LW 2783 VIAVI 006 - Ebook v3
LW 2783 VIAVI 006 - Ebook v3
Supporting 5G
with Fiber
Network operators continue their 5G coverage expansion – which
means they also continue to roll out fiber to support such initiatives.
The articles in this Lightwave On Topic eBook examine what’s new in
fiber support of 5G and offer guides to successful deployments.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 1
THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
BY DR. REZA VAEZ-GHAEMI AND DOUGLAS CLAGUE
W
hen we talk about 5G, we naturally focus FIBER IN FRONTHAUL, MIDHAUL, AND BACKHAUL
on the wireless aspect of the technology. As 5G moves from a concept in the lab to deployment
But in realit y, only the las t hop of the in the f ield, f ield engineers, technicians, and
wireless net work is ac tually wireless. i n s t a l l e r s a r e g r a p p l i n g w i t h t h e c h a l l e n ge s o f
Most of the data communication happens ensuring a successful deployment. One of the major
over a wired net work. RF spec trum is a precious use c ases for 5G is enhanced mobile broadband
resource, so mobile operator s do their bes t to (eMBB), where tens of gigabits per second will be
of f load their traf f ic to a wired net work as much of fered over the air. This high throughput requires
as pos sible. 5G use c ases such as gigaby tes of the net work infrastruc ture to evolve from today ’s
d a t a t h r o u g h p u t , a u g m e n t e d r e a l i t y, m a s s i v e ser vice level, which is driving ser vice providers all
machine type communication, and connected cars, around the world to upgrade their fiber infrastructure
etc., will have signif icant impac t on the capacit y to suppor t 5G traf f ic requirement s.
of the wired net work suppor ting the wireless One key charac ter is tic of 5G is that the s ame
infrastruc ture, not to mention a signif icant cost. n e t w o r k t h a t w i l l d e l i v e r e M B B s e r v i ce w i l l b e
To ensure net work s are delivering the promise nimble enoug h to als o of fer ul t ra - reliable low -
of 5G, it is essential that ser vice providers validate latency communications (uRLLC), which means that
all the component s of the net work ever y s tep of some of the transpor t and RF functions may be in
the way. dif ferent locations, possibly in a vir tual fashion.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 2
Network function virtualization and network slicing requirements on net work design as they represent
enable operator s to of fer dif ferent applications the net work segment that c arries the lower layer
and ser vices on the same net work, helping them split (LLS) traf f ic with the in-phase and quadrature
deliver on the diverse use cases of 5G. However, (IQ) frequenc y domain data components. More
this technolog y shi f t adds to the comple xi t y of specifically, delay requirements are at least an order
net work deployment and management. of magnitude more s tringent than in midhaul and
F iber recei ves li t t le at tent ion w hen i t comes to backhaul net work s. Beyond delay, the throughput
5G , but the realit y is that for 5G to be success ful, constitutes the next category of requirements defining
the wireline net work infrastruc ture carr ying 5G the xHaul transpor t net works. They are determined
s e r v ice s w ill p la y a v i t a l ro l e. In m o s t c as e s , t h e by the t y pe of ser v ice, number of antenna por t s ,
entire net work will be made up of f iber. T his fac t and number of mobile users.
is driving ser vice providers to invest billions in
new f iber deployments and/or upgrading the f iber FIBER TESTING USE CASES
infrastructure. Today ’s net work infrastructure can’t Fiber Inspection
handle all the use cases of 5G, where gigaby tes Cont amination is the number one source of
o f da t a t h r o u g h p u t , a u g m e n t e d r e a l i t y, m a s s i v e troubleshooting in optical net works. A single
machine t ype communication, and connec ted cars, par ticle mated into the core of a f iber can cause
etc., all mus t be suppor ted on the s ame phy sic al sig ni f i c a n t b a c k re f l e c t io n , ins e r t io n l o s s , a n d
network with different ser vice level agreement (SL A) even equipment damage.
requirements of latency, throughput, and reliabilit y. Each time connec tors are mated, par ticles
around the core become displaced, causing them
5G REQUIREMENTS FOR FRONTHAUL, to migrate and spread across the f iber sur face.
