens.
•
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but can be really strong too and blow away Did the paper in the glass get wet or not?
things. You have read in Class 6th that clothes • What would happen if you tilt the glass
dry faster on a windy day. while immersing it in water? Try it.
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• Write five examples from your daily life Let us do - 2

that you feel are influenced by wind.
Fill a bucket with water. Take a bottle with a
Since wind has so much effect on our lives we narrow mouth and immerse it in the bucket
have to find out what winds are? How do they till it fills with water (Fig. 2).
T

arise?
• Did something come out of the bottle
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The air around us is rarely still. It moves when water entered it?
continuously from one direction to another.
The movement is in many directions. This is
• How do you know whether something
came out or not?
what we call winds. So we know that wind is
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moving air. Would it be correct to say that a glass or bottle

that we think is empty is actually full of air?
Let us try to understand something more
about air and winds.
Let us do–1: Where do we find air?
Take a bucket full of water and a transparent
glass. Take a paper, crumple it into a ball and
push it to the bottom of the glass. Invert this
glass and immerse it in to the bucket of water Fig. 2a Fig. 2b

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 73

After doing activity 1 and activity 2, Rani said where air exerts pressure. For example
that air is everywhere. Any bottle, glass or any these may include a balloon being filled
other container that appears empty is actually with air, the air filled football that
full of air. Nothing can be added to it unless becomes hard, water rising through a
the air inside is removed. It is only when some hand pump, the tubes of cycle, scooter
air is removed that something else can enter. or car. Think of other examples where
Air occupies the space around us. we can see that the air exerts pressure.
• Do you agree with Rani? Discus with Let us do - 3:
your friends and write the reasons for Take a syringe and draw out

A
your answer. its plunger to the limit. Close
•

AN
Give a few more illustrations showing the nozzle of the syringe with
that air needs to be removed from a a finger and press the piston.
container before something else can Fig. 4
enter it.
Were you able to press the piston?

G
What are the steps needed to use a dropper?
Explain its functioning. • Did you feel pressure on your finger
N •
while doing so?
What do you think exerted pressure on
LA
your finger?
Air Expands on Heating
Fig. 3a Fig. 3b Fig. 3c Let us do - 4
TE

Does Air exerts pressure? Take an empty injection bottle and one empty
You know that a bicycle tube or tube of any ball point refill. Remove the pin of the refill
other vehicle can burst when it is over filled and insert one of its ends in the cork of the
with air. How does this happen? What does injection bottle as shown in Fig. 5.
T

the excess air do to the tube? Discuss with Put a water drop on the upper
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your friends on how the air in the vehicle’s end of the refill. Rub your
tubes keeps them in shape. hands together so that they
Take a balloon and fill it with air. Keep blowing become warm. Carefully pick
more and more air into it. What would up the bottle and hold it in
SC

eventually happen? The balloon expands and both your hands for some time
after a point bursts. Fig 5
• Why does it burst? so that the bottle also becomes warm.

• Can we say that this activity also shows What happens to the water drop?
that air exerts pressure? How does it behave?
• Give reasons for your answer. Now keep this bottle in a saucer of cold water
• List other experiences of situations and observe what happens to the drop. Why
does this happen?
74 Air, Winds And Cyclones
• What makes the water drop inflate when The air from the balloon would slowly escape.
the injection bottle is held in cupped • Why does that happen?
hands? What happens to it in cold water?
Let us do - 7
• Can we infer from the first observation
that air expands on heating? Take a balloon. Blow air into it. As we fill it
up, it expands and it becomes harder to press
• Can you state what happens to the air in the walls of the balloon. The inside air exerts
the bottle when it is cooled by keeping pressure on the walls of the balloon.
the bottle in water?
Open the mouth of the balloon slightly. What

A
Let us do-5: Hot air is lighter than cold air happens?
Air from the balloon comes out. You can open

AN
the mouth less or more and control the flow
of air. The air in the balloon is at high pressure
and it goes towards low pressure area.
Fig 6a Fig 6b

G
You already know that when air moves, it is
Take two paper bags or empty paper cups of called wind. Air moves from the region where
the air pressure is high to the region where
the same size. Take a broomstick. Hang the
two bags in the inverted position on the two
N the pressure is low.
LA
ends of the broom stick. Tie a piece of thread The greater the difference in pressure, the
in the middle of the stick. Hold the stick by faster the air moves. We still have to think why
the thread, like a weighing balance. Put a winds occur in nature. How is the pressure
burning candle below one of the bags as difference that causes winds created in nature?
TE

shown in the figure 6 (b) and observe what Is there a difference in temperature involved?
happens. The following activities will help you to
understand this.
Note that we have used paper bags or cups as
they are of light weight and it would be easier Let us do – 8
T

to see the results of this experiment if we take Take an incense stick(agarbati) and light it.
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any such light objects to hang on the thread. Observe the smoke of the incense stick?
• Why is the balance of the bags disturbed? • Where does it go?
Handle the burning candle carefully. Observations from above activities indicate
SC

Let us do -6 that warm air rises up. Also, it is important to

remember that on heating the air expands and
Take a balloon and fill it with air. Heat it slowly.
occupies more space. When something
What happens?
occupies more space, it becomes less dense
The balloon expands and the air inside exerts and lighter. The warm air is therefore less
more pressure on the walls. dense and lighter than cold air. Thus smoke
• If the tied end is opened now, what and hot air go up.
would happen? Similar to observations of activities done so
far, numerous factors contribute to heat air.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 75
When the air rises up, air pressure at the place b. Now wet the edges of glass with water. Stick
becomes low and we have many kinds of the post card to it, and hold it inverted with
winds as air comes in to occupy areas of lower your left hand as shown in figure (8 b) and
pressure. The differential heating of land and move your right hand or note book to move
water by the sun leads to land and sea breeze. the air form under the paper.

A
AN
Figure – 8(b)
Can you imagine what would happen? Have
you ever seen high speed winds blowing over

G
the roofs of houses? If roofs were weak they
could be lifted and blown away.
Fig. 7 Land and sea breeze N • If you have heard or seen any such
LA
The land heats up faster than the sea, so warm experiences share it with your friends.
air rises over the land during the day as it is In the activity (9), when we move our hand
warmed by the Sun. At certain times of a year, there is movement of air caused. The moving
TE

this can create a sea breeze which is a gentle air creates low pressure. Hence the paper lifts
breeze blowing into the land. At night, the land
up due to the higher pressure on the paper
cools faster than the sea, reversing the air flow.
from air in the glass. When on the other hand
This creates a land breeze that blows out to
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we hold the glass facing down, the same thing

sea.
happens and the air inside the glass pushes the
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Let us do – 9 paper out and makes the paper fall down.

Effects of Moving air
WIND - UNEVEN HEATING ON
a. Take a glass and a postcard. Keep the glass THE EARTH
SC

on a table and the postcard on the glass. Wave

We have discussed the cause of winds in areas
your hand or note book above the post card
to displace the air just above the postcard. near large water bodies including seas and
oceans, What about wind on the other parts
What do you observe?
of the earth. What are the reasons that
Why did postcard lift up? different areas have different temperature? Let
Figure – 8(a) us try to find more about all these.

76 Air, Winds And Cyclones

Uneven heating takes place on the surface of the • Write other uses of wind you can think of
earth. There are a number of reasons for this. Do winds also cause harm? Let’s see how? You
A. Uneven heating between the equator may be familiar with the word cyclone. During
and the poles. the months of May-June or October-
You might have learnt in geography that the November reports about them can be seen in
region close to the equator gets more heat the news papers/ T.V.
from the sun. This is because of the direction CYCLONES
of the sunlight being straighter close to the
Cyclones are a form of violent storms on

A
equator. The air in these regions gets warmer.
The warm air rises, and the cooler air from the Earth. People call these storms by names such

AN
regions in the 0-300 latitude belt on either side of as typhoons, hurricanes etc. depending on
the equator moves in. This movement of air where they occur. Let us try to understand the
sets forth winds that move over the earth. phenomenon of cyclone through the following
We have also seen that the increased wind activity. Ex: Lyla, Bulbul cyclones.

G
speed is accompanied by a reduced air Let us do - 10:
pressure and this aids rains.
Let us try to understand how winds are
N
LA
produced, how they bring rain and how they
can be destructive sometimes.
B. Uneven heating of land and water
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You have read about the sea breeze and the Fig. 9
land breezes. In summer, near the equator the
land heats up faster and during the day the Take a glass containing water and two straws.
temperature of the land is higher than the water Keep one straw in the water and another in
horizontal direction as shown in figure 9 and
T

in the ocean. The air over the land gets heated

and rises. This causes the winds to flow from blow through the horizontal straw.
ER

the oceans towards the land. These are • Can you say what happens to water?
monsoon winds. This is usual during the
months of June to September. • What do you observe?
The direction of the wind flow gets usually • Why is the water spray coming out from
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reversed in the months from December to the straw? Discuss with your friends.
early March. The wind flows from the land to
When you blow over the straw the water comes
ocean as the sea cools more slowly..
out due to low pressure which forms inside
The winds from the oceans carry water and the straw. So the water from the glass reaches
bring rains. Farmers in our country depend up in the straw due to high pressure.
mainly on rains for their harvests. We can also
generate energy from high speed wind. Thus We see that the increased wind speed is
we can see the usefulness of winds in our life. accompanied by a reduced air pressure.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 77

How Cyclones are Formed
Tropical cyclones are like giant engines that
use warm moist air as fuel. The warm moist
air rises upward from near the surface. The
warm air rises causing an area of lower air
pressure below. Air from surrounding areas
of high air pressure pushes into the low
pressure area. Then this “new” air becomes
warm and rises too. As the warm air continues

A
to rise, the surrounding air swirls-in to take Fig. 11
its place and the water from the sea surface •

AN
Have you heard or seen any experiences
also comes up with the air as you have seen in of cyclones? Write about these in your
activity 10. As the warmed moist air rises and notebook.
cools off, the water in the air forms clouds.
• Collect information regarding cyclones

G
The whole system of clouds and winds spins from news papers. Prepare a scrap book
and grows, fed by the ocean’s heat and water with news paper cuttings followed by
evaporating from the surface. See the figure
(10)
N small report prepared by you.
CYCLONES – Do’s and Don’ts:-
LA
• We should not ignore the warnings issued
by the meteorological department
through T.V., Radio or news papers.
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Pass on the information to others and

ignore rumors.
• When a cyclone alert is on for your area,
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continue normal working but stay alert

to the radio warnings.
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• We should make necessary arrangements

Fig. 10 to shift essential household goods,
domestic animals and vehicles, etc. to
These kinds of satellite images help us to safer places.
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predict the path of the cyclones to some

extent. • Switch off electrical mains in your house.

DESTRUCTION BY CYCLONES: • Keep ready the phone numbers of all

emergency services like police, fire
Cyclones can be very destructive. The main brigade, and medical centers.
effects of cyclones include heavy rain and,
strong wind. The destruction of a cyclone • Pack essentials for yourself and your
depends mainly on its intensity, its size and its family to last a few days, including
location. medicines, special food for those who

78 Air, Winds And Cyclones

 would need it. This may include babies What we have learnt:
and elders. • Air is everywhere.
Post cyclone measures • The moving air is called wind.
If you are staying in a cyclone hit area- • Air around us exerts pressure.
• Strictly avoid any loose and dangling • Air expands on heating and contracts on
wires. cooling.
• Do not drink water that could be • Warm air rises up whereas comparatively
contaminated. Always store drinking cooler air tends to sink towards the

A
water for emergencies. earth’s surface.
•

AN
• Do not go out for the sake of fun. As warm air rises air pressure at the
place is reduced and the cooler air moves
• Cooperate and help your neighbours and into that place.
friends.
• Uneven heating on the earth causes wind

G
Advanced Technology has helped and these movements.
days we are better protected. In the early • Cyclones may be caused due to wind
part of last century, coastal residents may
have had less than a day to prepare or
N traveling at high speed due to difference
in air pressure.
LA
evacuate their homes from an oncoming • It has become easier to study cyclones
cyclone. The world today is very different. with the help of advanced technology
Thanks to satellites and radars, a cyclone alert like satellites and radars.
or cyclone watch is issued 48 hours in advance
TE

of any expected storm and a cyclone warning Improve your learning

is issued 24 hours in advance. The message 1. Fill the missing words in the blank spaces
is broadcast every hour or half an hour when in the following statements.
a cyclone is near the coast. Information about a. Wind is ————— air.
T

cyclones will be given by the Indian b. Winds are generated due to ———
ER

Meteorological Department (I M D). ———— heating on the earth.

We have learnt that all storms are low c. Near the earth’s surface —————
pressure systems. Wind speed plays an ——— air rises up whereas ————
important role in the formation of storms. — air comes down.
SC

It is, therefore, important to measure the d.Air moves from a region of ———
wind speed, The instrument that measures ———— pressure to a region of ——
the wind speed is called anemometer. (See ——— pressure.
extended activities to make your own
2. Suggest two methods to find out wind
anemometer)
direction at a given place.
KEY WORDS: 3. State two experiences that make you
Wind, Expansion, Anemometer, Cyclone, think that air exerts pressure. (Other than
Low pressure, High pressure those given in the text).
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 79
4. While constructing a house, where do we
construct ventilators; why?
5. Explain why holes are made in banners
and hoardings hanging in the open.
6. How will you help your neighbours in
case cyclone approaches your village/
town? Fig 12
7. In the day time, when we go to the sea

A
the air blows towards us and does not
go towards the sea. Explain. Check that the strips rotate freely and when

AN
you blow on the cups.
8. Which of the statements given below is
correct? Your anemometer is ready. Counting the
number of rotations for a minute will give you
a) In winter the winds flow from the land
an estimate the speed of the wind.

G
to the ocean.
10. Collect some articles and photographs
b) In summer the winds flow from the

c)
land towards the ocean.
A cyclone is formed by a very high
N from news papers and magazines about
storms and cyclones. Make a story on
LA
the basis of what you learnt in this
pressure system with very high speed chapter.
winds revolving around it.
11. Interview eye witnesses to collect the
d) The coastline of India is not vulnerable actual experiences of people affected by
TE

to cyclones. a cyclone.
9. Read the following procedure and make 12. More fun with air
your own anemometer.
A. do the following activities and write your
T

Collect the following items findings

(a) 4 small paper cups (b) Two strips of the
ER

cardboard 20 cm long, 2 cm width (c) Gum

(d) Stapler (e) Sketch pen (f)sharpened pencil
Take a scale draw crosses under the card
SC

board strips as shown in figure 12.

Fix the strips at the centre, putting one over Fig 13
the other they make a ‘+’ sign. Now fix the
cups at the ends of the strips. Colour one cup Take an empty bottle and place it on the table
with sketch pen. All four cups should face in as shown in figure 13. Place a cotton ball just
the same direction. inside its mouth. Now try to blow air on the
ball to send it into the bottle, and then try the
Push a pin through the centre of the strips activity with bottles of different sizes. Throw
and attach the strips to the sharpened pencil.

80 Air, Winds And Cyclones

a challenge to your friends whether they can • What did you observe?
send the cotton ball inside the bottle by • What did you expect?
blowing air. Are you surprised? Why did this
• What happens?
happen? Think about it and discuss with your
friends. Try to answer and discuss with your friends.

B. Can you blow out the ball from funnel? C. Flow of air

A
AN
G
Fig 14

N
Take a funnel and ball, keep the funnel in your
mouth as shown in figure 14. Keep the ball in
Fig 16
LA
the funnel. Blow air through the funnel and
try to send out the ball from funnel. What Take a large plastic bottle and a two holed
happens? Have you succeeded in sending the rubber cork that fits firmly into its mouth.
ball out? Also take two glass tubes. Tie a coloured
TE

balloon to the lower end of one of the glass

tubes. Insert the glass tubes into the two holes
of the cork. The glass tubes should fit tightly
in the holes.
T

Close the mouth of the bottle with the cork

ER

and seal it with sealing wax to make the bottle

airtight. The balloon should be inside the
Fig. 15 bottle as shown in Fig. 16.
SC

Now suck air out of the bottle through the tube

And then place the ball on your hand and put that doesn’t have a balloon attached to it.
the funnel over the ball as shown in figure 15
Now blow air forcefully through funnel and • What happens to the balloon?
try to blow out the ball from the funnel (while • Why do you think this happened?
blowing air, remove hand).

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 81

 9 REFLECTION OF LIGHT

In Class VI you saw how shadows are formed. Then turn the torch towards your face as
You observed that the shape of the shadow shown in figure 1(b), and see your image in

A
changes according to the position of source the mirror.
of light and the position of object . You drew

AN
shadows of some objects and you noticed that
the rays of light travel in a straight line, by the
observation of shapes of the shadows.
You came to know that when light falls

G
fig. 1(b)
on an object it will be reflected by the surface
of that object and if that reflected light reaches In which case is your image clear?
our eyes we can see that object. N You will find that when light is focused
LA
In this class we try to learn more about on your face you can see your image clearly in
reflection of light. the mirror.You also notice that when light is
focused on the mirror you find a dim image
When will you be able to see clear of your face in the mirror. Why does it happen
TE

images of yourself in a plane mirror? so?

Will you be able to see your image in a Think:
mirror if the mirror is in front of you in a
dark room? We already know that, to see any object, light
T

should fall on it. In daytime we are able to

Let us do this (1) see all objects which are in our room even
ER

Point a torch towards the mirror so that it’s though sunlight does not fall directly on those
light falls on the mirror which you hold up as objects. How is it possible?
shown in figure 1(a), and try to see your image The multiple reflection of sunlight from
in the mirror.
SC

surfaces like wall, floor, ceiling etc. finally falls

on the object and gets reflected by it and
reaches us. This enables us to see the object.
Imagine that your friend sat in the middle of
the room. Estimate how many times,
reflection of sunlight should take place to
finally fall on your friend. Identify the places
fig. 1(a) from where light reflects.

82 Reflection of light
How light reflects after striking an object? Let us observe how light (ray of light)
reflects.
We need to understand about light
rays to know how light is reflected after Let us do this (3)
striking an object.
Place a blank sheet of paper on the
Rays of light ground such that part of it is in the sunlight
and other part of it is in the shadow. Hold
Let us do this (2)
the mirror strip with the slit facing the sun.
Take a mirror strip and a black paper Let a ray of light from the slit fall on the paper.
as shown in figure 2a. Cover the mirror strip

A
Now take another mirror strip and place it in
with black paper and cut a 1 mm wide slit in the path of this light ray such that the ray

AN
the black paper, as shown in figure 2b. coming from first mirror falls on the second
mirror as shown in fig 3.

G
fig. 2(a)

N
LA
fig. 2(b) Fig. 3
Hold the mirror strip with the slit facing the
sun as shown in figure 2c. You will see some What do you observe?
TE

light coming through the slit. Let this light

Did you see any other ray of light,
fall on a sheet of paper spread on the
apart from the one from the mirror slit, on
ground.
the paper?
T

This effect of the mirror strip on the

ray of light is called reflection. The ray of
ER

light falling on the mirror is called the incident

ray and the ray returning from it is called the
reflected ray.
SC

Fig. 2 (c) Laws of reflection:

Light coming from such a slit or any other Is there any relationship between the
small hole looks like a ray of light. direction of the incident ray and the direction
We shall use this mirror strip covered with the of the reflected ray.
slit of black paper in the following Let us do this (4)
experiments.
Take a sheet of blank paper. Draw a
line segment AC. Draw another straight line

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 83

at right angles (90 degrees) to segment AC. Place a mirror strip vertically on segment AC
The second line should intersect segment AC with its reflecting surface facing the normal.
at point B. We shall call this line as Normal. See that the back of the mirror coincides with
See in figure 4a. segment AC. Take the mirror strip with a slit
and let its light ray fall along line 4, as you did
in the earlier experiment. Now this ray is the
incident ray for the mirror . The angle between
the normal and the incident ray is called the
Angle of Incidence (∠ ∠i).

A
Did the reflected ray fall on any of the lines
you have drawn? If yes, on which line did it

AN
fall?
Fig. 4(a)
The angle between normal and the reflected
Draw two lines from point B on the left side ∠r).
ray is called the Angle of Reflection (∠
of the normal and two on the right side. The

G
lines should be at angles of 30° and 60° Adjust the mirror strip with the slit so that its
respectively from the normal. Number these light ray falls along line 3 and observe on which
lines 1, 2, 3, 4 as shown in figure 4b. N line the reflected ray falls?
LA
Adjust the mirror strip with the slit so that its
light ray falls along normal, then the angle of
incidence is 0o (the angle between normal and
incident ray “that is also normal here”, is 0o)
TE

What happens? Where did you find the

reflected ray?

