An

Seminar Report

On

“FUEL FROM PLASTIC WASTE ”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of Dr Babasaheb

Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, for the Class TE(A) of
Mechanical Engineering .

SUBMITTED BY

Mr.:- CHANDANSHIVE ANIKET RAMESH

Roll No.:- TE-A-61

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. A.S.KASHID

Associate Professor & Dean Admin.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAGESH KARAJAGI ORCHID COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH.,

SOLAPUR-413002 2022-202

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that content of Seminar report entitled “Fuel From Plastic Waste ” is a
bonafide work carried out by Mr. Chandanshive Aniket Ramesh, Roll No. 61 in partially
fulfillment of the requirement for Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering of Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.

Prof. A. S. Kashid Prof. S.S. Kale

Guide H.O.D.

Mechanical Engg. Dept. Mechanical Engg. Dept.

NKOCET, Solapur. NKOCET, Solapur.

Dr. B.K. Sonage

Principal

NKOCET, Solapur.

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 Code of Ethics for Plagiarism

1. I know that plagiarism means taking and using the ideas, writings, works or
inventions of another person as if they were one’s own. I know that plagiarism not
only includes verbatim copying, but also the extensive use of another person’s
ideas without proper acknowledgement (which includes the proper use of
quotation marks). I know that plagiarism covers this sort of use of material found
in textual sources and from the Internet.
2. I acknowledge and understand that plagiarism is wrong.
3. I understand that my research must be accurately referenced. I have followed the
rules and convention concerning referencing, citation and the use of quotation as
set out in the Departmental Guide.
4. This project work is my own work, or my unique project work. I acknowledge
that copying someone else’s work or part of it, is wrong, and that submitting
identical work to others constitutes a form of plagiarism.
5.I have not allowed, nor will I in the future allow, anyone to copy my work with
the intention of passing it off as their own work.

Chandanshive Aniket

(Name & Signature of the Student)

Place: NKOCET, Solapur

Date:-

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 DECLARATION

By the UG (B.Tech.) Student

I hereby declare that the Report of the UG Project Work entitled “ Fuel From Plastic
Waste” Which is being submitted to the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University, Lonere In Partial ful-fillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
Bachelor of technology in the department of Mechanical Engineering, is a bonafide
report of the work carried out by me. The material contained in this report has not been
submitted to any University or Institution for the award of any degree.

Chandanshive Aniket

(Name & Signature of the Student)

Place: NKOCET, Solapur

Date :

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to present our Seminar report titled “Fuel From Plastic
Waste”. We sincerely express our deep sense of gratitude towards Prof. A. S. Kashid
whose valuable guidance, technical advice and constant encouragement led us to
complete internship.
We thank Prof. S .S. Kale, H.O.D. of Department of Mechanical Engg. NKOCET,
Solapur for his inspiration, motivation and direction without which it would not be
possible to do this work.
Special thanks to Dr. B. K. Sonage, Principal, NKOCET, Solapur for his support and
stimulation. We are thankful to library and workshop staff of NKOCET, Solapur for their
excellent co-operation during this work.
We express our sincere thanks to all our friends. Finally, we would like to thank all
authorities and colleagues in N.K. Orchid College of Engg. & Tech., Solapur as well as
all of our family members, whose motivation and help enabled us to complete this work.

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 INDEX

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER ONE :- INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY ………………………………………………………….07

1.2 TYPES OF PLASTIC…………………………………….………..08
1.3 MUNICIPAL PLASTIC WASTE………………………….….…..9
1.4 INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC WASTES…………………………..…..10

CHAPTER-TWO :- LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………….…………11

2.2 OUTCOME OF LITERATURE SURVEY…………………..……..12

CHAPTER THREE :-

3.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….…..13

3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………13

3.3 RAW MATERIALS TO PRODUCE LIQUID FUEL…..………..…14

CHAPTER FOUR :-

4.1 Pyrolysis ……………………………………………………………15

4.2 Thermal Pyrolysis of Polyolefin ……………………………………15

4.3 Catalytic Cracking of Polyolefins …………………………………..16

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………..17

REFERENCES…………………………………..……………………18

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY

Plastic were invented in 1860, but have only been widely used in the last 30 years plastic
are light, durable, modifiable and hygienic. Plastic are made of long chain of molecule
called Polymers. Polymers are made when naturally occurring substance such as crude oil
or petroleum are transformed into other substance with completely different properties.
These polymers can then be made into granules, powders and liquids, becoming raw
materials for plastic products.

