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02 Chapter 02 - Network Architecture Topologies

The document discusses various network architectures and topologies. It describes three basic network types: centralized, peer-to-peer, and client/server. It also outlines common network topologies including bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. Each topology has advantages and disadvantages regarding aspects like bandwidth, latency, robustness, and ease of installation. The goal of any network topology is to provide high throughput and low latency.

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29 views

02 Chapter 02 - Network Architecture Topologies

The document discusses various network architectures and topologies. It describes three basic network types: centralized, peer-to-peer, and client/server. It also outlines common network topologies including bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. Each topology has advantages and disadvantages regarding aspects like bandwidth, latency, robustness, and ease of installation. The goal of any network topology is to provide high throughput and low latency.

Uploaded by

The Shield
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER : 02 – Network Architecture and Topologies

Network architecture
• Network architecture refers to how the computer or
devices are designed in a network

• Basic network types:


1. Centralized
2. Peer-2-Peer
3. Client/Server

© H K Salinda Premadasa 2
Network architecture

1. Centralized – using mainframes


Network architecture

2. Peer-2-Peer:
- Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities,
capacities, sharing hardware, data, with the other
computers on the peer-to-peer network
- Good for small businesses and home networks
- Simple and inexpensive
Network architecture

3. Client/Server:
- All clients must request service from the server
- The server is also called a host
- Different servers perform different tasks:
File server, network server, etc.

© H K Salinda Premadasa 5
Categories of networks

• Local Area Networks (LANs)


– Short distances
– Designed to provide local interconnectivity

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)


– Long distances
– Provide connectivity over large areas

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)


– Provide connectivity over areas such as
© H K Salinda Premadasa
a city or a campus 6
Categories of networks

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

7
Categories of networks

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

© H K Salinda Premadasa 8
Categories of networks

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

© H K Salinda Premadasa 9
Comparison of LAN, MAN and WAN

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Network and physical topologies

• There is a difference between network topology and


physical topology

Network Topology: Defines structure of network


Physical topology: Layout of the wire or media
But physical topology is a part of network topology
• Physical topology:
BUS Tree
Ring Mesh
Star
© H K Salinda Premadasa 11
BUS topology

• Uses single backbone cable, All hosts directly


connected to this backbone
• Inexpensive and easy to install
• All nodes receives data
• Ends terminated with a device terminator
• Two types of BUS
Linear
All nodes connected to common medium which
has only two end points.
Distributed
All nodes connected to common medium which
© H K Salinda Premadasa has more than two end points 12
BUS topology

Linear BUS

Drop cable
Terminator Terminator
Network BUS
cable

Terminator

Head
Terminator

Terminator

Distributed BUS
© H K Salinda Premadasa 13
RING topology

• All nodes connected to one another in form of closed


loop
• Expensive and difficult to install but offers high
bandwidth, not robust
• Point to point connection with only two devices
• Signal is passed in one direction only, moves until it
reaches to its destination
• Each device connected with a repeater
• One signal always circulates for fault
detection. If device don’t receives signal
© H K Salinda Premadasa for specified time it generates alarm 14
RING topology

© H K Salinda Premadasa 15
STAR topology

• Connects all devices with central point


• Central point can be hub
• Data transmitted reaches to central point, who decides
where to send data
• Bottleneck occur because all data pass from hub
• Less expensive and easy to install, robust if one link
is down still remains active
• Disadvantage: dependency one
central unit
• Star is used in LANs
© H K Salinda Premadasa 16
STAR topology

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Types of STAR topology

• Extended STAR

• Distributed STAR

© H K Salinda Premadasa 18
Types of STAR topology

• Extended STAR
– Has one or more repeaters from central node to extend
maximum transmission distance
– If repeaters in extended star topology is replace with hub or
switches then it creates Hybrid topology
– Or if backbone as star topology and extended with bus
then it also creates Hybrid topology
– Connecting two or more topologies with each other forms
hybrid topology

© H K Salinda Premadasa 19
Types of STAR topology (Extended)

Extended STAR

HUB

Repeaters
STAR RING

Hybrid
BUS
© H K Salinda Premadasa 20
Types of STAR topology

• Distributed STAR
– Individual networks based on star topology
– These networks do not have central or top level
connection points

© H K Salinda Premadasa 21
Types of STAR topology (Distributed)

© H K Salinda Premadasa 22
TREE topology

• Central node connected to one or more nodes one


level lower in hierarchy
• Combines characteristics of linear bus and star
topology
• Must have three levels of hierarchy
• If only two levels then it forms star

© H K Salinda Premadasa 23
TREE topology

• If branching factor one then linear hierarchy


• Physical hierarchy will be one less then total number
of nodes in network
• Disadvantage: requires point to point wiring, requires
more hardware, dependent on backbone, difficult to
configure

© H K Salinda Premadasa 24
TREE topology

© H K Salinda Premadasa 25
MESH topology

• Each host has its dedicated point to point link with


every other host
• Link only carries data between two devices only (no
other can use that link)
• If there are n number of nodes in network then we
need n(n-1) links
• If link is multi directional or duplex mode then we
need n(n-1)/2 links

© H K Salinda Premadasa 26
MESH topology

• Each device requires n-1 I/O ports to be connected to


each device
• Eliminates traffic problem, Robust, privacy/security
of message
• More cabling required, more I/O ports needed, hard
to install, expensive

© H K Salinda Premadasa 27
MESH topology

Half MESH - connected to more than one


other node in the network

Full MESH - each of the nodes is


connected to each other
© H K Salinda Premadasa 28
Network topology issues

A goal of any topology.....

1. High throughput (bandwidth)

2. Low latency

© H K Salinda Premadasa 29
Network topology issues

High throughput (bandwidth)


Telecommunications: range of radio frequencies: a range of
radio frequencies used in radio or telecommunications
transmission and reception

Computing: communications capacity: the capacity of a


communications channel, for example, a connection to the
Internet, often measured in bits per second

A data transmission rate; the maximum


amount of information (bits/second) that can be
transmitted along a channel

© H K Salinda Premadasa 30
Network topology issues

Low latency
A synonym for delay, is an expression of how much time it
takes for transmission from one designated point to another

© H K Salinda Premadasa 31

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