Design of

Transmission
Systems

Dr. K. Kannan
Professor Mechanical Engineering
Anjalai Ammal Mahalingam Engineering College
Kovilvenni – 614 403

1
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Topic Problems in brake design

Band and block brakes – external shoe brakes -

Recap
Internal and external shoe brakes.

Learning Outcome
At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to
1. Solve problems in block brake, differential band brake and
internal expanding brake
2
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Example 1: In a single block brake, the diameter of the drum is 250

mm and the angle of contact is 90o. If the operating force is 700 N
is applied at the end of lever which is at 250 mm from the center of
the brake block. The coefficient of friction between the drum and
the lining is 0.35. Determine the torque that may be transmitted.
Fulcrum is at 200 mm from the center of the block with an offset 50
mm from the surface of contact. (AU-Nov. 2006, May 2007)

Given data: r = 0.125 m, 2θ = 90o, x = 0.2 m, l = 0.2 + 0.25 = 0.45 m,

a = 0.05 m, P = 700 N, μ = 0.35 3
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3
Since angle of contact 2θ > 60o,
4  sin  4  0 . 35  sin 45
    0 . 385
'

2   sin 2    90
 sin 90
180
Braking torque when the drum rotates in clockwise direction
Pl
TB   r
x  a
700  0 . 45
T B  0 . 385   0 . 125  83 . 87 Nm
0 . 2  0 . 385  0 . 05

Braking torque when the drum rotates in anticlockwise direction

Pl
TB   r
x  a
700  0 . 45
T B  0 . 385   0 . 125  69 . 14 Nm
0 . 2  0 . 385  0 . 05 4
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Example 2: A single block brake as shown in figure has the drum

diameter 250 mm. The angle of contact is 90o and the coefficient
of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35. If the torque
transmitted by the brake is 80 Nm, find the force required to
operate the brake. (AU-May 2016)

Given data: r = 0.125 m, 2θ = 90o, μ = 0.35, TB = 80 Nm, x = 0.2 m,

l = 0.45 m, a = 0.05 m 5
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3
Since angle of contact 2θ > 60o,
4  sin  4  0 . 35  sin 45
    0 . 385
'

2   sin 2    90
 sin 90
180

Braking torque when the drum rotates in clockwise direction

Pl
TB   r
x  a
P  0 . 45
80  0 . 385   0 . 125
0 . 2  0 . 385  0 . 05
80  0 . 1198  P

P  667 . 7 N

The force required to operate the brake P = 667.7 N

6
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Example 3: Figure shows a double shoe brake capable of absorbing

17.5 kW. The drum diameter is 500 mm and rotates at 1200 rpm.
Coefficient of friction between the brake drum and lining is 0.36.
Find (i) the spring force necessary to set the brake (ii) dimension of
brake shoes taking allowable pressure on friction lining as 0.156
MPa (AU-Nov 2013)

F2 Given data:
Power = 17.5 kW,
N2 N1 N = 1200 rpm,
r = 0.25 m,
μ = 0.36,
F1
p = 0.156 MPa

O2 O1
7
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3
Since angle of contact 2θ > 60o,
4  sin  4  0 . 36  sin 60
    0 . 4214
'

2   sin 2    120
 sin 120
180

(i) the spring force necessary to set the brake

For block (1), taking moment about O1
F1 x (0.125 – 0.06) + N1 x 0.33 = S x (0.33 + 0.39)
𝑭
F1 x (0.125 – 0.06) + 𝟏 x 0.33 = S x (0.33 + 0.39)
𝝁
𝑭𝟏
F1 x (0.125 – 0.06) + x 0.33 = S x (0.33 + 0.39)
𝟎.𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟒

F1 x 0.065 + F1 x 0.783=0.72 S

F1 = 0.849 S
8
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

For block (2), taking moment about O2

F2 x (0.125 – 0.06) + S x (0.33 + 0.39) = N2 x 0.33
𝑭
F2 x (0.125 – 0.06) + S x (0.33 + 0.39) = 𝟐 x 0.33
𝝁
𝑭𝟐
F2 x (0.125 – 0.06) + S x (0.33 + 0.39) = x 0.33
𝟎.𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟒

F2 x 0.065 – F2 x 0.783 + 0.72 S = 0

0.718 F2 = 0.72 S
F2 = 1.003 S

Braking torque

Power  60 17500  60
M t
   139 . 33 Nm
2π N 2  3 . 14  1200

9
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

(i) the spring force necessary to set the brake

M t
  F1  F 2  r

139 . 33   0 . 849  S  1 . 003  S   0 . 25  0 . 463  S

S  300 . 9 N

(ii) dimension of brake shoes

Normal reaction of at the block

F1 0 . 849  300 . 9
N1    606 . 23 N
 0 . 4214
F2 1 . 003  300 . 9
N 2
   716 . 19 N
 0 . 4214

10
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Pressure and width on friction lining

Normal reaction N
P  
2

Bearing area 2 w r sin 

N
w 
2

2 P r sin 
716 . 19
w   0 . 0106 m  1 . 06 cm
2  0 . 156  10  0 . 25  sin 60
6

Answer
(i) The spring force necessary to set the brake = 300.9 N
(ii) Width of brake shoes = 1.06 cm

11
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Example 4: The layout of a double block brake is shown in figure.