Fig. 1.1 General Plastic Materials

Plastics have become an indispensable part in today's world. Due to their light weight,
durability, energy efficiency, coupled with faster rate of production and design flexibility,
these plastics are employed in entire gamut of industrial and domestic areas. Plastics are
produced from petroleum derivates and are composed primarily of hydrocarbons but also
contain additives such as antioxidants, colorants and other stabilizers. Disposal of the
waste plastics poses a great hazard to the environment and effective method has not been

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implemented. Plastics are non- biodegradable polymers mostly containing carbon,
hydrogen, and few other elements like nitrogen. Due to its non-biodegradable nature, the
plastic waste contributes significantly to the problem of waste management. According
nationwide survey which was conducted in the year 2000, approximately 6000 tones of
plastic were generated in India, and only 60% of it was recycled, the balance of 40%
could not be disposed off. Today about 129 million tones of plastics are produced
annually all over the world, out of which 77 million tones produced from petroleum.

1.2 TYPES OF PLASTICS

Fig. 1.2 Types of Plastics

The types of the waste plastics are LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, and PVC. The problems of
waste plastics can't be solved by landfilling or incineration, because the safety deposits
are expensive and incineration stimulates the growing emission of harmful greenhouse
gases like COX. NOx, SOx and etc. These types of disposal of the waste plastics release
toxic gas which has negative impact on environment.

Plastic wastes can also classified as industrial and municipal plastic wastes according to
their origins, these groups have different qualities and properties and are subjected to
different management strategies. Plastic wastes represent a considerable part of municipal

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wastes furthermore huge amounts of plastic waste arise as a by-product or faulty product
in industry and agriculture.

The total plastic waste, over 78% weight of this total corresponds to thermoplastics and
the remaining to thermosets. Thermoplastics are composed of polyolefins such as
polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride and can be recycled.

1.3 MUNICIPAL PLASTIC WASTE

Fig.1.3 Municipal Plastic Waste

Municipal plastic wastes (MPW) normally remain a part of municipal solid wastes as
they are discarded and collected a household wastes. The various sources of MPW
plastics includes domestic items (food containers, milk covers, water bottles. packaging
foam, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, CD and cassette boxes. fridge liners, vending cups,
electronic equipment cases, drainage pipe, carbonated drinks bottles, plumbing pipes and
guttering, flooring, cushioning foams, thermal insulation forms. surface coatings, etc.),
agricultural (mulch films, feed bags, fertilizer bags, and in temporary tarpaulin-like uses
such as covers for hay, silage, etc.), wire and cable, automobile wrecking, etc. Thus, the
MPW collected plastics waste is mixed one with major components of polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride. polyethylene terephthalate. etc. The
percentage of plastics in MPW has increased significantly.

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1.4 INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC WASTES

Industrial plastic wastes are those arising from the large plastics manufacturing,
processing and packaging industry. The industrial waste plastic mainly constitute plastics
from construction and demolition companies (e.g. polyvinylchloride pipes and fittings,
tiles and sheets) electrical and electronics industries (eg, switch boxes, cable sheaths,
cassette boxes, TV screens, etc.) and the automotive industries spare-parts for cars, such
as fan blades, seat coverings, battery containers and front grills). Most of the industrial
plastic waste has relatively well physical characteristics ie. they are sufficiently clean and
free of contamination and are available in fairly large quantities

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 CHAPTER-TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

ACHYUT K PANDA: Plastic recycling, continuous to progress with wide range of old
and new technologies. Many research projects have been undertaken on chemical
recycling of waste plastic to liquid fuel.

ALKAZADAGAONKAR: The experiments on conversion waste plastic into liquid

fuels using new technology. We can convert all types of waste plasties into liquid fuels at
a temperature of 350-500c..

MISKOLCZIAN: Thermal degradation of plastic waste for production of liquid fuels. It

is a endothermic process requiring temperature of 350-500c. The gaseous products
obtained by thermal pyrolysis are not suitable for use as fuel products. furtherfurther
refining is required. .