Fig. 4(b) Record your observations in the table - 1.

T
ER

TABLE - 1

Angle of Angle of
S.No. Incident ray Reflected Ray
Incidence Reflection
SC

1. On line - 4
On ..........................

2. On line - 3
On ..........................

3. On normal
On ..........................

84 Reflection of light
Do you see any relationship between the angle Make your own periscope
of incidence and the angle of reflection? State
Let us do this (5)
this relationship in the form of a rule and write
the rule here. Collect the following materials to make
your periscope:
………………………………………………………………………………
..
Let us verify this rule. Empty agarbatti box, two mirror
strips, scale, pencil, blade, match box, candle,
If the two incident rays form angles of 20° glue.
and 45° respectively with the normal, what will
Close both ends of the agarbatti box. Draw

A
be the angles formed by the reflected rays with
the normal? squares at both ends. Draw the diagonal to

AN
these squares as shown in figure 6(a). Slit the
Verify your answer by conducting the diagonals with a blade. The slits should be
experiment. equal to the length of the mirror strips.
Note: observe this diagram carefully (figure

G
5). The ray of light from the candle is
reflected at the mirror, and bounces off at
the same angle as it come to the mirror. Our
eye does not know that the light has been
N
LA
reflected. Our eye sees the object (the candle)
in the mirror, and feels that light is coming
from that candle which seems to be behind
the mirror. In this way we see an image of Fig. 6(a)
TE

the candle. Fix the mirror strips in these slits as shown in

figure 6(b). Take care to see that these mirror
strips lie parallel to each other, with their re-
flecting surfaces facing each other. Fix the
T

mirror strips firmly to the box with a few

drops of molten wax from a burning candle.
ER

You can also use glue or fevicol instead of

wax.
SC

Fig. 5
We are able to see a person who is walking on
the road through a window or a door. At the
same time that person can also see us. Is it
possible to see that person while hiding Fig. 6(b)
oneself?

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 85

Cut out two windows on the narrow sides of opposite to you in the mirror kept on the floor.
the box as shown in figure 6(c). The win- B
dows should open directly on the reflecting A
surfaces of the mirror strips. Now your C
periscope is ready.
window 1

Fig. 7
window 2 Your friends A, C are able to see images of

A
each other in the mirror. Why can’t you see

AN
their images?
Fig. 6(c)
Ask your friend – B, who is in front of you to
When you look through window 2, you will
move a feet aside from his place. What
be able to see things lying in front of window
happens? Did you see his image in the mirror?

G
1. If you hide behind a tree, you can easily see
If not, why?
what is happening on the other side of the tree
Imagine a normal to the mirror. It would be
N
with your periscope. Observe in figure 6(d),
the girl is viewing objects outside the room perpendicular to the mirror as well as to the
floor. Imagine an incident ray coming from
LA
through the window while hiding herself in the
room,with the help of a periscope. your friend B, falls on the mirror then the
reflected ray from mirror and reaches you.
Observe that the incident ray, reflected ray and
TE

normal lie in the same plane.

Now think why the image of your friend B is
not visible to you when he moves aside. Where
should you stand to see his image? Once again
T

imagine the incident, reflected rays and normal

and assumed plane. What do you understand?
ER

Fig. 6(d) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal

should be in same plane, only then can you
Think: why should we keep mirror strips see your friend.
SC

parallel to each other in periscope?

Are the incident ray coming from your friend
What happens if they are not parallel? A, reflected ray going towards your friend C
Let us do this (6) and normal in the same plane?
Place a mirror (1ft. × 1ft.) on the floor. You Now let us try to answer why the mirrors in
and your friends A, B, C stand on four sides periscope are kept parallel to each other: In a
of the mirror as shown in figure 7. Adjust your periscope the incident ray for the second
places of standing, in such a way that each one mirror is the reflected ray of the first mirror.
of you can see the image of the person When these two mirrors are parallel to each
86 Reflection of light
other, only then the rays lie in the same plane Can you see the image in the mirror though the
and can pass through the windows of the object is not seen by you? Look at figure 10.
periscope. If these mirrors make some angle
Take a mirror and an object and try.
with each other, then the reflected ray of the
first mirror may not reach the second mirror
or the reflected ray of second mirror may not
pass through the window of periscope. In
both cases we can’t see the object with the
periscope.

A
How do we get an image in a mirror? Fig. 10

AN
You would have seen your image in a mirror Think: All of you are sitting in your
many times. Do you know how it is formed? classroom, where and how would you place
During day time the light which falls on you a mirror to see a tree which is outside the
gets reflected and a number of reflected light class?

G
rays from you that fall on the mirror also get
reflected back. These reflected rays reach your Can all of you see that tree at a time?

N
eye and make you see your image. See figure
8. Thus formation of image in mirrors is due
If not, what will you do so that each one of
you can see the tree without changing your
LA
to reflection of light rays from the mirror. seat?
Take a mirror and try.
Is there any difference between you and
TE

your image?
Stand in front of a mirror as shown in figure
11 and observe on which side of you does
T

the pocket on your shirt appear, when you

look into the mirror.
ER

Fig. 8
See the figure 9 and observe the lines. They
will explain how the image of a candle is
SC

formed in the mirror and how you are able

to see the image of the candle in the mirror

Fig. 11 Fig. 12
Raise your right hand in front of a mirror as
Fig. 9 shown in figure 12. Which hand of your image
appears raised?

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To make your image to comb hair with its Is the size of an object and its image same?
right hand, what will you have to do? Let us do this (8)
What do these observations suggest? Stand in front of a big mirror. Observe your
image. Step back two feet and step forward
In a mirror, right of an object appears one foot. Observe your image while you move
………………… and left of the object to and fro. What do you notice? Did your
appears ………………… image also move? Estimate the distance from
you to the mirror and the distance from the
Note that only sides are interchanged. This mirror to the image. Is the size of your image
is called lateral inversion. equal to your size? Place an object in front

A
of the mirror. Compare the size of the object
Let us do this (7)

AN
with its image. Is the size of the object and its
Take a drawing sheet and cut it into a few image the same?
pieces. Write an English letter in capitals on What can you say about the size of your image
each piece of drawing sheet. Observe the when you stand in front of a small mirror and

G
images of the letters formed in the mirror as a big mirror? Do you find any difference in
the sizes of those images?
shown in figure 13.
N You may notice that irrespective of the size
of mirrors, the size of image and the size of
LA
object are equal.
Think:
Anuvugani chota adhikulamanaradu
Konchamundutella koduva kadu
TE

fig. 13 Konda addamandu konchamai undada

i) Which of the images appear same as the Viswadabhi rama vinuravema
original letter? Have you heard of this poem?
Why does a mountain look tiny in the mirror?
T

ii) Which of them appear reversed? Why?

Images are many . . . Object is one. .
ER

Repeat above activity with Telugu/Hindi/ • Have you gone to a hair cutting saloon?
Urdu letters and also with numbers 1 to 9 • How many mirrors does the barber
then try to answer the above questions. generally use in a saloon?
Can you spell your name as it appears in a You may notice there is one mirror in the front
SC

mirror? and another at back of the sitting place.

Sometimes barber places a mirror behind
Spelling of my name is .................................. your head, as shown in figure 14.
It appears in the mirror as..............................

Think: On the front side of ambulances,

Why the word AMBULANCE is written
like ECNALUBMA
Fig. 14
88 Reflection of light
• Why do they use more mirrors? Let us do this (10): A Garden in box
• How many images do you see when Take an empty shoe box. Place two plane
you sit in the chair? Why? mirrors along the edges. See that the pair of
How to form multiple images? mirrors are parallel to each other and their
reflecting surfaces face each other as shown in
Let us do this (9) figure 16.
Take two plain mirrors of same size and join
them with a cellophane tape as shown in figure
15. Fold the mirrors through certain angle

A
and place an object between them. How many

AN
images can you see?

copy

fig. 16

G
Scratch the centre part of a mirror at its back
N
and make a hole to the wall of the box such
that it coincides with the scratched portion of
LA
mirror image mirror image the mirror. Put some flowers in the box. Make
a few holes in the lid before closing the box
so that light enters into the box. Now look
through the hole. You can see a wonderful
TE

Fig. 15 and beautiful vast garden.

Count the number of images after changing Why does the small area look like a vast
the angle between the mirrors. garden?
What should we do to get more images?
T

The light which enters the box falls on the

Observe: flowers, gets reflected and travels in all
ER

Keep the mirrors in such a way that the angle directions. The rays which fall on the mirrors
between the mirrors is 90 degrees and reflect back to the opposite mirror. This
observe the images and compare them with process happens again and again. Due to this
multiple reflection we can see that small area
SC

the object. What do you notice? Is there any

difference between those images? as a big garden.
Imagine the reason for that. Make your own Kaleidoscope
• How can we use the property of Let us do this (11)
reflection in daily life? Take three mirror strips of the same size. Tie
• Have you seen any instrument (or) toy these strips with rubber bands to form a
which works, based on reflection? triangular tube as shown in figure 17(a).

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 Can you explain why this happens?
Think: Have you seen these types of
patterns (those observed in kaleidoscope)
in your daily life?
Have you ever observed your image in a
rearview mirror?
Have you observed the mirrors at both the
fig. 17(a) sides of driver in motor vehicles like bus, car

A
While tying the strips together, remember to or motorcycle? See figure 18.
keep their reflecting surfaces facing each other

AN
inside the tube. Cover one end of the tube
with translucent paper using a rubber band.
Cover the second end with card board sheet
and make a hole in it. So that you can look

G
inside it. Your kaleidoscope is ready.Now put
few small pieces of coloured glass bangles

17(b).
N
inside the triangular tube as shown in figure
Fig. 18
LA
These are rearview mirrors. These are used
by drivers to see vehicles which are moving
TE

behind or beside of the vehicle without turning

fig. 17(b) their heads.
Have you ever observed your image in that
T

mirror? How is your image in that mirror?

Look at the bangle pieces through the hole as
Let us do this (12)
ER

shown in figure 17(c).

Take a plane mirror. Go to a vehicle. Observe
your image in the rearview mirror and as well
as in the plane mirror. What difference do you
SC

find?
You might have noticed that the image
formed by a rearview mirror is smaller than
fig. 17(c) the image in a plane mirror. Why it is like that?
What do you see? What is the difference between these two
mirrors? Observe their shapes and find the
Shake the kaleidoscope and try to see through
difference.
the hole slowly rotating it. What happens?

90 Reflection of light
Have you observed reverse image of Why do we call concave and convex
yourself in any mirror? mirrors as spherical mirrors?
Let us do this (13) Let us do this (14)
Try to observe your image in a stainless steel Take a rubber ball and cut a portion of it
spoon. The curved shining surfaces on either with knife as shown in figure 21. (Be careful.
side of a spoon acts as a mirror as shown in Ask your teacher to help you in cutting the
figure 19. ball).

A
AN
Fig. 21
The inner surface of the cut piece of ball is

G
called concave surface and the outer surface
Fig. 19
of it is called convex surface.

spoon?
N
How is the image on the outer portion of the
If the reflecting surface of a mirror is
concave, it is called a concave mirror see
LA
How is the image on the inner portion of the figure 22(a).
spoon?
When you look at the inner portion of the
TE

spoon you find a reversed image. The inner

portion of spoon acts as concave mirror.
When you look at the outer portion of the
spoon you find small size image of you. Outer
T

portion of spoon acts as a convex mirror. Fig. 22(a)

ER

Have you seen the mirrors whose reflecting If the reflecting surface is convex, then it is
surfaces look like the head of a steel spoon? called as convex mirror. See figure 22(b).
(See figure 20) The mirrors which contain
curved reflecting surface are called spherical
SC

mirrors. They are two types.

1) Concave mirror 2) Convex mirror

Fig. 22(b)
Any convex or concave mirror is a part of a
sphere. Hence these mirrors are called
Fig. 20 spherical mirrors.

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Let us form images with Spherical mirrors Adjust distances between candle and mirror,
screen and mirror by moving them either
Let us do this (15)
forward or backward till a clear image appear
Place the concave and convex mirrors on two on the screen.
different V- stands. Put two candles of same
Repeat the activity using a convex mirror and
size in front of them as shown in figure 23.
plane mirror in place of concave mirror.
Images of which mirror are formed on the
screen?

A
The image that can be obtained on a screen is
called a Real Image. We can see this image

AN
in the mirror too.
The image that can’t be obtained on a screen
fig. 23 but can be seen only in the mirror is called a

G
Adjust the position of candles, to form clear Virtual Image.
images in the mirrors. Observe the sizes of Think: Every day we see our image in a
images and compare them with candle sizes.
• What difference do you notice
N plane mirror. Is it a real or virtual image?
How can you decide?
LA
between the image and object in a Have you noticed the surface of reflection
convex mirror? in a torch light? Or in a head light of a
• What difference do you notice vehicle?
TE

between the image and object in a Observe the torch light or headlight of a
concave mirror? vehicle. You notice a concave mirror behind
Can we obtain the images formed by the bulb (See figure 25). Due to this concave
surface the brightness of a small bulb is
T

mirrors on the screen?

increased.
Let us do this (16) (try this in a dark room)
ER

Place a concave mirror on a V-stand. Place a

lighted candle in front of it. Place a thick white
paper or white drawing sheet behind the Fig. 25
SC

candle. This acts as a screen. See figure 24.

Imagine: What happens if the surface of
reflection in the torch or in a head light of a
vehicle is convex like in figure 26?

Fig. 24 Fig. 26
92 Reflection of light
Dentists use mirrors to examine our teeth (See Reflection from a
figure 27). smooth surface like that
of a mirror is called
regular reflection (see
figure 29). Clear images
are formed in case of Fig. 29
regular reflection.
Reflection from a rough or irregular surface
is called irregular reflection or diffused

A
Fig. 27 reflection (see figure 30). Images are not clear
in case of irregular reflection. In some cases

AN
These mirrors used by doctor help to see a we can’t find the image at all.
bigger image of teeth. What type of mirrors
are they?

G
In our daily life while we stand in front of
windows we observe our images on the glass
of some windows but don’t find images on
the glass of some other windows. Why? N
LA
Our image is clear when we stand in front of Fig. 30
certain types of glass as shown in figure 28(a). If the surface of the window glass is smooth,
Our image is not clear when we stand in front due to the regular reflection we are able to see
of some other types of glass as shown in figure
TE

our image in that glass. But if the surface of

28b. the window glass is rough, due to the irregular
reflection we can’t find our image or we find
unclear images in that glass.
T

Let us try this

ER

Observe the image of the sun or a tree in

still water. Later, disturb the water by
throwing a pebble. How does the image of
the Sun or the tree appear now? Why?
SC

Let us try this

Keep a mirror close your face and look into
Fig. 28(a) Fig. 28(b) it. Move the mirror backward and observe
· Why do certain glasses form clear the image. What change do you observe? Try
images? this activity using Convex, Concave mirrors.
In which mirror do you get an inverted im-
· Why are images in some other
age? At what distance does it happen?
glasses not clear?

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 93

Key words: 9. In a rearview mirror (convex mirror)
we get diminished image of the object.
Incident Ray, Reflected Ray, Normal, Angle
∠ i), Angle of Reflection (∠
of Incidence (∠ ∠ r ), 10. In a mirror which is used by Dentist
Periscope, Lateral Inversion, Kaleidoscope, (concave mirror) we get enlarged
Rear view mirror, Spherical mirror, Convex image of the object.
Mirror, Concave mirror, Real Image, Virtual 11. The image that can be obtained on a
Image, Regular Reflection, Irregular screen is called a Real Image.
Reflection.
12. The image that can’t be obtained on a

A
What we have learnt screen but can be viewed in the mirror
1. Light changes its direction when it is is called a Virtual Image.

AN
obstr ucted by any object. This
phenomenon is called reflection. 13. Torches, headlights of vehicle have
concave mirrors behind the bulb for
2. Angle of incidence is equal to an angle
reflection.
of reflection. We denote angle of

G
incidence with ∠i and the angle of 14. Reflection from a smooth surface is
reflection with ∠r. called regular reflection.

3.
Measure of ∠i = measure of ∠r. N
In the image formed by a mirror, right
15. Reflection from a rough surface is
called irregular reflection.
LA
of the object appears as left and left
of the object appears as right. This is Improve your learning
called Lateral Inversion. 1. Vidya made a Periscope making slits like
TE

4. The distance from the object to a plane this as shown in the figure. Will it work or
mirror is equal to the distance of the not? Explain your answer. Try to make a
image from the mirror . periscope like this and see whether it
5. Irrespective of size of the plane works or not?
T

mirror, the size of the image in the

mirror is equal to the size of the object.
ER

6. Any object which is far away from us

looks smaller in size. In the same way
its image in the plane mirror will also
look smaller. 2. (i) Draw reflected
SC

ray in the figure

7. Plane mirror forms single image. If we
given here.
want to form multiple images two
plane mirrors need to be kept at an
angle.
(ii) Mark the position
8. The number of images increases when of the image in the
we reduce the angle between two figure given here by
mirrors. dotted lines.

94 Reflection of light
3. How do you relate angle of reflection and 9. Write examples of multiple images
angle of incidence? formed in your daily life?
What will be the angle of reflection when 10. Observe the figure and identify which
angle of incidence is type of mirror is used? How do you
i) 60° ii) 0° justify it?

4. Imagine that your sister is viewing a

cricket match on a TV and you are viewing
the same cricket match in a mirror which

A
is opposite to the TV. What difference
do you notice in the match?

AN
5. Write the mirror image of your name?
............................................. (in English)
.............................................. (in Telugu)

G
6. You are given the mirror image of a name.
11. Sai lighted a candle in his house when
Can you find out the actual name?
AY R U S
N power went off. His mother placed it in
front of a mirror. Sai observed something
LA
Place a mirror in front of this figure and that excited him. What change would
check your answer. have excited Sai? Some questions came to
7. Get three mirror strips, two rubber bands, his mind. Can you guess the questions?
TE

card board sheet, translucent paper, and Write a few such questions.
broken bangle pieces and make a
12. Unexpectedly some water sprinkled on a
Kaleidoscope.
mirror while Madhu was shaving his face.
8. Observe the following figures. Did he observe any difference in his
T

image? If yes, explain why?

ER

13. Imagine that all the houses in your street

have elevation with mirrors. Suppose you
and your friends are walking in the street.
SC

Would you experience any difficulties

How many images would you observe in when you walk through that street? Predict
the mirrors in the above cases? Write your and explain. Is it difficult for birds to live
guesses. or fly in that street? Why?
Fig – 1…………………….
14. Take an empty tooth paste box and two
Fig. – 2 ………………………… mirror strips of required size and make a
Do experiments and check whether your periscope.
guesses are correct or not? Give reasons.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 95

15. What is the angle between two plane 21. While constructing a new house, Kishan’s
mirrors when there are five images? uncle rejected his wife’s request of glass
elevation to the building, saying that “It
16. What is the difference between convex
is harmful to the birds and also our
and concave mirrors? Draw the diagrams
selves”. Why would you support the
of concave and convex mirrors.
decision of Kishan’s uncle?
17. Where do you find irregular reflection in
22. Collect information from your elders and
daily life? Give some examples.
shopkeepers about where we use more

A
18. Mirrors help us to see all the objects mirrors and why?
around us without turning our heads.

AN
23. Collect information about which objects
Write about the role of mirrors in our life.
of your school and home work like a
19. Army people can see their enemies while mirror and why? Identify the similarities
hiding themselves with the help of among those objects.

G
periscopes. Write about the use of
24. Can we use a plain mirror in place of rear
periscope for their security.
view mirror Yes/No give the reason.
20. Imagine what would happen if there are N
no rearview mirrors attached to vehicles
25. A mirror is hanging in your room. Your
LA
friend is sitting in the same room in a chair.
and there are no concave mirrors in head
If your friend wants to see you in a mirror,
lights of the vehicles. Write about the role
how will you adjust your position?
of convex and concave mirrors in safe
TE

Explain.
driving.
T
ER
SC

96 Reflection of light
 10 NUTRITION IN PLANTS

A
I grew from a mango seed.
How large am I ? So much

AN
I produce, plenty for me
and plenty for all.

