Sound Control for Fenestration Products

TIR-A1-03

Table of Contents

PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.0 BASIC ACOUSTICS ...............................................................................................................................................................................1
2.0 SINGLE NUMBER RATINGS ...........................................................................................................................................................13
3.0 GLASS PERFORMANCE ...................................................................................................................................................................16
4.0 WINDOW & CURTAIN WALL PERFORMANCE.....................................................................................................................25
5.0 MATCHING WINDOW & WALL PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................................27
6.0 CODES & REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................27
7.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS .....................................................................................................................................................................32
8.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................................33
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................................................................34
A1. STC/OITC CALCULATION METHODS ......................................................................................................................................34
A2. GLAZING CONFIGURATIONS & PERFORMANCE..............................................................................................................36
A3. FACADE CONFIGURATIONS & PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................................38
A4. FIELD EQUIPMENT & TEST PROCEDURES ...........................................................................................................................41
A5. LABORATORY EQUIPMENT & TEST PROCEDURES .........................................................................................................42

REVISED: NOVEMBER 2003

PRINT DATE: DEC EMBER 2003
PREFACE 1.0 BASIC ACOUSTICS
The reduction of sound 1.1 Sound and Noise
transmission through a building Sound1 (sownd) n. 1. The sensation produced in the organs of hearing by certain
envelope is becoming an ever- vibrations in the air. 2. vibrations; any auditory effect. “...an alteration in pressure,
increasing issue in the design and stress, particle displacement and particle velocity which is propagated in an elastic
construction of commercial and material.”
residential buildings alike. No
longer are sound control efforts Noise (noiz) n. 1. Sound or a sound that is loud, disagreeable or unwanted. 2. Sound or
targeted only towards urban and a sound of any sort. 3. A loud, confused clamor or commotion. 4. Physics. A usually
commercial construction. As random, persistent disturbance of a signal. 5. Computer Sci. Meaningless data generated
residential construction moves along with desired data.
closer to airports, freeways and
railroads and as sound control For the purpose of this document, sound is anything that the human ear can detect.
regulations become more Granted, dogs, whales and bats can hear different sounds than humans but for this
stringent, demand for products discourse this definition will suffice. “Sounds” are vibrations that are propagated
that help in the reduction of through a medium to a receiving ear. When a person speaks, a car passes by or a glass
“noise” in these dwellings is is dropped to the floor, vibrations from the vocal cords, running engine or glass
growing. impacting the tile respectively, are set into motion in the surrounding air. This is very
similar to dropping a rock into a calm lake. As the rock impacts the surface of the water
This document is targeted small waves are projected outward from the point of impact in all directions. One
towards anyone who requires impact will produce multiple waves that follow a repeating pattern across the surface of
information on what sound is, the water. Sound waves act the same as they travel through air.
how it is transmitted, how it is
measured and how its Figure 1.1 is an illustrative comparison between waves in a lake and sound waves in air.
transmission can be controlled. As opposed to following a true wave pattern, sound travels in air through a series of
Although technical in nature, this pressure pulses. Each pulse has a point of maximum pressure separated by a period of
document is organized to be lesser pressure. The distance between two points of maximum pressure defines the
useful to anyone from the wavelength of the sound. The number of wavelength “periods” that occurs in one
window designer who is trying to second determines the frequency of the sound.
meet an architect's sound control
specification to a window
salesman who just wants to help Sound Propagation in Elastic Media
a customer understand how
sound travels and what can be Compression Rarefaction Compression Rarefaction Compression Rarefaction Compression
done to “cut down on the noise”.
Furthermore, this document will
clarify and differentiate between
the two methods of product
classification, STC (Sound
Transmission Class) and OITC
(Outdoor-Indoor Transmission
Class), and their appropriate use.

Wavelength

Frequency = Speed of Sound / Wavelength

Figure 1.1 - Sound Propagation

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1.2 Frequency 3.4 m (11.3 ft) have a low frequency (100 Hz) and therefore
Frequency is, therefore, defined in terms of wavelength a low pitch. Conversely, sounds that have much higher
“cycles ” (number of wavelengths) per second. Cycles per frequency (10,000 Hz) and a much higher pitch have a
second (cps) is otherwise known as “Hertz” and is shorter wavelength 0.03 m (0.113 ft). The average, healthy
abbreviated “Hz”. human ear is capable of detecting sounds in the frequency
range between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Table 1.2 lists the
The frequency of a given sound is detected as the pitch of standard 1/3 octave and octave band frequencies, the
the sound. The higher the frequency of the sound, the frequencies that are contained in each band, and the
higher its pitch will be. Sounds with long wavelengths e.g. bandwidth of the 1/3 octave and octave bands.

Nominal One Third Octave Band Frequencies and Ranges

Reference ANSI , IEC standards. Frequency band limits rounded to nearest hertz.

Third Octave Center Frequency Corresponding 1/3 Octave 1/1 Octave

Band Number Frequency, Hz. Range, Hz. Octave Band Bandwidth, Hz. Bandwidth, Hz.
14 25 22 - 28 Sub Octave 6
15 31.5 28 - 36 8 23
16 40 35 - 45 22 -45 10
17 50 45 - 56 1 11
18 63 56 - 71 15 44
19 80 71 - 89 45 - 89 18
20 100 89 - 112 2 23
21 125 112 - 141 29 89
22 160 141 - 178 89 - 178 37
23 200 178 - 224 3 46
24 250 224 - 282 58 177
25 315 282 - 355 178 - 355 73
26 400 355 - 447 4 92
27 500 447 - 563 116 355
28 630 563 - 708 354 - 709 145
29 800 708 - 892 5 184
30 1000 891 - 1123 232 707
31 1250 1122 -1413 707 - 1414 291
32 1600 1412 - 1779 6 367
33 2000 1778 - 2240 462 1411
34 2500 2238 - 2819 1411 - 2822 581
35 3150 2817 - 3549 7 732
36 4000 3547 - 4469 922 2815
37 5000 4465 - 5625 2815 - 5630 1160
38 6300 5621 - 7082 8 1461
39 8000 7077 - 8916 1839 5617
40 10000 8909 - 11225 5617 - 11234 2316
Table 1.2 - Standardized Frequency Bands

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1.3 Sound Pressure Level, Sound Intensity & pressure” of the sound. The SPL is derived from the
Loudness relative pressure based on the following relation:
The second component of a sound wave is its amplitude.
The sound at each frequency has a corresponding amplitude Eq. 1: SPL = 20 log (relative pressure)
that is represented by its Sound Pressure Level (SPL).
Figure 1.1 illustrates the amplitude of a water wave as the For example, a sound that has a relative pressure of 1000
distance between the crest and the trough of the wave. The has a SPL of 60 dB.
amplitude of a sound pulse is the difference between the
maximum and minimum pressure that is developed. This SPL = 20 log(1000) = 60
difference is represented as the Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
and is perceived as the “loudness” of the sound. The greater The SPL of a sound is measured in decibels (dB). A
the amplitude of a sound wave the higher the SPL and the comparison between sound pressure level, decibel level and
louder the sound. The amplitude of a sound wave sound intensity can be found in Table 1.3.1. The human ear
determines the pressure that the sound exerts. The ratio of is sensitive to SPL's over a range of 0 - 130 dB; the lower of
this pressure to a standardized reference sound pressure the range being the threshold of audibility and the greater
results in a dimensionless quantity termed the “relative being the threshold of pain.

Sound Intensity (W/m2 ) Relative Pressure SPL (dB) Relative Loudness Typical Sound
1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000 120 4096 Thunder Clap
100,000,000,000 316,228 110 2048 Nearby Riveter
1,000,000,000 31,623 90 512 Loud Street Noise
100,000,000 10,000 80 256 Noisy Office
10,000,000 3,162 70 128 Average Street Noise
1,000,000 1,000 60 64 Average Office
100,000 316 50 32 Restaurant Chatter
10,000 100 40 16 Private Office
1,000 32 30 8 Bedroom
100 10 20 4 Whisper
10 3 10 2 Normal Breathing
1 1 0 1 Audibility Threshold
Table 1.3.1 - Relationship Between Sound Intensity, Pressure, Sound Pressure Level & Loudness

Another means of representing the strength of a sound is by

its Sound Intensity. Sound intensity is a function of the Change in Change in
power of a sound and is expressed in terms of power per Decibels Perceptable Loudness
1 dB Imperceptable change
unit area. Typical representation of sound intensity is “watts
per square meter (W/m2 )”. 3 dB Just barely distinguishable
5 dB 25% Change in Loudness
Sound Pressure Level, sound intensity and the perceived 10 dB 50% Change in Loudness
loudness of a sound are all related. Since the workings of 15 dB 63% Change in Loudness
the ear are sensitive to pressure differences versus power 20 dB 75% Change in Loudness
differences, SPL is the most commonly referenced means Table 1.3.2 - Comparison of Changes in Sound
of representation. Pressure Level & Loudness

The human ear can distinguish between varying amplitude

levels within the hearing range, but for any given amplitude
level, the human ear can only detect an amplitude change if
it is 3 dB or more as shown in Table 1.3.2 below.

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1.4 A-Weighting 1.5 Limp Mass Law
The human ear actually has a built-in filtering system that is less The most frequently referenced method for
sensitive to low frequency sounds and more sensitive to mid to high improving the sound transmission loss
frequency sounds. Sound pressure level measurements are usually characteristics of a barrier is based on the Mass
measured with sound level meters, which incorporate an A- Law. Mass Law works well with limp mass
weighting filter to approximate the human ear perception. The A- systems (such as lead) and will work well at mid
weighted sound pressure level (dBA) is a single number, which is a frequencies for stiff materials (such as glass).
logarithmic summation of all the A-weighted sound pressure levels Mass Law calculations, however will not work
at the measured frequencies. Table 1.4 contains the un-weighted well in the frequency ranges where the mass-air-
transportation noise spectrum and the A-weighting correction that is mass and the coincidence effect occur (refer to
specified in ANSI S1-4. The A-weighted sound pressure level for the next section). The Mass Law states:
the transportation noise spectrum is 100.13 dBA.
Eq. 2: TL = 20 log(ms x f) - 47 [SI units]
Frequency, Transportation A-Weighting A-Weighted TL = 20 log(ms x f) - 33 [IP units]
Hz. Noise Correction SPL
Spectrum Where: TL = the transmission loss across the
80 103.00 -22.50 80.50 barrier (dB)
100 102.00 -19.10 82.90
125 101.00 -16.10 84.90 ms = mass per unit area of the barrier (kg/m2 ;
160 98.00 -13.40 84.60 lbf/ft 2 )
200 97.00 -10.90 86.10
250 95.00 -8.60 86.40 f = frequency of the incident sound wave (Hz)
315 94.00 -6.60 87.40
Based on the above relation, given a fixed
400 93.00 -4.80 88.20
incident frequency, the transmission loss across a
500 93.00 -3.20 89.80
barrier can be increased approximately 6 dB for
630 91.00 -1.90 89.10
every doubling of the mass per unit area. For
800 90.00 -0.80 89.20 example, a single glazed unit with double
1000 89.00 0.00 89.00 strength glass 3 mm (1/8 in) thick has a mass per
1250 89.00 0.60 89.60 unit area of approximately 8.2 kg/m2 (1.7 lb/ft 2 ).
1600 88.00 1.00 89.00 A fixed lite (not including frame effects nor air
2000 88.00 1.20 89.20 leakage) should have a STL at 500 Hz of:
2500 87.00 1.30 88.30
3150 85.00 1.20 86.20 TL3 mm = 20 log(8.2 kg/m2 x 500 Hz) - 47
4000 84.00 1.00 85.00 TL3 mm = 25 dB
5000 29.73 0.50 30.23
Table 1.4 - A-weighting Correction Doubling the thickness of this lite (and therefore,
the mass) will result in a STL at 500 Hz of:

TL6 mm = 20 log10 (16.4 kg/m2 x 500 Hz) - 47

TL6 mm = 31 dB

The limitations to this method of improvement

are obvious; if a 1 m x 1.5 m (3 ft x 5 ft) unit
requires a STL at 500 Hz of 40 dB, a 25 mm (1
in) thick glazing will be required. This relatively
average sized unit will weigh in excess of 91 kg
(200 lbs). Although an option, this is typically
not the most effective means of improving the
sound transmission loss characteristics of a
window.