The brake is rated at 250 Nm at 650 rpm. The drum diameter is 250
mm. Assuming coefficient of friction to be 0.3 and for conditions of
service, a Pv = 1000 kPa-m/s may be assumed. Determine (i) spring
force required to set the brake and (ii) width of shoes. Which shoe
will have greater rate of wear and what will be ratio of rates of
wear of the two shoes? (AU-Nov 2007)

Given data:
Mt = 250 Nm,
N = 650 rpm,
r = 0.125 m,
μ = 0.3,
Pv = 1000 kPa-m/s

12
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3
Since angle of contact 2θ > 60o,
4  sin  4  0 . 3  sin 55
    0 . 3438
'

2   sin 2    110
 sin 110
180

(i) the spring force necessary to set the brake

For block (1), taking moment about O1
F1 x (0.125 – 0.06) + N1 x 0.16= S x (0.16 + 0.16)
𝑭
F1 x (0.125 – 0.06) + 𝟏 x 0.16 = S x 0.32
𝝁
𝑭𝟏
F1 x (0.125 – 0.06) + x 0.16= S x 0.32
𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟖

F1 x 0.065 + F1 x 0.465 = 0.32 S

F1 = 0.6038 S
13
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

For block (2), taking moment about O2

F2 x (0.125 – 0.06) + S x (0.16 + 0.16) = N2 x 0.16
𝑭
F2 x (0.125 – 0.06) + S x 0.32 = 𝟐 x 0.16
𝝁
𝑭𝟐
F2 x (0.125 – 0.06) + S x 0.32 = x 0.16
𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟖

F2 x 0.065 – F2 x 0.465 + 0.32 S = 0

0.4 F2 = 0.32 S
F2 = 0.8 S
(i) the spring force necessary to set the brake
M t
  F1  F 2  r

250   0 . 6038  S  0 . 8  S   0 . 125  0 . 175  S

S  1428 . 6 N
14
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Normal reaction of at the block

F1 0 . 6038  1428 . 6
N1    2509 N
 0 . 3438
F2 0 . 8  1428 . 6
N 2
   3324 . 2 N
 0 . 3438

Ratio of rates of wear of the two shoes

= N1/N2 = 2509/3324.2 = 0.755

πdN 3 . 14  0 . 25  650
Linear velocity v    8 . 504 m/s
60 60

6
10
P   117591 . 7 N/m
2
Pressure on the brake lining
8 . 504
15
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Width on friction lining

Normal reaction N
P  
2

Bearing area 2 w r sin 

N
w 
2

2 P r sin 
3324 . 2
w   0 . 138 m  1 3 . 8 cm
2  117591 . 7  0 . 125  sin 55

Answer
(i) The spring force necessary to set the brake = 1428.6 N
(ii) Width of brake shoes = 13.8 cm
(iii) Left block shoe will have more wear
(iv) Wear ratio = 0.755
16
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Example 5: In a band and block brake, the band is limited with 14

blocks, each of which subtends an angle of 20o at the drum centre.
One end of the band is attached to the fulcrum of the brake lever
and the other to a pin 150 mm from the fulcrum. Find the force
required at the end of the level 1 m long from the fulcrum to give a
torque of 4 kN-m. The diameter of the brake drum is 1 m and the
coefficient of friction between the blocks and the drum is 0.25.
(AU - May 2013)
Given data: n = 14, θ = 10o,
d = 1 m, r = 0.5 m, μ = 0.25,
TB = 4 kN-m T1 T2
Assume:
Drum rotates clockwise
T1 = Tension on slack side
T2 = Tension on tight side 17
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.3

Ratio of tensions
n 14
T1  1   tan    1  0 . 25  tan 10 
       3.4387
T2  1   tan    1  0 . 25  tan 10 

Tension on tight and slack sides of the band

TB = (T1 – T2) r
4000 = (3.4387 T2 – T2) x 0.5 = 1.21935 T2 T1 T2
T2 = 3280 N
T1 = 3.4387 x T2 = 3.4387 x 3280 = 11279 N

Taking moment about O, the force required at the end of the lever
P x OB = T1 x OA
P x 1 = 11279 x 0.15
P = 1692 N
18
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19
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Contact: k.kannan@aamec.edu.in
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20
 Design of
Transmission
Systems

Dr. K. Kannan
Professor Mechanical Engineering
Anjalai Ammal Mahalingam Engineering College
Kovilvenni – 614 403

21
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Topic Problems in brake design

Band and block brakes – external shoe brakes -

Recap
Internal and external shoe brakes.