G
He covered the soil with a
N lid so that nothing could fall
LA
onto the surface of the soil
and add to its mass.
There were holes in the lid
TE

so that the tree could grow

Fig 2
Fig.1 out of the soil and so that Von Helmont
air and water could reach the
How do plants produce so much that they are
able to feed other organisms dependent on roots.
T

them? Van Helmont left the tree for five years, giving
ER

For ages people have been pondering over it only rain water to drink. At the end of the
this and till three hundred and fifty years ago five years he measured the
we believed what Aristotle had said over two mass of the tree and the
thousand years ago. According to him plants mass of the dry soil for a
SC

could produce everything from what they took second time. The results
from the soil. of this experiment are
In the year 1648 a Belgian scientist Jan Baptista shown in table:
Von Helmont conducted an experiment that
This experiment changed
continued for five years. He took a small willow
the belief of hundreds of
tree and planted it in a large pot of soil. Before years! This was because
he did this he carefully measured the mass of the Von Helmont arrived at a
dry soil and the mass of the tree. Fig. 3 result that –
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 97
 Mass (kg)
At start After five years Change in mass (kg)
Tree 2.27 76.74 74.47
Dry soil 90.72 90.66 0.06

1. The substances needed for the growth

of a plant do not come from the soil and found that only the
only. green parts of plants when

A
2. The plant grows because of the water it exposed to sunlight could
gets. do that. Several scientists

AN
Do you think Von Helmont’s conclusions started working on what
were correct? green plants were doing
with water and air and
People tried to check this sunlight and till date we

G
and thus experiment after Fig 6
know that- Ingenhouz
experiment followed.
Stephan Hales described
the leaves as organs of
N Green parts of plants use carbon dioxide in
the presence of sunlight (as well as other
LA
transpiration ( loss of sources of light) along with water to make
excess water from plant glucose, starch and other food materials. This
body) and he said that process of making food materials is called as
Fig 4 photosynthesis and such plants are called
TE

plants exchange gases with

Stephen Hales Autotrophs.
their surrounding air.
Furthermore, he was the first to point out a List the four major things needed by plants
possible role of light in plant nutrition. to carry out the process of photosynthesis.
T

It was Priestley who

carried out a sequence of
ER

experiments. He could
demonstrate that what
animals were doing to
the air was being
SC

reversed by plants. That

is, according to him, if Fig 5 Fig 7
animals were making the Priestley
air impure, plants were making it pure. In nature, the presence of the green substance
Ingenhouz tried to repeat Priestley’s in leaves is essential for photosynthesis to take
experiments under different conditions place. This green substance is called
chlorophyll.

98 Nutrition in Plants
 Carbon dioxide + Water In the presence of sun light
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → Glucose + Oxyzen + Water
Chlorophyll

Where does water come from? Exchange of air

We have learnt that plants absorb food from Plants get water from the soil through their
water from Vanhelmont experment. But later roots. They use carbon dioxide of air. This
we come to know that plants absorb food job is done by the leaves. The leaves have tiny
from air as well as water. Plants get water from holes through which the exchange of air takes
the soil through their roots while the process place. These holes are so minute you can only
of photosynthesis takes place in the leaves. So see them with the help of a microscope. They

A
how does the water reach the leaves from the are called stomata. It is through the stomata

AN
roots? What path does it follow? that the exchange of air in leaves takes place
Let us recall the experiment done in the chapter continuously. You have seen the picture of
“ Plants: Parts and Function” of class VI, stomata in your ClassVI science textbook.
which showed how water is transported in

G
the plant body.

N
LA
Fig 9 - Stomata
We know that plants take water through their
roots and air through the stomata of their
TE

Fig 8 leaves (there are some other parts like loose

tissues and lenticels present on the bark of
• On the basis of this experiment, what plant through which exchange of air takes
conclusion can you draw about the place). We also know that leaves contain the
functions of the root and stem in the
T

green substance, chlorophyll. What else is

nutrition of plants? needed for photosynthesis?
ER

Farmers sprinkle urea in rice or wheat

The next question is whether the process of
fields whenever the leaves turn yellow.
forming starch by combining carbon dioxide
The leaves soon become green again.
and water requires light. Let us try to find out.
• Why is it necessary to irrigate the fields
SC

after sprinkling urea? Think it over and If light is absent

answer with reasons. A description of an experiment is given here.
• The farmer sprinkles urea in the soil Read it, try and find out what effect light has
of his field. How does the urea affect on the formation of starch in leaves. The
the leaves of the crop? experiment was done with a plant called
Chaina rose (Mandara), but it can be
This experiment and the information about
performed with any plant.
urea tell us how and from where plants get
water and other nutrients dissolved in it. You need to find out if starch is present in

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 99

leaves. You already know how to test for Do You Know?
starch, but a problem arises if you try this test Preservation of plant parts like
with leaves. Leaves are green in colour. When leaves, flowers or whole plant is a
iodine solution is put on a leaf, it should turn traditional designery art. If the plants are
blue if starch is present. However, the green not available in a particular place then the
colour of the leaf disguises the blue colour. plant physiologists collect those plants
So you must first remove the green colour of where they are available and make them
the leaves if you want to test whether they in the preser vative for m. This is
contain starch. The way to do this is to first commonly known as herberium They

A
put the leaves in a test tube and boil them in study those plants, and these preserved
alcohol or hot water. This is a bit difficult. You plants are also helpful for the future

AN
need to be careful while boiling leaves in studies.
alcohol. Can you tell by looking at the figure where
In the experiment described here, 4 to 5 leaves starch is present and where it is not?
of a Chaina rose plant were plucked in the

G
Did the entire leaf get light after it was
afternoon. After removing their green colour covered with black paper? If this was not
in the way described above, they were put in the case, which parts of the leaf did not get
diluted iodine solution. The leaves turned
bluish-black. Why did this happen?
N light?
LA
Did starch form only in those parts that
In the second part of the experiment, 4 to 5 were exposed to light?
leaves of the same plant were covered with
black paper without removing them from the On the basis of this experiment, what
TE

plant. The way the black paper was cut and connection do you notice between light and
fixed to the leaves is shown in the figure 8. starch formation?
Do plants produce only starch?
In the chapter ‘Our food’, you read that
T

starch, fats and proteins are present in food.

They are also present in plants. Where do
ER

these substances come from? Plants produce

white
sugar first, which is converted to starch and
then other compound as well. But plants
need other nutrient elements to do this.
SC

black The main nutrients needed are nitrogen,

potassium and phosphorus in large quantity
Fig. 10 are called macronutrients. Plants require
These leaves were plucked two days later. many other nutrient elements as well, but
Their black paper was removed and they were these are needed only in minute quantities.
dipped in iodine solution. The leaves turned Hence, they are called micronutrients. Plants
black in the pattern shown in the figure. absorb these nutrient elements from the soil
through their roots. The experiments related
to this aspect will be learnt in higher classes.
100 Nutrition in Plants
Other types of the nutrition in plants kept in moist places. These spots develop
Plants that grow on other plants due to the growth of fungi, which is a type
Have you seen yellow thread-like structures of plant.
twining around the stem, branches and leaves All these types of plants do not contain
of some trees? Fig -9 shows such a plant. chlorophyll so they simply absorb organic
material usually from decaying matter.
This thread-like plant
is Cuscuta. It neither • Try to find out the different types of
has leaves nor saprophytes that you may find growing
around you? If they are too small try to

A
chlorophyll. How do
they survive? From observe them with a hand lens.

AN
where do they get • Draw the pictures of the saprophytes
nutrition? Cuscuta and write the places where you found
takes food from the them.
plant on which it is
Special mode of obtaining nutrition in

G
climbing.Like humans
insectivorous plants:
and animals such
N
plants depend on the
food produced by
A few plants manufacture their own food but
also obtain a part of their nutrition from
LA
Fig. 11: Cuscuta other plants. insects. Leaves of these plants are specially
modified to trap insects. These plants grow
This mode of nutrition is called heterotrophic
in areas deficient in nitrogen. Hence they meet
nutrition. their nitrogen requirements from insects.
TE

Parasitic plants like cuscuta develop special Being green in colour, they can manufacture
roots called haustoria, which penetrate into their own food. Droseras, Utricularia,
the tissues of the host plant and absorb food Nepheenthies, Venusflytrap are examples of
materials from them. some such insectivorous plants. These are also
T

Plants that grow on dead and decaying called as carnivorous plants.

ER

matter
Often after rains, we
find umbrella like
structures growing on
SC

dead and decaying

matter. Such plants are
called Saprophytes.
You might have seen
black and white spots
appearing on bread
pieces, pickles, when
Fig. 12 : Fungus Fig. 13 : Nepanthis

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 101

Some plants like those of the Dal family have Let us green our environment so that we will
a type of bacteria growing in their root nodules. never worry about oxygen and food!
The bacteria fixes nitrogen for the plant while Key words:
it gets shelter in the roots of these plants. Such
an association is beneficial to both groups and Nutrition, Autotroph, Chlorophyll,
called symbiosis. Photosynthesis, Stomata, Saprophyte,
Insectivorous, carnivorous, Symbiosis,
Fungi
What we have learnt

A
• Green parts of plants use carbon
dioxide in the presence of sunlight (as

AN
well as other sources of light) along with
water to make glucose, starch and other
food materials. This process of making
food materials is called photosynthesis.

G
Fig. 14 : Root nodules • Plants that do not photosynthesize
Do you know? N depend on other means of getting their
nutrition.
LA
There are colonies of algae and fungi living • Saprophytes live on decaying organic
together in a symbiotic relationship! These matter.
colonies are known as Lichens. This
relationship starts with the attack of algal • Insectivorous plants fulfill their nitrogen
TE

colony by a type of fungus. It is an example deficiency by trapping insects.

of balanced parasitism then. Later as algae • In symbiosis, organisms share their food
survive, they are given protection from and shelter.
intense light and conditions of drying up
Improve your learning
T

due to the presence of fungus colony. The

fungus gets food from its partner. 1. A potted plant is kept in light for a day
ER

and one of its leaves is tested for starch.

The same plant is kept in the dark for
two days and another leaf is tested for
starch. Will there be a difference in the
SC

results of the two experiments? Give

reasons for your answer.
2. What happens if leaves of a green plant
are coated with oil?
(Hint: What will be the effect on
stomata?)
Fig. 15 : Lichens

102 Nutrition in Plants

3. Do you think saprophytes help us in 8. Circle the insectivorous plant among
keeping the environment clean? the plants given below.
(Hint: What do saprophytes feed on?) (a) Hibiscus (b) Teak
4. Differentiate between following with (c) Nepanthis (d) Aloevera
some examples. 9. Collect information about
(i) Parasite and saprophyte experiments of Joseph Priestly and
(ii) Host and parasite. Ingen Houz from Internet and make
a brief note on them.

A
5. Fill in the blanks and give reasons.
10. Do you agree with von Helmont? If
(i) Lenticels are present on …………… in nutrients absorbed by plants from soil

AN
plants. is equal to the mass of plant / tree what
(ii) The food synthesized by the plants is will happen? Think and write your
stored as ………………………. hypothesis.

G
(iii) Saprophytes depend on …………….. 11. Why are some plants called
for food. insectivorous plants? Give reasons.
6. Name the following: N 12. Designery leaves - select any broad
leaved potted plant. Cut a card board
LA
(i) Pores through which leaves exchange
with a design of your choice and seal
gases.
the selected leaf with the card board. Let
(ii) Plants that act as scavenger of nature. the plant stand under the sun for a week
TE

(iii) Those plants that share food and shelter. then remove the card board you will get
designery leaves plant. Try to make more
(iv) Plants which cannot make their own
leaves with designs and display your
food and obtain it from host.
plant but don’t forget to present your
7. Tick the correct answer writeup.
T

(i) Cuscuta is an example of 13. Collect a leaf. Take peels from both sides
ER

a). Autotroph b). Parasite of the leaf and observe stomata size,
c). Saprophyte d). Symbiont shape and number under microscope
with the help of your class teacher. Write
(ii) Haustoria are your findings.
SC

a). Roots b). Stems 14. Prathima said “Mushroom is also a

c). Leaves d). All of them plant” is she correct? How would you
(iii) Raw materials involved in the process support her?
of photosynthesis 15. Photosynthesis is the way plants make
a). Carbon dioxide b). Water food in every leaf by using different
c). Sun light d). All of them items. Write your feelings on this.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 103

 RESPIRATION IN
11 ORGANISMS
We know that people may survive without • What did you feel after keeping your
food for several days. They go on a fast or mouth and nose closed for so long?

A
hunger strike but during time that they drink Let us do-2: How many Breaths in a
some water or other liquids at least once a day. Minute?

AN
But what about air? Don’t we feel suffocated
if we don’t get air even for a short while! Hold a finger under the nose of one of your
friends. The side with the fingernail should
The process by which air goes in and out of face the nostrils. Ask your friend to breathe
our body is called breathing. In this lesson we

G
in and out normally.
will study about what happens when we as well
as other organisms breathe? How does this
process help in respiration? N
LA
Let us do - 1: Respiration in Human
Beings
Let’s first find out how long a person can hold
TE

her/his breath. Use a watch with a seconds’

needle to time your breathing. If you don’t
have a watch, then practice counting at a
uniform rate. You can measure the time by
counting. Close your mouth and close your
T

nose with your fingers so that air cannot pass Fig. 2

•
ER

through it. What did you feel on your finger when

your friend exhaled?
• Use this method to find out how many
times your friend inhales and exhales in
SC

a minute.
• Did your friend inhale as many times as
(s)he exhaled in a minute?
Fig.1 The process of breathing in air is called
• How long could you keep your mouth inspiration and that of breathing out air is
and nose closed? called expiration. The number of times we
breathe in and breathe out air in a minute is
called the respiration rate.
104 Respiration in Organisms
Exercise and breathing: Now fill the bottle to the brim and invert it in
You may have seen that we begin to pant after a bucket or a large container of water. But
remember, no air bubbles should remain in
running or exercising. So do exercise and
the bottle after you invert it. Insert one end
running affect the rate at which we breathe in
of a rubber tube into the mouth of the bottle
and out?
under water. Hold the other end of the tube
• In your opinion does the expiration rate in your hand. Inhale as much air as you can
increase or decrease after exercising? and blow the air into the measuring cylinder
The air we breathe in fills our lungs that are through the rubber tube. Don’t breathe in
while blowing the air out. Blow out as much

A
located in our chest. In the following
experiment we shall see what happens to our air as you can in a single breath. This air will
collect in the measuring cylinder. As a result,

AN
chest when we inhale or exhale air.
the water level in the cylinder will fall. The
Let us do - 3: Expansion of chest with reduction in water level is equal to the air you
each breath breath.
•

G
Take a length of twine or a measuring tape. How much air were you able
Wrap the tape around the chest of one of your to exhale in a single breath?
friends and measure the width of her/his
N
chest. Hold the tape lightly and ask your friend
to breathe in and out deeply a few seconds.
• Find the amount of air the
Fig. 4
others in your group breathe out in a
LA
single breath and compare these
amounts.
• Was the amount of air the same for all
TE

your friends?
Let us do - 5: Difference between inhaled
and exhaled air
Exhale air from your nose on the back of your
T

index finger.
Fig. 3 • Is this air warm?
ER

• Do you find any difference between Now use a syringe to pump some air on your
measurements? finger.
• How does the width of the chest change • Is the air from the syringe also warm?
SC

when air is inspired or exhaled?

Let us day - 6: Moisture in our breath
Let us do - 4: How much air in your breath?
On cold winter mornings you may have
Make a measuring cylinder with a two-litre noticed that the air you breathe out is misty.
plastic bottle and 100 ml injection bottle. To • Why does this happen?
do this, pour 100 ml of water at a time in the
bottle and mark the water level after each
• We shall do an experiment to find out.
addition. Take a mirror. Wipe it clean with a cloth. Blow
air from your mouth on the surface of the
mirror.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 105
• Look at the surface of the mirror • Did you see the same effect on the
carefully. What did you see? mirror this time?
• Clean the mirror again and blow air on • On the basis of this experiment would
it with a syringe. it be correct to say that exhaled air is
more moist than air from a syringe?

Discovery of Carbon dioxide Discovery of Oxygen

The first step towards trying to find out After nearly two decades of discovery of

A
what air contained was carried out by Von carbon dioxide, oxygen was discovered.
Joseph Priestley, published his“Experiments
Helmont. He conducted an experiment of

AN
and observations on different kinds of air”
burning charcoal which leads to the and was the first to prove the different
formation of ash. He found the weight of qualities of the gases released by plants
ash to be much less as compared to charcoal. and the one’s exhaled by animals (mice).

G
On the basis of this, he concluded that He discovered that, although a candle
burned out in a closed container, when he
the decrease in mass was due to formation added a living sprig of mint to the container,
of an invisible substance which he named
“gas”.
N the candle would continue to burn.
LA
TE
T

Joseph Priestley Lavoiser

Von Helmont
ER

Joseph Black
At the time, Priestley did not know of
In the year 1756, Joseph Black studied Oxygen, but he correctly concluded that the
this gas in more detail. He found that when mint sprig “restored” the air that the
burning candle (or mice which he used in a
limestone is heated or reacted with acids,
SC

similar set of experiments) had spoiled.

it gives rise to a gas which he called “fixed
Priestley shared his observations with
air”. He studied several properties of this Lavoiser. Lavoiser had also conducted
gas. One of the properties was, lime water several experiments on atmospheric air and
turned milky when this gas was passed knew that it contained many gases, and he
through it. Now we know this gas as carbon identified Priestley’s discovery as the active
dioxide. component of air for which he had been
searching. He called it oxygen (Greek: acid
former), in the belief that all acids contained
it.
106 Respiration in Organisms
• Why did we use a syringe in Experiments repeatedly blow in and suck out air in this
5 and 6? apparatus as shown in Figure 6.
You must have understood from these Find the answers to the
experiments that there are differences between following questions while
the air we breathe out and the air from a doing the experiment:
syringe.
• When you suck in air,
What does our breath contain? through which boiling
We know that we inhale and exhale air. The tube does the air flow

A
exhaled air is warm and has moisture in it. into the apparatus? How
What we do not know is about the gases our can you find out?
Fig. 6

AN
body takes from the inhaled air and throws • When you blow air out, through which
out in exhaled air. For this we would have to
boiling tube does the air flow out of the
know about the gases present in air. Also, how
apparatus? Can you say why the air does
we came to know about them.

G
not go out through the other boiling tube
We know that air is a mixture of several gases as well?
not only Oxygen and Carbon dioxide, there
N
are others as well. Air also contains several
suspended particles.
• In which boiling tube did the colour of
the indicator solution change?
LA
Let’s do some experiments to find more about • Are the inspired air and expired air
gases present in inhaled and exhaled air. For similar? If they are not, what are the
this we shall refer to the discoveries of the differences between them?
TE

gases mentioned in the previous section. Wash and clean the two boiling tubes and fill
We would have to prepare some solutions to both of them with one fourth lime water.
test the gases. These are phenolphthalein Repeat the experiment of repeatedly blowing
solution and lime water. Prepare them in the
T

in and sucking out air.

same manner as you had done in the chapter
Answer the following questions on the basis
ER

on acids and bases.

of this experiment:
Let us do - 7: Gases in our breath
• What was the colour of lime water in
Set up the apparatus shown in Figure 5 for boiling tubes A and B before you began
this experiment. Be careful while inserting the
SC

the experiment?
• In which boiling tube did the lime water
glass tube in the cork. It could break. So take turn milky after you blew in and
the help of your teacher to do sucked out air?
this. • What difference between inspired and
Fill both test tubes one fourth expired air did you find out in this
with phenolphthalein solution. experiment?
Mark them A and B. Now
Fig. 5

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 107

You have studied the test of carbon dioxide • On the basis of what you learned can you
with lime water in the section of “discovery say which gas is present in exhaled air?
of carbon dioxide” • Can you explain how and from where
this gas came into the exhaled air?
S.No. Gases Inhaled Air (ml.) Exhaled Air (ml.)