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1.6 Coincidence Effect & Mass Air Mass Resonance but because of some internal damping, and edge damping
a dip or plateau occurs in the transmission loss curve.
Coincidence Effect Several frequencies that are adjacent to the natural
Glass, steel, aluminum, wood and many other common frequency will also be affected. The dip in the sound
building materials will resonate or vibrate at a particular transmission loss data for various thicknesses of annealed
frequency when they are exposed to sounds containing glass, as a result of this “coincidence effect” or
that frequency. The frequency at which the material “coincidence dip”, is shown in Figure 1.6.1.
resonates is called its natural frequency or coincidence
frequency. For glass panels, this “coincidence effect” For many building materials, the reduction in acoustical
occurs when the sound wave coincides with the shear performance coincides with the frequency range that is
wave of the panel. The amplitude of the resonance is a most important for speech intelligibility as well as the
function of the panel’s dimensions, its stiffness and how noise generated by automobiles, trains and aircraft. When
the panel is installed. As a result, the impinging sound is the coincidence effect occurs, these sounds can easily be
not blocked or dissipated by the panel at that frequency, heard through the panels or materials used for the
but passes through with little attenuation. Theoretically, building facade.
the transmission loss at this frequency would drop to zero;

Sound Transmission Loss of Annealed Glass

40

35
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

30

25

20

15

10 3/32" Annealed, OITC = 21, STC = 27

1/8" Annealed, OITC = 23, STC = 28
5 3/16" Annealed, OITC = 26, STC = 29
1/4" Annealed, OITC = 27, STC = 30
0
10 100 1000 10000

Frequency, Hz.
Figure 1.6.1 - Coincidence Dip for Various Glass Thickness

NOTE: The OITC rating is the Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class rating which is defined in section 2.2. The STC rating is
the Sound Transmission Class rating which is defined in section 2.1. The methods used to calculate these ratings are
explained in Appendix A1.

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Mass-Air-Mass Resonance Eq. 3: Fr = (1150 x v (t 1 + t 2 ))/ v(t1 x t2 x d)
It is also possible to have degradation in TL performance
due to “mass-air-mass” resonance. A specific combination Where: t1 , t2 are the respective glass lite thickness and d is
of glass thickness and air space gap can result in a condition the airspace gap in millimeters
whereby the sound transmission loss is reduced at a
particular frequency. The air space virtually acts as a spring If specific frequencies within the acoustical spectrum are to
between the glass lites and it aides in the transfer of be addressed, IG design should be such that the mass-air-
vibration energy from one layer to the other. The mass-air- mass resonant frequency does not fall within the range of
mass resonant frequency (Fr) can be determined through the concern. The use of larger air spaces will move the mass-
following relation: air-mass resonance dip to a lower frequency as seen below
in Figure 1.6.2. Equation 3 correlates well with the actual
measured data listed below.

70

60
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

50

40

30

20

10 1/4" lami - 0.5" air space - 1/4" lami, OITC = 30, STC = 37
1/4" lami - 1.5" air space - 1/4" lami, OITC = 31, STC = 41
1/4" lami - 4.0" air space - 1/4" lami, OITC = 35, STC = 46
0
10 100 1000 10000

Frequency, Hz
Figure 1.6.2 - Shift in Mass-Air-Mass Resonance with Larger Air Spaces

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1.7 Flanking
Flanking is basically described as sound transmission The laboratory also needs to determine the flanking limit
from the source to the receiving location by a path other between the two test chambers when testing high sound
than through the test specimen. In a laboratory transmission loss specimens. Flanking noise can not only
environment, the flanking problems can be significantly travel through the filler wall but can also be transmitted
reduced and virtually eliminated. For the ASTM E90 test through the surrounding walls as shown in Figure 1.7.1
method, the laboratory initially needs to determine the below. Laboratories need to have a significant amount of
sound transmission loss (TL) of the filler wall structural isolation or vibration breaks between the two
surrounding the test specimen. The filler wall is usually test chambers.
designed to have a much higher sound transmission loss
than the specimen being tested. The filler wall sound
transmission loss test data is used as a correction in the
calculation of the window TL.

Figure 1.7.1 - Flanking Effects on Sound Transmission Loss in the Laboratory

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A building facade is usually made up of many elements, such as walls, windows, doors, vents, air conditioners, etc. If you are
trying to determine the sound transmission loss of a window in a facade, and the surrounding elements have a lower sound
transmission loss than the window, you will have a flanking problem and will not be able to determine the true transmission
loss of the window itself. Figure 1.7.2 shows the sound transmission paths for a common residence.

Facade Sound Transmission Paths

Chimneys
Attic Fans or
Roof Vents

Gable Vents

Roof

Ceiling System

Oven
Fans
Roof
Soffits

Doors

Windows
Exterior Wall

Floor System

Basement
Windows

Figure 1.7.2 Residential Flanking Problems

Fenestration installation may affect overall building performance. ASTM C919 addresses the contribution of sealing small
gaps between the interfaces of materials to reduce sound. Using foam, sealants or other materials to fill the gap between the
window frame and the rough opening may reduce sound transmission.

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In commercial applications, the spandrel areas of a curtain wall assembly can provide a flanking problem. The transmission
loss of the spandrel area needs to comparable to the TL of the curtain wall assembly, or the interior floor/ceiling assemblies
need to be modified with additional mass and leakage paths need to be sealed. Figure 1.7.3 shows an example of an interior
floor/ceiling assembly and its associated flanking paths.

Mineral Wool

Concrete Decking

Spandrel Area

Suspended Ceiling

Exterior
IG Unit

Figure 1.7.3 - Flanking Paths for a Curtain Wall Assembly

A layer of gypsum board covering the interior side of the insulated spandrel panel can reduce sound transmission through this
area. The gypsum board must be sealed to the upper and lower curtain wall sections with an acoustical sealant.

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1.8 Noise Reduction, Normalized Noise Reduction & To determine if flanking problems exist in field
Sound Transmission Loss applications, the building element would need to be
covered with a flanking screen consisting of 3 to 4 inches
Noise Reduction of fiberglass insulation and a layer of gypsum board. If
Noise Reduction (NR) is basically the difference in sound the flanking test is not conducted, the FTL results need to
levels between two rooms inside a building. Noise be referred to as the Apparent Field Sound Transmission
reduction tests are usually conducted in the field on Loss.
existing constructions. The pair of rooms could be located
on opposite sides of a wall partition or they could be The TL, FTL or Apparent FTL data can then be used to
positioned with one above the other. The noise reduction calculate the STC, FSTC (Field Sound Transmission
measurement evaluates not only the sound passing Class or Apparent FSTC ratings respectively in
directly through the common wall or floor/ceiling but also accordance with ASTM E413, as discussed in Section 2.1.
the flanking sound, which travels through the side walls,
floors and/or ceilings. For testing purposes, the room 1.9 Outdoor-Indoor Level Reduction & Outdoor-
where the noise is being generated is called the source Indoor Transmission Loss
room and the other room is referred to as the receiving Outdoor-Indoor Level Reduction (OILR) is basically the
room. From the values of NR, the Noise Isolation Class difference between the exterior sound pressure level and
(NIC) rating can be calculated in accordance with ASTM the interior sound pressure level. Outdoor-Indoor Level
E413. Reduction tests are conducted in the field on existing
constructions. The outdoor and indoor measurements are
Normalized Noise Reduction conducted on opposite sides of a common facade. The
Normalized Noise Reduction (NNR) is the difference in OILR measurement evaluates the sound passing through
sound levels between two unfurnished rooms. The NNR all of the facade elements such as the wall, windows,
is similar to the NR except that the sound absorption of doors, air conditioners, etc. The OILR measurement is
the receiving room needs to measured and used in the conducted in accordance with ASTM E966 or ISO 140
calculation. The NNR is used to predict the noise isolation part 5. There are several ways to perform the outdoor-
that would be expected between two normally furnished indoor level reduction measurement. The most common is
rooms. From the values of NNR, the Normalized Noise to use the flush microphone method with the sound
Isolation Class (NNIC) rating can be calculated in projected at a 45 degree angle to exterior surface of the
accordance with ASTM E413. facade or facade element.

Sound Transmission Loss Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Loss (OITL) is a

Sound Transmission loss (TL) is a measurement of the measurement of the sound isolation of a facade or facade
sound isolation of a building element, such as a window, element, such as a window, door, or wall partition. This
door, or wall partition. This test is usually conducted in a test is conducted in the field, but eliminating the sound
laboratory where flanking problems can be minimized. flanking problems is difficult or sometimes impossible.
Laboratory sound transmission loss tests are conducted in The OITL requires the measurement of the outdoor SPL,
accordance with ASTM E90 or ISO 140 part 3 (see indoor SPL, and the indoor sound absorption. The area of
Appendix A5 for more details). This test can also be the facade or the facade element (window, door, etc.) is
conducted in the field but eliminating the sound flanking also used in the OITL calculation. The OITL test is
problems is difficult or sometimes impossible. The field conducted in accordance with ASTM E966 or ISO 140
sound transmission loss (FTL) tests are conducted in part 5 (see Appendix A4 for more details). To determine
accordance with ASTM E336 or ISO 140 part 4 (see if flanking problems exist, the building element would
Appendix A4 for more details). The TL test requires the need to be covered with a flanking screen consisting of 3
measurement of the source and receiving room SPL's and to 4 inches of fiberglass insulation and a layer of gypsum
the sound absorption in the receiving room. board. If the flanking test is not conducted, the OITL
results need to be referred to as the Apparent Outdoor-
The ASTM sound transmission loss (TL) or ISO sound Indoor Transmission Loss results. The OITL or Apparent
reduction index (R) is calculated as: OITL data can then be used to calculate the FOITC (Field
Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class) or Apparent FOITC
Eq. 4: TL = L1 – L2 + 10 log S/A rating in accordance with ASTM E1332 as discussed later
R = L1 – L2 +10 log S/A in section 2.2.
Where:
L1 is the average sound pressure level in the source room The TL data from laboratory sound transmission loss tests
in decibels. (ASTM E90 or ISO 140-3) can also be used to calculate
L2 is the average sound pressure level in the receiving an OITC rating. The OITC rating from a laboratory test is
room in decibels. usually higher than the OITC rating from a field test, due
S is the area of the test specimen in square feet or square to the flanking problems.
meters.
A is the absorption of the receiving room in sabins.