A.G. BUEKENS, H. HUANG: Catalytic plastics cracking for recovery of gasoline range
Hydrocarbon liquid fuels municipal plastic wastes, Resources. Conservations and
Recycling 1998.

A.LOPEZ: Pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes Influence of raw material composition

under catalytic conditions. Waste management journal home page.2011

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BOCKHORN H: Kinetic study on the thermal degradation or thermal pyrolysis of
plastic wastes. They concluded that, the temperature and reaction time thermal pyrolysis
is slightly greater than the catalytic pyrolysis.

CSUKAS: Investigated pyrolysis temperature range was 465-545c, and raw material
feeding rate was between 620g/min

2.2 OUTCOME OF LITERATURE SURVEY

Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel a suitable method for plastic waste
management and conversion of waste plastic into liquid hydrocarbon by using new.

technology we can convert all types of waste plastic into hydrocarbon fuel at the
temperature profile 350°c to 500°c.

Addition of catalyst enhances the conversion and fuel quality. As compared to the
thermal pyrolysis, the addition of catalyst in polyolefin pyrolysis. Significantly lowers
pyrolysis temperatures and time.

A significant reduction in the degradation temperature and reaction time under catalytic
conditions results in an increase in the conversion rates for a wide range of polymers at
much lower temperatures than with thermal pyrolysis.

Fuel obtained from pyrolysis process shows nearly same properties as that of diesel fuel

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 CHAPTER- THREE

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This attempts to show how human has been utilizing the energy and explore prospects of
optimizing the same one of the alternative fuels is household plastic waste oil. Fuel
obtained from pyrolysis process shows nearly same properties as that of diesel fuel. So
we can use plastic oil as alternative fuel. The objectives of this project are given below.

i. Drying and Storing of plastic waste.

ii. To develop and fabricate the pyrolysis unit to produce liquid fuel from plastic
waste.
iii. Conversion of household plastic waste in to liquid fuel.
iv. To purify the produced liquid fuel by water washing method.
v. Compare the properties of liquid fuel with diesel fuel.
vi. To conduct the different experiments to determine the different properties of
liquid fuel.
vii. Compare the properties of liquid fuel with diesel fuel.
viii. To collect the household plastic waste from different places.

3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Municipal plastic wastes (MPW) normally remain a part of municipal solid wastes as
they are discarded and collected a household plastic wastes. The various sources of MPW
plastics includes domestic items like food containers, milk covers, water bottles,
packaging foam, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, CD and cassette boxes. Fridge liners,
vending cups, electronic equipment cases, drainage pipe, carbonated drinks bottles,
plumbing pipes and guttering, flooring

In this project work pyrolysis method is used to convert household plastic wastes like
food containers, milk covers, water bottles, packaging foam, and waste cooking oil cover.
Nearly 15 tonnes of plastic cover is wasted in single village. This waste plastic cover is
also used in Belagavi, dharawad, hubli, vijayapur, karwar district's etc. for the period of 4
months that will leads to mass plastic waste. This highest portion of plastic is disposed to
landfill. By survey nearly 150 tonnes to 200 tonnes of plastic cover is disposed into land
in single district. By estimating 5000 tonnes to 6000 tonnes of plastic will be wasted from
household sources in the state. Waste plastics have been shredded then washed before
pyrolysis. From above factors from municipal plastic waste have been used as raw
materials. Waste plastics have been washed before pyrolysis. In this work milk plastic
cover and edible oil covers are selected as feed stocks to convert waste plastic into useful
liquid fuel compounds.

3.3 RAW MATERIALS TO PRODUCE LIQUID FUEL

The Edible oil plastic wastes and milk plastic wastes respectively, these are used as feed
stocks to produce liquid fuel compounds. Plastic cover and edible oil covers are
selectively collected from local hotels and hostels.

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 CHAPTER- FOUR

4.1. Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is generally defined as the controlled heating of a material in the absence of

oxygen. In plastics Pyrolysis, the macromolecular structures of polymers are broken
down into smaller molecules or oligomers and sometimes monomer units. Further
degradation of these subsequent molecules depends on a number of different conditions
including (and not limited to) temperature, residence time, presence of catalysts and other
process conditions. The Pyrolysis reaction can be carried out with or without the presence
of catalyst. Accordingly, the reaction will be thermal and catalytic Pyrolysis. Since
majority of plastic used are polyolefin, so extensive research has been done on this
polymer which is summarized as below.