MIDHAUL, AND BACKHAUL Par t icles lar ger t han 5 μm usuall y e x plode and
“ xHaul ” net work s identif y the dif ferent net work multiply upon mating. These large par ticles can
segment s (fronthaul, midhaul, and backhaul) that create b ar r ier s (air gaps) t hat pre vent phy sic al
are located bet ween a radio unit (RU), a distributed contact. Particles smaller than 5 μm tend to embed
unit (DU), a central unit (CU), and the core mobilit y into the fiber surface, creating pits and chips. Dirt
network (EPC/5GC) as illustrated in the figure below. par ticles near or on the f iber core signif ic antl y
The Fronthaul net works present the most stringent af fec t signal per formance.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 3
Both sides of the f iber connec tion mus t be free or DWDM waveleng ths to tes t , charac ter ize, and
o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n b e f o r e c o n n e c t i n g . Co n n e c t o r cer tif y xWDM links end to end. As new ser vices are
inspection and cleaning are simple steps with immense provisioned, tes t and verif y those specif ic DWDM
benef its. Each time a technician has to connec t waveleng ths and routes to ensure fas t f ir s t-time
an optical f iber to another one or to a patchcord, turn up and network/service performance. Likewise,
both sides of the connec tor must be inspec ted and inves tigate and f ix fault y link s without disrupting
cleaned, using appropriate cleaning materials. traf f ic on ac ti ve channels and avoid excessi ve
Fiber Test (OTDR) net work downtime or maintenance windows.
Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) testing T h e c l o s e p r ox i m i t y o f n e i g h b o r i n g c h a n n e l s
is the only way to characterize and locate all in-line inherent to DWDM introduces challenges that
elements of a fiber link, such as optical connectors, necessitate intelligent maintenance and test
s p l i ce s , b e n d s , a n d b r e a k s . Te s t i n g a f i b e r l i n k prac tices. To maintain channel integrit y, precision
w i t h a n OT D R a l s o h e l p s d o c u m e n t t h e s y s t e m temperature control of lasers, and reliable DWDM
for future verif ication. They are the only devices multiplexer/demultiplexer devices are required. Even
that can charac terize and measure f iber loss and the slightest drif t in wavelength can create of fsets
optical return loss, locate any impairments, measure that inter fere with adjacent channels and reduce
the impac t (optical loss) of each impairment, and signal qualit y or mean a receiver cannot correc tly
provide the dis t ance to fault s. recei ve and e x trac t dat a. SFP/ SFP+ transcei ver s
Due to the fiber lengths involved and use of components provide the benef it of a lower price point but
specific to fiber-to-the-antenna (F T TA) deployments, may be less ef fec tive in managing the integrit y of
OTDR test applications and per formance must also wavelengths, so more attention to channel integrity
specifically support F T TA test. In addition, with F T TA will be required as well as simpler/quicker ways to
installations, where remote radio heads (RRHs) are diagnose fault y SFP/SFP+ modules and program/
located in remote and elevated locations, it is hard verif y replacement s in the f ield.
to judge installation qualit y or any find impairments
on the fiber cable itself through visual inspection or CONCLUSION
by using simple light source and power meter (optical As 5G becomes ubiquitous, and service providers
l os s te s t s y s te m , or O LT S ) or v isual f aul t l o c a tor rely more and more on f iber infras truc ture, it is
( VFL) test. OTDR tests are a must in those scenarios essential that every part of the network is validated.
to cer tif y or troubleshoot the complete f iber link. Failure to per form these tes t s c an signif ic antl y
degrade net work per formance, negatively af fec t
WDM test (WDM OTDR and OSA) capex and opex , and cause cus tomer churn.
St andard OT DR s operate at 1310 and 1550 nm,
which makes them the right tool to deploy point-to- Dr. Reza Vaez-Ghaemi is senior manager, product
point optical fiber cables. But they can’t test through marketing at V I AV I Solutions.
the multiplexer and demultiplexer elements found
in WDM net work s. For that , you need specialized Douglas Clague is fiber field test solutions marketing
CWDM or DWDM OTDRs that test at specific CWDM manager at VIAVI Solutions.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 4
6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE
ACCESS NETWORK
Even as we deploy 5G technology, talk has already begun
about a “6G” and what that may look like.