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1.10 Ldn & CNEL 1.11 Noise Criteria (1)

Day-Night Average Sound Level, Ldn or DNL Background noise in building spaces, produced by
The Day-Night Average Sound Level (Ldn) is commonly mechanical systems and sound transmission from exterior
used to assess the noise levels for exterior and interior activities, are not limited by any specific regulation or
locations. This measurement is usually required to agency. Instead, the building design profession has,
determine compliance to local, state and federal noise through various organizations, established design criteria
ordinances. This measurement is normally conducted for for noise in architectural spaces. The most commonly
a minimum of 24 hours but yearly averages are not used set of criteria is that recommended by the American
uncommon for the assessment of noise around airports. Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning
The daytime average is measured from 7:00 am to 10:00 Engineers (ASHRAE). Background noise criteria
pm. The nighttime average is measured from 10:00 pm to suggested by ASHRAE are expressed in terms of
7:00 am. A 10 dB penalty is added to the measurements acceptable ranges of Noise Criteria (NC).
conducted during the nighttime measurements. The Ldn
measurements are conducted utilizing the A-weighted Noise Criteria curves, better known as NC curves, are
filter network of the sound level meter. curves of approximate equal perceived loudness for sound
over the audible frequency range. Figure 1.11 displays a
Day-Evening -Night Average Sound Level, Lden or family of NC curves. In order to provide some perspective
CNEL on the significance of NC levels, Figure 1.11 also shows
The Day-Evening-Night Average Sound Level (Lden) is the equivalent A-weighted sound pressure levels
used to assess the noise levels for exterior and interior corresponding to each NC curve. Also indicated is the
locations and is primarily used in California where it is subjective loudness for ranges of background noise
called the Community Noise Exposure Level (CNEL). spectra, expressed as ranges of NC curves, in a typical
This measurement is usually conducted for a minimum of office environment.
24 hours. The daytime average is measured from 7:00 am
to 7:00 pm. The evening measurement is conducted from The appropriate NC range to be used for the design of a
7:00 pm to 10:00 pm. The nighttime average is measured facility can be taken from the criteria recommended in
from 10:00 pm to 7:00 am. A 5 dB penalty is added to the Table 1.11. It should be noted that Table 1.11 provides
measurements conducted during the evening ranges of acceptable background noise levels in buildings.
measurements. A 10 dB penalty is added to the It is recommended that the upper limit of the range not be
measurements conducted during the nighttime exceeded to avoid excessive noise exposure that could
measurements. The Lden or CNEL measurements are precipitate complaints from occupants. On the other hand,
conducted utilizing the A-weighted filter network of the sound levels should not fall below the lower limit of the
sound level meter. ranges given in order to avoid problems of inadequate
speech privacy.

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 90

80

Extremely Noisy
NC70 (75 dBA)
Sound Pressure Level, dB re: 20uPa

70
NC65

Very Noisy
60 NC60 (66 dBA)

NC55

50 NC50 (56 dBA)

Noisy
NC45

Moderate
40 NC40 (47 dBA)

NC 40 spectrum NC35
NC 55 spectrum NC30 (38 dBA)
30
(NC 40 - 45 in

Quiet
speech band) NC25

20 NC20 (30 dBA)

Very Quiet
NC15

10
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 1.11 - Noise Criteria Curves

Recommended Noise Criteria Levels for Various Types of Buildings

Classification Type of Area NC Range Classification Type of Area NC Range

Quiet Audiometric Rooms < 15 Noisy Public Circulation 40 - 45

NC 15 - 30 Anechoic Rooms < 15 NC 40 - 55 Computer Rooms 40 - 45
Recording Studios 20 - 25 Service Areas 40 - 45
Broadcasting Studios 20 - 30 Stores and Shops 40 - 50
Private Hospital Rooms 30 Supermarkets 40 - 50
Doctors Offices 30 Restaurants 45
Executive Offices 30 Stenography Rooms 50
Libraries and Courtrooms 30 Banking Areas 50
Churches 25 - 30 Kitchens 55
Lecture and Classrooms 25 - 30
School Auditoriums < 30 Very Noisy Arenas and Stadiums 45 - 55
Assembly Halls < 30 NC 55 and up Airports 55 - 65
Legitimate Theater 25 Railroad Stations 55 - 65
Concert, Recital Halls 25 - 30 Parking Garages 55 - 65
Private Residences 25 - 30 Accounting Rooms 65 - 70
Apartments 25 - 30 Mechanical Rooms 70
Industrial Areas 70 - 80
Normal Conference Rooms 25 - 35 Highways 75
NC 30 - 40 Normal Private Offices 35 - 40 Expressways 75
Open Plan Areas 35 - 40 Railroads 75
Hospital Wards 30 - 35 Switchyards 75
Hospital Operating Rooms 35 - 40 Airport Aprons > 75
Halls, Corridors & Lobbies 35 - 40 Airport Runways > 75
Laboratories 35 - 40
Movie Theaters 30 - 35
Table 1.11 - Recommended Noise Criteria

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2.0 SINGLE NUMBER RATINGS R, “sound reduction index,” used in ISO R140-3, is
equivalent to TL, “transmission loss,” as described in the
ASTM E90-97 procedure.
2.1 STC & Rw
The Sound Transmission Class (STC) classification system These procedures differ slightly in the frequency range
used in North America was introduced in 1970 under used for determining the transmission loss. The
ASTM E413 “Classification for Rating Sound Insulation”. American (ASTM) measurement range is 125 to 4,000
It is based on the amount of attenuation required to reduce Hz, while the International Standard (ISO) is 100 to 3,150
each octave-based level of a somewhat arbitrary “standard Hz. The International Standard does not use the 8 dB rule
household noise” spectrum (a composite of live speech, for adjusting the contour curve in the calculation of Rw
radio and television music and speech, vacuum cleaner but requires that the maximum unfavorable deviation at
noise and air conditioning noise) to match the NC-25 any frequency be recorded if it exceeds 8 dB.
contour. The contour value corresponds roughly to the
reduction, calculated as an A-weighted level difference, Being the first acoustical rating system available, STC is
between the incident and transmitted sound power when a well entrenched in acoustical literature, building codes and
sound dominated by mid and high frequency energy is many governmental regulations. Considerable educational
incident. effort will be required by the fenestration industry to modify
and amend the use of STC by practitioners who are not
This procedure dramatically simplifies the process of noise control professionals. Remember that the single-
comparing the acoustical performance of different products. number ratings are to be used as a guide rather than an
Products with higher STC numbers perform better than absolute standard.
products with lower numbers. The application of this
procedure, however, expanded beyond its intended use. As 2.2 OITC & Rw+Ctr
stated in E 413's Scope: The “Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class” (OITC) rating
was created within ASTM during the late 1980’s as E1332,
“4.2 These single-number ratings correlate in a general way Standard Classification for Determination of Outdoor-
with subjective impressions of sound transmission for Indoor Transmission Class in response to a perceived need
speech, radio, television and similar sources of noise in for a more robust classification system that also performed
offices and buildings. This classification method is not adequately for low frequency incident sounds. Such sounds
appropriate for sound sources with spectra significantly are common when a building is placed in close proximity to
different from those sources listed above. Such sources an airport, highway or a railway line.
include machinery, industrial processes, and transportation
noises such as motor vehicles, aircraft and trains.” An incident sound power spectrum was devised from an
average between typical vehicular, aircraft and railway
The procedure of converting sound transmission loss (TL) traffic spectra covering the frequency range from 80 Hz to
data to an STC single rating number under ASTM E413 is 4000 Hz. Low frequency sounds in the 80 to 100 Hz range
described in detail in Appendix A1. The same procedure were found to contribute significantly to the perception of
can be applied to field sound transmission loss data to loudness of the transmitted sound in some cases. Using the
produce a Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC) rating. ASTM E1332 procedure (also found in detail in Appendix
An 8 dB maximum deficiency rule protects against A1) the TL of the product is subtracted on a one-third
significant local weakness (“notches ”) in any portion of the octave band basis to give the transmitted sound power level
TL spectrum covered by the contour. spectrum. The OITC rating is calculated as the difference
between the A-weighted value for the incident and
The STC classification system performs adequately (rank transmitted spectra. Control against frequency regions of
orders products with acceptable accuracy) in situations weak TL notches is implicit in the method: the A-weighted
where the incident sound is broadband and dominated by level calculation correlates with loudness perception of low
mid and high frequency sound energy (500 Hz and greater). level sounds.
Rank ordering of products is also successful for broadband
sounds with somewhat lower frequency characteristics (e.g., The OITC classification system performs adequately (rank-
automobiles, trucks and aircraft) if the TL performance of orders product with acceptable accuracy) in situations where
the product is free of low frequency TL “notches”. The the incident sound is broadband and dominated by low
STC classification system begins to give spurious rank- frequency noise. Thus, it is appropriate for vehicular traffic,
ordering results when the incident sound is dominated by aircraft traffic and railway traffic noise sources. The OITC
low frequency energy (125 Hz and below), such as in the classification system begins to give spurious rank-ordering
case of railway, airport and highway noise. results when incident sound is dominated by very low
frequency energy (63 Hz and below).
The STC rating will usually provide the same ranking as
the ISO Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw) if there
are no significant notches in the TL spectrum. The term