Learning Outcome
At the end of the lecture, the student will be able to
1. Solve problems in block brake, differential band brake and
internal expanding brake
22
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Example 6: A band brake is to be designed for a winch to lift a load to 20

kN through a 15 m height by a rope wire wound on the barrel of 450 mm
diameter. The hoisting cycle is 3 minutes, out of which the actual braking
time is 60 seconds. The angle of contact between the band and the brake
drum is 210o. The brake drum may be keyed to the same shaft. Give the
complete design. (AU-Nov 2012, Nov 2005)
Given data: Load to be lifted = 20 kN, Barrel radius Rb = 0.225 m, Height
to be lifted h = 15 m, Hoisting cycle time tc = 180 s, Braking time t = 60 s,
Angle of contact θ = 210o
Assume: (Refer figure)
Radius of brake drum
R’ = 0.375 m
(more than barrel radius),
Coefficient of friction μ = 0.25,
Arm length:
b1 = 50 mm, b2 = 250 mm,
Lever length l = 1.6 m Differential brake and winch assembly
23
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Braking torque
Mt = Load to be lifted x Barrel radius = 20000 x 0.225 = 4500 Nm

Tension on tight side F1 and slack side F2

Mt = (F1 – F2) x Radius of brake drum
4500 = (F1 – F2) x 0.375
F1 – F2 = 12000
Ratio of tensions
F1   
 exp    exp  0 . 25   210   2 . 5
F2  180 
F1  2 . 5 F 2

Solving the equations: 2.5 F2 – F2 = 12000

F2 = 8000 N; F1 = 20000 N
24
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Speed of the barrel, n1

Let the initial speed is n1 and velocity is v1
Final speed is n2 = 0 and velocity v2 = 0
If hb is the distance moved during the braking time 60 s
 v1  v 2 
   60  h b
 2 

 v1  0 
   60  h b  h b  30 v 1
 2 

15 – hb is the distance travelled in remaining 120 s

v1 x 120 = (15 – hb)
hb = 15 – 120 v1
60 v 1 60  0 . 1
30 v1 = 15 – 120 v1 n1  
πD 3 . 14  0 . 45
150 v1 = 15 b

v1 = 0.5 m/s n 1  4 . 244 rpm

25
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Band width (w) and thickness (t)

Assume steel band and steel drum, from PSG data book page 7.98,
Safe pressure [P] = 15 kfg/cm2 = 15 x 105 N/m2
Assuming allowable stress σ = 60 x 106 N/m2
Assuming band thickness t = 0.5% of drum diameter
t = 0.005 x 0.75 = 3.75 x 10–3 m
F1
 
wt
F1 20000
w   3
 0 . 0889 m  88.9 mm
 t 60  10  3 . 75  10
6

Check for bearing pressure

F1 20000
P    6  10
5 2
N/m
wR b
0 . 0889  0 . 375

The value is less than 15 x 105 so the design is safe.

26
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Force applied at the lever end, from PSG data book page 7.98

  
 F1  
F2  b2  e

b1  e

 exp  0 . 25   210   2 . 5
P   

a e

1  180

 20000  8000    0 . 25  2 . 5  0 . 05 
P   625 N
1 .6  2 .5  1

27
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Example 7: Design a differential band brake for a winch lifting a

load of 20 kN through a steel wire rope wound around a barrel of
600 mm diameter. The brake drum, keyed to the barrel shaft is 800
mm diameter and the angle of lap of the band over the drum is
about 240o. Operating arms of the brake are 50 mm and 250 mm.
The length of operating lever is 1.6 m. (AU-May 2015, May 2006)

Given data:
Load to be lifted = 20 kN
Barrel radius = 0.3 m
Brake drum radius R’ = 0.4 m
Angle of contact θ = 240o
Arm length: Differential brake and winch assembly
b1 = 0.05m, b2 = 0.25 m
Lever length a = 1.6 m
Assume: μ = 0.3
28
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Braking torque
Mt = Load to be lifted x Barrel radius = 20000 x 0.3 = 6000 Nm

