Consultancy Services RMP: 40km Pilot road section

Dhan Khola-Lamahi (base option) Client MCA-Nepal

- “Progress and Development of Pavement FDR design and Superpave
Implementation” -

January 2023
Overview / topics
 Pavement design
 Design approach
 Typical cross sections
 Other design considerations
 Safety
 Bridges

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FDR and Superpave - Why these technologies
 FDR  Superpave
 Recycles and reuse  Longer lasting asphalt pavements
 Makes use of local binder – cement  Further develops viscosity based
• Avoids import and use of Nepal product specifications
 Produces a stronger base  Better consideration of climate
 Base not sensitive to moisture  Balanced mix design concepts and on
fluctuations site performance testing
 Can stabilize soils as well as granular
materials

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Existing pavement
 Many cracks, pot holes and
deterioration
 Recent repairs in Bhalubang are
having fatigue cracks
 Structure is weak
 Ride is poor

4
Pavement design development
• Pavement design depends upon many inputs

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Traffic/loading
 Consideration of over-
loading and different
growth rates
 Some concerns with
potential overloaded trucks

Growth
Traffic Count as Base Year Flat Hilly
Rate
2020 Traffic (High) 32.3 28.1
Average of 2020, 2021 & New Counts 4% 27.6 24.0
2022/12 Counts 22.9 19.9
2020 Traffic (High) 36.9 32.1
Average of 2020, 2021 & New Counts 5% 31.5 27.4
2022/12 Counts 26.2 22.7

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Climate
 Project location is within CELL ID:
130597 as defined by MERRA
 MERRA provides a climate resource
on a 50 x 50 km (approx. grid)
 Documentation concerning MERRA
and the data structures can be found
at
 https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/docs/Bosilovich7
85.pdf
 This data set was used in the USA for
binder grade selection and the same
can be easily implemented in NEPAL
 This data provides an excellent set of
information for FWD analysis,
pavement design, Superpave binder
grade determination, etc.
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Foundation assessment
 The pavement foundation assessment
relied to a large extent on the FWD
measurements made in January 2021
 Data supplemented by testing of samples
– confirmed FWD trends
 2021 FWD data consistent with previous
deflection studies and IRI data
 Localized weaker area very evident in
pavement
 Assessment of approx. CBR has been
conducted this work
 Data has been trimmed, temperature
adjusted, normalized and percentiles
calculated
 New survey, with closer spaced testing
being conducted in next few weeks

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Material properties, FDR
and Superpave
 FDR materials and Superpave
Materials
 FDR
• Modulus for design Fort and Rowe, 2001
 Previous analysis has shown that a
reasonable value for these materials for
pavement design is around 1,000 MPa Loading
• Relationship between UCS and modulus
generally follows a power law
 Assessed typical products to estimate
stiffness
 2000 and 4000 MPa used to represent Superpave layers εt h1, E1 and ν1
fatigue and deformation criteria FDR layer h2, E2 and ν2
Foundation layer εz h3, E3 and ν3
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Superpave Binder Specifications
 Specifications will follow latest advice
from the USA with implementation of
the ASTM specifications with
additional requirements
 PG76H-22
• Jnr in MSCR
• ∆Tc is additional requirement
• Use some concepts in current
specification such as ER%
 Binder stiffness ties to mix stiffness

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉×𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 1−𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 /100 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

|𝐸𝐸 ∗ | = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 �4200000(1 − 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉/100) + 3|𝐺𝐺 ∗ |𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 � �� + (1 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) � + �
10000 4200000 3𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉|𝐺𝐺∗|𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

VFA × 3 | G* |binder 
0.58

 20 + 
Pc =  
VMA
 VFA × 3 | G* |binder 
0.58

650 +  
 VMA  10
Superpave Mix
 Consideration of concepts of balanced
mix design (BMD) will be considered
 Use of wheel tracking device in QC
 Trend analysis in Gse, Gmm, etc
 Volumetric charts
 Baily method controls
 Stiffness used with damage transfer
functions
 Damage transfer functions developed
in India considered to be more
appropriate to conditions in Nepal

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 Damage transfer functions
 Fatigue  Deformation
 Use Nepal method, 90% reliability  Used Nepal method
 Checked with AI

NR = 1.41×10-8 (1/εv)4.5337
(90% reliability, traffic ≥20msa)

𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
−𝟒𝟒
𝑵𝑵𝒇𝒇 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 × 𝑪𝑪 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝜺𝜺−𝟑𝟑.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒕𝒕 � �
𝑴𝑴𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹

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Design charts developed
 Design is permanent deformation
critical
 Controlling parameter
 Fatigue calculations give long life
 FDR layer
 Adopted minimum as 250mm
 Superpave HMA
 Two layers, 60mm binder (NMAS
13.2 mm) and 40mm wearing
(NMAS 9.5mm)
 Solution optimized depending on
foundation stiffness

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Proposed design and sections / lengths versus FWD

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Typical Cross Sections
• 500mm WCLT in 6km hilly section
• FDR thickness 250mm, Superpave
100mm
• Use of rumble strip at median in no
overtaking zone (option) Typical Cross Section in Hilly Region
(From Chainage Ch. 676+000 to Ch. 687+760)

• FDR thickness 300mm for 7.6km, In

rest section 250mm, Superpave
100mm
• Full width FDR at Bhalubang and
Lamahi bazaar section with the urban Typical Cross Section in Terai Region
design standard (From Chainage Ch. 688+067 to Ch. 714+985)
Other Design Consideration
• Design CL Follows the existing CL
• Junction Improvement at two locations; Bhalubang & Arjun Khola
• Access road improvement: 15m with DBSD treatment
• Provision of duct for Optical fiber cable

Drainage
• Side drains: Masonry type without cover; RCC type with covers in urban area
• Provision of subsurface drain at few hilly sections below the side drain
• 14 protected outlets for side drain
• Total 88 Slab culverts: 81nos.-extend on B/S & 7nos.-replace
• Total 118 pipe culverts (25nos.-600dia, 90nos.-900dia, 3nos.-1200dia): 26nos-
extend on B/S; 89 nos.-replace; 2nos.-add new
• Embankment protection against irrigation channel
Traffic Safety

 Provision of road marking and traffic signs as per

Traffic Signs Manual Vol. 1 & 2
 Provision of painted rumble strip at pedestrian
crossings at settlement areas.
 Provision of crash barriers at sharp curves along
with Chevron.
 Road studs
 Safety element at bridges

Rubble Strip
Bridge Maintenance

• No widening to 24 nos. of bridges(approx.

road width of 7.0m)
• five bridges more than 50m; 4 bridges
more than 25m
• Generally all in good condition requiring
few repairs to railing and deck slab
• No rehabilitation to bridge bearings