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 13

The OITC rating is usually 5 to 10 dB lower than the STC estimate of the transmitted sound. The size of the sound
rating, due primarily to the calculation differences transmitting element, the frequency response and sound
between ASTM methods E1332 (OITC) and E413 (STC), absorbing properties of the receiving space (the space to be
with the difference increasing with sound isolation isolated) as well as the presence or absence of other
performance. This is indicative of the generally poorer acceptable noises which could mask intruding sounds
performance of acoustical products against low frequency should also be taken into account.
incident sound that is assumed to be dominant for the
purposes of the OITC rating system. After the introduction A noise control professional usually performs this estimate
of OITC, it was reported at ASTM that representatives of on a one-third octave band or octave band basis depending
manufacturers using the OITC rating had to educate their on the noise sensitivity of the application. This level of
customers as to why the ratings of their products had detail is, however, too great for those outside of the noise
“dropped” so dramatically. control profession who would generally prefer to pick
products based on a single number classification system. It
Of note concerning existing TL data for fenestration is sufficient for the classification to provide a basis for
products, older data may not include the 80 and 100 Hz comparison of products; it does not necessarily produce any
bands rendering it impossible to calculate the corresponding useful engineering or design information.
OITC value. Some laboratories also may not have
equipment necessary to test at these lower frequencies. The What a single number rating gains from ease of use it looses
OITC rating is relatively new in acoustical literature, in range of applicability. The reduction from 18 one-third
building codes and many governmental regulations related octave bands of data to a single number means that detailed
to sound isolation. This document is intended to assist the information has been discarded and that generalized
educational effort necessary to ensure the use of OITC assumptions have been substituted for the discarded details.
ratings in fenestration products requiring control of The result is that single number classification systems
transportation and industrial noises. perform adequately over a range of generalized cases but
perform extremely well in almost none. The selection of
The International Standards Organization (ISO) has also acoustical products by comparison of single number ratings
developed a single number rating called the Rw+Ctr, which is only an appropriate design approach in situations where
is to be used for building facades that are exposed to an acoustical rating is not critical.
transportation noise. The ISO 717 procedure uses a slightly
different transportation noise spectrum than the ASTM Of the classification systems discussed, OITC is more
E1332 method, but the Rw+Ctr and OITC ratings compare robust than STC in that it has the additional capability to
favorably when the same frequency range is used. The ISO preserve appropriate rank orderings for certain lower
717 procedure specifies four different frequency ranges for frequency sounds. If low frequency sound is present in a
the Rw+Ctr rating; 50 – 3150 Hz, 100 – 3150 Hz, 100 – lesser proportion than indicated by the basic assumptions of
5000 Hz and 50 – 5000 Hz. The frequency range for the OITC (vehicular, aircraft and railway noise), the relative
rating will be based on the existing exterior noise spectrum. advantages of the OITC method dissipate. In cases where
The rating will be reported as Rw+Ctr for the standard the incident sound band is narrow in range (such as a tone,
frequency range of 100 to 3150 hertz or it will be reported instead of a broadband noise), neither the OITC nor the STC
as Rw+Ctr, 50-3150, Rw+Ctr, 100-5000, or Rw+Ctr,50- methods should be trusted. If actual conditions do not
5000 for the other frequency ranges . correspond to those assumed the classification system can
produce misleading comparisons.
2.3 Comparison of Rating Systems
Both of the classification systems described (STC and The ASTM E90 Sound Transmission Loss test is
OITC) are based on sound transmission loss (TL) data performed in a laboratory, where very diffuse sound fields
obtained in accordance with ASTM E90, Standard Test are present on both sides of the test specimen. This is the
Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound only, appropriate test method that will provide an accurate
Transmission Loss of Building Partitions. High values STC rating. The OITC rating can also be calculated from
mean small amounts of transmitted sound and vice versa. the E 90 test results, provided the test facility is qualified
OITC is principally controlled by low frequency and calibrated down to at least 80 Hz.
performance. STC is principally controlled by mid to high
frequency performance. Reported data typically spans a AAMA 1801 allows the user the means to rate a
range from 80 to 5000 Hz, one-third octave bands, fenestration product utilizing the OITC number. Using this
inclusive. Some laboratories report TL data at lower (down OITC rating number, a manufacturer may certify and label
to 50 Hz) and at higher frequencies (up to 8000 Hz). the product for acoustical performance under
ANSI/AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2. The STC number and
The most correct and thorough way to evaluate the the plotted STL spectrum for the product are also provided
acoustical isolation performance of a product for a particular from this document.
application is to compare the spectrum of incident sound
energy with the TL of the candidate product to allow an

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 14

As noted, single number ratings can be extremely useful Figure 1.7 compares the sound transmission loss
when evaluating the general performance of a product or characteristics of a vinyl double hung window with
when comparing different products to each other. An clear/clear and clear/laminated glazing, respectively. Note
important point, though, is that these numbers can be that for frequencies above approximately 950 Hz, the
misused. Single number classification systems produce clear/clear glazing actually performs better than the
rank ordering of products based on certain generalized clear/laminated glazing (i.e. greater transmission loss across
assumptions, which, like the concept of the “average” the unit in this frequency range). When performing either
person, apply somewhat in many cases but precisely in the curve fitting of E 413 or the numerical manipulation of
almost no case. OITC and STC are essentially weighted E 1332, however, the clear/laminated window achieves a
averages of the performance of the product. These numbers higher rating than the clear/clear unit. If an application
do not provide information on the product at specific ranges requiring greater attenuation in the 1000+ Hz range were
within the overall tested frequency spectrum. It is possible required and only the single number rating system were
to have two products having the same OITC or STC values used for comparing these windows, the wrong window
perform significantly different within a given frequency would be picked for the job! In ht is specific case, the
range. Application requirements may demand a product to clear/clear unit would actually be more effective than the
perform extremely well in the high-end frequencies while clear/laminated unit for this application. This illustrates but
not having much need of significant low frequency one example of the danger of relying on the unit rating
performance. Utilizing either rating number alone to number alone without evaluating the full spectrum
evaluate a product's performance will not provide the user performance characteristics of the unit in correlation with
sufficient information to make an appropriate product the application.
decision. For this reason, it is extremely important that the
specifier and user of acoustical control products understand
the requirements of the application and utilize the STL data
of a product across the entire frequency spectrum.

Figure 1.7

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 15

3.0 GLASS PERFORMANCE
3.1 Glass Thickness
Increasing the thickness of the glass lites in an insulating glass will improve the sound transmission loss. In figure 3.1 shown
below, one IG has almost double the mass of the other IG. If only the Mass Law was used to predict the improvement, by
doubling the mass, you would expect a 6 dB improvement. There is approximately a 6 dB improvement in some of the mid
frequencies but the STC and OITC ratings only increased by 3 dB. This is due to the mass-air-mass resonance and
coincidence effect at the low and high frequencies respectively.

Fixed Window with 3/4" Insulating Glass

45

40
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

35

30

25

20

15

10
1/8" & 3/32", OITC = 24, STC = 28
5
1/4" & 1/8", OITC = 27, STC = 31
0
100 1000 10000

Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.1 - Glass thickness (mass) effect on sound transmission loss

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 16

3.2 Annealed vs. Laminated
Figure 3.2 shows the sound transmission loss improvement that can be achieved by using laminated glass in insulating glass
units. Laminated glass is two lites of glass bonded together with an interlayer material. This configuration provides
constrained layer damping, which significantly reduces the resonance at critical frequency. The sound transmission loss of
laminated glass is highly affected by the temperature of the glass during the test. Higher glass temperatures produce higher
sound transmission loss test results, as shown in Figure 3.3 of the next section. AAMA and ASTM have made recent
changes to their transmission loss test procedures, which require that fenestration products be tested within a specific
temperature range. This requirement will provide better reproducibility of test results among acoustical laboratories.

Sliding Glass Door with Insulating Glass

50

45

40
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

35

30

25

20

15

10 1/4" Annealed/ 1/2" Air Space/ 1/4" Annealed, OITC = 27, STC =33
1/4" Annealed/ 1/2" Air Space/ 1/4" Laminated, OITC = 30, STC = 36
5
1/4" Laminated/ 1/2" Air Space/ 1/4" Laminated, OITC = 31, STC = 38
0
100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.2 - Annealed versus laminated glass performance

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 17

3.3 Temperature Effects
Figure 3.3 depicts the effects of temperature on laminated glass performance. These tests were conducted during the AAMA
round robin testing of a fixed window with two lites of 1/4” laminated glass separated by a four inch air space. The sound
transmission loss improved as the glass temperature was increased, especially at the coincidence dip frequency of 2500 hertz.
These test results were provided by Architectural Testing Incorporated. At lower temperature ranges, similar effects were
documented by the University of Alberta, Canada.

Sound Transmission Loss Test Results of

the AAMA Round Robin Fixed Window
60

50
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

40
Test Temperatures

71o F - OITC = 35, STC = 45

74o F - OITC = 35, STC = 46

30
78o F - OITC = 36, STC = 47

80o F - OITC = 37, STC = 47

83o F - OITC = 37, STC = 48

20
10 100 1000 10000

Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.3 - Temperature effect on laminated glass

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 18

3.4 Air Space
Increasing the air space between two lites of glass in a window unit can improve its sound transmission loss. The rule of
thumb is, if you double the air space, you will get a 3 dB improvement. This works pretty well for the STC rating and with air
spaces over 3/4” but does not work well with the OITC rating.

Double Hung Window with

1/4" annealed and 1/4" annealed
60.0

50.0
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0 1/2" Air Space, OITC = 27, STC = 33

4" Air Space, OITC = 32, STC = 43
0.0
100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.4 - Air Space Effect on Sound Transmission Loss

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 19

3.5 Suspended Films
The use of suspended films in insulating glass units can improve the sound transmission loss properties of fenestration
products, especially in the mid frequency range of 300 to 3000 hertz which is where most speech occurs. Some improvement
at the mass-air-mass and coincidence dip frequency can also be seen in Figure 3.5. This 1” insulating glass unit contained two
5/32” annealed glass lites separated by an 11/16” air space.

Insulating Glass with Suspended Films

60.0

50.0
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

40.0

30.0

20.0

IG without Film, OITC = 22, STC = 28

10.0 IG with One Film, OITC = 23, STC = 30
IG with Two Films, OITC = 24, STC = 31
0.0
100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.5 - Suspended films in insulating glass units

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 20

3.6 Gas Filling
The gas used inside an insulated glass unit can affect the acoustical properties of a fenestration product. The fixed window
TL data depicted in Figure 3.6 shows the effect of filling the IG with air and argon gas. The STC rating did not change and
the OITC rating only changed by one point. The shape of the TL curve however did change significantly at several
frequencies. For low and high frequency noise reduction, the window with the air filled IG would perform better. For mid
frequency noise reduction, the window with the argon filled IG would have superior performance.

Fixed Window with Insulating Glass

(3/16" annealed, 9/16" space, 1/8" annealed)
45

40
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

35

30

25

20

15

10

Argon Filled, OITC = 24, STC = 30

5
Air Filled, OITC = 25, STC = 30
0
100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.6 - Gas fill effect sound transmission loss

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 21

3.7 IG Spacer Systems
For insulating glass units, decoupling the two glass lites from each other will provide better sound transmission loss. As seen
below in Figure 3.7, the softer foam spacer system outperformed the more rigid metal u-channel spacer system, at frequencies
ranging from 1000 to 5000 hertz, which caused the STC rating to improve by 2 dB. The low frequency TL however was not
affected by the spacer type so the OITC rating did not change

Single Hung Window with Insulating Glass

(1/4" annealed, 3/8" Argon, 1/8" annealed)
40

35
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

30

25

20

15

10

5 U-Channel Spacer, OITC = 26, STC = 29

Foam Spacer, OITC = 26, STC = 31
0
100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.7 - Spacer Effect on Sound Transmission Loss

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 22

3.8 Edge Damping
Damping is the process of reducing the vibrations or resonance of a material. Edge damping takes places when a material is
placed in direct contact with the perimeter of the test specimen. The bite or perimeter coverage and the type of material used
will determine the amount of the damping. Figure 3.8 demonstrates the difference between sealing a glass panel with 1/8”
foam glazing tape & wood blocks and then sealing the same glass panel with a 1/2” diameter bead of duct seal. Both sealing
materials covered approximately 1/2” of the glass around the perimeter on both sides.

The glass panel sealed with duct seal material had a 3 dB higher STC rating than the glass panel sealed with foam glazing
tape and wood blocks. The foam tape is a common glazing material for fenestration products. The duct seal material is dense
mastic putty, which is commonly used to seal the perimeter of samples for acoustical tests but it is not used to glaze windows
or other fenestration products. Glass panels and insulating glass panels should be tested with a glazing material that is more
representative of the actual application. Using duct seal as a perimeter sealant will over-inflate the acoustical ratings and be
misleading to window manufacturers.

Sound Transmission Loss of 1/4" Monolithic Glass

45

40
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

35

30

25

20

15

10

Glazing Tape, OITC = 27, STC = 28

5
Duct Seal, OITC = 28, STC = 31
0
100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.8 - Edge Damping Effect on Glass Panels

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 23

3.9 Glass Size
The sound transmission loss performance of glass is dependent upon the size of the test specimen. The glass stiffness
changes with physical dimensions of the glass. A larger or thinner piece of glass is going to be more flexible than a smaller or
thicker piece of glass. The more flexible it is, the more it will vibrate when it is exposed to a noise source, which will produce
lower sound transmission loss values.