W
ireless technolog y is famous for going my access net work today? ” But as we ask that ,
through dis tinc t “generations,” which we have to realize how far ahead we are looking.
we have abbreviated as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G If we follow the t ypical pat tern, we are still
and now, 5G. Even as we deploy 5G technolog y, y e a r s a w a y f r o m h a v i n g a n y k i n d o f te c h n i c a l
t alk has alread y beg un abou t a “ 6 G” and w hat de f ini t ion of 6 G , and abou t si x to s e ven year s
that may look like. away from the f irst deployments. Even now, the
T he que s t ion for an acce s s ne t wor k builder/ major in dus t r y g roups fo c us e d on 6 G are s t ill
operator today is , “ W hat oppor tunities w ill 6G broadly def ining the technical capabilities they
bring , and what does that mean for how I build want 6G to have.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 5
Here are a couple of examples of what they by weather or obstacles as wireless signals are –
have come up with. The f irs t is from a summar y especially the higher frequencies used by 5G and
provided by Ericsson identif ying possible 6G potentiall y by 6G . T hus , f iber has an ad vant age
net wor k requirement s , followed by a lis t of 6 G over other technologies, such as wireless fronthaul/
goals provided in a repor t by the Next G Alliance. backhaul, when it comes to connec ting 6G access
A c co r d i n g t o Er i c s s o n , t h e co r e r e q u i r e m e n t point s to the wider world.
for 6G is to minimize tot al cos t of operation. Distributed cloud and communications systems:
Second-tier requirement s include the following: In the last decade, we saw a huge trend to centralize
computing in enormous “cloud ” data centers. This
• High dat a rates (>10 0 Gbps) was because there were economies of scale from
• Low latenc y (sub -millisecond) such centralization. But with 5G and 6G, we will see
• Improved energ y per formance a push toward minimal latenc y. T his w ill f ur ther
• Sub - centimeter positioning capabilit y drive the rise of “edge” data centers that are closer
• Traffic capacity over coverage area (>100 Mbps/m2) to subscriber s. Fiber will be essential to connec t
t h e s e, as t h e y w ill ha ve to o muc h in coming an d
Lastly, additional requirements include securit y, out going data for wireless signals to provide. But
availability, versatility, dependable compute power, i t is di f f icul t to predic t speci f ic all y w here in t he
deployment flexibility, sensing, and device diversity. access network these edge data centers will be built.
Sustainability: Fiber requires very little transmission
Nex t G A lliance identif ied the following v ision power due to it s low loss and direc tional nature.
and goals for 6G: Once installed, the power requirements are miniscule
compared to wireless dat a. T his , too, will argue
1. Trus t , securit y, and resilience for f iber connec tivit y among 6G access point s.
1. A n enhanced Digit al World E xperience
3. Cos t- ef f icient solutions
4. Dis tributed cloud and
communic ations s y s tems
5. A n AI -native net work
6. Sus t ainabilit y
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 6
Enhance d Digit al World E xperience /sensing : In conclusion, 6G w ill present an oppor tuni t y
Where the Nex t G Alliance has identif ied “ Digital for access net work operator s. To accomplish it s
Wo r l d E x p e r i e n c e ” a s t h e v i s i o n , E r i c s s o n h a s goals, mobile net work operators will need to use
identif ied “sensing ” as a key par t of that v ision. higher frequencies and deploy more wireless
This sensing net work will involve ever y thing nodes. These nodes will, for the most par t, need
from location data (people, vehicles, shipment s, f iber connec tions. T his evolution w ill prov ide a
etc.) to temperature to v ibration. Here, too, the great busines s oppor t uni t y for acces s net wor k
implications ex tend beyond the wireless por tion operator s , but onl y if they design the net work s
of the net work. Ever y f iber net work has the they build today with 6G in mind.
potential to be a sensing net work , with the right Josh Simer is AFL’s market strategy and innovation
equipment installed at one or both ends. For manager for service providers and multiple system
some applic at ions , t his is far more economic al operators (MSOs). He has been in the optical fiber
and prac tical than deploying arrays of dedicated and IC T industries for 13 years, prior to which he
s e n s o r s . I t a l s o u s e s f a r l e s s e n e r g y. T h u s , i f was a U.S. Army infantr y of ficer. He has ser ved in
sensing is a major goal of deploying 6G, f iber will a variet y of roles including product, solution, and
have a huge role to play there as well. program management and has worked with a full
range of cus tomers, from large to small, ser vice
prov ider s , MSO s , u t ili t ie s , co - ops , enter pr is e s ,
and dat a center operator s.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 7
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS
FACTOR FOR 5G NETWORKS
Hybrid networks, combined with the growing interest in an Open Radio Access
Network (Open RAN) strategy and continuous mergers, is placing a particular
focus on the need for end-to-end resource management.
