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Data visualization involves analyzing and graphically representing data to gain insights and tell stories from the data. There are several techniques for visualizing data, including pixel-oriented, geometric projection, and icon-based techniques. Pixel-oriented techniques map data dimensions to screen pixels, geometric projection techniques visualize data transformations and projections, and icon-based techniques represent data values as features of icons like Chernoff faces or stick figures.

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75 views6 pages

5 Da

Data visualization involves analyzing and graphically representing data to gain insights and tell stories from the data. There are several techniques for visualizing data, including pixel-oriented, geometric projection, and icon-based techniques. Pixel-oriented techniques map data dimensions to screen pixels, geometric projection techniques visualize data transformations and projections, and icon-based techniques represent data values as features of icons like Chernoff faces or stick figures.

Uploaded by

sanjaykt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Visualization

Data Visualization
• Data visualization is the art and practice of gathering, analyzing, and graphically
representing empirical information.
• They are sometimes called information graphics, or even just charts and graphs.
• The goal of visualizing data is to tell the story in the data.
• Telling the story is predicated on understanding the data at a very deep level, and
gathering insight from comparisons of data points in the numbers
Why data visualization?
• Gain insight into an information space by mapping data onto graphical primitives
Provide qualitative overview of large data sets
• Search for patterns, trends, structure, irregularities, and relationships among data.
• Help find interesting regions and suitable parameters for further quantitative
analysis.
• Provide a visual proof of computer representations derived.

Categorization of visualization methods


• Pixel-oriented visualization techniques
• Geometric projection visualization techniques
• Icon-based visualization techniques
• Hierarchical visualization techniques
• Visualizing complex data and relations

Pixel-Oriented Visualization Techniques


• For a data set of m dimensions, create m windows on the screen, one for each
dimension.
• The m dimension values of a record are mapped to m pixels at the corresponding
positions in the windows.
• The colors of the pixels reflect the corresponding values.
Laying Out Pixels in Circle Segments
• To save space and show the connections among multiple dimensions, space filling is
often done in a circle segment.

Geometric Projection Visualization Techniques


Visualization of geometric transformations and projections of the data.
Methods

• Direct visualization
• Scatterplot and scatterplot matrices
• Landscapes Projection pursuit technique: Help users find meaningful projections of
multidimensional data
• Prosection views
• Hyperslice
• Parallel coordinates
Scatter Plots
• A scatter plot displays 2-D data points using Cartesian coordinates.
• A third dimension can be added using different colors or shapes to represent different
data points
• Through this visualization, in the adjacent figure, we can see that points of types “+”
and “×” tend to be colocated
Scatterplot Matrices

• The scatter-plot matrix is an extension to the scatter plot.


• For k-dimensional data a minimum of (k2-k)/2 scatterplots of 2D will be required. 
There can be maximum of k2 plots of 2D
• In the adjoining figure , there are k2 plots.
• Out of these, k are X-X plots, and all X-Y plots (where X, Y are distinct
dimensions) are given in 2 orientations (X vs Y and Y vs, X)
Parallel Coordinates
• The scatter-plot matrix becomes less effective as the dimensionality increases.
• Another technique, called parallel coordinates, can handle higher dimensionality
• n equidistant axes which are parallel to one of the screen axes and correspond to the
attributes (i.e. n dimensions)
• The axes are scaled to the [minimum, maximum]: range of the corresponding
attribute
• Every data item corresponds to a polygonal line which intersects each of the axes at
the point which corresponds to the value for the attribute

Icon-Based Visualization Techniques


• Visualization of the data values as features of icons
• Typical visualization methods o Chernoff Faces o Stick Figures
• General techniques o Shape coding: Use shape to represent certain information
encoding
o Color icons: Use color icons to encode more information
o Tile bars: Use small icons to represent the relevant feature vectors in document
retrieval
Chernoff Faces
• A way to display variables on a two-dimensional surface, e.g., let x be eyebrow slant,
y be eye size, z be nose length, etc.
• The figure shows faces produced using 10 characteristics–head eccentricity, eye size,
eye spacing, eye eccentricity, pupil size, eyebrow slant, nose size, mouth shape,
mouth size, and mouth opening): Each assigned one of 10 possible values.

Chernoff Faces Stick Figure

Stick Figure

• A census data figure showing age, income, gender, education  A 5-piece stick
figure (1 body and 4 limbs w. different angle/length)  Age, income are indicated
by position of the figure.
• Gender, education are indicated by angle/length.  Visualization can show a texture
pattern Hierarchical Visualization
• For a large data set of high dimensionality, it would be difficult to visualize all
dimensions at the same time.
• Hierarchical visualization techniques partition all dimensions into subsets (i.e.,
subspaces).
• The subspaces are visualized in a hierarchical manner
• “Worlds-within-Worlds,” also known as n-Vision, is a representative hierarchical
visualization method.
• To visualize a 6-D data set, where the dimensions are F,X1,X2,X3,X4,X5.
• We want to observe how F changes w.r.t. other dimensions. We can fix X3,X4,X5
dimensions to selected values and visualize changes to F w.r.t. X1, X2

Visualizing Complex Data and Relations


• Most visualization techniques were mainly for numeric data.
• Recently, more and more non-numeric data, such as text and social networks, have
become available.
• Many people on the Web tag various objects such as pictures, blog entries, and
product reviews.
• A tag cloud is a visualization of statistics of user-generated tags.
• Often, in a tag cloud, tags are listed alphabetically or in a user-preferred order. 
The importance of a tag is indicated by font size or colour.

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