IG Unit Size Effects on Sound Transmission Loss

1/4" laminated, 1/2" air space, 1/4" laminated

60

50
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

40

30

20

10
24" x 48" STC = 38, OITC = 29
48" x 72" STC = 35, OITC = 28
0
10 100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.9.1 - Glass Size Effect for Annealed Glass

IG Unit Size Effects on Sound Transmission Loss

(1/4" annealed, 1/2" air, 1/4" annealed)
50

40
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

30

20

10
Glass Size 48" x 72", STC=30, OITC=26

Glass Size 24" x 48", STC=31, OITC=24

0
10 100 1000 10000

Frequency, Hz.
Figure 3.9.2 - Glass Size Effect for Laminated Glass

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 24

4.0 WINDOW & CURTAIN WALL PERFORMANCE
4.1 Air Leakage
Air leakage is one of the biggest factors in the acoustical performance of fenestration products. AAMA 101 requires a
maximum air infiltration rate of 0.3 cfm per square foot for most of the window and door products. To achieve optimum
sound transmission loss test results, the product should have a maximum air infiltration rate of 0.1 cfm per square foot. Air
leakage will be most apparent with a reduced TL at the higher frequencies but as shown in Figure 4.1 it can affect the TL at
all frequencies, if the leakage is very high.

For dual windows, with weather-stripping on both the interior and exterior sets of sash, it is more difficult to determine if
there is a leakage problem. Usually there will be a dip in the TL curve at mid frequencies, which indicates that either the
exterior or interior weather-stripping is not making a good seal.

Single Hung Window with Insulating Glass

(1/4" annealed, 3/8" Air, 3/32" annealed)
45

40
Sound Transmission Loss, dB

35

30

25

20

15

10

5 As Received, OITC = 24, STC = 26

Completely Sealed, OITC = 27, STC = 31
0
100 1000 10000
Frequency, Hz.
Figure 4.1 - Air Leakage Effect on Sound Transmission Loss

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 25

4.2 Frame Extrusions surfaces, should be used when trying to achieve high
The sound transmission loss of a fenestration product is transmission loss performance. Increasing the air space or
not only dependent upon the type of glazing and the other adding sound deadening materials between the inner most
factors previously discussed, but it can also be affected by and outermost frame surfaces will also increase the
the design of frame extrusions. For most windows, doors transmission loss of the frame.
and glazed wall sections (curtain walls), the frame
material and design will not be a factor if the goal is to The type of material used will also affect the sound
achieve an OITC rating less than 30 or an STC rating transmitting through the frame. Aluminum framing
lower than 38. But to achieve ratings higher than this, the members will readily transmit sound from the outside to
frame extrusions might need to be modified or the inside, if a vibration break is not utilized. For thermal
redesigned. isolation, alu minum extrusions with rigid polyurethane
thermal breaks, reduce the conduction of thermal energy
The transmission loss is based on how much sound power from the outside to the inside surfaces. For acoustical
radiates through the entire test specimen. The TL of each isolation, less rigid materials should be used in the
of the elements (glazing, frame, sash, etc) and the exposed framing members to reduce the exterior to interior
area of each of these elements will determine the structural borne vibrations.
composite or total TL of the test specimen. It is a power
ratio based on the TL and area for each of these elements 4.3 Estimated Window & Curtain Wall Performance
so the complete product could be significantly affected by Table 4.3.1 provides a range of sound transmission loss
its weakest element. ratings that can be achieved on most types of window and
curtain wall systems. Fixed and casement windows will
As discussed earlier, mass and air space play a big role in generally perform at the upper end of the range since they
the design of glazing materials. The same is true for the usually have a lower amount of air leakage. An STC
framing members because a portion of the incident sound rating of 40 or OITC of 30 is difficult to achieve on a
field is also going to strike these areas. Thicker frame conventional window or curtain wall system with 1”
extrusions, especially the inner most and outermost insulating glass.

Window/Curtain Wall IG Glazing OITC Rating STC Rating

1/8” annealed, 1/2” air space, 1/8” annealed 23-24 27-28
1/4” annealed, 1/2” air space, 1/4” annealed 25-26 31-32
1/4” annealed, 1/2” air space, 1/4” laminated 27-28 34-35
1/4” laminated, 1/2” air space, 1/4” laminated 28-29 37-38
Table 4.3.1

To achieve STC ratings of 40 or OITC ratings of 30 and above, a dual window configuration with two sets of sash or a prime
window with an exterior or interior storm panel is generally required. Table 4.3.2 provides estimates of the sound
transmission loss ratings for primary and secondary window systems .

Prime to Secondary Secondary Window/ OITC

Prime Window/Curtain Wall IG Glazing STC Rating
Air Space Curtain Wall Glazing Rating
1/8” annealed, 1/2” air space, 1/8” annealed 2” 1/8” annealed 28-30 39-41
1/4” annealed, 1/2” air space, 1/8” annealed 2” 1/4” annealed 32-35 42-44
1/4” laminated, 1/2” air space, 1/8” annealed 2” 1/4” annealed 34-36 43-45
1/4” laminated, 1/2” air space, 1/8” annealed 2” 1/4” laminated 35-37 44-46
Table 4.3.2

The ratings listed above are not specific to any one type of frame material. These ratings may be lower if there is significant
air leakage or if there are flanking problems between the primary and secondary sash. To accurately determine the acoustical
performance of a window or curtain wall system, a sound transmission loss test is required.

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 26

5.0 MATCHING WINDOW & WALL the required OITC of the window. These equations will
only provide an approximation of the required OITC
PERFORMANCE rating of the window. To provide more accurate analysis,
the previous calculations need to be performed at all of
There are many factors to consider when selecting a the 1/3-octave band frequencies ranging from 80 to 4000
window configuration that will match the transmission hertz.
loss (TL) performance of a wall system. The building
facade should be designed to reduce exterior noise levels 6.0 CODES & REGULATIONS
to acceptable interior sound pressure levels. If the exterior
wall system is poorly designed, even the highest quality,
acoustical window will not keep noise from entering the 6.1 FAA Part 150
building. The composite transmission loss of an exterior
facade is based on the transmission loss of the individual The Part 150 program was developed under the Aviation
elements (wall, doors and windows etc.) and the area of Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1979. It is a federal
program that distributes aviation-generating funds (PFC -
these elements. To estimate the required OITC (Outdoor-
Indoor Transmission Class) rating of the window, so that Passenger Facility Charge) to airport authorities for the
the specified OITC rating of complete facade is not purpose of aircraft noise mitigation measures in
communities surrounding airports. Implementation of this
degraded, use the three equations in the following section.
program was delegated to the Federal Aviation
The two following equations show the relationship Administration (FAA).
between transmission loss and the sound transmission
To participate in this program, airport authorities need to:
coefficient (τ).
• Develop a Noise Exposure Map (NEM) of the area
surrounding the airport
Eq. 5: TL = 10 log (1/ τ)
• Use the FAA’s Integrated Noise Model (INM) or the
Heliport Noise Model (HNM) to predict future noise
Eq. 6: τ = 10(-TL/10)
contour plots
To estimate the required OITC rating of the window, you • Develop a Noise Compatibility Program (NCP) which
need to know the OITC rating that is specified for the provides a description and schedule of their noise
abatement measures.
entire facade, and the OITC rating of the exterior wall
system. You also need to know the total facade area m2
(sq. ft.), the wall area m2 (sq. ft.) and the window area m2 The airport’s NCP is an on-going program, which will
change over time based on aviation and environmental
(sq. ft.) such that:
conditions. The NCP can contain one or more of the
Sfacade = Swall + Swindow following elements:
• A noise hotline for recording and addressing complaints
Where : from the community
Sfacade is the total area of the facade (window area plus • An airport noise monitoring system for measuring and
wall area) in square meter (square feet). recording noise levels
Swall is the wall area in square meter (square feet). • Aircraft departure and arrival procedures for daytime &
Swindow is the window area in square meter (square feet) nighttime operations
• A penalty or award system for quiet aircraft operations
The OITC ratings of the elements are substituted for the • A land acquisition or relocation program
TL in Eq. 6 to obtain the transmission coefficients (τ) of • A residential sound insulation program
the individual elements. The required window sound
transmission coefficient can then be calculated with Eq.7. Table 6.1 gives the land usage compatibility as
recommended by the FAA. Local, city or state
Eq.7 : τwindow = [(τfacade x Sfacade) - (τwall x Swall)] / Swindow governments can revise these recommendations to make
them more stringent. FAA approval of these changes
Where: would still be required in order to receive federal funding.
τwindow is the required sound transmission coefficient of
Homeowners can usually apply for the residential sound
the window.
insulation program (RSIP) if their residence is in the 65
τfacade is the sound transmission coefficient of the facade. dBA or higher contour on the Noise Exposure Map. The
τwall is the sound transmission coefficient of the wall. airport authority or noise abatement manager is usually in
charge of the RSIP program.
After you calculate the required window sound
transmission coefficient, you can use Eq. 5 to calculate

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 27

 Federal Aviation Administration
S p e c i f i c a t i o n N o . 14 CFR Part 150 (1/1/98 edition) Appendix A