A
crucial component of the digital economy i n a n O p e n R a d i o A c ce s s N e t w o r k (O p e n R A N )
is 5G, especially in industrial technologies strateg y and continuous mergers, is placing
for industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Only a p a r t i c u l a r f o c u s o n t h e n e e d f o r e n d - to - e n d
reliable and fast networking can enable applications resource management.
with new business models and a high degree of
automation. Yet the complexit y of operating the CURRENT CHALLENGES IN 5G NETWORKS
hardware infrastructure and the associated software W i t h i n c r e a s i n g f r e q u e n c y, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e
applications continues to increase for mobile operators millimeter-wave range, 5G networks have physically
and communication ser vice providers (CSPs). decreasing ranges. To of f set this, the number of
Hybrid networks consisting of passive infrastructure, transmit ting and receiving stations must increase
traditional ac tive net work components, and significantly to achieve appropriate network coverage.
increasingly vir tualized resources form a complex For mobile net work operators or operators of
basis for ser vices and net work slices. This hybrid 5G - based cor porate net wor k s , this signi f ic antl y
infrastructure, combined with the growing interest increases the number of locations with the respective
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 8
Source: FNT, 2022
Figure 1. Management of the hybrid network infrastructure and resources in a 5G network from RAN to the
core data center.
devices and antennas, network connections, as well managed. This is why a vendor-agnostic inventor y
as ser vers and sof t ware installations, which are to and resource management solution that maps the
be rolled out and put into operation as ef f iciently c ur re n t a n d p la n n e d s t a te of p h y si c a l , l o g i c a l ,
as possible in the shor test possible time and with and vir tual net work resources end-to - end like a
a high degree of automation. digit al t win has become increasingly impor t ant.
With the rollout of 5G networks, the trend of relying L a s t b u t n o t l e a s t , n u m e r o u s t a ke o v e r s a n d
on an Open R AN to enable more interoperabilit y mer ger s in t he communic at ions indus t r y mean
among the component s in the R A N is becoming that the respective net work landscape is t ypically
increasingly established. This opening of the R AN h e te roge n e o us in te r ms of manu f a c t ure r s an d
i n m o b i l e n e t w o r k s b r e a k s t h e l o c k- i n t o o n e technologies used. A digital t win of net work
manufac turer within a R AN domain and can thus re s ource s is t he b asis for e f f icient l y op era t ing
ensure fas ter innovation by means of a di ver se s u c h a h e t e r o ge n e o u s n e t w o r k l a n d s c a p e a n d
ecos ystem in addition to lowering costs through planning ex tensions or changes. It also forms an
competition. However, this approach also increases ideal basis for t ak ing over the var ious net wor k
t h e d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n a n d t h e n u m b e r o f d e v i ce s areas in a s t r uc t ure d manner in t he e vent of a
from dif ferent manufac turers that need to be merger and integrating them into the processes.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 9
GAINING A COMPLETE OVERVIEW OF RESOURCES a result of inadequate document ation. Whether
Along with the introduction of 5G, an enormous companies have their resource management
t r a ns f o r m a t i o n is a l s o t a k in g p la ce f o r m o b i l e under control determines the success or failure
operators. While vir tualization is already widely of their 5G expansion.
used in the mobile core, it is now also increasing
significantly in the R AN area. Net works are PLANNING OF NEW LOCATIONS
becoming increasingly hybrid as more and more For 5G, mobile operators need a signif icantly
vir tual resources are being added to the physical higher number of R AN sites with active and passive
as set s of t he ac t i ve and pas si ve inf ras t r uc t ure components that need to be planned and documented.
co mp o n e n t s . A t t h e s am e t im e, t h e numb e r of Resource management can therefore already play a
locations and the number of systems are growing decisive role in site acquisition. For example, when
signif icantly. This hybrid net work infras truc ture a provider searches for possible site candidates in
consis t s of the following resources: the vicinit y of the desired geo-coordinates for a new
site, various information is collec ted to c arr y out
• Phy sical resources: antennas, radio unit s an evaluation and selec tion. All of this data can be
(RUs), and other phy sical 5G equipment at stored in a structured way in a resource management
mobile sites database for later use. Af ter set ting up the site, the
• Dat a center infras truc ture: edge and data will be centrally available for fur ther planning
core dat a center s, with rack s, power, and and operation via a simple s tatus change.