Tension on tight side F1 and slack side F2

Mt = (F1 – F2) x Radius of brake drum
6000 = (F1 – F2) x 0.4
F1 – F2 = 15000
Ratio of tensions
F1   
 exp    exp  0 . 3   240   3 . 5136
F2  180 
F 1  3 . 5136 F 2

Solving the equations: 3.5136 F2 – F2 = 15000

F2 = 5967.5 N; F1 = 20967.5 N
29
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Band width (w) and thickness (t)

Assume steel band and steel drum, from PSG data book page 7.98,
Safe pressure [P] = 15 kfg/cm2 = 15 x 105 N/m2
Assuming allowable stress σ = 60 x 106 N/m2
Assuming band thickness t = 0.5% of drum diameter
t = 0.005 x 0.8 = 4 x 10–3 m
F1
 
wt
F1 20967 . 5
w   3
 0 . 08736 m  87.36 mm
 t 60  10  4  10
6

Check for bearing pressure

F1 20967 . 5
P    6  10
5 2
N/m
wR b
0 . 08736  0 . 4

The value is less than 15 x 105 so the design is safe.

30
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Force applied at the lever end, from PSG data book page 7.98

  
 F1  
F2  b2  e

b1  e

 exp  0 . 3   240   3 . 5136
P   

a e

1  180

 20967 . 5  5967 . 5    0 . 25  3 . 5136  0 . 05 

P   277 . 5 N
1 . 6   3 . 5136  1 

31
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Example 8: A differential band brake is to be designed for a winch

lifting a load of 45 kN through a rope wound round a barrel of 500
mm diameter. The brake drum is to be 600 mm diameter and the
angle lap of the brake band over the drum 250o approximately.
Determine the width the thickness of the band. (Operating arms
of the brake are 40 mm and 200 mm. Operating lever is 1.5 m long
(AU-May 2004)
Given data:
Load to be lifted = 45 kN
Barrel radius = 0.25 m
Brake drum radius R’ = 0.3 m
Angle of contact θ = 250o
Arm length:
b1 = 0.04 m, b2 = 0.2 m Differential brake and winch assembly
Lever length a = 1.5 m
Assume μ = 0.3 32
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Braking torque
Mt = Load to be lifted x Barrel radius = 45000 x 0.25 = 13500 Nm

Tension on tight side F1 and slack side F2

Mt = (F1 – F2) x Radius of brake drum
13500 = (F1 – F2) x 0.3
F1 – F2 = 45000
Ratio of tensions
F1   
 exp    exp  0 . 3   250   3 . 702
F2  180 
F 1  3 . 702 F 2

Solving the equations: 3.702 F2 – F2 = 45000

F2 = 16654.3 N
F1 = 61654.2 N, 33
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Band width (w) and thickness (t)

Assume steel band and steel drum, from PSG data book page 7.98,
Safe pressure [P] = 15 kfg/cm2 = 15 x 105 N/m2
Assuming allowable stress σ = 60 x 106 N/m2
Assuming band thickness t = 0.5% of drum diameter
t = 0.005 x 0.6 = 3 x 10–3 m
F1
 
wt
F1 61654 . 2
w   3
 0 . 3425 m  3 42 . 5 mm
 t 60  10  3  10
6

Check for bearing pressure

F1 61654 . 2
P    6  10
5 2
N/m
wR b
0 . 3425  0 . 3

The value is less than 15 x 105 so the design is safe.

34
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Force applied at the lever end, from PSG data book page 7.98

  
 F1  
F2  b2  e

b1  e

 exp  0 . 3   250   3 . 702
P   

a e

1  180

 61654 . 2  16654 . 3    0 . 2  3 . 702  0 . 04 

P   576 . 46 N
1 . 5   3 . 702  1 

35
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Example 9: An automatic type internal expanding double shoe brake

is shown. The face width of the friction lining is 40 mm and the
intensity of normal pressure is limited to 1 N/mm2. The coefficient
of friction is 0.32. The angle θ1 can be assumed to be zero.
Calculate (i) the actuating force (ii) the torque absorbing capacity of
the brake. (AU-May 2008)
Given data:
Radius of brake drum r = 0.125 m
Face width b = 0.04 m
Intensity of pressure pm = 1 N/mm2
Centre angle of heal θ1 = 0
Centre angle of toe θ2 = 120o
θm = 90o as θ2 > 120o
Coefficient of friction μ = 0.32
Moment arm of actuating force
c = 0.0866 + 0.1009 = 0.1875 m 36
Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Moment of normal force of leading shoe (PSG data book page 7.99)
 2
Pm bra
  sin  d 
2
M n
sin  m 1

