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Chapter 6 POINTS
1. Energy: the ability to do work or produce heat
2. Thermodynamics: is the science that studies energy and its interconversions.
3. First law of thermodynamics: energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be
converted from one form to another. Energy of the universe is constant.

State the first law of thermodynamics.

4. Potential energy: energy due to position or composition.

5. Kinetic energy: energy due to motion.
6. State function (state property): is one that depends only on the system’s present state.

What are the state functions? Is enthalpy change (∆H) a state function?

7. Breaking bonds requires energy while forming bonds releases energy.

When bonds are formed, energy is _________, and when bonds are broken, energy is _________.

8. Stoichiometry and energy.

When 2g boron are burnt at constant pressure, 230 kJ is released. How much energy will be released by
burning 1 mole of boron?

9. Calorimetry: is the science of measuring heats of reactions.

10. Heat capacity: is the heat absorbed per increase in temperature.

Define heat capacity.

11. Specific heat capacity: heat required to raise the temp of 1g of a substance by 1°C. (J/g°C)

Define specific heat capacity.

12. Molar heat capacity: heat required to raise the temp. of 1 mole of a substance by 1°C. (J/mol°C)

• Calculate the amount of heat needed to purify 1.00 mole of copper originally at 298K by melting
it. The melting point of copper is 1358K. The molar heat capacity of copper is 24.5 J/(molK),
and the heat of fusion of copper is 13 kJ/mole.
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13. Constant pressure calorimetry: used to determine enthalpy changes for reactions occurring in
𝑄𝑄
solution. Q = mc∆T and ∆H = - 𝑛𝑛 . ex 64

What is the relationship between specific heat, heat change, and mass of substance reacting and
temperature change?

(62) 2. [G] 100. cm3 of 1.0M HCl(aq) were mixed with 100. cm3 of 1.0M NaOH(aq) at 20.00°C in a
coffee–cup calorimeter. The maximum temperature recorded due to the reaction was 26.00°C.
Calculate ΔH for the reaction: H+(aq) + OH– → H2O(l). Assume that d solution = 1g/cm3 and
c solution = 4.2J/◦C.g.

An experiment is done to determine ∆H for the reaction between Mg and HCl(aq) solution in an open
calorimeter. Which quantities are needed for determining ∆H? Which are not?

Given: Na 2 S 2 O 3 (aq) + 4NaOCl(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 4NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

a. A student uses the following solutions to run an experiment to determine the value of the enthalpy
°
change, ∆𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , for the redox reaction given above.

solution [ ], (M) Volume, (mL)

Na 2 S 2 O 3 (aq) 0.200 10.0
NaOCl(aq) 0.200 10.0
NaOH(aq) 0.200 10.0

All the used solutions were originally at 25.0°C. They were mixed in an insulated calorimeter. The
maximum temperature of the solution recorded was 64.2°C. The mass of the solution inside the
°
calorimeter was 32.6g. Calculate the enthalpy change, ∆𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 , for the redox reaction given above,
assuming that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 3.96 J/(g.°C) and that the heat absorbed
by the calorimeter is negligible.
°
b. If the same experiment is repeated using half the volumes used in part a, what will the new ∆𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
be?

14. Constant volume calorimetry: used to determine internal energy changes for reactions
𝑄𝑄
Q = C calorimeter ∆T and ∆E = - 𝑛𝑛 .

(61) 1. A sample containing 3.00 g of ethane was burnt in a calorimeter. The heat capacity of the
calorimeter is 25.0 kJ/ºC. The temperature of the calorimeter increased by 5.00ºC. Calculate the
heat of combustion per mol of ethane.
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0.600 g of carbon was burned with excess oxygen in a bomb calorimeter the heat capacity of which was
10kJ/°C. The temperature of the calorimeter and its contents increased by 1.8°C. Calculate ∆H for the
combustion of carbon.

15. ∆E, internal energy, is the sum of KE and PE of every particle in the system. ∆E = q + w.
16. ∆H = ∆E + P∆V P = pressure of system, V = volume of system
17. For most reactions, ∆H and ∆E have almost identical values.
18. Hess’s Law: Enthalpy change of a reaction is dependent on reactants and products and their
states, it is independent of the path taken by reactant to become products.

State Hess’s law.