1 Oxygen 210 165

2 Carbon Dioxide 0.4 40

A
3 Nitrogen and Other Gases 790 795

AN
4

G
6

7
The air we breathe in does not contain only
N water. Why do the flaps on both sides of the
LA
oxygen. It is a mixture of many gases. Similarly,
the air we breathe out is not only carbon head alternately open and close?
dioxide, but a mixture of several gases. The Fig. 7
quantity of gases in every 1,000 ml of inhaled
TE

and exhaled air is given below:

• Try to state the difference between inhaled
and exhaled air on the basis of Activity
5, 6, 7 and the table given above?
T

This kind of change that we see through the If you look below the flaps, you will see red
experiments done so far and the table , we colored gills. These are the respiratory organs
ER

come to know of a process that occurs of the fish. The water that enters the mouth
beyond breathing, known as respiration. flows through both the gills as it comes out
Think ...! Think ...! of the flaps. The gills absorb the oxygen that
What happens to air after it reaches our lungs? is dissolved in the water. This oxygen is carried
SC

Try to find out about this from your school to different parts of the body.
library or your teacher.
Frog:
Breathing in other Animals:
Let us study some organisms and find out how
they breathe.
Fig. 8
Fish:
Observe fishes in an aquarium. Fishes In class 6 we have studied that frog is able to
continuously open and close their mouth in stay on land, in water and even underground.

108 Respiration in Organisms

How does it manage to do so? To breathe on the body, collect it back and send it out
land it has lungs while it goes deep through these spiracles.
underground and sleeps twice every year, its To know more about this process you may
moist skin takes over the function of its lungs. observe a live cockroach by keeping it
In baby frogs or tadpoles there are special covered by a transparent bottle or glass. See
organs like that of fishes called gills. These the movements that occur in its body. What
gills help them to breathe in water by taking do you observe? Write your observation in a
in the air dissolved in water. few lines.
Earthworm

A
Earthworms breathe through their skin. It is

AN
thin and moist with minute holes. Through the
skin, air passes in and out. The earthworm thus
breathes through its whole body surface.
Name some other animals that breathe

G
through their skin.
Fig. 9

Tadpoles of the frog live only in water but

N
LA
the frog lives either on land or in water.
Sometimes you may see frogs under the soil
also.
TE

Think! How does the frog respire under the

soil?
Fig. 11
Cockroach
Respiration in plants
A cockroach has small openings on the sides
T

of its body. Other insects have similar Do plants respire in the way humans do? In
human beings gaseous exchange with the
ER

openings. On the underside of the cockroach

in each segment, there are small holes which surroundings takes place through nose and
are connected through respiratory tubes in a mouth. We have studied in class 6 about the
network. These help the cockroach to breathe.
parts in plants that help in gaseous exchange.
SC

These holes are called spiracles. The network

of respiratory tubes called trachea take air They are stomata present on surface of leaves
from these spiracles, circulate it throughout and lenticels present on the surface of stems.
Let’s do an experiment to find out
Spiracle Spiracle
Trachea Take a conical flask. Fit a two-holed rubber
cork tightly into its mouth and insert glass
trachea tubes into the two holes. Fit a rubber tube on
Fig. 10 one of the glass tubes and a funnel on the other.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 109

If the funnel does not sit tightly on the glass Let us do - 8: Respiration in Sprouted seeds
tube, make a funnel with an ink dropper. Fill Repeat Experiment 8, using sprouted seeds
a test tube about one fourth with lime water (moong, gram etc) instead of flowers and
and dip the rubber tube into it. buds.
• What effect did the experiment with
Now add water to the funnel drop by drop.
sprouted seeds have on the lime water?
Keep adding water till the conical flask is filled
one fourth with water. Observe the test tube
• On the basis of your observations in
these experiments can you say that

A
carefully while you add water.
flowers, buds and sprouted seeds
• Did the lime water change colour? respire? Give reasons for your answer.

AN
Now remove the water from the conical flask Plants respire like us. But it is difficult to
and put some flowers and buds in it. Fit a cork observe this through experiments. Both

G
on the flask and let it stand for half an hour. plants and animals use oxygen during
respiration.
Now add water drop by drop to the conical
flask through the funnel as you did in the N You may have heard of big hospitals keeping
cylinders filled with oxygen. When a person
LA
previous experiment. Look carefully at the test
has breathing problems he is given oxygen.
tube while doing so. An oxygen mask is fitted to the nose and
• Did the lime water change colour this mouth of the person and a rubber tube
TE

time? connects the mask to the oxygen cylinder.

Sometimes a patient is given oxygen during
After completion of your experiment try to an operation.
draw a figure of your apparatus arrangement Key words
T

in your note book.

Spiracle, Gills, Carbon dioxide, Oxygen,
ER

You can do the above experiment by taking a Inhale, Exhale, Inspiration, Expiration,
small rooted plant with moist soil at its root Trachea
instead of flowers and buds. But you would What we have learnt
SC

have to keep the set up in a dark place. • Respiration occurs in all organisms. In
this process, oxygen is taken in while
carbon dioxide and water vapour are
released.
• Skin, Gills, tracheae and lungs are
respiratory organs.
• Stomata and lenticels helps in exchange
Fig. 12 of gases in plants.
110 Respiration in Organisms
Improve your learning
1. Fill in the blanks and give reasons.
(i) …………………. are the respiratory organs of fish.
(ii) In a cockroach, a network of ……………………….. is found.
(iii) ……………………….. are found on leaves for the exchange of gases.
2. Identify the correct one, give reasons.
i. The process of gaseous exchange is

A
a) respiration b) circulation c) digestion d) inhalation

AN
ii. Plants respire through
a) spiracles b) lenticels c) stomata d) alveole
iii. Which of the following animals respire through skin and lungs?

G
a) fish b) frog c) snake d) earthworm

a) remains same
N
iv) What will happen when you blow air into the test containing lime water?
b) turns to blue colour
LA
c) turns to milky white d) becomes colourless
v. Respiratory organs of cockroach
TE

a) lungs b) gills c) lenticels d) trachea

3. What is respiration? How is it different from breathing?
4. Frogs breathe through their skin as well as their lungs. Explain.
T

5. If you want to know about ‘Actions of gases in lungs’. What questions you would like to ask?
ER

6. If you did this experiment of respiration with fruits ard dry leaves, what would the result
be? Explain.
7. It is very interesting to watch fishes in an acquarium. Make your own bottle acquarium.
SC

8. Do you find any relation between plants and animals by their respiration and
photosynthesis?
9. Asif wondered how plants and animals which live under water also respire. Do you
know how?
10. Imagine the lungs and size of elephant. Is there any relation between body size and lung
size? Collect information from School Library or Internet.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 111

 REPRODUCTION IN
12 PLANTS
During spring season our surroundings are Thalamus
filled with the fragrance of flowers. Almost Let us hold a Datura flower by its stalk. This

A
every plant around has flowers on it! We see a stalk is green in colour and has a slightly
wide variety of flowers then. swollen head. This is called thalamus. It is

AN
We have already studied the different parts the seat on which the parts of a flower are
of plants in class VI. present.
• Let us write down names of the parts of Calyx:
plants that we have studied so far.

G
• Is there any part that you haven’t studied Now let us
about earlier? observe the part
• Do you know which part of the plant
gives rise to fruit?
N that comes just
above the
LA
thalamus. There is
Flowers are usually a green tube like
the most attractive structure called
part of any plant.
TE

calyx. The edges

Why do you think on the part Fig. 2
flowers are so towards the petals
attractive and
colourful? Fig. 1 have thin leaf like structures called sepals.
T

The lower ends of sepals are fused to form

What role do flowers play in a plant’s life? the tube like structure. Remove the tube of
ER

Let us study some flowers around us to answer fused sepals carefully. What do you see after
these questions. removing the sepals?
Let us do - 1 Corolla:
SC

Collect flowers of, say, Datura, Chinarose There is a funnel shaped corolla. This is
(Hibiscus), Cucumber, Bottle gourd, Tridax, formed of fused petals. Count the free edges
Sun flower, Ipomea etc. Observe these of these. How many are there? What is the
flowers. Are they of the same size and shape? colour of the petals? Remove this funnel
Try to draw the flowers collected and write shaped corolla as well. Observe and draw the
their names if you know them. We shall now same in your note book.
study the Datura flower to know more about Androecium:
the parts present in a flower (floral parts).Try After removing the petals you can see soft
to draw it’s shape in your note book. elongated structures attached to these petals.
112 Reproduction in Plants
They are called stamens. How many stamens above it a fine tube like structure called style
do you see? goes up ending in a somewhat flat bead like
structure called stigma. This whole structure
There is a bulb like structure at the top of from ovary to stigma is the pistil or female
each stamen that is called pollen sac or anther. reproductive part. All the parts present on the
Just below it a fine whitish thread like structure pistil together called as gynoecium.
called filament attaches the anther to the petal
(in Dhatura). So stamen has an elongated Draw the picture of pistil which you observe.
filament and a bulb like pollen sac. How many How many pistils are there in Dhatura?

A
stamens are there? Stamens of the flowers are
together called the male part or androecium. We observe that flower parts are arranged in
definite circles or whorls. Note your

AN
Draw the picture of stamen as seen by you.
observations regarding the different types of
Gynoecium: flowers collected by you.
As we remove petals, right on the thalamus is Write your observation in the given table.

G
seated a bulb like structure called ovary. Just

Circle No.
N
LA
TE
T
ER

Let us observe male parts (Androecium)and female parts (Gynoecium) of different flowers
that you have collected.
Observe stamen and pollen sac or anther of the flowers. Are they of the same size and shape?
SC

Observe various types of stamens of different flowers.

Fig. 3. Types of stamens

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 113

Let us observe female parts like ovary, style,
stigma of different flowers that you have
collected. How are they? Like male parts,
female parts also differ from flower to flower.
Observe various types of pistils of different
flowers. (Fig. 4)
Fig. 4. Types of Pistil

Draw the diagram of flower you have dissected compare it with the diagram given below:

A
AN
Petals Stigma
Anther

Stamen
Style

G
Sepals

Ovary
N
LA
Thalamus
Stalk

Fig. 5. Floral Parts

TE

Do all flowers have four parts?

Let us do - 2
Collect as many flowers from your surroundings as you can. See that you have at least a type
T

of melon or gourd flower as well. Now observe different parts in each flower. Record your
observations in the table given below. (You may also record your observation regarding the
ER

flowers already collected by you earlier in this chapter).

SC

114 Reproduction in Plants

• In the case of cucumber or bottle gourd, Incomplete flower:
do they have all four parts in each
A flower in which any
flower?
of these four whorls is
In Cucumber and Bottle gourd you will missing is an
probably find two types of flowers on each. Incomplete flower.
Examine them carefully. Take the help of the Eg: cucumber, bottle gourd, papaya. In lilly
figure given below and find out the difference flowers not sepals and petals are not diffrent.
between the two. They are one that means they have three
whorls. Can we call this as complete flower?

A
Unisexual flower:
A flower which has either

AN
stamens (androecium) or
pistil (gynoecium) is called
unisexual flower. Eg:-
cucumber, bottle gourd,

G
bitter gourd etc., ). Are both
Fig. 6 unisexual flowers found
Do you know any other plants which have
separate male and female flowers? Give
N always on the same plant? Try
to find out about
LA
examples. Is an unisexual flower a complete flower?
Why not?
What do you see in sunflower? It looks like a
Bisexual flower:
single flower. But is actually a bunch of
TE

flowers. The small flowers in the bunch are A flower that has both
stamens and pistil
called ‘florets’. The florets in the centre are
(androecium and
called disc florets. The florets along the rim gynoecium). Eg:- Datura,
are called ray flowers. You will learn more hibiscus, Ipomea, is called
T

about such special flowers in higher classes. bisexual. bottle gourd,

watermelon and papaya or
ER

Flowers may be classified on the basis of

any other plant bearing
number of parts present in them as-
unisexual flower, whether
Complete flower: the male and female
flowers are born on the
SC

A flower that has four

same plant or on separate
or more whorls – at plants?
least one each of calyx
Collect hibiscus, cucumber, bitter gourd,
(sepals), Corolla
datura, ipomea, bottle gourd flowers etc.
(petals), Androecium Observe the different parts in them. Record
(stamens) and Gynoecium (pistil) is called a your observations in the table-3 (see if you
Complete flower. Eg: datura, ipomoea, can collect all these, in case you can’t, take the
hibiscus. help of books present in your school library
or elsewhere.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 115

 Table-3

A
AN
Sexual parts of flower:

G
Now take a stamen (androecium) from the
china rose flower, tap the stamen gently on a
N
slide. You can see some grains fallen on the
slide. Put a drop of water and observe these Fig. 8a. T.S of ovary Fig. 8b L.S of ovary
LA
grains under the microscope. With the help of hand lens study the internal
parts. What do you see? Some small ball like
structures called “ovules” can be seen
arranged in different chambers.
TE

Now take pistils of other flowers as well one

by one, and cut the ovary of them and
observe. Draw the diagram of the section of
ovary that you have observed.
T

Flower part to Fruit

ER

Fig. 7
Let us do - 3
These grains are called pollen grains. Collect
pollen grains from other flowers and observe Collect a pistil and fruit from datura plant.
under the microscope as well. Are all these of Cut the transverse section of both ovary of
SC

same shape and colour? Draw the different pistil and fruit. Observe the internal structure
pollen grains as you see them under the of both the section cuttings with the help of a
microscope. hand lens. Are there any similarities between
these two?
Take the pistil of a datura flower as it is big
enough to observe the internal parts.
Cut the sections of the ovary of pistil as
shown in figures 8 a and 8 b. Fig.9 T.S of
Fruit of Datura

116 Reproduction in Plants

Collect pistil and fruit of cucumber, bhendi bottle guard, cover with a polythene bag
(Ladies finger), cotton and beans and do the loosely tying the bag on a stalk. Make some
above activity. Write your observations. What tiny holes in the bag with the help of a pin.
similarities do you see between the ovary and Two days later observe the buds blooming.
fruit of the same species? (Now collect the pollen grains from a male
It is reasonable to conclude that an ovary flower of the Bottle gourd plant). Pluck the
develops into a fruit while the ovules develop stamens of male flower and shake to collect
into seeds. The seeds further produce new pollen grain in a sheet of paper. Twisting cotton
plants. wool over the tip of a match stick prepares a

A
Agents that help ovary of flower to brush. Now uncover five of the ten female
flowers. Apply the pollen grains on to the stigma

AN
develop into fruit
of these flowers with the brush. The pollen grains
Let us do - 4 stick to the stigma. Cover the flowers again with
Observe a bottle gourd plant in a garden. It polythene bag. Remove all male flowers from
has unisexual flowers i.e. male and female the plant. So that no pollen grain reaches the

G
flowers separately. Select 10 female buds of remaining female flowers.

N
LA
TE

Fig. 10a Fig. 10b Fig. 10c

The transfer of pollen grains from another to If transfer of pollen grains take place within
stigma known as pollination. the flower it is known as Self Pollination.
T

After one week observe both pollinated and Transfer of pollen grain from one flower to
non-pollinated flowers. Pollinated flowers stigma of another flower of same species in
ER

develop into fruits where as non-pollinated called Cross Pollination.

flowers do not. Agents of Pollination:
• Why is it necessary to begin this How do these pollen grains fall on the stigma?
SC

experiment with buds in which sepals are Air, water, animals, insects, humans act as
closed? agents of pollination. They carry pollen grains
• Why are the buds enclosed in polythene from anther to the stigma. Insects like
bags? butterflies suck nectar from flowers. At that
• Why are the non-pollinated flowers also time pollen grains of that flower stick to the
covered with polythene bags? legs of the butterfly. When the butterfly goes
By this experiment we come to know that to another flower for nectar, the pollen grain
significant role is played by male flower in the that have stuck to it’s legs fall on that flower.
formation of fruit.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 117

 Do you know? In which slide do pollen grains germinate and
Birds and insects are the natural agents for why?
pollination. Now-a-days farmers use There are some substances present on the
pesticides to control pests on crops. The stigma which promote the germination of the
enormous use of pesticides kills insects pollen grains. During germination a tube
also. It effects pollination. Crop yield grows from the pollen grain. This tube
become reduced particularly in sun flower ultimately reaches the ovary through the style
crop. The rate of pollination is reduced with the male part. This male part fuses with
because of lack of insects in the fields.. the female part in the ovule of the ovary.

A
Think! How we destroy our beautiful Fusion of units of male and female parts to
nature. form a structure called as zygote is called

AN
Fertilization.
What happens to the pollen grain after
Pollination? After fertilization seed develops from the
ovule and the ovary usually develops into a
Let us do - 5

G
fruit. The entire process of fertilization and
Take two slides. Put 2-3 drops of sugar formation of zygote is known as Sexual
solution on one slide and two drops of water
on another side. Add some sugar grains to
N reproduction. For the formation of a seed
sexual reproduction is essential. The seed thus
LA
water on one slide. Now put some pollen formed are dispersed to different places by
grains of Hibiscus flower on both the slides. agents like air, water, birds and animals and
by human beings as well. These seeds grow
After one hour observe under microscope.
into new plants under favourable conditions.
TE

Pollen grain

Pollen tube
T
ER

Ovary
Fig. 11 Fertilization

Production of baby plants or offsprings from the zygote is called sexual reproduction.
We often find that some plants produce new plants from their vegitative parts. Can you name
SC

some such plants?

Plant part from which new plant
S.No. Name of the Plant produced
1 Rose Twig

118 Reproduction in Plants

Reproduction in plants when occurs using soil. Plant the piece with eyes in one cup and
plant (vegitative part) other than the flower is label the cup as “with eyes” and those without
asexual reproduction. eyes in another cup named as “without eyes”.
Asexual reproduction: Water both cups daily and observe what
happens. In which cup do potato plants
The most interesting thing in plants is baby sprout?
plants can grow even without formation of
seeds that is without sexual reproduction. Let Here is a picture of a plant called
us study some such processes. Bryophyllum.
a. Vegetative reproduction

A
Production of new plants from vegetative

AN
parts of a plant i.e. root, stem and leaf is
known as vegetative reproduction.
Let us do - 6
Fig. 13

G
Do you know how
far mers produce You can see baby plants on the edge of the
leaves. Can we say that the Bryophyllum plant
potatoes in their
fields? N reproduces through its leaves?
LA
Take potato and In our garden we grow plants like rose,
observe it. It has a Fig. 12 hibiscus, and jasmine by cutting a small branch
number of small and planting them in the soil.
depressions on its surface. These are known
TE

Which other plants can be grown from its

as eyes. Cut the potato into pieces such that cutting? (Name a few such plants)
there is an eye in each piece. Remove the eyes
from some of these pieces. Fill two cups with Vegetative reproduction in some plants
T

S.No.
ER

1.

2.
SC

3.

4.

5.

6.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 119

b. Budding: c. Spore formation:
The jilebi maker adds something to the jilebi Let us do - 8
mix and leaves it for sometime. It helps him Take a slice of bread cover it with a vessel
to make good jilebes. What he mixes is a type and leave it undisturbed for two or three days.
of plant called yeast. Yeasts grow with the help Thereafter you will find the slice covered
of a small bulb like outgrowth which increases with grey coloured fungus called bread mould.
in size and breaks off from the parent plant Let it stand for three or four days. The whole
to live independently. This process of growth appears like a black powder like
reproduction is called budding. matter. Transfer this powder with a thin stick

A
on a fresh slice of moist bread. Observe what
happens after every day and note your

AN
observation.(Fig 15)
The black powdery portion of bread mould
contains several spores.

