Sustainability emerges through regular processes that are constantly regenerated.

In its many
concepts, it derives its energy either directly from sunlight or from warmth that is entirely
transmitted by the earth. [1]. Control and warmth provided by the sun, wind, ocean, power from
water, biomass, geothermal resources, biofuels, and hydrogen produced from sources that are
renewable are connected to the description [2]. The term "unlimited wellsprings of energy" is
commonly used to describe fuel sources that may be retrieved after a regular time cycle, such as
hydropower, solar, wind, and biomass fuels. Due to their inherent characteristics, all available
open source energy sources in a given district are limited [3]. It becomes non-renewable
specifically when economic power sources are cut off at a faster rate than their regenerative
capacity. energy transmitted by an infinite number of common resources and innovations. The
demand for perpetual power is rising steadily as a direct result of various factors, including
population growth, the desire for regulated luxuries, and basic financial and technological
advancement [4]. Now we are at the edge of emptiness in all fossile fules, by 2040-2050 there
would be a scarecity in availablilty of all petorlium byproducts, coal and other burning fuels
which are non-renewable in nature. In order to reduce this dependency, use on renewable energy
source must be encouraged and this will also, referred as the concern for environment is a now a
general issue [5]. According to these viewpoints, providing controllable energy sources and
advancing related technology is a startlingly simple option. Nearly no viable outcomes exist for
networks in remote, natural locations to offer a portion of the public power. Examiners hardly
ever reached the limit of the wind's energy. A significant portion of inspectors worked to
advance wind energy development. The integration of wind energy into the current power grid
has specific issues with voltage regulation, reliability, and power quality. It was suggested to use
a variety of reasoning techniques, including as battery storing and diesel generator sets, to
increase the security and manage the efficacy of wind energy [6].

According to Kumar et al. 2009 [7], a lot of research and development (R&D) work on PV and
thermal technology was carried out in economically developed nations, but little research was
done in India to develop solar wall systems, which will help to conserve natural resources like
fossil fuels, address issues like global warming and environmental degradation, and produce
pollution-free and clean renewable energy. In this invention, air was actively circulating behind
the PV modules, maintaining the cells' temperature to sustain productivity during the summer
and blowing hot air behind the PV modules to aid in melting ice that had formed on the modules
during the winter. The concept of reconciling PV devices into exterior walls, where PV can be
synchronised into the outer layer of the building's structure as cladding or coating, was swiftly
being created by building incorporated PV (BIPV). Authors advise using a variety of
concurrently operating models, such as the metrological and airflow model, thermal model, and
electrical model [7]. An observational focus on various sunlight-based converters in BIPV power
age scenarios was reported by Haque, et al. in 2013 [8]. Four various forms of solar-powered
chargers have been developed by the inventors, including formless silicon thin film modules,
single side tone polysilicon mistiness glass modules, and stack-type mu-translucent silicon layer
panels. The integrated system of Photo Voltaic/ Wind power and Biomass hybrid system was
proposed by Majumder, et al. (2014) [9] for providing electricity in rural settlements with 300
families through IRES. The town has a lot of possibilities for solar energy production. To
calculate the cost of energy per unit, 3744 computations of the IRES were run in HOMER.

A. Solar Energy

Power generation through renewable energy sources is the need of the hour as we cannot be only
dependent on the conventional energy sources to meet our needs. Solar energy is one of the most
important renewable energy sources used all over the world [10]. Solar panels make use of the
solar radiation reaching to the Earth and help in generating electric power with the help of solar
radiation [11]. This power is utilized by us, in our households, industries, offices, schools,
colleges, etc [12]. Solar panels are made up of solar modules connected in parallel; the solar
modules are comprised of solar cells connected in series. Each solar cell is made up of a
semiconductor like silicon, germanium, etc. Each solar cell acts as a PN junction and when the
photon particles hit the surface of the solar panel then current flows due to the Photovoltaic
effect. The output of the solar panels is dc in nature; hence the output can be connected to an
inverter which converts DC to AC and then this AC power can be used to run the electrical
appliances used in our house. The excess AC power can be provided to the grid [11].

B. Wind Energy

Wind energy is one of the purest forms of renewable energy source and many developed
countries have made several energy policies to develop electrical power from wind energy to
meet their needs. The mechanism of developing electric power using wind energy is also very
simple but the only disadvantage is the Wind Energy Conversion System depends on the wind
energy which is very uncertain and it is very difficult to get the desired output [13]. The wind
turbine rotates due to the wind energy; the mechanical energy of the wind turbine is fed to the
generator through a gear box. Gear box helps in maintaining same speed for the turbine and
synchronous generator. The output of the generator is AC in nature; mainly Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator is used. The output of the generator is fed to some power electronics
converter which can be either multilevel converter or Matrix converter or Z source converter.
The final output can be transmitted and distributed to domestic consumers, industrial and
commercial consumers. Thus, wind energy can play a significant role in the meeting the energy
needs [13].

C. Tidal Energy

By utilizing the natural phenomenon of movement of ocean water due to gravitational force
known as tides, tidal energy can be harnessed twice a day. Tidal energy is a longterm resource an
can be created by three technique namely,

A) Tidal Barrages.
B) Tidal Fences.
C) Tidal Turbines.

In all this case, electrical energy is to created by mechanical energy of turbine connected to
generator [13]. Tidal power plant is easy to install and most importantly it is free from
greenhouse gas emission. We can predict the tides since our past years, so tidal energy is the
most predictable source. Tidal power plant project is less compared to other renewable energy
sources due to largely site requirement to construct dam. It need high capital investment and lot
of R&D need for better turbine design to reduce capital cost [15].

D. Hydropower

By utilizing the gravitational force of falling water energy is harnessed by the rotation in
turbines, electrical energy is produced. The production capacity of the energy is dependent on the
water supply available. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy which is 3% of the
world total energy. Hydropower plant has low running cost while the average capital cost is high
due to dams are expensive to build. The output can be controlled as per need it has a pumped
storage to reserve water for high peak demand. This energy is free from greenhouse gas emission
[16].

E. Geo-Thermal Energy

Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in earth. This is the energy that
determines the temperature of matter. It originates from the original formation of earth and
through radioactive decay of the materials [17]. Water from hot springs is used since early times,
but now it is used for electricity generation [18]. It is cost-effective, reliable, environmental
friendly. But is limited only to areas near the tectonic plates [19]. There are three types of
geothermal energy are there those are called: liquid-dominated plants, geothermal energy,
enhanced geothermal energy. And as geo thermal energy do not need any fuel so there is no fuel
cost. But capital costs are there [20]. Geothermal is also considered as a renewable sources
because earth’s heat content is much larger than the heat extracted, and is also considered as a
sustainable [21] but extraction needs monitoring to avoid local depletion. Some of the examples
are: hot-springs, lava, geysers, etc. [22].

F. Bio-Gas Energy

It is a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen
primarily consists methane and carbon dioxide. It can be produced from raw materials like the
agriculture waste, food wastes, green wastes etc. It is a renewable source of energy. It can be
produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms which digest
materials into a closed system [22]. It is mainly methane and carbon dioxide and produced by
micro-organisms [23]. Bio gas mainly consists of:

CH4 : 50-75
CO2 : 25-30
N2 : 0-10
H2 : 0-1
H2 S: 0.1-0.5
O2 : 0-0.5 [24]
Also mainly depends on substrate composition, anaerobic reactor [25]. It can be used for
electricity production in a CHP gas engine, where the waste heat is used for heating the digester.
It can replace compressed natural gas used in vehicles [26].

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