Table 1 - Land Use Compatibility with Yearly Day-Night Average Sound Levels

Yearly day-night average sound level (Ldn) in decibels

Land Use
Below 65 65 - 70 70 - 75 75 - 80 80 - 85 Over 85
Residential
Residential, other than mobile homes and
transient lodgings Y N(1) N(1) N N N
Mobile home parks Y N N N N N
Transient lodgings Y N(1) N(1) N(1) N N
Public Use
Schools Y N(1) N(1) N N N
Hospitals and nursing homes Y 25 30 N N N
Churches, auditoriums and concert halls Y 25 30 N N N
Governmental services Y Y 25 30 N N
Transportation Y Y Y(2) Y(3) Y(4) Y(4)
Parking Y Y Y(2) Y(3) Y(4) N
Commercial Use
Offices, business and professional Y Y 25 30 N N
Wholesale and retail - building materials,
hardware, and farm equipment Y Y Y(2) Y(3) Y(4) N
Retail trade - general Y Y 25 30 N N
Utilities Y Y Y(2) Y(3) Y(4) N
Communication Y Y 25 30 N N
Manufacturing and Production
Manufacturing, general Y Y Y(2) Y(3) Y(4) N
Photographic and optical Y Y 25 30 N N
Agriculture (except livestock) and forestry Y Y(6) Y(7) Y(8) Y(8) Y(8)
Livestock farming and breeding Y Y(6) Y(7) N N N
Mining and fishing, resource production
and extraction Y Y Y Y Y Y
Recreational
Outdoor sports arenas & spectator sports Y Y(5) Y(5) N N N
Outdoor Music shells, amphitheaters Y N N N N N
Nature exhibits and zoos Y Y N N N N
Amusements, parks, resorts and camps Y Y Y N N N
Golf courses, riding stables and water
recreation Y Y 25 30 N N
Key to Table 1
Y (Yes) = Land use and related structures compatible without restrictions.
N (No) = Land use and related structures not compatible and should be prohibited.
(1) W h e r e the c o m m u n i t y d e t e r m i n e s that r e s i d e n t i a l o r s c h o o l u s e s m u s t be a l l o w e d , m e a s u r e s t o o u t d o o r to i n d o o r
N o i s e L e v e l R e d u c t i o n ( N L R ) o f a t l e a s t 2 5 d B a n d 3 0 d B should b e i n c o r p o r a t e d into the building codes a n d b e
c o n s i d e r e d in individual approvals. N o r m a l r e s i d e n t i a l construction c a n be expected to p r o v i d e a n N L R o f 2 0 d B , t h u s ,
t h e reduction r e q u i r e m e n t s are often s t a t e d a s 5 , 1 0 or 15 d B o v e r standard construction and n o r m a l l y a s s u m e
m e c h a n i c a l ventilation a n d c l o s e d w i n d o w s y e a r r o u n d . H o w e v e r , the u s e o f the N L R criteria will n o t eliminate o u t d o o r
noise problems
(2) M e a s u r e s to a c h i e v e N L R 2 5 d B m u s t b e i n c o r p o r a t e d into the d e s i g n s and construction o f portions o f t h e s e buildings
where the public is received, office areas, noise sensitive areas, or where the normal noise level is low.
(3) M e a s u r e s to a c h i e v e N L R 3 0 d B m u s t b e i n c o r p o r a t e d into the d e s i g n s and construction o f portions o f t h e s e buildings
where the public is received, office areas, noise sensitive areas, or where the normal noise level is low.
(4) M e a s u r e s to a c h i e v e N L R 3 5 d B m u s t b e i n c o r p o r a t e d into the d e s i g n s and construction o f portions o f t h e s e buildings
where the public is received, office areas, noise sensitive areas, or where the normal noise level is low.
(5) Land use compatible provided special sound reinforcement systems are installed.
(6) Residential buildings require an NLR of 25.
(7) Residential buildings require an NLR of 30.
(8) Residential buildings not permitted.
Table 6.1 - FAA Land Use Compatibility Chart

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 28

6.2 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development provides the following exterior noise level require ments (Table
6.2) for HUD approved housing. The goal, as in other federal regulations is to achieve an interior noise that does not exceed
45 dB.

U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development

Specification No. 24 CFR Part 51

Site Acceptability Standards listed in table below:

Day-Night Equivalent Sound

Level in Decibels (Ldn)

Acceptable Not exceeding 65 dB

Above 65 dB but not

Normally Unacceptable
exceeding 75 dB

Unacceptable Above 75 dB
Figure 2.6 HUD site acceptability criteria

In Figure 2.6, ranges of Ldn are correlated withvarious dispositions that classify HUD approval procedures and identify
the need for noise abatement, either at the site property line or in the construction of the building exterior. These have
been devised to achieve the HUD goal for interior noise levels of a day-night equivalent noise level not exceeding 45
dB
Table 6.2 - HUD Requirements

6.3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides the requirements listed in Table 6.3 to protect the public from hearing
damage.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Specification No.
EPA Pub. No. 550/9-79-100 (November 1978)

Sound Pressure Level

Effect Ldn Leq (24 hrs) Area

Hearing < 70 dBA All areas (at the ear)

Outdoors in residential areas and farms and other areas where

< 55 dB people spend widely varying amounts of time and other places in
Outdoor which quiet is a basis for use.
Activity
Outdoor areas where people spend limited amounts of time such
< 55 dBA
as school yards, playgrounds, etc.

< 45 dB Indoor residential areas

Indoor
Activity
< 45 dBA Other indoor areas with human activities such as schools, etc.
Table 6.3 - EPA Noise Guidelines

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 29

6.4 ANSI

The American National Standards Institute has developed the following guidelines for assessing the acceptability or
compatibility of background noise levels for various types of land use. This standard uses the yearly day-night average sound
level, which is the average Ldn level over a continuous 365 day measurement period.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Specification No. ANSI S3.23 - 1980

Yearly Day-Night Average Sound Level in Decibels

Land Use
50 60 70 80 90
Residential - single family,
extensive outdoor use
Residential - multiple family,
moderate outdoor use
Residential - multi-story,
limited outdoor use
Transient lodging
School classrooms, libraries,
religious facilities
Hospitals, clinics, nursing homes,
health-related facilities
Auditoriums, concert halls

Music shells
Sports arenas, outdoor spectator
sports
Neighborhood parks
Playgrounds, golf courses, riding
stables, water rec., cemeteries
Office buildings, personal services,
business and professional
Commercial - retail, movie
theaters, restaurants
Commercial - Wholesale, some
retail, ind., mfg., utilities
Livestock farming, animal breeding

Agriculture (except livestock

Extensive natural wildlife and
recreation areas

Compatible Marginally
Compatible

With Insulation
per Section A.3 Incompatible

Note: This document also recommends that interior sound levels due to exterior noise
should not exceed a yearly day-night average sound level of 45 dB

Table 6.4 - ANSI Land Usage Guidelines

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 30

6.5 Federal Highway Administration

The guidelines established by the Federal Highway Administration, in Table 6.5, are used to determine noise compatibility
along federal highways. Areas exceeding the recommended levels could receive federal funding for installation of highway
barriers or other noise abatement treatments.

Federal Highway Administration

Specification No. 23 CFR Part 772

1-hour
Activity 10-percentile
Category L1h exceeded level Description of Activity Category
Lands on which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary
57 60 significance and serve an important public need and
A
(exterior) (exterior) where the preservation of those qualities is essential if
the area is to continue to serve its intended purpose.
Picnic areas, recreation areas, playgrounds, active
67 70
B sports areas, parks residences, motels, hotels,
(exterior) (exterior)
schools, churches, libraries and hospitals

72 75 Developed lands, properties or activities not included in

C
(exterior) (exterior) Categories A or B above.

D Undeveloped Lands

52 55 Residences, motels, hotels, public meeting rooms,

E
(interior) (interior) schools, churches, libraries, hospitals and auditoriums.

Note: Must use either the L 1h (Leq for 1 hour) or the 1-hour 10-percentile execeeded level (L 10 for 1
hour) but not both.

Table 6.5 FHWA Guidelines

6.6 OSHA

The Occupational Safety & Health Administration has set allowable noise exposure limits to protect individuals from hearing
damage. The maximum allowable noise level and duration is contained in federal regulation 29 CFR 1910.95, and is listed
below in Figure 6.6.

ComparisonTable of Duration Per Day in Hours to

Allowable Sound Level in dBA (Slow-Response SPL)

Duration Per Day, Hours Sound Level, dBA, slow -response

8.0 90
6.0 92
4.0 95
2.0 100
1.0 105
0.5 110
0.25 115

Figure 6.6 - OSHA Maximum Allowable Noise Exposure

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 31

7.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Relative Pressure: the dimensionless ratio of a sound’s
pressure to a standardized reference sound pressure.

Amplitude: the difference between the maximum and Sympathetic Resonance: is the phenomenon whereby
minimum pressure that is developed in a sound pulse. materials of similar characteristics (mass, stiffness, etc.)
respond to incident sound frequencies in a similar manner
Coincidence Dip: a frequency or set of frequencies at thereby aiding in the transmission of the sound. The use
which the sound transmission loss across a material will of dissimilar materials can reduce the transmission of
decrease due to the resonant characteristics of the sound.
material.
Sone: the unit of measure of loudness defined as 40 dB at
Coupling: is the ability of materials that are rigidly 1000 Hz.
connected, to transmit vibrations or sound energy from
one point to another location. The amount of energy Sound Intensity: the square of the relative pressure of a
transfer will depend upon the type of material. sound representing the power per unit area of the sound in
“watts per square meter” (W/m2 ).
Decoupling: is the ability of materials to isolate
vibrations or sound energy from one point to another Sound Power (W): rate of transmission of a sound’s
location. Resilient materials, such as foam or rubber energy in “Watts ” (W).
would provide this type of isolation.
Sound Pressure Level (SPL): twenty times (20x) the
Flanking transmission: sound transmission from the base ten logarithm of a sound’s relative pressure
source to the receiving location by a path other than represented in decibels (dB).
through the test specimen.
Sound Transmission Class (STC): a single number
Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC): a single rating, that is calculated using the ASTM E413
number rating system, similar to STC, that is applied to classification for rating the sound insulation
field test data under ASTM E336. characteristics of interior wall and floor partitions that are
exposed to noise typical of offices and buildings (e.g.,
Frequency: the number of sound wavelength cycles that speech, radio, television, etc.). An STC contour curve is
occur within one (1) second represented as cycles per applied to the actual measured transmission loss data and
second (cps ). the transmission loss value on the contour curve at 500
hertz is the STC single number rating.
Hertz (Hz): dimension of a sound frequency in cycles per
second. Sound Transmission Coefficient: the fraction of the
airborne sound power incident on the test specimen that is
Laminated Glass: glass sheet composite comprising one transmitted by the specimen and radiated on the other
or more layers of glass laminated with a flexible, plastic side.
film known as an interlayer.
Sound Transmission Loss (STL): ten times (10x) the
Mass Law: a rule of sound attenuation stating that the common logarithm of the reciprocal of the sound
sound transmission loss across a barrier will increase transmission coefficient. The quantity so obtained is
approximately 6 decibels for every doubling of the expressed in decibels (dB).
barrier’s mass per projected unit area.
STC Reference Contour: a curve that is fitted to the
Noise Reduction (NR): the difference between the Sound measured transmission loss data from 125 Hz to 4000 Hz
Pressure Level on each side of a barrier for a given to determine the Sound Transmission Class of a barrier.
measured frequency.
Transmission Loss (TL): see Sound Transmission Loss
Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC): a single
number rating that is used to classify wall partitions, Wavelength: the distance between two consecutive points
doors and windows which are exposed to lower frequency of maximum pressure in a sound pulse. Represented as
noise sources such as cars, trains and aircraft. The ASTM “λ” or “lambda”.
E1332 test method specifies the transportation spectrum
and logarithmic summation that is applied to the Weighting: the manipulation of a source sound level
transmission loss data to obtain the OITC rating. profile to better represent the sensitivity of the human ear
to sound at specific frequencies. “A” weighting is used
Pitch: the perceived tone of a sound based upon its for standard evaluation of sound sources but “B” and “C”
representative frequency weightings are also available.

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 32

8.0 REFERENCES
1. “Acoustical Glazing Design Guide”; St. Louis, MO;
Monsanto Company; 1987.

2. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA),

federal regulation 29 CFR 1910.95

3. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

(HUD), regulation 24 CFR Part 51

4. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), regulation 14

CFR Part 150

5. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

regulation S1.23-1980

6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

publication 550/9-79-100

7. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) regulation

23 CFR Part 772

8. Sound, Noise & Vibration Control by Lyle F. Yerges

1978

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 33

 APPENDICES

A1. STC/OITC CALCULATION give equal weight to low and high frequency loudness.
For the human ear, sounds below 500 Hz must be more
METHODS intense than sounds at higher frequencies to have equal
loudness. Thus, the contour curve is drawn so that it
STC Calculation increases 15dB from 125 to 400 Hz, 5dB from 400 to
To actually determine the Sound Transmission Class 1,250 Hz, and is flat from 1,250 to 4,000 Hz. The contour
(STC) for an acoustical barrier, the Sound Transmission curve is placed on the STL vs. frequency plot so that the
Loss is recorded for a series of 16 frequency bands. Each following conditions are met:
band encompasses one third of an octave over the range
of 125 to 4,000 Hz (cycles per second) in accordance with 1. The sum of the deficiencies (that is, the deviations
ASTM E90-97. below the contour curve) shall not be greater than 32dB;

The TL values in decibels are plotted as a function of 2. The deficiency at any frequency from 125 to 4,000 Hz
frequency and compared to the STC contour curve. This shall not be greater than 8dB.
STC contour curve (Red line in Figure 8) is designed to

45

40

35
Sound Transmission Loss in dB

30

25

20

15

10

STC Contour Curve

5
1/4" Monolithic glass
0
100 1000 10000
Frequency in Hertz

Figure A1.1 - Typical STC Contour (STC-28).

