Tissues

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  Histology
 Histopathology

 Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected

cells that specialized to perform a similar function
within an organism

 tissue = cells + extracellular matrix

 nonliving portion of a tissue that supports cells
Classification of Tissues

Human body is composed of

4 basic types of tissue:

•Epithelial tissue

•Connective tissue

•Muscular tissue

•Nervous tissue
Origin of Tissue
A fertilized egg divides to produce 3 primary germ cell layers.
These layers differentiate to form the tissues of the body.
 Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial cells cover or line all body surfaces, cavities

and tubes. So, These are called covering epithelia.

Epithelial cells form the functional units of secretory

glands. So, These are called glandular epithelia.
 General Characteristic
✓ Closely attached to each other forming a protective
barrier.
✓ Always has one free (apical) surface open to outside
the body or inside (cavity) an internal organ.
✓ Always has one fixed (basal) section attached to
underlying connective tissue.
✓ Has no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from
blood vessels in connective tissue underneath.
✓ Can have lots of nerves in it (innervated).
✓ Very good at regenerating (fixing itself). i.e. sunburn,
skinned knee.
Functions
❑ To protect the tissues that lie beneath it
from radiation, desiccation, toxins, invasion by pathogens, and
physical trauma.
❑ The regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying
tissues and a body cavity.
❑ The secretion of hormones into the blood vascular system, and/or
the secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are
delivered by ducts glandular epithelium.
❑ To provide sensation.
❑ Absorbs stomach and intestinal lining (gut).
❑ Filters the kidney.
❑ Forms secretary glands.
Classification of Epithelia

According to thickness
✓ “simple” -one cell layer
✓ “stratified” –more than one layer of cells (which
are named according to the shape of the cells in the
apical layer)
According to shape
✓ “squamous” –wider than tall
✓ “cuboidal” –as tall as wide
✓ “columnar” - taller than wide
Simple squamous epithelium

Description: Single layer of flattened

cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and
sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the
epithelia.

Function: Passive transport of gases and

fluids.

Location:Alveoli of lungs, lining body

cavities (mesothelium), lining blood vessels
(endothelium)
Simple cuboidal epithelia

Description : Single layer of

cubelike cells with large,
spherical central nuclei.

Function : Secretion and

absorption.

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts

and secretory portions of small
glands; ovary surface.
Simple columnar epithelia
Description: Single layer of tall cells with
round to oval nuclei.

Types: (i)Ciliated columnar epithelia.

(ii)Non-ciliated columnar
epithelia.

Function: Absorption; secretion of

mucus, Enzymes and other substances.

Location: Digestive tract, gall bladder etc.

Stratified squamous epithelia

Description:
Multilayered, surface cell are
squamous, basal cells are cuboidal
and divided constantly.

Function: Protection.

Location: Oral
cavity, cervix, anal canal.
Stratified cuboidal epithelia
Description: Generally two layers of
cube-like cells.

Function: Protection.

Location: Large ducts of sweat glands,

mammary glands, and salivary glands.
Stratified columnar epithelia

Description:
Multilayered, superficial cells
elongated and columnar.

Function: Protection;
secretion.

Location: Rare in the body;

small amount in the male
urethra.
Pseudo stratified columnar epithelia

Description: Single cell layered, all

cell attach to the basement
membrane but not all reach the
free surface. Nuclei at varying
depth.

Function: Secretion of mucus,

propulsion of mucus by ciliary
action.

Location: Lines of trachea.

Transitional epithelia

Description: Characterized by
domelike cells that are neither
squamous nor columnar. The form
of the cells changes.

Function: Stretching and

protection.

Location: Bladder and part of

urethra.
 Connective Tissues

The tissues that connect the different parts of

the body together are called connective
tissues.
General characteristic

✓ The intercellular material is maximum where as the

cellular component is minimum.
✓ Unlike the other tissues, (e.g. epithelium, muscle and
nerve) which are formed mainly by cells, the major
constituent of connective tissue is ECM (Extra-cellular
matrix).
✓ Possess cells, fibers and ground substances.
Basic Functions

❑ Support and binding of other tissues

❑ Holding body fluids

❑ Defending the body against infection

macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, WBCs

❑ Storing nutrients as fat

Classification of connective tissues
Connective tissue proper : Loose CT ;
Areolar
Description: Gel like matrix with all
three fiber types ; cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, and
white blood cells.

Function: Its macrophages

phagocytize bacteria ; plays
important role in inflammation ;
holds and conveys tissue fluid.
Location: distributed under
epithelia of body surrounds
capillaries
CT proper : Loose CT ; Adipose

Description: Matrix as in areolar,

but very sparse; closely packed
adipocytes, or fat cells , have
nucleus pushed to the sides by large
droplets
Fat droplets

Function: Provides reverse food

fuel; insulates against heat loss; Nucleus
supports and protects organs.

Location: Under skin; around

kidneys and eyeballs; within
abdomen; in breasts.
CT proper: Loose CT; reticular

Description: Network of reticular

fibers in a typical loose ground
substance; reticular cells lie on the
network.
Function: Fibers form a soft internal
skeleton that supports other cell
types including white blood cells,
mast cells, and macrophages.