4.2. Thermal Pyrolysis of Polyolefin

The non-catalytic or thermal Pyrolysis of polyolefin is a high energy, endothermic

process requiring temperatures of at least 350–500 °C. InIn some studies, high
temperature as 700–900 °C is essential in achieving decent product yields. The extent and
the nature of these reactions depend both on the reaction temperature and also on the
residence of the products in the reaction zone, an aspect that is primarily affected by the
reactor design. In addition, reactor design also plays a fundamental role, as it has to
overcome problems related to the low thermal conductivity and high viscosity of the
molten polymers. Several types of reactors have been reported in theliterature, the most
frequent being fluidized bed reactors, batch reactors and screw kiln reactors.
Characteristics of thermal degradation of heavy

hydrocarbons can be described with the following points;

• High production of C1s and C2s in the gas product.

• Olefins are less branched.

• Some olefins made at high temperature.

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• Gasoline selectivity is poor; i.e. oil products are a wide distribution of molecular
weight.

• Gas and coke products are high.

• Reactions are slow compared with catalytic reactions.

Thermal Pyrolysis of both virgin and waste plastics as well as other hydro-carbonaceous
sources has been studied extensively in the past. A good number of these thermal
cracking studies are on polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. On the other hand,
only a few have worked on the thermal decomposition of other common plastics such as
polyvinylchloride, poly methyl methacrylate, polyurethane and polyethylene
terephthalate. Generally, thermal cracking results in liquids with low octane value and
higher residue contents at moderate temperatures, thus an inefficient process for
producing gasoline range fuels. The gaseous products obtained by thermal Pyrolysis are
not suitable for use as fuel products, requiring further refining to be upgraded to useable
fuel products. A few researchers have sought to improve thermal Pyrolysis of waste
polyolefin without employing the use of catalysts; however these changes either yielded
insignificant improvements or added another level of complexity and costs to the system.

4.3. Catalytic Cracking of Polyolefins

Addition of catalyst enhances the conversion and fuel quality. As compared to the purely
thermal Pyrolysis, the addition of catalyst in polyolefin Pyrolysis

Significantly lowers Pyrolysis temperatures and time. A significant reduction in the

degradation temperature and reaction time under catalytic conditions results in an
increase in the conversion rates for a wide range of polymers at much lower temperatures

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 CONCLUSION

Plastics present a major threat to today's society and environment. Over 14 million tons
of plastics are dumped into the oceans annually, killing about 1,000,000 species of
oceanic life. Though mankind has awoken to this threat and responded with
developments in creating degradable bio-plastics, there is still no conclusive effort done
to repair the damage already caused. In this regard, the catalytic Pyrolysis studied here
presents an efficient, clean and very effective means of removing the debris that we have
left behind over the last several decades.

By converting plastics to fuel, we solve two issues, one of the large plastic seas, and the
other of the fuel shortage. This dual benefit, though will exist only as long as the waste
plastics last, but will surely provide a strong platform for us to build on a sustainable,
clean and green future. By taking into account the financial benefits of such a project, it
would be a great boon to our economy. So, from the studies conducted we can conclude
that the properties of the fuel obtained from plastics are similar to that of petrol and
further studies on this field can yield better results.

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 REFERENCES

[1] Feedstock refining and pyrolysis of waste plastics by John Scheirs and Waller
Kaminski.

[2] http://www.inspirationgreen.com/plastic-waste-as-fuel.html

[3]http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/2067/power-and-fuel-from-plastic-wastes

[4] Worner, Timothy. 2011. “Why and How to Baseline Your Extruder.” Plastic
Technology, August 2011.

[5] Onu P. Vasile C. Ciocilteu S. Iojoiu S. Darie H. thermal and catalytic decomposition
of polyethylene and polypropylene. Journal of analytic and applied pyrolysis 1999.

[6]. Lee KH. Shin DH. Thermal degradation of waste polyolefin polymers using spent
FCC catalysts with various experimental variables. Korean journal of chemical
engineering 2003.

[7] V.P. Mohana Jeya Valli, G. Gnanavel, M. Thirumarimurugan and D T. Kannadasan,

Elixir Chem. Engg. 54 (2013) 12215-12218.

[8] Moinuddin Sarker, Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels Vol. 2(8),
pp. 141-145, August 2011.

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