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 34

When the contour curve is adjusted to the highest value OITC is defined as the A-weighted sound level reduction of
(in decibels) that meets the above requirements, the a test specimen in the presence of an idealized mixture of
Sound Transmission Class for the panel is reported as the transportation noises: aircraft takeoff, freeway and railroad
STL value that corresponds to the intersection of the pass by. The rating is computed from the measured TL data
contour curve and the 500 Hz line (blue line). The in one-third octave bands from 80 Hz to 4000 Hz, inclusive.
contour curve used for calculating the STC of a four-foot-
by-six-foot pane of one-quarter-inch monolithic plate To compute the OITC:
glass is shown in Figure A1.1.
1. Subtract the measured specimen TL, for each one-third
OITC Calculation octave band, from the A-weighted Reference Transportation
The Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) assigns a Noise levels. The A-weighted Reference Transportation
single number rating to measured sound Transmission Loss Noise levels are:
(TL) data obtained in accordance with ASTM E90. The

1/3 Octave and (Hz) 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000
A-weighted
80.5 82.9 84.9 84.6 86.1 86.4 87.4 88.2 89.8 89.1 89.2 89.0 89.6 89.0 89.2 88.3 86.2 85.0
Spectrum (dB)

2. Perform a logarithmic summation of the one-third octave Where:

band results of Step 1. AWRSi is the A-weighted Reference Sound Level
TLi is the Sound Transmission Loss for each one-third
3. The OITC is the difference, rounded to the nearest octave band, i, respectively. (The second term of this
decibel, between the value 100.13 and the logarithmic sum equation is the logarithmic sum of Step 2.)
from Step 2.
NOTE: Older TL test reports and TL test reports from some
Another way of calculating the OITC rating is by laboratories with smaller reverberation chambers may not
using the following mathematical relation: include data for the 80 Hz and 100 Hz bands. Such test
4000 Hz reports cannot be used to calculate OITC.
OITC = 100.13 - 10 log { Σ 10 (AWRSi -TLi/10)}
i = 80 Hz

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 35

A2. GLAZING CONFIGURATIONS & PERFORMANCE
The following tables contain the sound transmission loss ratings for monolithic glass, laminated glass, insulating glass,
laminated insulating glass, double laminated insulated glass and triple glazed units with various air space combinations. The
data in these tables is for the glazing only and is not applicable for the glazing installed in a window system. These tests were
conducted on 3'0” x 7'0” glass samples and the results could vary for other sizes. The frame design, air leakage, spacer
system, glazing system and other variables could cause the OITC and STC ratings of the window or curtain wall system to be
5 or more points less than those published in these tables.

MONOLITHIC GLASS
Laboratory Test Number Nominal Thickness Glass Thickness OITC Rating STC Rating
TL85-169 1/4” 1/4” 29 31
TL85-198 1/2” 1/2” 33 36

LAMINATED GLASS
Laboratory Nominal Pane 1 Laminate Pane 2 OITC STC
Test Number Thickness Thickness Thickness Thickness Rating Rating
TL85-218 1/4” 3/32” 0.030” 3/32” 31 35
TL85-170 1/4” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 31 35
TL85-224 1/4” 1/8” 0.060” 1/8” 32 35
TL85-234 1/4” 1/8” 0.045” 1/8” 31 35
TL85-200 3/8” 3/16” 0.030” 3/16” 33 36
TL85-229 3/8” 1/4” 0.030” 1/8” 33 36
TL85-223 3/8” 1/4” 0.060” 1/8” 33 37
TL85-225 1/2” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 34 38
TL85-232 1/2” 1/4” 0.045” 1/4” 34 38
TL85-228 1/2” 1/4” 0.060” 1/4” 34 39
TL85-222 5/8” 3/8” 0.030” 1/4” 36 40
TL85-230 3/4” 1/2” 0.060” 1/4” 36 41

INSULATING GLASS
Laboratory Nominal Pane 1 Air Pane 3 OITC STC
Test Number Thickness Thickness Space Thickness Rating Rating
TL85-212
1/2” 1/8” 1/4” 1/8” 26 28
(Sealed)
TL85-213
5/8” 1/8” 3/8” 1/8” 26 31
(Sealed)
TL85-215
1-3/8” 3/16” 1” 3/16” 27 35
(Sealed)
TL85-294
1” 1/4” 1/2” 1/4” 28 35
(Sealed)
TL85-293
1-1/2” 1/4” 1” 1/4” 30 37
(Unsealed)
TL85-216
1-3/8” 3/16” 4” 3/16” 35 44
(Unsealed)

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 36

 LAMINATED INSULATING GLASS
Laboratory Nominal Pane 1 Laminate Pane 2 Air Pane 3 Laminate Pane 4 OITC STC
Test Number Thickness Thickness Thickness Thickness Space Thickness Thickness Thickness Rating Rating
TL95-296
5/8” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 1/4” 1/8” NA NA 31 35
(Sealed)
TL85-189
13/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 3/8” 3/16” NA NA 31 37
(Sealed)
TL85-238
15/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 1/2” 3/16” NA NA 31 39
(Sealed)
TL85-235
1” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 1/2” 1/4” NA NA 31 39
(Sealed)
TL85-192
1-1/8” 1/8” 0.030” 1/4” 1/2” 1/4” NA NA 31 40
(Sealed)
TL85-239
1-7/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 1” 3/16” NA NA 33 42
(Unsealed)
TL85-173
2-7/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 2” 3/16” NA NA 35 45
(Unsealed)
TL85-194
2-11/16” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 2” 3/16” NA NA 38 46
(Unsealed)
TL85-196
2-7/8” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 2” 3/8” NA NA 42 46
(Unsealed)
TL85-298
1-11/16” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 1” 3/16” NA NA 36 47
(Unsealed)
TL85-174
4-7/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 4” 3/16” NA NA 39 48
(Unsealed)
TL85-195
4-11/16” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 4” 3/16” NA NA 41 49
(Unsealed)
TL85-197
4-7/8” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 4” 3/8” NA NA 44 49
(Unsealed)
TL85-240
4-7/8” 1/2” 0.030” 1/4” 4” 1/8” NA NA 40 49
(Unsealed)

DOUBLE LAMINATED INSULATING GLASS

Laboratory Nominal Pane 1 Laminate Pane 2 Air Pane 3 Laminate Pane 4 OITC STC
Test Number Thickness Thickness Thickness Thickness Space Thickness Thickness Thickness Rating Rating
TL85-172
1-1/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 1/2” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 33 42
(Sealed)
TL95-299
1-9/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 1” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 37 46
(Unsealed)
TL85-236
1-13/16” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 1” 1/8” 0.060” 1/8” 34 46
(Unsealed)
TL85-220
4-5/16” 1/2” 0.060” 1/4” 4” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 42 50
(Unsealed)
TL85-221
5-1/16” 1/4” 0.060” 1/4” 4” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 42 50
(Unsealed)
TL85-237
4-13/16” 1/4” 0.030” 1/4” 4” 1/8” 0.060” 1/8” 44 51
(Unsealed)
TL95-301A
4-9/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 4” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 38 52
(Unsealed)
TL95-302
4-13/16” 1/8” 0.030” 1/8” 4” 1/4” 0.060” 1/4” 45 53
(Unsealed)

TRIPLE LITE INSULATING GLASS

Laboratory Test Nominal Pane 1 Air Pane 2 Air Pane 3 OITC STC
Number Thickness Thickness Space Thickness Space Thickness Rating Rating
TL95-294
1-3/4” 1/4” 1/2” 1/4” 1/2” 1/4” 31 39
(Sealed)
TL95-295
1-13/16” 1/4” Lam. 1/2” 1/4” Lam. 1/2” 1/4” Lam. 33 44
(Sealed)
TL95-297
2-1/4” 1/4” 1” 1/4” 1/2” 1/4” 37 46
(Sealed)
TL95-300
2-5/16” 1/4” Lam. 1” 1/4” Lam. 1/2” 1/4” Lam. 39 49
(Sealed)

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 37

A3. FACADE CONFIGURATIONS & PERFORMANCE
Even the best acoustical window will only perform as well as the wall that it is being installed into. The data in the following
tables can be used to estimate the acoustical performance of common facade constructions. The single layer constructions
contain a single layer of gypsum board on both sides of the wall. The unbalanced layer construction contains two layers of
gypsum board on one side and one layer of gypsum board on the other side. The double layer constructions contain two
layers of gypsum board on both sides of the wall. An insulated exterior wall with OSB board and vinyl siding on the outside
and 1/2” gypsum board on the inside will have approximately the same STC rating as the “Single Layer 1/2” Gypsum” with
insulation that is listed below. Variations in the type of wallboard (standard versus fire rated), construction techniques, and
insulation can result in higher or lower ratings.

SINGLE WOOD STUD WALLS

Studs
Wall Description Insulation Resilient Channels STC Rating
Type Spacing

Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 16” None No 34

Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board 2” x 4” 16” None No 35
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 24” None Yes 37
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 38
Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board 2” x 4” 24” None Yes 40
Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board 2” x 4” 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 39
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 24” 3½” Fiberglass Yes 44
Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board 2” x 4” 24” 3½” Fiberglass Yes 50

Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 16” None No 38

Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 41
Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board
2” x 4” 24” None Yes 44
(Single layer on resilient channel side)
Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board
2” x 4” 24” 3½” Fiberglass Yes 52
(Single layer on resilient channel side)

Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 45

Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 24” None Yes 52
Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board 2” x 4” 24” 3½” Fiberglass Yes 55

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 38

 STAGGERED WOOD STUD WALLS
Studs Resilient STC
Wall Description Insulation
Type Spacing Channels Rating

2” x 4” Studs
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 16” None No 38
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board 16” None No 43
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 45
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 46
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 16” 2 layers of 3½” Fiberglass No 49
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 24” 3½” Fiberglass No 51
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board 24” 2 layers of 3½” Fiberglass No 54
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board 24” None No 46
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board 24” 3½” Fiberglass No 53
2” x 6” Plates

2” x 4” Studs
Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board 24” None No 52
2” x 6” Plates
2” x 4” Studs
Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board 24” 3½” Fiberglass No 55
2” x 6” Plates

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 39

 DOUBLE WOOD STUD WALLS
Studs Resilient STC
Wall Description Fiberglass
Type Spacing Channels Rating

Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” None No 45
Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” None No 45
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 54
Single Layer 5/8” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 55
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 24” 3½” Fiberglass No 56
2 layers of 3½”
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” No 58
Fiberglass
2 layers of 3½”
Single Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 24” No 60
Fiberglass

Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” None No 47

Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 56
2 layers of 3½”
Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” No 59
Fiberglass
2 layers of 3½”
Unbalanced 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 24” No 64
Fiberglass

Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” None No 53
Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 16” 3½” Fiberglass No 63
Double Layer 1/2” gypsum board Two Rows of 2” x 4” Studs 24” 3½” Fiberglass No 65

SOLID MASONRY BLOCK WALLS

Wall Description Weight lb/ft2 STC Rating

4” Brick * 38 41
8” Brick * 80 49
12” Brick * 120 54
6” Reinforced Dense Concrete 75 46
8” Reinforced Dense Concrete 95 51
12” Reinforced Dense Concrete 145 56
*Careful workmanship, airtight joints or surface sealed

HOLLOW MASONRY BLOCK WALLS

Wall Description Weight lb/ft2 STC Rating
4” Lightweight * 20 36
4” Dense 30 38
6” Lightweight * 28 41
6” Dense 43 43
8” Lightweight * 34 46
8” Dense 55 48
12” Lightweight * 50 51
12” Dense 80 53
*Sealed against air leakage with 2 coats of sealer paint on both sides

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 40

 Apparent Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Loss (OITL)
A4. FIELD EQUIPMENT & TEST To perform the Apparent OITL measurement, the OILR
PROCEDURES and Sound Absorption of the interior room needs to be
measured. For the Apparent OITL measurement, the
Equipment interior room has to meet the volume and sound
Microphones, amplifiers and electronic circuitry used to absorption requirements listed in Section 7 of ASTM
process microphone signals must satisfy the requirements E966. The Apparent OITL values can be used to
of ANSI S1.4 for Type 2 sound level meters. Where calculate an Apparent OITC rating. If the Apparent OITC
multiple microphones are used, they should be of the rating exceeds the OITC rating required by the building
same model. Filters for defining the frequency bands used specification, then flanking tests are not necessary. If it
shall meet the Order III requirements of ANSI S1.11 for does not meet the building specification, then the
one-third octave and Order II requirements for octave complete OITL measurement (listed below), using flank
band filters. Measurements shall be made in all 1/3-octave screens, must be performed.
bands with mid-band frequencies specified in ANSI S1.6
from 80 to 5000 Hz. Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Loss (OITL)
To perform a complete OITL test, the OILR has to be
ASTM E966 Standard Guide for Field Measurements measured with and without a flanking screen placed over
of Airborne Sound Insulation of Building Facades and the window. The Sound Absorption of the interior room
Facade Elements also needs to be measured. For the complete OITL
The ASTM E966 method is the standard guide for the measurement, the interior room has to meet the volume
field measurement of airborne sound insulation of and sound absorption requirements listed in Section 7 of
building facades and façade elements (such as windows, ASTM E966 and flanking needs to be investigated as
doors, etc.). For this test method, a free field environment detailed in Annex A1. The OITC rating is calculated
exists on one side of the window or façade and a semi from the OITL values at a particular angle of incidence
diffuse field exists on the other side. This test method (usually 45 degrees), which needs to be noted in the
provides for the measurement of Outdoor-Indoor Level report.
Reduction (OILR), the Apparent Outdoor-Indoor
Transmission Loss (Apparent OITL) and Outdoor-Indoor If the Apparent OITL of the window with the flanking
Transmission Loss (OITL). The Outdoor-Indoor screen is at least 10 dB higher than the Apparent OITL of
Transmission Class (OITC) rating, calculated in the window without the flanking screen, at every
accordance with ASTM E1332, was developed to frequency, then the Apparent OITL of the window
evaluate the transmission loss of facades when they are without the flanking screen represents the true OITL of
exposed to transportation noise (planes, trains and the window. If the difference is between 5 and 10 dB
automobiles). The E 966 tests are conducted at the 1/3- then corrections can be applied to the measurement. If
octave band frequencies from 80 to 5000 Hz, to include the difference is less than 5 dB, this indicates that the
the transportation noise spectrum. sound is flanking or entering the interior room by paths
other than the window. To determine the true OITL of
There are six different measurement techniques contained the window and to eliminate these other paths, an
in ASTM E966. The measurement procedures contained additional room would have to be constructed around the
in ASTM E966 are briefly described below. The OILR interior side of the window and the test would have to be
measurement can always by performed, but flanking re-run. This procedure would be cost prohibitive and it
problems can sometimes invalidate the OITL would be better to investigate the flanking problems. It is
measurement. of no benefit to install a high OITC rated window in a
facade that has flanking problems.
Outdoor-Indoor Level Reduction (OILR)
To perform the OILR measurement, the sound field is ASTM E336 Standard Test Method for Measurement
projected at the exterior side of the window, at a 45- of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings
degree angle. The interior and exterior sound pressure The ASTM E336 test method is used to evaluate the
levels are measured simultaneously at six different sound transmission loss of partition walls between two
microphone positions. The OILR measurement is the adjacent rooms inside a building. This method was not
difference between the exterior and interior SPL plus a designed for testing windows and doors mounted in
correction for the angle of incidence and provides a good exterior walls. In this test method, semi-diffuse sound
indication of how well the window or façade is pressure levels are measured on both sides of the
performing. For the OILR measurement, the interior partition. This standard provides for the measurement of
room does not need to meet the volume and sound Noise Reduction (NR), Normalized Noise Reduction
absorption requirements listed in Section 7 of ASTM (NNR) and Field Transmission Loss (FTL). The Noise
E966. Isolation Class (NIC), Normalized Noise Isolation Class
(NNIC) and Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC)
ratings can then be calculated in accordance with ASTM
E413. The field transmission loss test should produce an

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 41

FSTC rating that is comparable to the STC rating initial measurements may be deemed to represent the true
produced by the E 90 test method, if all of the flanking FTL of the test specimen. If the difference is between 5
paths between the two rooms have been eliminated. The and 10 dB then corrections can be applied to the
STC and FSTC ratings were developed to evaluate the measurement. If the difference is less than 5 dB, this
transmission loss of partitions when they are exposed to indicates that the sound is flanking or entering the
speech, radio, television and similar sources of noise in receiving room by paths other than the partition.
offices and buildings. The E 336 tests are conducted at
the 1/3-octave band frequencies from 100 to 5000 Hz. A5. LABORATORY EQUIPMENT &
The measurement procedures contained in ASTM E336,
are briefly described below. The NR measurement can TEST PROCEDURES
always be performed, but flanking problems can
sometimes invalidate the FTL measurement. Equipment
An AAMA accredited acoustical laboratory shall meet the
Noise Reduction (NR) requirements listed in Appendix A.2 of the AAMA
To perform the NR measurement, broadband noise is Laboratory Accreditation Program Operations Manual
produced in the designated source room and the sound and Annex A2 (mandatory) and Appendix X1 (Non-
pressure levels are measured simultaneously, at six mandatory) of ASTM E90. Microphones, amplifiers and
different microphone positions, in both rooms. Noise electronic circuitry used to process microphone signals
Reduction is the difference between the source and must satisfy the requirements of ANSI S1.4 for Type 1
receiving room SPL’s and is an evaluation of the effective sound level meters. Where multiple microphones are
acoustical isolation between a pair of rooms, regardless of used, they should be of the same model. For each test
the paths by which the sound is transmitted. For the NR band, the overall frequency response of the electrical
measurement, the rooms do not need to meet the system, including the filter or filters in the source or
minimum room volume and maximum room absorption microphone systems, shall satisfy the specifications given
requirements of Annex A1 of ASTM E336. The NIC in ANSI Specification S1.11 for a one-third octave band
rating can then be calculated from the measured NR filter set, Order 3 or higher, Type 1. Measurements shall
values in accordance with ASTM E413. be made in all 1/3-octave bands with mid-band
frequencies specified in ANSI S1.6 from 80 to 5000 Hz.
Normalized Noise Reduction
If the source and receive rooms are not furnished, you can ASTM E90 Sound Transmission Loss Test Procedure
calculate the Normalized Noise Reduction (NNR) which The test specimen is installed in an opening between two
approximates the noise isolation between furnished adjacent reverberation rooms. If the test opening has to be
rooms. To perform the NNR measurement, the NR reduced to accommodate the specimen, the transmission
measurement and the Sound Absorption of the receive loss (TL) of the filler wall assembly must be determined.
room needs to be measured. For the NNR measurement, The filler wall TL must be significantly higher than that
the rooms do not need to meet the minimum room volume of the specimen so that the dominant sound transmission
and maximum room absorption requirements of Annex path between the two rooms is by way of the test
A1 of ASTM E336. The NNIC rating can then be specimen.
calculates from the measured NNR values in accordance
with ASTM E413. The following measurements can be conducted at several
stationary microphone positions, or with a single
Field Transmission Loss (FTL) microphone on a rotating boom or linear traverse. The
To perform the FTL measurement, the NR measurement ambient (background) sound pressure level of the receive
and the Sound Absorption of the receive room need to be room is measured with the specimen installed. Broadband
measured. The Field Transmission Loss (FTL) is the noise is supplied to a loudspeaker system and a diffuse
difference between the Source and Receive room sound sound field is produced in the chamber designated as the
pressure levels, plus ten times the common logarithm of the source room. Sound incident on the test specimen causes
area of the partition minus ten times the common logarithm it to vibrate and transmit a portion of the sound into the
of the absorption of the receive room. For the FTL adjoining receive room. The space and time averaged
measurement, the interior room has to meet the minimum sound pressure levels (SPL) are determined in both
volume and maximum sound absorption requirements listed rooms. The receiving room sound pressure level shall be
in Annex A1 of ASTM E336. The FTL values can then be at least 10 dB higher than the background SPL at all test
used to calculate an FSTC rating. If the calculated FSTC frequencies. With the test specimen in place, the sound
rating meets the FSTC rating required by the building absorption of the receiving room is also measured. The
specification then flanking tests are not necessary. If it does sound pressure levels in both rooms, the sound absorption
not meet the building specification, the FTL should be re- of the receive room, the background SPL in the receive
measured with an additional wall (as specified in Appendix room, the filler wall transmission loss (if applicable) and
A2 of ASTM E336) placed over the test partition. If, in each the area of the test specimen are used to calculate the
frequency band, the FTL of the modified partition is at least specimen transmission loss.
10 dB higher than the initially measured FTL, then the

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 42

The specimen TL values are used to calculate the OITC
(Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class) rating in
accordance with ASTM E1332. The TL values can also
be used to calculate the STC (Sound Transmission Class)
in accordance with ASTM E413.

AAMA 1801 Acoustical Rating of Windows, Doors and

Glazed Wall Sections
The AAMA 1801 document specifies the use of the
procedures contained in ASTM E1425 “Standard Practice
for Determining the Acoustical Performance of Exterior
Windows and Doors”. The AAMA 1801 document also
specifies the size requirements for the window and curtain
wall systems. ASTM E1425 requires that the operating
force (if applicable), air leakage and the sound
transmission loss tests be conducted on the fenestration
product. The operating force test is conducted in
accordance with ASTM E1107. The air leakage test is
conducted in accordance with ASTM E283. The sound
transmission loss test is conducted in accordance with
ASTM E90. The window or curtain wall system must
pass the operating force and/or air leakage requirements
listed in AAMA 101.

AAMA TIR-A1-03 Page 43