G
Fig. 14
N
LA
Let us do - 7:
Take some water in a glass tumbler. Mix a
TE

tablespoon of sugar and half spoon of yeast

powder you get in the market, in the glass
tumbler. Cover the glass and leave it
undisturbed for a day. On the next day place
a drop of the solution on a slide and cover it
T

with a cover slip and examine it under a

ER

microscope. You will be able to see budding

yeast cells as shown in the figure 14 (they look
like water bubbles growing new ones on them). Fig 15
SC

Do you know!
Alexander Fleming a Scottish scientist, discovered that
a certain kind of mould (Penicillium) produces a
substance, called Penicillin, whichcan destroy many
kinds of disease causing bacteria. Penicillin came to be
know as an antibiotic and saved the lives of many
solidiers in World War-II. Sir Alexander Fleming

120 Reproduction in Plants

 Androecium Gynoecium

Pollengrains Ovules

Fertilization

A
AN
• Production of offspring from zygote is
called sexual reproduction.
• Formation of new plants without sexual

G
Key Words:
reproduction is Asexual reproduction.
Cutting, Androecium, Gynoecium, Improve your learning
Thalamus, Corolla, Calyx, Stamen, Pistil,
Anther, Filament, Budding, Zygote,
N 1. Do all flowers have same parts? Classify
the flowers according to the parts of flower
LA
Vegetative Propagation, Spore, Pollination,
Fertilization present in them and give examples.
What we have learnt 2. Differentiate between
TE

• Flower consists of four parts. Sepal, a. Bisexual flowers, Unisexual flowers

Petal, Stamen and Pistil. b. Complete flower, incomplete flower
c. Male flower, female flower
• Based on presence and absence of floral d. Sexual reproduction, Asexual
parts flower are two types. Complete
T

Reproduction
flower and Incomplete flower. e. Self pollination, Cross pollination
•
ER

Based on presence of both or single 3. What happens when a pollen grain falls on
sexual parts flowers are of two types. a stigma?
Bisexual flowers and Unisexual flowers.
4. What helps to bring pollen grains to the
• Transfer of pollen grains from anther to
SC

stigma?
stigma is known as pollination. Flowers
can be self pollinated or cross pollinated. 5. Explain the method of sexual reproduction
in plants.
• Fusion of male and female parts to form
zygote is called Fertilization. 6. Can plants produce new plants even
without seeds? Explain the methods with
• On the basis of parts involved,
examples.
reproduction in plants is of two types,
sexual reproduction and asexual 7. Draw the diagram of any flower showing
reproduction. its parts.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 121

8. Write the differences between sexual and 13. Name the parts of the following plants
asexual reproduction. from which they propagate vegetatively.
a) Potato b) Byrophyllum
9. Do all plants reproduce in the same way?
Explain with examples. 14. What am I?

10. Karthik saw a cucumber plant in the a) I am formed by the fusion of male and
female parts.
kitchen garden. He identified two types of
flowers-some flowers had a small swollen b) I am a part of the plant that can travel
structure behind them while some did not. a long distance and grow to a baby

A
He removed all the flowers which did not plant.

AN
have the swollen structure behind them 15. Fill in the blanks
thinking that they were of no use. a) Flowers containing both male and
female parts are called
- Which flowers did he remove?
……………….

G
- What are the flowers which had a small b) Pollen grain from anther of one flower
fruit behind them? that reaches the stigma of another
11. What are the agents of pollination?
N flower is called …….....................
LA
c) From ………………. part of
12. Differentiate between self pollination and Bryophyllum new plants are produced
cross pollination.
d) Agents of pollination are ...................
TE

e) Transfer of pollen grain from anther

to stigma is called ………………
16. Match the following
(1) Pollen grain ( ) (a) Ovary
T

(2) Ovule ( ) (b) Bryophyllum

ER

(3) Reproduction through eyes ( ) (c) Anther

(4) Reproduction through leaves ( ) (d) Potato
17. Observe the following figures. What difference do you observe. Write in your note
SC

book.

Teophrastus, a Greek philosopher and the pupil of Aristotle, is known as the father
of Botany. Reproduction in plants was first studied in detail by Theophrastus.

122 Reproduction in Plants

 13 SEED DISPERSAL

A
AN
G
Fig. 1
In the previous chapter “Reproduction in How did they grow into plants? She was
N
Plants” you have learnt about the parts of the
flower. Do you know which part of the flower
surprised. We often see plants that grow on
cracked walls and on stones. How do seeds
LA
turns into fruit? What does the fruit contain? reach there?
You have also seen the section on the Ovary. Generally we sow seeds in our house gardens
What develops from the Ovule? You know and in fields, but different kinds of plants grow
that after fertilization ovary develops as fruit
TE

in our surroundings. Who sows these seeds?

and ovules develop into seeds. When the seeds How do seeds travel from one place to
germinate they give birth to new plants. another? Ravali has so many doubts .
You may have observed some fruits or Why are seeds dispersed?
T

vegetables growing in a garden or your back

yard. Some fruits may be seen growing singly Most of the seeds fall in the soil and get
buried in the ground. After some time they
ER

while some are in bunches. Some of them

contain one seed, whereas some others germinate and grow into small plants.
contain many seeds. What will happen if all the seeds fall in
One day Ravali the same place and germinate producing
SC

plants?
saw that a tomato
plant was growing Will they have sufficient place to grow?
on the roof top. Will they get sufficient sun light and
No one can sow water?
seeds on the house
Can they survive in the absence of light
top.How did they
and water?
reach there?
Fig. 2 When we discuss these questions we will
know that seed dispersal is necessary to
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 123
grow tiny plants of the same species. To How are seeds dispersed?
avoid competition with the mother plant Do you know the factors that affect seed
for air, water and minerals plants disperse dispersal? Are the characteristics of seeds
their seeds to different distances. But the decided on the way they are dispersed? Let us
process of dispersal varies from plant to find out.
plant. Plants have special mechanism for
seed dispersal. Do seeds travel to find Let us do – 2: Observe different seeds
suitable places to germinate? Do the Collect some seeds like grass, poppy, bhendi,
dispersed seeds have any special coconut etc. Try to collect different types of

A
characteristics? Does the travelling seeds like seeds with hair, thorns, big, small,
mechanism affect seed dispersal? Let us light, heavy etc., and record the

AN
study these aspects.. information in the table.
Name of Nature of Seed
S.No.

the Seed Light Heavy Round Flat Hairy Thorny Fibrous

G
Bhendi 9 9

N
LA
TE

• Which seeds can be carried by air? Do you know how these seeds are dispersed
• Name the seeds that are round and from one place to another?
T

heavy? Different agents of the seed dispersal

ER

• Which seeds can float on water? 1. Dispersal through wind

• Which seeds contain hooks/horns?
Have you seen white hairy balls or
Why?
parachute like structure moving in air?
SC

• Are the hairy seeds light and flat? Why? Children try to catch them. Have you ever
• How are fibrous seeds? Are they light tried to do so too? They are the seeds of
or heavy? caltropis. These seeds have light and hairy
• Are there Tadi seeds in your list? Which structure at one end. They travel with wind
characteristics do you find in them? and settle at a suitable place to germinate.
There are different seeds with different Seeds that are dispersed through air are
structures which are useful for their usually light and are either very small or
dispersal. are light with wings on them or some hairy

124 Seed Dispersal

structures on them. The seeds get adapted Give examples of some other plants whose
in such a way that they get carried away seeds are dispersed by water? (Hint: Think
easily by wind. Some seeds float in air, about water plants)
some propel to travel short distances. 3. Dispersal of seeds by birds and other
animals
Discuss with your friends and list out the
seeds which are dispersed by birds and animals.
Milkweed Dandelion Tridax Seeds are dispersed by animals in many ways.

A
Fig. 3 In case of fleshy fruits, the fruit is eaten by
animals while some dry fruits, with
In some plants like orchids seeds are minute

AN
specialized structures like hooks, thorns,
with inflated covering. In plants like maple,
hairy parts, get stuck to the bodies of animals
seeds have wing like outgrowths. Cotton and get carried to distant places. We find such
seeds have hairy structures. These types of seeds in some kind of grass plants.

G
specialized structures, present in the seeds,
will be helpful for dispersal by air.
N
Try to find out names of seeds which float
in air in your surroundings and make a list.
LA
2. Dispersal by water
Fig. 5
Did you notice some kinds of fruits or seeds
TE

getting stuck to your clothes when you walk

through fields and bushes? They have hooks
or thorns on them. Find out which fruits or
Fig. 4 seeds these are?
T

How do seeds float on water? Some seeds are sticky and get stuck to the
ER

The seeds adapted to float on water are beaks of birds and in course of flight they fall
usually light. The outer covering of the seed down at distant places. Often some birds carry
has empty spaces filled with air and some seeds with their beaks. Some of them fall
are fibrous with air spaces that encloses the before they reach their nesting places.
SC

whole seed or fruit. Eg: Coconut. The Do you know some seeds have to pass through
entire Coconut fruit floats on water and the guts of some birds before they germinate?
moves from one place to another. When it
reaches the ground it germinates. That’s
why we usually find coconut trees growing
near sea shores. Seeds that are heavy usually
fall to the bottom of water sources and get
carried by the flow of water. Ex: Seeds of
Lotus. Fig. 6

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 125

 The forgetful squirrel.
It collects a lot of nuts and hides them underground
before onset of winter. It can hardly eat all of them and
even forget where it has hidden its nuts! Thus we have
several nut trees at different places.
Birds like Bulbuls, Mynahs, Crows eat in Bhendi, Mustard and seeds of Pea family.
some fruits (Eg: Neem fruit) the outer Some seeds grow in capsules which when
fleshly part gets digested in the food canal touched burst and uncoil with a force in

A
and the seed coats of them become such a way that they scatter the seeds all

AN
tender.They are then dispersed to other around.
places as bird droppings.
Many fleshy fruits are meant to be eaten by
animals. The fleshy part of the fruit is eaten

G
leaving the seeds uninjured. Some seeds get
dispersed through animal excretions.
Let us do: N
LA
Observe the animals in your surroundings.
Fill in the following table.

S.No. Name of the Fruits eaten / Seed

The seeds of Balsam are dispersed in this
TE

Animal dispersed
manner. You may have also noticed that some
fruits explode when we sprinkle water on
them and the seeds get dispersed.
Try to list out such types of seeds that you
T

see in your surroundings

ER

Let us do: Observation of scattering of the

seeds
Collect fruits of Crossandra (Kankambaram)
from your or your friends houses, sprinkle
SC

water on them. Write your observations.

Collect some dry pods of pea, gingelly (Til),
4. Dispersal by bursting of fruits that bhendi from a nearby field or from a shop
throw the seed out: and try to open them. What happens to the
seeds in the pod? How far are they
Many fruits enclose the seed in a capsule scattered? Note the distance.
or pod. Upon drying the pod explodes
releasing the seeds with great force in the • In which weather conditions do seeds
surroundings. We find such type of seeds scatter?

126 Seed Dispersal

• Do you think that these seeds would Let us do: Seeds in fruits
scatter in this way during rainy season? Collect different kinds of fruit which are
5. Dispersal of seeds through human available in your surroundings. Open them
beings and count how many seeds they have. Try
Generally we sow seeds of flowers, fruits and to collect information about seeds and
vegetables in our home garden . Everyone is enrich the following table.
aware of Tomatoes. It is a common vegetable S.No.
Name of the
Number of Seeds
cooked in every home. In tomato pickles, Fruit
tomato curry etc. we find Tomatoes. Do you

A
know from where this fruit has come from

AN
and that it is not native to India? When
European travellers came to trade in India,
they left the seeds of vegetables like tomato,
cauliflower, guava, pear on their return.

G
Similarly sugar cane which is native to India
and is used worldwide for production of
sugar, is a good example of how people
transfer seeds/fruits from one place to
another.
N
LA
Now-a-days we see different kinds of fruits
and vegetables around us. Import and export
of grains like wheat pulses, maize, paddy is a
TE

common practice through which many seeds

get dispersed all over the world. It is funny to
think that seeds also travel by aeroplanes and • Which fruits have a large number of
ships! seeds?
T

Let us do: • Which fruits have a single seed?

ER

Form group of four or five students and try • Do all the seeds germinate to grow into
to collect information about other seeds plants?
dispersed by man. All the seeds of a fruit should be able to
SC

Why plants produced a large number of germinate to produce new plants. Actually
seeds: this does not happen. If this happens we will
You observed that fruits and vegetable plants see only same type of plants in large number
that grow in our home garden produce a in our surroundings. All seeds don’t
large number of seeds. Some fruits grow in germinate. Some seeds never germinate to
singly whereas some are in bunches. Some produce new plants. Some seeds germinate
fruits have a single seed in them and some but plants die before maturation. To
have a large number of seeds. overcome these problems plants produce a
large number of seeds.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 127

 Do you know:
A mustard plant produces more than 10,000
seeds in its lifetime. If all the seeds germinate
to grow into adult plants, think how many seeds
would be produced. If this happens for a period
of six years the entire globe will be covered with
mustard plants!

A
What we have learnt: 6. Collect the information in the following
• Seeds are carried from one place to table and discuss the reasons?

AN
another so that they get suitable
conditions to grow, this is called Agents of Name of the seed / Fruit
dispersal
dispersal of seeds.

G
By wind
• Seed dispersal is essential for survival of
plants. By water
• Seeds of different shapes, sizes and
structures on them help in dispersal.
N By animal
LA
• Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, birds By bird
and animals.
By man
TE

Key words:
By any
Dispersal, Bursting Mechanism, Fleshy other
Fruit 7. Some seeds like soap nuts have very
Improve Your learning: hard shell. Why it is so?
T

1. What happens if seeds are not dispersed? 8. Now- a-days people want to eat sprouts.
ER

List out the reasons why they take sprouts

2. How are the seeds dispersed in caltropis?
as food?
3. Why do most of the coconut trees grow 9. Collect some seeds sow them in a
along the sea shores?
SC

particular place in your school garden.

4. Do you find any relationship between the Observe how many days each type of
weight of the seeds and the dispersal seed takes to germinate. Tabulate your
mechanism? Discuss with suitable observations.
examples. 10. Collect Toddy Palm seeds and make a
5. Ravali said “dispersal of seed is very model. Display them in your School.
important in nature” Is she correct? Why
do you support her?

128 Seed Dispersal

 14 WATER
TOO LITTLE TO WASTE

In class VI, we had studied about the uses of Source of Water on Earth
water, about floods, droughts etc. So little is

A
the quantity of water available for our use that
we have to use it very carefully. We know that

AN
water is a precious resource. We cannot live
without water. Not only we, plants and animals
also depend on water for their survival.
Recollect the water sources on the Earth. We

G
can see huge amounts of water in seas and
oceans. Is it useful for us? We do not use sea • Could we say fresh water is a precious
resource? Discuss.
water for drinking. Why? Sea water is also not
useful for crops . We use only fresh water.
N • How are we presently using this
LA
Do you know what is fresh water? Where is it resource?
available? Fresh water is available in ponds, • What will happen if we continue to do
lakes, rivers and streams. Do you know how so?
TE

much fresh water is available on the Earth? Do you know?

If 10 liters of water is the total water on the
surface of earth then out of this only 1ml is On World Water
available as fresh water for our use as well as Day, that is 22
March 2005, the
T

for several plants and animals.

period 2005-2015
If the total water on earth be 100%, let’s see was declared as the International Decade
ER

what percent would be available of fresh for action on “Water for Life”.
water.
Did you notice that a very small amount of
Source of Water Percentage fresh water is available on earth? Most of the
SC

times we do not think of the importance of

Ocean(sea water) 97% fresh water. We are not aware of the need to
preserve fresh water.
Glaciers & Poles as ice (fresh water) 2%
Let us do-1:
Ground Water, Water in Ponds, List out the daily life situations where we waste
Lakes and Rivers 1%
(available fresh water)
water usually. Discuss in groups why we do
so. Write reasons in your note book.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 129

Neeraja collected a news letter for you. Try to The growth of demand the decline in fresh water
analyse issues discussed in the newsletter. availability ,the adverse health effects from poor water
SORROW OF EARTH: quality and scarcity will result in violence and water
wars. The next World War could be over water.
My dear young minds, I am your living home I am
Neeraja said that it is a sad story and she was
called as the Planet Earth. I always try to make you
afraid of our future also. Why did she think
happy by supplying various resources to meet your needs.
so? What do you find in the newsletter? Write
But now I am in danger ,please listen to me.
your opinion about this in your note book.
Fresh water has been the What would you do for the cause “Water

A
constant and essential for life”?
companion of human

AN
Day-by-day our needs are increasing rapidly.
beings throughout history
We use water for agriculture, industries, power
water is used in great
generation etc. Water resources are not being
quantities in agriculture
increased along with population and their

G
and industries.
needs. We must be aware of the need to
But your planet is poorly endowed with fresh water.
protect water resources.
N
Most water is rendered useless to humans by dissoloved
salts in the oceans. Only 3 percent is available as fresh
Neeraja decided she would conserve water at
home as an action towards the cause “Water
LA
water of which 2/3 is locked up in Ice and snow.
for life”.
Nature is unkind in depositing almost eighty percent
Devi observed that a lot of water flows out
of rain over the sea. The rain that falls over the land
of the kitchen as well as bathrooms at her
TE

has a great potential value.

house. She could not see water being wasted
Unsustainable extraction of fresh water causes water in this manner so she made a channel for water
scarcity. Due to over extraction of fresh water to flow from kitchen to the garden around.
underground reserves are falling rapidly. In India, She could not use water from bathroom in a
T

the water table has fallen more than 300 meters. similar manner. Her mother told her that it
Human interventions which degrades the quality and could be used after purification. Seeing her
ER

quantity of natural supply of fresh water occur, in 3 interest in this, they decided to visit a water
principle ways . treatment unit during the weekend.
Firstly dams alter the natural flow of rivers often At the water treatment unit, they came to
leading to water scarcity. Secondly, soil moisture is know about many things.
SC

lost by land degradation due to poor farming practices All the wastewater released by home,
and deforestation. Thirdly, surface water is polluted industries, hospitals, offices and other users are
by run off chemicals used in industries and house holds. collectively called Sewage. Sewage is a liquid
World population is projected to grow 9.3 Billion by waste. Most of it is water, which has dissolved
2050. In addition to safe drinking water and sanitation and suspended impurities, disease causing
the rising pressure on fresh water will be felt most bacteria and other microbes. These impurities
severely in the energy and food sectors. Two out of are called contaminants. These are :
three people will be living with water shortage by 2025. Organic impurities - Human faeces, animal
130 Water - too little to waste
waste, oil, urea, pesticides, herbicides, fruit
and vegetable waste etc.

A
Fig.3

AN
Fig 1 Stage - 3
Inorganic impurities- Nitrates, Phosphates, The water is then allowed to settle in a
metals etc. large tank which is sloped towards the middle.
Solids like faeces settle at the bottom and are

G
Bacteria & other microbes- Such as those removed with a scraper. This is the sludge. A
which cause cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc. skimmer removes the floatable solids like oil
Processes at the waste water treatment
plant
N and grease. Water so cleared is called clarified
water.
LA
Treatment of waste water involves physical,
chemical and biological processes, which
remove chemical and biological matter that
contaminates water.
TE

Stage - 1
Wastewater is passed through bar
screens. Large objects like rags, sticks, cans,
T

plastic packets, etc are removed by this.

ER

Fig.4
Stage - 4
The sludge is transferred to a separate
SC

tank where it is decomposed by anaerobic

bacteria. The biogas produced in the process
Fig.2 can be used as fuel or can be used to produce
Stage - 2 electricity.
Stage - 5
Water then goes to a grit and sand
removal tank. The speed of the incoming Air is pumped into the clarified water to
waste water is decreased to allow sand, grit help aerobic bacteria to grow. Bacteria
and pebbles to settle down. consume human waste, food waste, soaps and

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 131

other unwanted matter still remaining in • Make a line diagram of the sewage route
clarified water. by following manholes and drains that
Stage - 6 appear to connect them.

After several hours, the suspended

• In case you do not find such a system in
your locality, find out how sewage is
microbes settle at the bottom of the tank as
being disposed off. Also find out
activated sludge. The water is then removed
whether it is sent to treatment plants or
from the top.
not.
• Is it being dumped into water bodies

A
without being treated?
• Prepare a short report on your findings.

AN
Let us do: Finding out what really happens
to wastewater at treatment plants
You can do this individually or in groups at

G
school or home. Record observations at each
stage:

Fig.5
N • Fill a large glass jar ¾
full of water. Add
LA
Stage - 7 some dirty organic
The activated sludge is about 97% water. matter such as grass
pieces or orange peels,
The water is removed by sand drying beds or a small amount of
TE

machines. Dried sludge is used as manure, detergent, and a few

returning organic matter and nutrients to the drops of an ink or any
soil. colour.
Fig. 6
The treated water has a very low level of • Cap the jar, shake it well and let the
T

organic material and suspended matter. It is mixture stand in the sun for two days.
discharged into the sea, a river or into the
•
ER

After two days, shake the mixture and

ground. Nature cleans it up further.
pour a small sample into test tube. Label
Sometimes it may be necessary to disinfect this test tube “Before treatment; Sample
water with chemicals like chlorine and ozone 1”. How does it smell?
before releasing it into the distribution system
SC

i.e. river, groundwater etc.. • Use an aerator from an aquarium to

bubble air through the sample in the
Let us do: Study the sewage route in your glass jar. Allow several hours for
home/school/any other place. aeration; leave the aerator attached
• Walk down the street or survey the overnight. If you do not have an aerator,
campus to find the number of manholes. use a mechanical stirrer or a mixer. You
may have to stir it several times. This
• Follow an open drain and find out where actually works like a skimmer of waste
it ends. water treatment plant.