cooling equipment
• Logical telco resources: fronthaul, ORCHESTRATION AND AUTOMATION
midhaul, and backhaul connec tions A success ful automation s trateg y requires
• IT resources: ser ver s, ser ver clus ter s, accurate and consistent resource and inventor y
plat forms, and s torage d a t a l i n ke d t o t h e h i g h e r- l e v e l m a n a g e m e n t
• V ir tual resources: clouds, v ir tual a n d o r c h e s t r a t i o n s y s t e m s . To s u p p o r t t h i s
machines, cont ainer s, v ir tualized initiative, the resource and inventor y data must
baseband unit s, and multi-access edge be cros s - domain and d y namic all y updated by
computing (MEC ) applications the ac tive net work wherever possible. Any
• Resource -facing ser v ices: net work slices inaccuracies and gaps in the inventor y can lead
for IoT, augmented realit y, etc. to er ror s , cos tl y rewor k , and time - consuming
rescheduling , therefore preventing an ef f icient
Only operators who have a complete over view of and automated rollout. A complete inventory data
all resources can carr y out proper planning. In the acquisition of all active and passive components
past, many of the problems CSPs have had with the and resources in the net wor k is the f ir s t s tep
utilization and expansion of their net works were towards achiev ing automation.
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 10
THE IMPORTANCE OF UNIFIED
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Overall, unified resource management is the basis • Near-real-time s ynchronization bet ween the
for t he planning , rollou t , and operat ion of a 5G dat abase and all ac tive net work resources
net work. It ’s also crucial in the acquisition of new • A central, end-to - end repositor y for all
mobile sites and forms the basis for the planning ac tive and passive infras truc ture with all
and execution of the rollout. But also the operation phy sical, v ir tual, and logical resources
of a hy brid 5G net work infras truc ture as well as • A variet y of open inter faces for
any kind of automation and orches tration makes integration with higher-layer management ,
a cros s- domain and al way s up - to - date resource control, and orches tration s y s tems that
management indispensable. interac t with – and make decisions based
For example, as an open RAN increases diversification on – the unif ied dat abase foundation
and the number of manufacturers on the network, • A high level of conf iguration options
an inventor y and resource management solution to suppor t cus tomer-specif ic dat a and
that maps the hybrid net work struc tures with all processes and to prevent vendor lock-in.
dependencies and relations from the RAN and edge
through the net work to the core data center like Ulrich Schälling is vice president, market strategy
a digit al t win becomes increasingly impor t ant. at F N T S of t ware. In t his role, he is re sponsible
Meanwhile, mergers and acquisitions are quite for the strateg y of FNT’s sof t ware products in the
often also triggers to start the introduction of such telecommunications, data center, and IT markets.
platforms. If unified network resource management Before joining FNT, he worked in various roles at
is available, it facilitates and accelerates the merging Alcatel-Lucent in the OSS and system integration
of the dif ferent net work areas and technologies. b u sin e s s . S c hä llin g h o l d s a Ma s te r ’s d e g re e in
When looking for a unif ied resource elec tr ic al engineering and has over 3 0 year s of
management solution, consider the following experience in the communications market.
features and capabilities:
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 11
UNITED IN
P OSS I B I L I T Y
Together we deliver on
the full value of 5G.
Lab Validation
Field Verification
Network Visibility & Operations
AC ROSS 5 G , F I B E R , A N D C LO U D.
L E A R N M O R E AT V I AV I S O L U T I O N S .C O M / 5 G
RESOURCES:
A pplication Note: New Break throughs in Fas ter and Easier Fiber Tes ting
Dat a Sheet: VIAVI T- BERD/MT S F T TA -SLM A pplication for T- BERD®/MT S OTDR Plat forms
Supporting 5G
with Fiber PAGE 2-4 THE ROLE OF FIBER IN 5G
PAGES 5-7 6G: WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE ACCESS NETWORK
SPONSORED BY
PAGES 8-12 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR FOR
5G NETWORKS 13