19. Application on Hess’s Law.

(63) 3. [G] Use Hess’s law to calculate ∆H for the reaction: 2Fe2O3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO2, given:

C + O2 → CO2 ∆H = – 390.kJ
2Fe + 3/2 O2 → Fe2O3 ∆H = – 820.kJ

Given:
4NO(g) + 6H2O(l) → 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ∆H° = 1010 kJ/molrxn
2NO2(g) → 2NO(g ) + O2(g) ∆H° = 70 kJ/molrxn
4NO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4HNO3(aq) ΔH° = −170 kJ/molrxn

Calculate the value of ΔH° for: 4NH3(g) + 8O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq) + 4H2O(l)

20. Standard state conditions: ex78

Compounds:
Pure gas: the standard state condition is a pressure of exactly 1 atmosphere.
Pure liquid or solid: the standard state is the liquid or solid.
Substance present in a solution: the standard state is a concentration of exactly 1 M.
Elements: the standard state is the form in which the element exists under conditions of 1 atmosphere
and 25 °C (O2(g), Na(s), Hg(l)).

What are the standard conditions?

What is the standard state of a substance?

21. Standard enthalpy of formation: is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a substance is formed
from its elements, all substances in their standard states.

Define the standard enthalpy of formation of a compound.

22. Standard enthalpy of formation of an element is zero.

How much is the ∆H°f of an element in its standard state, e.g. graphite?
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𝜊𝜊 𝜊𝜊 𝜊𝜊 𝜊𝜊
23. For a general reaction: 𝛼𝛼A + 𝛽𝛽B → 𝛾𝛾C + 𝛿𝛿D, ∆H° = [γ∆𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝛿𝛿∆𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ] – [α∆𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + β∆𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ]
ex84

For a given general reaction: αA + βB → γC + ∆D, write the enthalpy change in terms of heats of
formation of reactants and products.

4. Gaseous hydrogen and fluorine combine to form hydrogen fluoride: H2 + F2 → 2HF with an
(64)

enthalpy change of -540kJ. What is the value of heat of formation of hydrogen fluoride?
(65) 5. [G] Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction, in kJ/mol.
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) → 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)

Given the following ΔHfº values:

C8H18(l) = -269 kJ/mol, H2O(l) = -286 kJ/mol, CO2(g) = -394 kJ/mol

Calculate ∆H for the reaction: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l), given the following: ΔH°f, in
kJ/mol:CO2 : – 390 H2O: – 286 C3H8 : – 100

24. ∆H° = ∑nr∆𝑯𝑯𝝄𝝄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 (reactants) - ∑np∆𝑯𝑯𝝄𝝄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄(products). Ex72

Solve 63, 78 and 84 to revise
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TOP QUESTION:
(66) 6. [T] Answer the following questions about oxalic acid, H2C2O4, which is a weak organic acid,
mainly used in cleaning and bleaching.

a) Write the empirical formula of oxalic acid.

b) Write the balanced equation for the combustion of oxalic acid.
c) A 5.00 g sample of oxalic acid reacts with excess of O2(g) in a calorimeter. At the end of the
reaction, the total heat released by the reaction was calculated to be 14.0 kJ. Calculate the value of
ΔHº, in kJ mol−1, for the combustion of oxalic acid.
d) Given the enthalpy of formation of these compounds below.

∆H f (kJ.mol-1)

O2(g) ?

CO2(g) -393.5

H2O(l) -285.8

i. Complete the table with the ∆H f of oxygen. Justify your answer.



ii. Calculate ∆H f of oxalic acid.


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Important notes:

• Q = mc∆T
Q is always a positive quantity as it is energy transferred (heat flow).
Unit of Q is joules
m is mass of substance whose temperature changed, unit is grams

In case of water or aqueous solutions, most of the time you will be given the volume of solution. In
this case, since the solutions are dilute, we can use the density of water which is 1 g/cm3 and use the
given volume as the mass. e.g. 100cm3 HCl solution has a mass of 100g.

c is specific heat capacity which is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the
solution by 1◦C, unit is J/g.◦C

C is heat capacity which is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of the
calorimeter and its contents by 1◦C, unit is J/◦C or kJ/◦C

In this case Q = C ∆T C=mc

• ∆T = Thigh - Tlow
𝑸𝑸
• For exothermic reactions: ∆H = -𝒏𝒏
Unit of ∆H is kJ mol-1 OR kJ/mol
𝑸𝑸
• For Endothermic reactions: ∆H = 𝒏𝒏