132 Water - too little to waste

• Aeration helps organisms to grow and • Did aeration change the odour?
break down waste material faster thus it • What was removed by the sand filter?
leads to what is called as “Biological
Process”. • By adding chlorine what changes do you
observe in sample 3 and 4?
• The next day when aeration is complete,
pour another sample into a second test tube.
• Did chlorine has an odour? Was it worse
than that of the wastewater?
Label it “After aeration; Sample 2”.
• Fold a piece of filter paper to form a
• Write two points each of similarities and
differences between the processes

A
cone. Wet the paper with tap water and
involved at the treatment plant and this
then insert the cone in a funnel. Mount
experiment.

AN
the funnel on a support (as you have learnt
in Class VI). • What is the use of bar screen at sewage
treatment plant? Was anything like that
• Place layers of sand, fine gravel and
present in this experiment? Why?
finally medium gravel in the funnel. (An

G
actual filtration plant does not use filter Diseases caused by untreated water
paper, but the sand filter is several meters If waste water is not treated and allowed to

•
deep). N pass as such into our resources, it becomes a
cause for a large number of diseases.
LA
Pour the remaining aerated liquid through
the filter into the beakers. Do not allow This is what happens at Ramu’s village.
the liquid to spill over the filter. If the
All residences there release waste water from
filtered liquid is not clear, filter it a few
TE

kitchen, bathrooms and toilets outside their

times till you get clear water. This is
houses, which gets stagnated and causes
“physical process”.
diseases like diarrhoea, malaria, typhoid and
• Pour a sample of the filtered water into cholera.
a third test tube labeled “Filtered; •
T

Suggest what Ramu could do to stop the

Sample 3”. stagnation of water.
ER

• Pour another sample of the filtered water

Other ways of Disposing Sewage:
into a fourth test tube. Add a small piece
of a chlorine tablet. Mix well until the We dispose waste water in our daily life in
water is clear. Label the test tube different ways and means. We often see water
SC

“Chlorinated; Sample 4”. stagnated near bore wells or beside houses.

Sometimes human and animal excretions also
• This is a “Chemical Process” of mix with this water. We get a foul smell when
treatment. we walk near those areas. To prevent this we
• Observe carefully the samples in all the need a proper drainage system.
test tubes. Do not taste! Just smell them! In some villages and towns we can see drainage
• What changes did you observe in the canals on both sides of the streets to maintain
appearance of water after aeration? flow of waste water.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 133

• Is there any drainage system in your
village?
Types of Drainage Systems:
Generally we make some arrangements in our
areas to carry waste water and other materials
released by domestic activities. In some places
people construct a ditch to settle drainage
water. In some places they make the waste
water flow in canals to their fields or to the

A
waste lands around.

AN
• Is it right to leave untreated waste water
in this manner?
Let us do: Finding out types of drainage
system in a locality

G
Make a list of drainage systems that you may
have heard about (You may also ask your
teacher):
N
LA
______________________________________ Some homes do not have drains running to a
common treatment plant. They usually have
______________________________________ a septic tank instead. These are units of waste
______________________________________ disposal used at homes usually in villages/
TE

towns and in some individual houses in cities.

______________________________________
• Which among the above is the most
common type of drainage system that
T

you see?
•
ER

How is the flow of water blocked

sometimes in drainage canals?
• What can be done to reduce such blocks?
•
SC

How can a closed drainage system be

useful for us?
• Discuss with your friends/teacher and Fig 7
write which type of drainage system
Do you know? Our state government
(either open, closed or underground) is
provides septic tank facility for each home in
useful for us and why?
the village.
• Collect information about how many
families have septic tanks and toilets

134 Water - too little to waste

 in their houses in your village/town/ Another step towards conservation:
nearby village. Ask the families who Nallavally is the oldest Vana Samrakshana
do not have one to construct the same. Samithi (VSS ) of Medak district, which was
• How are the wastes from toilets disposed formed in 1993 with 600 members. An area
of in your school? Write a few lines about of 310.40 Hectares has been allotted from
the process. Nallavally forest block to the VSS members.
Conservation of Water:
We perform many activities in our daily life

A
using water. We can conserve water by
adopting certain good practices. Let us read

AN
about the practices performed at Mary’s
house.
I am Mary. There are six persons in my family.
My grandfather says water is precious so

G
don’t waste it. My mother collects water in a
bucket after cleaning rice, dal and
vegetables in the kitchen which contains
N
peels of vegetables and we use this water for
our cattle. We do not throw solid food
Prior to formation of Vana Samrakshana
Samithi, the Socio-Economic condition of the
LA
remains, tea leaves and oily wastes down the villagers was bad. Many of them used to
drain. My father made a channel so that the migrate to other places as their lands were not
kitchen and bathroom water flows to the suitable for cultivation due to lack of enough
coconut and banana plants in our garden.
TE

We always use mild soaps and detergents so

ground water. They could only raise rain fed
that this water may not harm our plants. One crops like Jowar, Red gram, Horse gram,
day my grandmother asked me to measure Maize etc., Availability of water even for
drops of water which leaked from a tap in drinking purpose was also difficult as all open
the bathroom. I noticed that three mugs full wells and bore wells used to dry up in summer
T

of water leaked from that tap in a day. Then

season.
she asked me to calculate how many mugs of
ER

water was wasted in a year. We immediately

got our tap repaired.
• What are the ways in which Mary’s’ family
conserves water at home?
SC

• How can you conserve water in your

home?
• Do people in your area conserve water? The VSS members have constructed several
How? Percolation Tanks, Contour Trenches to
• If they don’t, think and write some harvest the rainwater. Check Dams and Rock
suggestions that you would like to give Fill Dams have also been constructed to
them. conserve water to revive the forest area.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 135

Key words • Water should be treated before being
Sewage, Wastewater, Contaminants, released to water bodies.
Septic tank, Drainage system, • Water must be conserved by individual
Percolation tank, Contour trenches, efforts as well as through efforts made
Bar screen, Grit, Check dam, Rock fill by the community.
dam, Activated sludge. Improve your learning
What we have learnt 1. Fill in the blanks and give reasons.
• Only one percent of all water resources (a) Cleaning of water is a process of

A
is available as freshwater. removing ____________.
• The available resource of fresh water is

AN
(b) Wastewater released by houses is
getting depleted at a very fast pace due
called ____________.
to different human activities.
(c) Dried ____________ is used as
• Wastewater is generated at homes,
manure.

G
industries, etc. by different human
activities. (d) Drains get blocked by
____________ and ____________.
• All the wastewater released by home,N
industries, hospitals, offices and other 2. What is sewage? Explain why it is
LA
users are collectively called Sewage. harmful to discharge untreated sewage
• Sewage is a liquid waste. Most of it is into rivers or seas?
water, which has dissolved and 3. Why should oils and fats not be released
TE

suspended impurities, disease causing in the drain? Explain.

bacteria and other microbes. 4. Describe the steps involved in getting
• Sewage water contains inorganic, clarified water from wastewater.
organic and bacterial as well as other 5. What is sludge? Explain how it is treated.
T

microbial contaminants.
6. Untreated human excreta is a health
• Wastewater is treated in treatment plants
ER

hazard. Explain.
• Physical, chemical and biological
7. Name two chemicals used to disinfect the
processes are involved in treatment of
water.
wastewater at the treatment plants.
SC

8. Explain the function of bar screens in a

• Chlorine kills harmful disease causing
wastewater treatment plant.
organisms present in wastewater.
• Aeration allows growth of microbes that 9. Explain the relationship between
break down wastes. sanitation and disease.

• Different types of drainage systems are 10. Outline your role as an active citizen in
open, closed and underground ones. relation to sanitation.
• Septic tanks also help in wastewater 11. What would you do to motivate
disposal. people in your street to utilise toilets?

136 Water - too little to waste

12. What would happen if there were no 16. Prepare atleast 5 slogans on “Don’t
microbes that break down wastes in waste water”.
sewage? 17. Make a writeup for your project on
13. What point would you like to address in preservation of rain water.
the letter for your panchayat officer 18. Is there a check dam or any other water
about drainage system in your village / conservation unit in your village? Write
town? a note on it.
14. Go to a nearby railway station / bus

A
19. Have you got any doubt about diseases
station / hospital / industry. What type caused by un treated water? List them
of sewage is released? List out where

AN
out.
and how.
20. If you see water running off from a
15. Fresh water is scarce. What is your public tap what would you do about it?
contribution to make your family

G
members aware of the need to save 21. Prepare a logo for International Water
water? Day?
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 137

 15 SOIL - OUR LIFE

Let us try to find out

the answers to some

A
of these questions.
For this lets do some

AN
activities.
Let us do-1 :
Usefulness of soil

G
Work in groups of 3
to 4 students. Discuss
N and list out the ways
in which soil is useful
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for us. Compare the
Figure 1 list with that of other groups and add any
point that you may have missed.
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Rafi and Vasanthi were asked by their teacher

to make models of some vegetables. They • Can we say soil is one of the most
collected some soil from their garden, mixed important resources like water and air?
the soil with water and made some models. Why?
They were not satisfied, as sometimes, their
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Soil is the uppermost layer of earth’s crust. It

models would break when they tried to shape is formed of rock particles and organic
ER

them. The surface of the models was rough matter called humus. It is one of the most
and not smooth. Rafi’s grandma saw them important natural resources. It supports the
doing this and said, “To make models, you existence of living organisms. We can use soil
have to collect soil from the bank of our for different purposes in our daily life. Almost
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village pond which is sticky”. all things in our surroundings directly or

• Guess why soil of the garden was not indirectly depend on soil.
suitable to make models?
Can we say soil is one of the most important
• Why was grandma’s suggestion useful? resources like water and air?
• Are soils different from place to place? The soil supports all plants, animals and micro
• How is soil useful for us? organisms. Almost all the things in our
surroundings directly or indirectly depend on
• Guess what soil is made up of ?

138 Soil: Our Life

soil. For example a pot may be directly made soil (The suggested sites are: lawn of the
from soil. But a wooden chair is derived from school, public parks, near pond, river bank,
tree which depends on soil. bank of a canal, a badly eroded field, a good
Let us do-2: Soil in our life agricultural field). Select any three such site
and work in groups. It would be better to visit
Rafi and Vasu want to make a list of things the place after rain.
that are directly or indirectly related to soil.
Help them with their list. Don’t forget to carry a hand lens, any hand
tool to dig soil, your notebook, pencil,
rubber, scale, news paper, soil life chart and

A
any bag.

AN
Soil Life Chart
( Put a tick mark on the options given if you
find them in your site, add to the list wherever
needed.)

G
Name of Site: _________________

N Section 1: Plants
1. In the soil, there are-No roots, few roots,
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many roots _________________
2. Presence of small plants like __________
What do you observe in your findings? This 3. Other signs of plants include: __________
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tells that our daily life activities are closely

Section 2: Animals
related to soil. In addition to agriculture we
depend on soil for construction of house, I observed-different kinds of worms. (e.g.
making utensils, toys etc. earthworms which have no legs,……………
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……………………………………………..)
Human beings can’t live without air and water.
In the same way soil is also an essential different kinds of larvae of insects. (e.g. thick
ER

component in our lives. Most of our daily life worm-like creatures,… …………………
activities are closlely related to soil. We use ………………………………………)
soil for various purposes. different kinds of snails and slugs. (e.g. soft-
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During festivals like Vinayaka Chavithi people bodied animals; snails have shells, slugs do not
use idols of Ganesh made of plaster of paris have shells,……………………)
and chemical colours which causes severe different kinds of insects. (e.g. animals with 3
damage to our environment. Instead of these pairs of jointed legs,……………………...)
chemical idols we should use clay idols and
celebrate festivals in an ecofriendly way.. different kinds of spiders, mites, ticks.

Let us do-3: Soil and Life (e.g. animals with 4 pairs of legs,……………
………………………………………….)
Go to any area to study about organisms in

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 139

different kinds of animals with more than 4 • Does the amount of animal life and the
pairs of legs. (e.g. centipedes, millipedes, burrows the animals make have any
……………………………………………………….) relation to the condition of the soil?
Other creatures I found are……… • “Soil is a good habitat”. Explain the
……………………...........) After examining statement.
and counting, return the living things to the Soil is a good habitat. We depend on it for
soil. agricultural and construction purposes,
This is what you need to do at the site: making utensils, toys etc. We have already
learnt that plants depend on soil for nutrients

A
1. Measure and mark off an area of land
approx. 30 cm x 30 cm. like mineral salts and water from the soil in

AN
the chapter “Nutrition in Plants.”
2. Gently sort through the leaf litter, and
collect any creatures you find there. Record Do you know?
your findings in the chart given. Making pots by using soil is called pottery.
This is an ancient creative occupation.

G
3. Dig the soil to a depth of 4-6 cm. observe
and record the presence of roots. Are there During Harappan civilization, different
varieties of designer pots and clay utensils
any?
N
4. Take out the soil and spread the soil onto
were used. Pottery is a cottage industry in
our country. Potters make pots by using
LA
a sheet of newspaper. clay soil on a pottery wheel.
5. Carefully sort the soil, watch closely for
small living things with a hand lens. Watch
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for worms and other animals. You may also

find other signs of animal life such as
burrows or eggs of insects which may be
single or in masses. Count the different
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kinds (write in section: other creatures I

found)
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You may take the help of the given Fig. 3

picture for your study.
Know more about your soil
Now we have come to know that soil is a good
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habitat of organisms. We have also studied

its different uses. Now let us study some other
properties of soil.
Let us do-4: Is the soil from different places
Fig. 2 same?
• Which area has a maximum of animal For our study, we require soils collected from
life? different places. Examples of some of these
locations are given below:

140 Soil: Our Life

 fields, lakeside, open meadows, This work distribution should be done a day
river banks, gardens, forests, before the chapter is begun in the class.
roadside, fallow land Leave home a little early on that day, go to
You can change the list, adding or subtracting the location allotted to you, collect about 250
names, to suit your convenience. But you gm of soil for your sample, and bring it to
should make sure that you get different types school. You can carry the soil in a bag.
of soil from different places. It would be even Remember to collect the soil only on the day
better if the soils are of different colours. you begin the experiments in class. Don’t forget
to put a label on your soil sample, stating

A
Collect the soil samples while you are on your where you got it from and the date on which
way to school from home. But, first, let your you collected it.

AN
teacher distribute the work of collecting
different soil samples among the different First copy the following Table in your Note
groups in the class. The class can decide which book and note all your observations in this
group should visit which location and bring table. Instructions given after the table will

G
back which type of soil samples to school. help you to fill it.

N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC

Let us do-5: Examining The Soil After various properties of soil as given in the
Returning To School table. Some points to study the properties
are given below.
Examine the different soil samples brought 1. How does the soil look? Is it like fine
to class and see whether you can identify powder or granular?
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 141
2. What is its colour? Is it black, brown Spread it out and examine the particles
or any other colour? through a hand lens.)
3. How does it feel when you touch or press Let us do-6: What type of soil is it?
it? Hard, soft, elastic, dry, sticky etc? Take 20 gm to 25 gm of soil from your soil
4. How does it smell? Is it aromatic, foul sample. Remove the pebbles, grass and other
smelling or without a scent? organic matter from it. Add water to the soil,
5. Can you find anything new when you drop by drop, kneading the soil while doing
examine the soil under a microscope? so. Pour enough water so you can make small
6. Can you see any living creatures or balls of soil, without the soil sticking to your

A
plants in the soil? palms. Make a 2.5 cm diameter ball of soil.
7. Can you see any remains of dead Put this ball on a flat surface and try and roll

AN
creatures or plants? it into a 15-cm-long rod. If you can bend the
8. Are all the particles in the same sample rod without breaking it, then bend it into a
of soil similar? ring.
If you have a problem in answering these You can identify a soil type by the extent to

G
questions, do the following activities and then which you can mould it.
try to answer them. Identify the different types of soils in the line
N
(To observe properties No 6 and 7, you will
have to grind the soil to a fine powder,
diagram given below. Determine the soil on
the basis of following chart.
LA
TE
T
ER
SC

142 Soil: Our Life

If the proportion of larger sized particles • Write the percent moisture content of
is more, we call the soil sandy. If the the soil samples in the table.
proportion of fine particles is more, the soil • Are the figures of the percent
is clay. If large and fine particles are present moisture content of all the soil
in equal proportions, the soil is called loam. samples the same?
Let us do-7: The Moisture Content of • Compare your findings with those of the
Soil other groups.
There are many ways of finding out the Let us do-8: The Percolation Rate of Soil
moisture content of different soils. We shall

A
use a simple method. Grind the soil you wish Take soil samples which were
collected for the previous

AN
to find the moisture content of, into a fine
powder. Weigh 100 gm of soil from this pile. activity. Take a plastic funnel
and place a filter paper in it
Spread it on a newspaper and dry it for about as shown in figure. Weigh 50
two hours in the sun. While drying the soil, gm of dry soil and pour it into

G
Fig 4
the sky must be clear and the heat of the sun the funnel. Take 100ml of
intense. Keep turning the soil over while you water in a measuring cylinder.
spill out of the newspaper. Weigh the soil
N
are drying it. Be careful that the soil does not Then pour the water on the
soil drop by drop.
LA
again after it has completely dried. The
difference in the two weights will tell you how Do not let all the water fall at one spot. Pour
much water 100 gm of the soil contained. This water all over the surface of the soil until it
quantity is known as the percent moisture starts dripping out of the funnel. Observe
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content of the soil. how fast water passes down the soil. Measure
the amount of water collected in the beaker.
Let all the groups do the experiment with
different soil samples. Calculate the difference between amounts of
water. Record the time taken for water to pass
T

through the sample. Fill the following table.

ER
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VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 143

• Which type of soil retains the highest • What is the colour of the water?
amount of water? • Use blue and red litmus to test
• Which type of soil took least time to pass whether the water is acidic or basic.
down water? Note the result in the table.
• Which type of soil took maximum time Soils contain minerals. Most of the minerals
to pass down water? found in the soils are salts of sodium, calcium,
• Which type of soil retains least amount magnesium and potassium chlorides, sulphates
of water? and carbonates. Highly acidic soil retards
plant growth by affecting the efficiency with

A
Water passing down through the soil which the plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
particles is called percolation.

AN
• Can you find out ways to decrease
• Why does sand soil not retain water for acidity?
a long time?
HORIZONS OF SOIL
• Is there any relation between percolation

G
rate and water holding capacity of soil? Soil is made up of distinct horizontal layers;
Write your observations? these layers are called horizons. They range

Activity 9: Substances present in Soil N from rich, organic upper layers (humus and
topsoil) to underlying rocky layers (subsoil,
LA
Fill a beaker half full with soil. Pour some regolith and bedrock).
rainwater or distilled water over the soil. You • O Horizon - The top, organic layer of
should pour enough water to fill the beaker soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and
three-fourths. Stir the soil and water with a
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humus (decomposed organic matter).

twig. Then let the solution stand for some
time. Once the soil settles down, drain out the • A Horizon - The layer called topsoil; it
water carefully. Fill a boiling tube half full with is found below the O horizon and above
this drained water. Heat the boiling tube the E horizon. Seeds germinate and plant
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over a candle flame. Continue heating till roots grow in this dark-coloured layer.
only a fourth of the water remains. Then It is made up of humus (decomposed
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answer the questions given below: organic matter) mixed with mineral
particles.
• E Horizon - This eluviation (leaching)
layer is light in colour; this layer is
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beneath the A Horizon and above the B

Horizon. It is made up mostly of sand
and silt, having lost most of its minerals
Drained Water and clay as water drips through the soil
(in the process of eluviation).
• B Horizon - Also called the subsoil -
this layer is beneath the E Horizon
and above the C Horizon. It contains

144 Soil: Our Life

 clay and mineral deposits (like iron, • C Horizon - Also called regolith: the
aluminum oxides, and calcium layer beneath the B Horizon and above
carbonate) that it receives from layers the R Horizon. It consists of slightly
above it when mineralized water drips broken-up bedrock. Plant roots do not
from the soil above. penetrate into this layer; very little
organic material is found in this layer.
• R Horizon - The un weathered rock
(bedrock) layer that is beneath all the
other layers.