Pm bra  1 
M n
 
 2   1
   sin 2  2
 sin 2  
1 
sin  m  2 

1  10  0 . 04  0 . 125  0 . 1 
6
1 
M n
   2 . 0944  0     sin 240  sin 0  
sin 90  2 
M n
 631 . 85 Nm
37
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4
Moment of frictional force of leading shoe (PSG data book page 7.99)
 2
 Pm br
M f

sin  m
 sin   r  a cos   d 
1

 Pm br  a 
M f
  r  cos  1
 cos  2
   cos 2  2
 cos 2  
1 
sin  m  4 

0 . 32  1  10  0 . 04  0 . 125
6

M f

sin 90
 0 .1 
 0 . 125   cos 0  cos 120    cos 240  cos 0  
 4 
M f
 240 Nm

Actuating force P of the leading shoe PSG data book page 7.99)
M n
 M f 631 . 85  240
P    2089 . 87 N
c 0 . 1875
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 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Maximum pressure on trailing shoe

0 . 1875  2089 . 87  1  10
6
cPp
Pm  
' m

M n
 M f
631 . 85  240

Pm  449447 . 296 N/m

' 2

Torque absorbing capacity of the brake

Mt = Torque capacity of leading shoe + Torque capacity of trailing shoe

From PSG data book page 7.99

 cos  1  cos  2 
M t
  br 

2


 pm  pm
'

 sin  m 

 cos 0  cos 120 

M t
 0 . 32  0 . 04  0 . 125
2
   1  10  6
 449447 . 296 
 sin 90 
M t
 434 . 83 Nm
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 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Example 10: The figure below shows the arrangement of two brake shoes
which act on the internal surface of a cylindrical brake drum. The braking
force F1 and F2 are applied as shown and each shoe pivots on its fulcrum
O1 and O2. The width of the brake lining is 35 mm. The intensity of
pressure at any point A is 0.4 sinθ N/mm2 where θ is measured as shown
from either pivot. The coefficient of friction is 0.4. Determine the
braking torque and the magnitude of the forces F1 and F2 (AU-May 2011)
Given data:
Radius of brake drum r = 0.15 m
Face width b = 0.035 m
Intensity of pressure Pm = 0.4sinθ N/mm2
Centre angle of heal θ1 = 25o
Centre angle of toe θ2 = 125o
θm = 90o as θ2 > 125o
Coefficient of friction μ = 0.4
Moment arm of actuating force
c = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 m
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 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

The intensity of normal pressure at any point is 0.4 sin θ N/mm2,

therefore maximum intensity of normal pressure occur at sin 90 = 1,
Pm = 0.4 N/mm2
The braking torque for one shoe,
= μ . Pm . b . r2 (cos θ1 – cos θ2)
= 0.4 × 0.4 × 106 x 0.035 x (0.15)2 x (cos 25° – cos 125°)
= 126 x (0.9063 + 0.5736) = 186.47 N-m
∴ Total braking torque for two shoes,
TB = 2 × 186.47 = 372.94 N-m

From the geometry of diagram

O1B 0 .1
OO 1
   0 . 1103
cos 25 cos 25

 
1   25  0 . 4363 ;  2   125  2 . 182
180 180
41
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

Magnitude of the forces F1 and F2

The total moment of normal forces about the fulcrum O1,
1  1 
M n
 Pm br  OO 1   2   1    sin 2  1  sin 2  2  
2  2 
1
  0 . 4  10  0 . 035  0 . 15  0 . 1103
6
M n
2
 1 
   2 . 182  0 . 4363    sin 50  sin 250  
 2 
M n
 115 . 815  2 . 598  300 . 95 Nm

The total moment of friction force about the fulcrum O1,

 OO 
  Pm br  r  cos  1  cos  2    cos 2  2  cos 2  1  
1
M f
 4 
42
 Dr. K. Kannan Problems in brake design Lecture No: DTS 11.4

 0 . 4  0 . 4  10  0 . 035  0 . 15
6
M f

 0 . 1103 
  0 . 15   cos 25  cos 125    cos 250  cos 50  
 4 
M f
 840  0 . 1948  163 . 65 Nm

For the leading shoe, taking moments about the fulcrum O1,
F1 × c = M N – MF
F1 × 0.2 = 300.95 – 163.65 = 137.3
∴ F1 = 137.3/0.2 = 686.5 N

For the trailing shoe, taking moments about the fulcrum O2,
F 2 × c = M N + MF
F2 × 0.2 = 300.95 + 163.65 = 464.6
∴ F2 = 464.6/0.2 = 2323 N

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