Location: Lymphoid organs(lymph

nodes, bone marrow, and
macrophages.
 CT proper: dense CT; Irregular
Description: Primarily irregularly
arranged collagen fibers; some elastic
fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Elasticity and structural

support.

Location: Dermis of the skin;

submucosa of digestive tract and Collagen
fibers
joints.
CT proper: dense CT; Regular

Description: Primarily parallel

collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Attaches muscles to

bones and bones to bones.

Location: Tendons and in most

ligaments.
Cartilage: Hyaline
Description: Amorphous but firm
matrix; chondroblasts produce the
matrix and when mature lie in
lacunae.

Function: Supports and resists

reinforces; stress. compressive

Location: Forms most of the embryonic

skeleton; ends of long bones; cartilages of
nose.
Cartilage: Elastic

Description: Similar to hyaline

cartilage, but more elastic fibers
in matrix.

Function: Maintains the shape

and allows flexibility.

Location: Supports the external

ear(pinna).
Cartilage : Fibrocartilage

Description : Collagen fibers are

predominant ; matrix is as hyaline but
less firm.

Function: High strength, absorb

compressive shocks

Location: Intervertebral disc; discs of

knee joint.
Bone

Description: Hard, calcified

matrix containing many collagen
fibers. Very well vascularized.

Function: Bone supports and

protects; provides levers for the
muscles to act on; stores calcium
and other minerals and fat; bone
marrow is the site of blood cell
formation.

Location: Skeleton.
Blood

Description: Liquid connective

tissue, red and white blood cells
in fluid matrix.

Function: Transport respiratory

gases, nutrients, wastes and
other substances.

Location: In the blood vessels.

Muscle Tissue

Muscle is one of our 4 tissue types and muscle

tissue combined with nerves, blood vessels,
and various connective tissues.

Muscles are quite complex and as we’ll find

out, they are a marvel of both biology and
physics.
 General characteristics

1. Excitability
The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
In skeletal muscle, the stimulus is a
neurotransmitter
(chemical signal) release by a neuron (nerve cell).
In smooth muscle, the stimulus could be a
neurotransmitter, a hormone, stretch,
In cardiac muscle, the stimulus could be a
neurotransmitter, a hormone, or stretch.

The response is the generation of an electrical impulse

that travels along the plasma membrane of the muscle
cell.
2. Contractility
The ability to shorten forcibly when adequately
stimulated.
This is the defining property of muscle tissue.

3. Extensibility

The ability to be stretched (Extended)

4. Elasticity

The ability to recoil and resume original length

after being stretched.
Functions

Movement
Locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Facial expressions
Pumps blood
Peristalsis
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Description: Long striated cells with

multiple nuclei.

Function: Contraction for

voluntarymovements.

Location: In skeletal muscle.

Smooth Muscle Tissue
Description: Long, spindle-
shaped cells, each with a
single nucleus.

Function: Propulsion of
substances along internal
passageways.

Location: In hollow organs(e.g.

stomach)
Cardiac Muscle tissue

Description:
Branching, striated cells fused at
plasma membranes.

Function: Pumping of blood in

the circulatory system

Location: Wall of heart

Nerve Tissue

By far the most complex tissue in the human body is

nerve tissue.

Formed by a network of more than 100 million nerve

cells, assisted by many more glial cells.

Each neuron has, on an average , at least a thousand

interconnection with other neurons forming a very
complex nervous system.
Functions

✓ Regulates & controls body functions

✓ Generates & transmits nerve impulses

✓ Supports, insulates and protects impulse

generating neurons.
Composition of Nerve Tissue
The nerve tissue is composed of two elements:

1. The nerve cell or neuron

2. The neuroglia
Neuron
Description: Neurons are
branching cells; cell processes that
may be quite long extend from the
nucleus-containing cell body.

Function: Transmit electrical

signals from sensory receptors and
to effectors(muscles and glands)
that control their activity.

Location: Brain, spinal cord and

nerves.
Glial cells

Glia carry nutrients, speed

repair, provide myelin for axons,
support the blood- brain barrier,
and may form their own
communication network. They
are also involved in
neurogenesis.
Tissue repair and effect of
aging on tissue
 Tissue repair is the substitution of viable cells for
dead ones. Tissue repair occur by regeneration
and replacement
 Age-related changes in tissue results from rates
of cell division and changes in the extracellular
fibers
 Fibers such as collagen become less flexible and
reduced strength while elastic fibers become
fragmented and less elastic or not able to stretch
 D
Any
Thank you question?
 References:

Gray's Anatomy, 40th Edition

By Susan Standring, PhD, DSc, FKC

VanPutte, Cinnamon (2020) et al., Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology 12th edition McGraw-Hill Education NY 10121

http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/labs/rome/
histology

http://krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu/BIOL100L/powerpoint/tissues

http://www.iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/BodyTissues

http://www.lavc.edu/instructor/watson_k/docs/Tissues

http://www.nakedscience.org/mrg/Anatomy%20Unit%204%20-
%20Tissue%20Types