A
O Horizon • These different layers of soil are called

AN
(Surface litter) soil profile.
A Horizon Do you know?
(Top Soil)
Soil Formation: Soil is formed slowly

G
as rock (the parent material) erodes into
E Horizon
tiny pieces near the Earth’s surface.
(Leaching layer)

B Horizon
N Organic matter decays and mixes with
inorganic material (rock particles,
LA
(Subsoil)
minerals and water) to form soil. These
days farmers test the soil in the field using
soil technologies in order to grow suitable
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C Horizon
(Regolith)
crops in the fields. Engineers also test the
soil profile before constructing multi-
storied buildings, bridges and dams.
R Horizon
(Bedrock)
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Soils in our village:

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We will see different types of soils in different parts of our state. Most of the places in a
district generally have same type of soil. In some cases we can see different types of soil in a
district or same type of soil in different areas also. Lets us observe experiences of students
from different parts of our state.
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I am Madhu. I am living in Dondapadu village of Mellacherucu mandal

in Nalgonda district. We have black soil in our village. We can make a
ball by using this soil. But we can make cracked ring only. So
it is light clay soil. Farmers grow cotton and Mirchi. If you
dig two or three feet we will get lime stone in the soil. We use
those stones for different purposes like construction of
compound walls etc.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 145

 I am Kalesha. I am living in Padakal of Talakondapalli
mandal in Mahaboobnagar district. We have red soil in our
village. We can make a ball by using this soil. But we can’t
make a ring by using this soil, because this contains sand too.
Farmers grow ground nut and castor and in some places cotton
is also grown. Our people said that this is red sand soil.

A
I am Sujatha. I am living in Dantaguntla of Kanumolu

AN
mandal in Krishna district. We have black soil in our
village. We can make any type of model by using this soil.
It is sticky in nature. We call it black soil. This soil retains

G
water for a long time. Farmers grow cotton, sugar cane
and paddy. I saw the same type of soil in Indukurupeta of
Nellore district also.
N
LA
I am David. I am living in Kanala of Sanjamala mandal
in Kurnool district. We can only make cracked rings using
the soil in our village. My father said that this soil contains
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sand also. We grow Jowar, Bengal Gram and Paddy .

I am Ramadevi. I am living in Ramapuram of Vetapalem

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mandal in Prakasham district. In my village we can see

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sandy soil. We can’t make even a ball by using this soil.

Most of the farmers practise Aqua culture. Paddy is not
grown in my village. Farmers grow Jasmine,
Kanakambaram like flowers only. Like this Farmers grow
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flowers like Jasmine and Kanakambram only.

What do you observe in the information given by these children. Write information
about soil and crops that are grown in your village in the same way.
I am ....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

146 Soil: Our Life

Soil and crops: • Which type of soil is generally seen in
The crops commonly grown in any area our State?
depend on many factors. One major factor is • Which type of crops are grown in our
the kind of soil available in that area and its state?
properties. • The districts that cultivate paddy in
We can understand the relation between large areas have which type of soil?
soil and crop production by taking paddy
as an example. A paddy crop grows best in Along with seasonal rainfall fertility of soil
a field that retains water for a long time. also influence crop production. Do you
• Which type of soil is better suited for know why farmers dump cattle dung in the

A
growing paddy - one with a high fields? Farmers always take care of the soil
percolation rate or with a low one? in their fields.

AN
Farmers decide the type of crop according
to the nature of soil. Clay soil have high Soil Conservation:
capacity to retain water, so sugarcane and During heavy winds we observe that the
paddy are grown in this type of soil. Red soil
retains less water. So pulses, oil seeds and surface soil particles are carried away by

G
paddy variety that need less water are grown air. Sometimes during heavy rains, rain
in this type of soil. water carries away top layers of soil. This
N is called soil erosion. As a result of storms
and floods fertile soil layers are removed
LA
and the soil become barren. Our farmers
grow big trees around the fields to stop
winds. They don’t keep the lands vacant.
TE

Farmers generally use vacant lands to grow

grass and other plants. These grass plant
roots hold the soil particles and prevent soil
erosion during heavy rains. You will learn
Let us do-10: Connection between crop
more about this in the chapter on Forest.
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and soil
Can you identify any connection between It is very important to preserve the fertility
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crops and soil? Make group with four or of soil. Do you know why farmers can’t
five students study the Atlas and other books continue the same type of crops in their
in your school library. Make list of soils and fields? Continuous cultivation of same
crops growing in those soils in our State. agriculture crops reduce the soil fertility.
SC

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 147

 • Water holding capacity of soil
depends on soil type.
• Clay and loam are suitable for growing
wheat, gram and paddy. Cotton is grown
in sandy loam or black soil.
• Soil profile is a section through different
layers of the soil.
• Removal of top soil by wind, water

A
or any other means is known as soil
erosion.
Let us do-11:

AN
Improve your learning:
Make a group with four to five students and
collect information about crops that grow 1. How can you say soil is a precious
in a year in your village. Why do they resource? Give reasons.

G
change crops after a period of time? Write 2. Which type of soil is suitable for
your observations in your note book. growing cotton?
• Which crops are grown one after
another in your village?
N 3. Give reasons for low percolation rate
in clay soil when compared to sandy
LA
soil.
• Why are pulses grown every time?
4. Why is top soil more useful for us?
• Is there any crop that grows 5. What types of soils are there in your
continuously in a same field?
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village? Make a list of crops grown on

Generally, farmers cultivate pulses after these soils.
completion of paddy. This kind of rotation 6. If a farmer wants to improve water
of crops retains soil fertility and holding capacity of his sandy soil field
productivity. Conservation of soil is
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what would you suggest him?

important factor in agriculture. 7. Do you think rotting vegetation and
ER

Key words animal remains are important for the

soil? In what way?
Clay, Humus, Loamy, Sandy,
Percolation, Water retention, Soil profile, 8. Roots of grasses hold soil particles.
This conserves the ………………………
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Soil fertility, Soil erosion, Crop rotation

9. Which of the following statement is
What we have learnt
correct? Correct the wrong one.
• Soil is a mixture of rock particles and
humus.
• Soil form from sand.

• Clay, loam and sand are types of soil.

• Crop rotation protects soil fertility.

• Amount of water that passes through

• Clay soil can’t hold water for a long
time.
gives us percolation rate. It is highest in
the sandy soil and least in the clayey soil. • Upper layers of soil are made of rocks.
148 Soil: Our Life
10. Collect soil from your school ground. 13. “If you sow a seed in the soil it will
Try to make a ring with that soil. give birth to a tiny plant which grows
Write down your observations. What bigger and bigger. “It is the wonder
type of soil is it? of soil” Swetha said. How you express
11. Take a boiling tube. Put two spoons your appreciation of soil like Swetha?
of soil in it. Heat it on a spirit lamp 14. Write a dialogue between seed and soil
and cover it. and perform a small play using your own
(a) Do this experiment and write your script.
findings.

A
15. If you have a chance to talk with a soil
(b)Do you find any moisture in the soil? scientist, what questions would you

AN
(c) How can you say that? like to ask him about soil?

12. Nazmal’s grand mother said “Human 16. Do you find any relationship between
beings always depends on soil” is she the chapters “Soil” and “Nutrition in
plants”. What are they?

G
correct? How do you support her
statement?
SOIL SCIENCE N
Soil science is the study of soil as a natural
LA
resource on the surface of the Earth. This
includes Soil formation, Clssification and
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mapping, physical-chemical-biological and

fertility properties of soil.
Some times terms which refer to branches of soil science such
T

as pedology and edaphology are used as if synonymous with

ER

soil science. Study of formation, chemistry, morphology and

classification of soil is called pedology. Study of influence of
soil on organisms, especially on plants is called edaphology.
SC

Diversed disciplines are related to the soil science, the various

associates concerned are engineers, agronomists, chemists,
geologists, physical geographers, ecologists, biologists,
microbiologists, sylviculturists, archaeologists all contribute
to further knowledge of soil and the advancement of soil science.

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 16 FOREST : OUR LIFE

Pushpa stays at Adilabad. Her grandfather Every morning after breakfast, grandma
stays at a village near Utnoor. would pack a knapsack with some snacks, a

A
bottle of cold water and a flask full of coffee.
• Try to locate these places in a map of Pushpa was so fond of the orchard that she

AN
Telangana State given in your atlas. would love to spend the whole day under the
Pushpa always visits her grandpa’s place shade of the trees. She could hear birds
during the summer vacation as grandpa owns chirping, watch squirrels running about,
a large mango orchard. She could feast on the people moving around, grandmas’ goats

G
juicy mangoes and feel the cool air at the wandering to feed on small plants, some
insects flying about (grandpa always used the
orchard there. On the way to grandpa’s village
the beautiful view of thick forests always N right insecticide – a chemical to kill insects to
keep the orchard free from them yet some
LA
attracted her. She would ask her parents to were always left!). It was indeed such a
stop the car on the roadside have a look at wonderful place!
the forests along the hillside. There were
different types of trees; several small and big
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plants growing close to each other and some

climbers growing up to the tall tree tops!
T
ER

Fig. 2
Pushpa had just passed her class sixth exam
SC

and had been pondering over a question in

the question paper which was, “What do trees
give us?”
Fig. 1
At the village, grandpa would take her into the In the answer she had written about several
things as well as shade and cool air. Was she
orchard which looked like a forest with so many
correct?
mango trees and the small plants growing under
them. The difference was, all trees here grew in Do we feel cool under the shade of the trees
lines and were of the same kind! in an orchard?
150 Forest
:
• Make a list of things that you know are • Forests have been cut down at a very fast
obtained from trees. rate in the past hundred years and
Grandpa’s orchard: replaced by industries, orchards
(plantations of fruit bearing plants) or
Pushpa always wondered how these mango those needed for timber or other
trees had grown in grandpa’s orchard. economic needs, croplands etc.
Grandpa explained that it was great grandpa • The natural habitat of a forest is lost
who was given a piece of land in the forest. when forests are cut down. Several types
The forest area had to be cleared to grow the of organisms disappear (either die out

A
mango saplings (baby plants) and develop it or leave the place).
into the orchard it was today.
•

AN
There are forests only on 19.3% of the
“There must have been wild animals then in geographical area of our country now
those days?”, enquired Pushpa. (some reports say it’s much less than
“Yes of course, great grandpa along with his this).

G
brothers and other villagers had to beat drums • A forest is a community of trees, shrubs,
and use lighted fire torches at night to drive herbs and other plants and organisms
away the wild animals”.
Where did the wild animals go? Where do they
N that cover a large area using carbon
dioxide, water, soil nutrients etc.
LA
live now? What happened to the trees that • Forests take up a large amount of
were already present there? Do we always Carbon dioxide and some other harmful
destroy forests to grow orchards or crops? particles and gases and keep the air clean.
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Questions after questions poured out and They serve as lungs of our earth.
grandpa had to think a lot to answer them.
• Forests are renewable natural resources,
• Why do we need forests at all? We could which play an important role in the
have only these orchards with so much of maintenance of ecological balance.
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fruits to eat and, due to the absence of wild

animals, safe to roam around too! Do you • They are an important source of timber,
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support this statement? Why? fuel wood, cane, resins, lac, oils, fruits,
nuts, firewood, fodder for animals,
What Forests are? honey etc.
Pushpa asked her friends and relatives to find • The forests also have wild varieties of
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answers to her questions. the cultivable crops and medicinal plants.

These are some information given to her. • If affected by a disease, the whole forest
• In ancient times the country was famous area is not destroyed.
for its dense and continuous forests like • They provide habitat to wildlife.
Dandakaranya,Panchavati, Nallamala
etc. But with the advance of civilization
• Forests help to control soil erosion.
through ages, most parts of these forests • They help in causing rain.
are gone now. • They keep the surrounding cool.

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Pushpa was quite confused. There were so • Can large areas of plantations of same
many things written about forests! She could type of trees like eucalyptus be called
not understand some parts such as how forests forests? Why?
maintained ecological balance, how they could • Draw the picture of a forest in your
be lungs of the earth etc. She could only make notebook on the basis of what you have
out some common things about forests which learnt so far.
were-
• Do all forests have the same type of
Forest is a place where there are many different animals and plants? Why or why not?
trees. It is a home for wild animals. It also

A
decorates the world. It is a very airy and Diversity in forests:
shadowy place. We should not cut them to A. Forests of Telangana.

AN
build factories, buildings etc or to grow crops,
Let us find out about the types of plants and
orchards etc.
animals in the forests of our state.
• What is your opinion about forests?
In the forests of Telangana State we can see

G
• Why do you think forests are called lungs different types of trees like Teak, Sal etc., as
of the whole earth? well, that grow very tall. Neem, Tamarind,
• N
In what way is an orchard different from
a forest?
Amla, Soapnuts, Red sandalwood grows quite
tall. There are bushes, creepers, kamba,
LA
Forest area Animals that live in the forest Types of Trees
TE

Eturi Nagaram Tiger, Chinkara, Antelope, Sloth

Bhoopalpally Dist. bear Teak, Sal, Tamarind, Amla, Neem

Tamarind, Amla, Neem,

Bhadradri Tigers, Panther, Hyena, Deer
Cassia (Tangedu), Teak, Rosewood
T

Tigers, Deers, Chimpanzees, Tamarind, Amla, Neem,

ER

Mahabubnagar
Pythan, Baboons, Snakes, Fox Tangedu, Bamboo
Tamarind, Amla, Neem,
Adilabad Elephants, Tigers, Monkeys Tangedu, Addaku
SC

cassia (tangedu), goat’s horn mangroove Take the help of the above table, add some
(guggilam), rosewood, yegisa, bamboo, more names (refer to books in your library
reodar etc as well. and also ask your teacher) and make a list
Let us do-1: Studying diverse animals and of them.
plants Discuss and write why there could be
Form groups and discuss about animals and variation in the type of animals and trees
plants found in the forests of our state. found in forests.

152 Forest
B. Forests of other regions
Let us do-2: Comparing forests
1. Forest of Hot and Humid areas
2. Forest of cold areas

A
AN
G
Fig. 3(a) Fig. 3(b)
Forest of hot and humid areas (Equatorial)N Forest of cold areas (Alpine)
LA
Find the similarities and differences also hunt only small animals like monitor
between the two types of forests as given lizard and rabbits for their food. While
in the pictures? collecting tubers that they eat, they leave a
TE

• We have studied about habitats in class part of them in the soil for the plant to
VI, on the basis of that, can you say why grow again. They have very little needs and
forests are good habitats? happily go about their daily lives.
• Do you think forest is a habitat for These people are being forced to leave their
T

human beings as well? How? forest dwellings and start other professions.
aadivasis are the only people living in the
ER

Besides animals and plants, forests have been

a home of people as well, from ancient times. company of tigers and wild animals. If they
In various forest areas of our state we find withdraw from the core areas, their rich
some people still living there and making it knowledge of wild animals, medicinal plants
SC

their home. They usually live in places in the and tree species will vanish.
forest where water is available . • What are the problems that these people
To know more about them let us read this. will face if shifted from the forests?
These people never harm the forest in any Let us do-3: Preparing case study on tribals
manner. Chenchus, aadivasis never cut green Collect information about other tribal people
trees for fuel wood and for domestic living in forests and prepare case studies. You
purposes. They collect only dry wood. They can take help from one given on “Chenchu’s”.

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 153

The Chenchus–Handling forests with care! • Discuss and write reasons.
Nayudu cheruvu thanda is a small village Usually people destroy the forest for their
near Papinenipally in the dense Nallamala own economic purposes for example,
forest of Prakasham District. This village is earning by selling trees and thus, excessive
surrounded by the highest hill ranges of cutting down of trees or deforestation takes
Andhra Pradesh and there are thick forests as place. Deforestation also takes place when
well with several wild animals. forests are cleared to construct buildings,
People living in roads, industries etc. Now-a-days thermal,
this village nuclear power plants. mining industries led

A
belong to by multinational companies are a major
“Chenchu” threat to forests throughout the globe.

AN
tribe (these Often large parts of forests are also lost due
people are to forest fires.
found in other
villages and • Does deforestation affect animals living

G
districts of the in a forest? How?
state as well). A • Think and write other reasons for the
Fig 4
Chenchu walksN
through forests
loss of forests.
• Why do wild animals enter villages near
LA
for nearly 30 km every day and has thorough forests?
knowledge of forest, its flora, fauna and birds
within a radius of around 15 km. They collect
• What will happen if forests are
completely destroyed?
TE

various food products like soapnuts, honey,

tamarind, bamboo etc and sell them in the • Can we have only agricultural lands
‘Santha’ (a weekend market) and purchase and orchards instead of forests? Why?
materials like clothes etc. They also collect • Can growing various types of trees in
medicinal plants from the forest for which your locality help to revive forests? Why?
T

they are well known throughout the state.

Let us do-4:
ER

Destruction of forests- An alarming pace!

Go around your locality and note the
Read the following news.
number of trees. Also note the different
types.
SC

• Write down their names (If you know).

• Are these trees also present in forests
of our state?
STEP TOWARDS CONSERVATION
Kondamallipudi Vana Samraksha Samiti, is
located at the foot hills of Ananthagiri
forest alongside the Srungavarapukota. It
Fig 5 is in an area inhabited by members of
154 Forest
 Save a Tree, Save Other Lives Too!
There is a school in a village. The school has
no boundary wall. The Headmaster arranged
for the construction of a boundary wall with
the help of higher authorities. They were
measuring the boundaries. There was a mango
tree in the school. The tree was on the
boundary line. A person staying next to the
school argued that the tree belonged to him.

A
The children studying in the school had been
Fig. 6 playing, reading, having lunch etc for years

AN
“Koya” tribe who are known for getting into under the tree.
forest areas and cutting down trees to grow The children came to know that the person
crops. sold the tree. It was going to be cut very soon.
They tried to convince that person not to
These people along with forest officials have now

G
remove the tree, but he adamantly denied the
made great efforts to save forests by planting children’s request.
bamboo and other plants like Karaka,
Rosewood, Nallamadi, Tamarind, Usiri, Jafra
etc. They also took steps to conserve soil
N Neelima
who was
Fig 7
LA
studying
moisture by making bunds along edges of
class VII
plantation areas, digging trenches etc. They see was worried
to it that no one harms trees in their area. Thus about it.
TE

forests that were degrading started growing

She thought throughout
once again.
the night and got an
Let us take a step: We know that every bit of idea. The next morning
effort towards conservation helps. If we take she told the idea to her
T

care of plants growing around us we may not friends. They collected

be adding a forest but adding to greenery around money from their Fig. 7
ER

us which is essential for our own existence. savings.

Do you know? All the children went into the village and
In 1730 AD about 350 Bishonois led by collected some more money. They went to that
SC

Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives to person and gave him all the money they
protect sacred green Kejari trees by collected.
hugging them when a king wanted to cut Seeing the concern of the children, the person
those trees later this was led to chipko agreed that the tree would not be cut.
movement in the history. There after this (This is adapted from an award winning story written by
practice has been carry forward by R. Ramya, Class – VIII of ZPH School, Navalaku Gardens
people like Sunder Lal Bahuguna. of Nellore.)
Read the following story and write your
opinion in your notebook.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 155
In our state efforts have been made by 5. List the things that we use in our daily
communities along with Government life which are made from wood.
officials to grow trees in areas allotted near
6. What is deforestation? How can it be
villages/towns as social forestry, that is,
stopped?
peoples’ own efforts to revive forests, which
are well known as “Karthik Vanam”. 7. This is not a forest product -
Keywords a. Soap nut b. Plywood
c. Matchstick d. Kerosene
Orchard, Plantation, Timber, Firewood,
8. If you want to develop social forestry

A
Soil Erosion, Bunds, Deforestation, Tribe
in your village which type of plants
What we have learnt

AN
would you like to grow. Why?
• We obtain various things and
9. Collect the pictures of forest products
materials from the forest.
and stick them in your scrap book.
• A forest is a good habitat for many

G
10. Write a note on livelihood of forest
plants and animals
tribes of our state.
• Forest helps in binding of soil and
protecting it from erosion.
N 11. Collect some songs / stories/poems
about conservation of trees.
LA
• People living in forests depend on its
products for their livelihood. 12. We can see animals not only in the
forests but also in the Zoo. Write some
• Social forestry could help overcome similarities and differences between the
TE

deforestation.
conditions in which animals are found
• Forests are lungs of our earth. in the zoo and the forest.
• Destroying forests poses threat to life 13. Charita said “forest is good habitat”
T

of animals and plants living there as How can you support her?
well our own survival.
14. How do we depend on forests?
ER

Improve your learning

15. Draw or collect pictures of forests.
1. How can you say forest is a habitat for Discuss with your friends. Write about
people? fate of forests in your state and what
SC

2. What variations do we see in forest steps would you take to conserve them.
types?
16. Find out about state of forests in India
3. How do we depend on forests? and write a brief report on it.
4. How can you say forests are lungs of
17. Plant a tree on your birthday or during
our earth?
any celebration in the family.

156 Forest
 17 CHANGES AROUND US

In Class VI, we learnt that many changes are Table-1

taking place around us. There are certain

A
factors that influence these changes and there
are reasons for every change. Among the

AN
changes we observe in our daily life some
changes are slow and some fast. There are
some changes that are temporary and some
are permanent. There are many changes which

G
take place naturally but for some we need to
initiate or intervene in some way for the change

some more changes.

N
to occur. In this lesson we try to learn about
period of time. Such changes are known as
LA
We know that there are certain changes that periodical changes.
repeat after roughly a fixed period of time. The events which repeat at regular intervals
For example we observe the repetition of of time are called Periodical Events
TE

sunrise and sunset every day. Similarly we

notice changes in seasons after every few Physical Change:
months every year. In our daily life we observe many changes. In
Can you think of such other changes from the changes like melting of ice, solidification
T

your daily life? of ghee or coconut oil in winter etc., there is

a change in state of the substance. In certain
ER

Make a list of changes you observe in your processes like filling balloons with air and
daily life that are repeated after some period pumping of cycle tubes etc., we notice change
of time. in shape. In some other changes like burning
Let us do-1: Finding the period of of wood and rusting of iron we find that new
SC

repetition for changes. substances are formed. Are all these changes
the same?
Some changes are given in the following table-1.
Obser ve the changes and write the Let us do- 2: Find the change
approximate period of time after which they Some changes are given in the table.Write
are repeated, for each change. If we observe possible changes you notice for each case and
the above table, we notice that every change put (9) in the appropriate column.
mentioned in the table repeats after some

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 157

 Table - 2

A
AN
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC

In how many changes do you notice change in paper, burning of crackers, change of milk
the state/colour/size/shape? Count each to curd, boiling of egg, etc., a new substance
separately is formed. But in other examples of changes
In which cases are new substances formed? we notice a change in state or colour or size
or shape etc but the substance remains same
In the above activity we notice that only and no new substance is formed. Let us
in some examples like burning of news observe the following change.

158 Changes Around Us

Let us do-3: Observe the changes Chemical Changes:
in ice
Let us do-4: Observing the changes when
Take few pieces of ice in a beaker and heat burning some materials
them as shown in the following figure.
Take a piece of wood, a piece of paper and a
ball of cotton. Burn them and observe the
changes.

A
Fig. 1

AN
What do you observe?
We notice that ice slowly melts and becomes
water and on further heating it changes to steam.

G
If we reduce the temperature, the water vapour
changes back to water and when temperature is
further reduced it changes to ice. N Fig. 2
LA
What changes do you notice in this Record your observations in the following
experiment? Table.
Is there any change in state? Table - 3
TE

Is there any change in shape and volume?

Is there any new substance formed?
Repeat the experiment using candle wax.
T

What do you observe?

In the above activity we notice the change of
ER

What changes do you notice ?

the state of ice to water and to vapour but
the substance, water, remains the same. Is there any change in colour?
Changes of this type where no new substance Is there any change in the state of material?
is formed are known as physical changes.
SC

Do you find any new material after burning?

When a material undergoes a change in shape,
size, color or state it is called a Physical Are the materials present before and after
Change. burning the same?

Generally, no new substance is formed in a In the above activity we notice that when
physical change a piece of wood, paper, and cotton are burnt
a new material is formed . This is black in
Make a list of some physical changes you colour and in powder form which is
observe in your daily life. different from the original material. We

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 159

also notice the change in shape and size of Why do iron articles get rust when they
new material. This type of change which are exposed to air for a long time ?
leads to form a new substance is known as
When iron is exposed to air for a long
Chemical Change.
time , the Oxygen present in air reacts
Have you observed such changes in your with it in the presence of moist air and
daily life? forms a new substance called iron oxide
as rust on iron articles. This process is
Can you name some changes which form
known as rusting.
new substances?

A
Rusting of Iron:
Similarly when Copper utensils are

AN
exposed to air we find a greenish coat on
them. This greenish coat is formed when
Copper reacts with Oxygen and Carbon
dioxide present in the air. This coat also

G
protects Copper from getting further
corroded. It is an example of corrosion.
N In all these cases, the metal is changed to
LA
its oxide, forming a new substance. Hence
rusting or corrosion is a Chemical Change.
Fig. 3 The speed of rusting depends on the amount
of moisture available to it for a long time
TE

Have you ever observed iron nails, iron That is more the humidity in air, faster is
gates, iron benches or pieces of iron left in the rusting of iron.
the open ground for a long time?
The problem of rusting of iron and corrosion
What did you notice? of other metal articles are the common
T

You observe a brown layer on the surface of experience in almost every home. It spoils
ER

the iron articles. This is called ‘rust’ and the beautiful articles and makes them look ugly.
process of forming of this layer is called The following are some of the ways to prevent
‘rusting’. the rusting of iron.
Observe the iron tawa in your kitchen. You 1. Do not allow the iron articles to come
SC

find a brown layer on it if it is unused for a in direct contact with Oxygen in the
long time. This is nothing but rusting of iron. air, water or both.

Similarly try to observe some other iron 2. Apply a coat of paint or grease on an
articles which are exposed to air like iron gates, iron article.
iron caps on manholes , iron benches in lawns Are there any other ways by which
etc. rusting of iron can be prevented?
Do you find rust on these articles? Do all the materials react with oxygen in
the air?
160 Changes Around Us
Observe Gold and Silver. You wear them If we observe carefully, we notice that
in the form of ornaments. Even if they get there is some metallic coating on these pipes
exposed to air for a long time, they do not to prevent rusting. They do not get rusted
change colour or corroded. It means that even after a long time because they are
they are resistant to corrosion which is the galvanized.
reason why we use them in making ornaments.
The process of depositing zinc metal on
List metals which corroded and which don’t iron is called galvanisation
corroded when exposed to air.
Let us do-5: Observing colour layer on

A
Galvanisation: cut fruits and vegetables
You might have observed handles of bicycle, Take an apple, a brinjal, a potato, a tomato, a

AN
metal rims of bicycles and motor cycles , cucumber, a banana; cut each into small pieces;
white coated metal railings fixed to steps in place them in separate plates and expose them
cinema halls and shopping malls etc. to open air for sometime.

G
Do these articles rust? If not why?
Are all the above mentioned articles made
of iron ?
N
LA
How can we know that a given article is made Fig. 4
up of iron or not ?
What changes do you notice?
You learnt about magnets in the lesson
TE

Table - 4
‘Playing with magnets’ in class VI.
Do magnets help us find iron articles? Try to
find out whether your bicycle handle is made
T

of iron or not. You notice that all the above

mentioned articles are made up of iron.
ER

Some articles made up of iron, don’t rust

even if they are exposed to air. To prevent
iron articles from coming in contact with
SC

oxygen in air or water or both, a layer of Record your observation in the above table.
another metal like chromium or zinc is coated
In which fruit or vegetable do you notice
on them. This process of coating a layer of
change in colour?
metal on iron is called Galvanisation.
Why does this change occur?
Have you ever observed in your house that
water pipe lines don’t rust on them ? Have Can you prevent the browning of cut
you noticed any coating over these pipelines? vegetables and fruits?

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 161

Some fruits and vegetables, when cut , react Take a small piece of Magnesium ribbon.
with Oxygen in the air. This makes them Burn it on a flame of candle. You will find
to get a brown layer on the surface. brilliant white dazzling light leaving a
powdery substance behind.
How to prevent browning of cut
vegetables and fruits: • Does the ash for med look like
Magnesium ribbon?
Have you observed your mother any time in
the kitchen keeping cut potatoes or brinjals • Do you think the Magnesium ribbon
in salt water? and the ash have the same composition?

A
When Magnesium burns in the presence of
Oxygen, it forms Magnesium Oxide in the

AN
form of powder ash, which is a new substance.
Thus there is a change in the composition.

G
Collect the ash and mix it with a small quantity
of water and dissolve it. Another new

Fig. 5
N substance is formed.
LA
Why does she put them in salt water?
What do you observe ?
Salt water prevents the outer surface of the
potato and brinjal from colouring. Small Do you observe any change in the state of
TE

quantities of acids like vinegar or lemon juice the substance?

in water will also prevent browning of Is it an acid or base?
vegetables.
Test the dissolved mixture with blue and red
T

You can also rub the surface of the cut fruits litmus papers to decide whether it is a acid or
with juices of citrus fruits like lemon to avoid a base.
ER

from browning. The layer of lemon juice

Let us do-7: Observe some chemical
reduces the reaction on the surface of the fruit.
changes
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can also be used to
prevent browning. Take a glass tumbler half-filled with
SC

water and add a teaspoonful of Copper

Let us do-6: Observe the changes in
Sulphate to it. Now add a few drops of
Magnesium ribbon
Sulphuric Acid to the Copper Sulphate
solution. Do you observe any change in
colour ? Take some sample solution of
it in another beaker and keep it aside.
Add an Iron nail to the solution in the
first beaker and keep it undisturbed for
Fig. 6
162 Changes Around Us
half an hour. Compare the colour of the
solution in which iron nail is dropped to
that of sample solution kept aside.
Now remove the nail from the beaker and
observe.
1. Is there any change in the colour of the
solution that had iron nail in it?
2. Is there any change in the nail?

A
Fig. 8

AN
What is the change you observe?
Limewater changes to milky white
showing that the gas sent into the test tube
is Carbon dioxide.

G
Fig. 7
N
LA
In these reactions the new substances like
We notice that the blue coloured solution Carbon dioxide and Calcium Carbonate
changes into green colour and a brown colour are formed. Hence it is a chemical change.
deposit is seen on the iron nail.
TE

When a material undergoes a change in its

Why did these changes take place? composition it is called a chemical change
The change in colour of the solution is due to Let us do-9: Burning of Camphor
the formation of Iron Sulphate, a new
T

substance. The brown deposit on the Iron Have you ever seen “harathi” ?
nail is Copper, another new substance. Have you ever thought of the material used
ER

in harathi?
Let us do-8: Observe reaction of Vinegar It is “Camphor”, we burn it to get flame
with Baking soda (harathi). Observe what happens when you
SC

burn Camphor? Initially it changes into

First set up the apparatus has shown in Fig-8.
Take a teaspoon of vinegar (acetic acid) in a liquid and then burns. It is also considered
test tube and add a pinch of baking soda to be a chemical change.
(Sodium bi Carbonate) to it. If you do not Take a small quantity of Camphor in a dish
have vinegar, lemon juice can also be used. and place it in the open air. Observe it after
You observe bubbles coming out with a some time. What happens? Its quantity
hissing sound. Pass this gas through freshly reduces and you sense the smell of it. It
prepared Limewater (Calcium Hydroxide)
happens because camphor evaporates. Since
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 163
it has strong smell, it is used to keep insects Let us do-10: Observe crystallisation of
and flies away. It is also used in medicines. Sugar.
From the activities discussed above we
conclude that, in a chemical change, material
undergoes a change in its composition and a
new substance is formed.
In addition to new products the following may
also occur in a chemical change.
Fig. 9

A
1. Heat, light or any other radiation may be
given out or absorbed. Take a big size test tube . Fill half of it

AN
with water. Add some sugar to it and stir
2. Loud sound may be produced.
it. Keep adding sugar and stirring until
3. A change in smell may take place or a saturation is attained. Then heat this sugar
new smell may be produced. solution and add some more sugar to it

G
while stirring continuously. Continue
4. A colour change may take place.
adding sugar till no more sugar can be
5. A change in the state may occur. N
All chemical changes do not have the 5 traits
dissolved in it. Now filter the solution and
allow it cool for half an hour.
LA
mentioned above. What changes do you notice at the end?
Chemical changes are very important in our We notice formation of large size crystals
lives. Mostly, new substances are formed as a
TE

of sugar at the bottom of the beaker. Thus

result of chemical changes. sugar the small granules of sugar added
Think about some of the chemical changes changed into large size sugar crystals.
you observe around in your daily life. What type of change is it ?
T

Can you list them? Let us do-11: Observe Crystallisation of Urea

ER

Crystallisation : Take some water in a test tube and add urea

Have you seen large crystals of sugar (Missri) to it. Heat the test tube till all the urea
or crystal salt? dissolves. Add more urea to it. Keep on
adding to it until no more urea can be
SC

Do you know how we get these crystals? dissolved in it. Let the solution cool down for
Have you ever observed the formation of sometime. Observe the test tube after about
small sugar crystals on sweets like Jilebi and half an hour.
badushah, which are kept aside for a long Do you find any crystals in the solution?
period?
What is the shape of the crystals?
What is the reason for this?
Repeat the experiment with Alum. Compare
Let us find out. the type of crystals formed by urea and Alum.

164 Changes Around Us

Let us do-12: Observing Crystallisation Till now we have discussed about some
of Copper Sulphate. physical and chemical changes. In physical
Take some hot, saturated solution of changes no new substance is formed whereas
Copper sulphate in a test tube. Pour some in chemical change we have seen that one or
of it in an evaporating dish. Allow the more new substances are formed.
solution to cool quickly. Identifying physical and chemical
Observe with a magnifying glass, the size, change
colour and shape of the crystals formed.
Have you ever thought of the process behind
From the above three activities we notice that

A
setting milk into curd? Is it a physical change
we can separate dissolved substances in the
form of crystals. or chemical change ?

AN
The process of separating a soluble What type of change is the boiling of an egg?
solid from the solution by heating or Is it a chemical change or a physical change?
evaporating the solvent is called
Think about the following changes and
crystallization.

G
decide whether they are physical or
What type of change is this? In
chemical changes. Write the type of change
crystallization no new substance is formed.
Hence it is physical change. N
Table - 5
and reasons for that in the table.
LA
TE
T
ER
SC

VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 165

Everyday we use many types of batteries the formation of a new substance, then
and many of these batteries are recharged it is called a physical change.
regularly. Can you identify the types of
change taking place in this process?
• In a physical change generally no new
substance is formed.
We use Turmeric with Limewater
(Calcium Hydroxide) to decorate the feet
• When a substance undergoes a change in
its composition, it is called a chemical
(Parani) during some occasions at our
change.
homes. What type of change is this? Think
about the reasons why chewing of Pan • In a chemical change new substance is

A
(Killi) turns our mouth red. formed.
•

AN
Look at the picture and circle all the A chemical change is also called chemical
Physical and Chemical changes. Write reaction.
them in the table given below: • In any change heat, light, radiation or
sounds may also be produced.

G
• In a change new colour or smell may
N •
appear.
The process of separating a soluble solid
LA
from the solution on heating is called
Crystallization.
• The process of depositing zinc on any
TE

Fig. 10 metal is called Galvanisation

Table - 6
Physical /
Key Words:
S.No.

Item Chemical Reason Chemical Change, Reversible, Irreve-

Change
T

Forms powder, gives

rsible, Rust, Physical Change, Composi-
1. Burning of Chemical
Chichubuddi light & sound. tion, Vinegar, Baking Soda, Lime Water,
ER

Galvanisation, Crystallization, Corrossion.

2.
Improve your learning:
3.
1. Why do we paint wooden doors and
SC

4. windows?
What we learnt: 2. Some deposits were observed in water
preserved in Aluminum containers after
• Changes mainly are of two types. two to three days. What could the deposit
Physical and Chemical. be? What is the reason for the formation
• When a substance undergoes a change of these deposits?
in shape, size, colour or state without

166 Changes Around Us

3. When a candle is burnt, what type of c) Changes in which new substances are
changes take place? Give another formed are called ___________ changes.
example of a similar process. d) Magnesium+Oxygen→ _________
4. How is an iron gate prevented from e) Copper Sulphate+Iron→ _________
rusting?
9. Identify the incorrect statement.
5. Between coastal and dry land areas, where
is rusting of iron objects faster? Give I) The gas we use in kitchen is in the form
reasons. of liquid in the cylinder. When it comes
6. Classify the changes involved in the out from the cylinder it becomes a gas

A
following processes as Physical, Chemical (step – I), then it burns (step – II).
or both. Choose the correct statement from the

AN
a) Burning of Coal following.
b) Melting of Wax a. Only step – I is a chemical change.
c) Beating Aluminum to make Aluminum foil

G
b. Only step – II is a chemical change.
d) Digestion of food
c. Both steps – I & II are chemical changes.
e) Boiling of Egg
f) Photosynthesis
N d. Both steps – I & II are physical changes.
LA
g) Cutting of Wood
7. Which of the following processes are
chemical changes? Give reasons. 10. Identify the incorrect statements among
TE

a) Making a Salt Solution. the following and rewrite them

correctly.
b) Adding Hydrochloric Acid to Marble
stone. a) Formation of manure from leaves is a
physical change.
T

c) Evaporation of water.
d) Adding phenolphthalein indicator to b) Iron pipes coated with Zinc don’t get
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acid solution. rust.

e) Respiration c) Setting of curd is a physical change.
f) Ripening of a Mango. d) Condensation of steam is not a chemical
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change.
g) Breaking of Glass.
e) Burning of Magnesium in air is a
8. Fill in the blanks in the following
chemical change.
statements
II) Bacteria digest animal waste and
a) The chemical name of vinegar is
produce biogas (step – I). The Biogas is
___________.
then burnt as fuel (step – II). Choose the
b) Changes in which only _____________ correct statement from the following.
properties of a substance change are
a. Only step – I is a chemical change.
called physical changes.
VII Science Free Distribution by Govt. of T.S. 2020-21 167
b. Only step – II is a chemical change. 13)Collect information on the changes
c. Both steps – I & II are chemical changes. taking place in the food during the
process of digestion. (From the school
d. Both steps – I & II are physical changes.
library / internet and display your
e. Step– I physical, step-II chemical change. observations on the bulletin board).
III) A piece of paper was cut into four pieces.
What type of change occurred in the 14)Collect information on the process of
property of the paper? artificial ripening of fruits in fruit
markets and discuss whether it is useful
a. Physical change b. Chemical change

A
or harmful.
c. Both changes d. No change
15)Ravi prepared carbon-dioxide using

AN
IV) Kishan stretched a rubber band. What
does it represent? ________ baking soda and vinegar. Carbon-
a. Chemical change b. Physical change dioxide changed lime water into milky
white. Represent this experiment in a
c. Both changes d. No change

G
diagram with labelling
10)Sudheer wants to make his vessels ,which
are made of Brass and copper, clean and 16)When you burn a piece of wood

to give him?
N
shiny. What suggestions you would like different changes take place. Analyse
the following.
LA
11)Anurag appreciates the changes in ripe (a) Predict possible changes and list them
mango as “How nice its colour and taste all.
are”? Give some examples of changes that
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(b) Are there any physical changes among

make you feel happy, or wonder.
Appreciate them in your own words. them?
12)The changes like, chicks came out of eggs, (c) How many forms of energy are released
blossoming flowers etc. are very pretty in the change?
T

to see. List out such changes around you (d) What chemical changes do you notice?
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which make you feel happy on Explain briefly why these occur.
observation.

17. Match the following:

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1) Growing hair ( ) a) due to chemical change

2) Breaking Mirror ( ) b) acetic acid
3) Galvanisation ( ) c) slow change
4) Vinegar ( ) d) physical change
5) Atmospheric pollution ( ) e) the process of depositing
metal on iron

168 Changes Around Us