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Research Proposal - Group 4 - Ktee206.1

Traffic congestion is a significant problem in Hanoi, Vietnam. The population growth rate of 1.14% per year has led to increased demand for private vehicles, with over 4.5 million vehicles now in use in Vietnam. In Hanoi specifically, there are over 7.7 million vehicles registered as of November 2022. This rapid rise in vehicles is exacerbating traffic congestion issues. The research proposal aims to study the impacts of traffic jams on students at Foreign Trade University in Hanoi, as congestion is becoming a persistent problem affecting students. A survey of students will be conducted to understand how frequently they experience congestion and their means of transportation. The findings will provide recommendations to address this issue affecting
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
837 views15 pages

Research Proposal - Group 4 - Ktee206.1

Traffic congestion is a significant problem in Hanoi, Vietnam. The population growth rate of 1.14% per year has led to increased demand for private vehicles, with over 4.5 million vehicles now in use in Vietnam. In Hanoi specifically, there are over 7.7 million vehicles registered as of November 2022. This rapid rise in vehicles is exacerbating traffic congestion issues. The research proposal aims to study the impacts of traffic jams on students at Foreign Trade University in Hanoi, as congestion is becoming a persistent problem affecting students. A survey of students will be conducted to understand how frequently they experience congestion and their means of transportation. The findings will provide recommendations to address this issue affecting
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FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS


⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃***⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Module: Research methodology and economic forecasting
dividion

Research on the effect of traffic congestion to the students


of Foreign Trade University

Period: 2021-2022
Group 4

Bui Nguyen Hoa An 2113150002

Nguyen Ha Thanh 2119090023

Nguyen Hong Van 2113150073

Cu Thao Ly 2113150042

Pham Truong Thuc Anh 2112150021

Class: KTEE206(GD2-HK1-2223).3

Hanoi, December 2022


INTRODUCTION
As the economy expands, the demand to commute to different places in the inner and
outer city also increasingly surfaces. This has resulted in the emergence of a prominent
problem - traffic congestion. According to The Economist, people living in big cities
of developed nations may lose $1000 a year while sitting in traffic. For European
countries, emission from traffic congestion can reach 2,2 megatonnes a year (TomTom
2021).

In Vietnam, the large population even adds more weight to the existing problem. In a
report published by the General Statistics Office, during the period between 2009-
2019, the average population growth rate is 1,14%/year. It is inevitable that this
growing population leads to a surge in demand for private vehicles. The Department of
Transportation analyzed that up to December 2021, there were a total of 4,554,5903
vehicles in use in Vietnam’s territory. 

In Hanoi, to be specific, the Communist Party Paper (2022) stated that up to November
2022, there were 7,784,657 vehicles, including 1,056,423 cars and 6,545,317
motorbikes in use. With the average growth rates of vehicles at 4-5%/year, the
Department of Transportation forecasts that the issue will surely become more
complex and require ground-breaking solutions.

While the number of research papers on traffic congestion in Vietnam is rising, few
papers are looking at how it affects Foreign Trade University students. Since the
situation of traffic jams in Foreign Trade University is turning into a persisting
problem for several students, it is worth researching the impacts of traffic jams on
them.

This research proposal focuses on providing a clear overview of traffic congestion as


well as its causes and effects in the context of Hanoi. From the above analysis, the
impacts of traffic jams on FTU students will be pointed out. And by doing so, the
paper seeks to make helpful recommendations for improvement.

The proposal consists of 5 main sections. The following section provides insight into
the literature review and methodology. In the meantime, section 4 discusses the issue
in detail while section 5 is a brief conclusion.
LITERATURE REVIEW

It can be seen that there are a number of preceding studies conducted about how the
FTU students are affected by the occurrence of traffic congestion. In a research report
of The Effects of Traffic to the Academic Performance of Grade 12 ABM Students in
Bestlink College of the Philippines School Year 2018-2019, Jullianne Mari Castulo
and his co-researchers have examined how the traffic problems during rush hour affect
academic performance of the students when it comes to attendance and punctuality.
The group research has utilized the primary data collected from the responded 12-
grade students. The study outcome revealed that the occurrence of traffic blockage has
resulted in the absence and non-participation of the students in attending the class,
handing in assignments; therefore, this led to poor academic performance and lack of
knowledge acquisition. 

In the research about the Effects of Traffic to Students Academic Performance, Jc


Verano has examined the disastrous impacts of traffic issues on environmental aspects
as well as the academic performance of the students. Based on the analyzed results, the
author implied the negative effects of traffic jams such as air and noise pollution,
environmental issues, and personal problems like delay and being late for their
meetings. In addition, the study also presented suggestions that the government should
take action in order to deal with this obstacle and raised awareness to the readers about
the harmful effects of traffic jams.

Regarding another study in reference to the topic above, an investigation named


“Assessing the Effect of Traffic Congestion on Education Performance of Secondary
Schools in Dar es Salaam, Ilala, Tanzania”, produced by Bahati Mfungo, has
implemented a survey with nearly 200 students and staffs to figure out about how
much they are influenced by the traffic problems. After using primary research by
collecting the data using structured questionnaires and personal interviews, Bahati
Mfungo concluded that the majority of the examined figures has been affected
seriously by the traffic congestion about their academic performance and other life
matters. 

With regard to the impacts of traffic jams on the FTU students' performance, there is a
few research carried out about the adverse effects of traffic congestion on the students’
academic performance as well as on other aspects of life. Nevertheless, the limitation
of those mentioned research is the lack of suggestion and recommendations with the
aim to figure out the root causes of this worrying issue not only for FTU students but
also for other Vietnam citizens. For the aforementioned reasons, our research has been
studied to examine the impacts of roadblock problems on FTU students’ academic
performance and other social issues; therefore, recommend some facilitates and
feasible measurements to address this alarming case. 
METHODOLOGY

1. Quantitative research:
- Identifying factors affecting traffic congestion and traffic congestion in Foreign
Trade University.
- In-depth study on causes and measures that have been implemented.

2. Qualitative research:
- Learn more about traffic congestion by visiting websites, reading articles, and
gathering information.
- Focus group discussion
- Conduct survey on students through Google form, using questionnaires such as:
“What is your means of transport?”, “Have you ever experienced traffic
congestion in Foreign Trade University?”, “How frequently do you experience
congestion a week?”

3. Research subjects
- Primary targeted audiences are students of Foreign Trade University
- The study also aimed at lecturers and teaching assistants of Foreign Trade
University.

4. Research scope:
- Survey on students of Foreign Trade University.
- Time: 12/2022
DISCUSSION
I. THEORETICAL BASIS ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN HANOI
1. Definition:
1.1. Traffic congestion
Traffic congestion is a circumstance that occurs in a transport network when vehicle
traffic increases, usually characterized by factors such as slower traffic speeds, longer
traveling time and a large number of unmovable vehicles. When the demand for traffic
is large enough, the interaction between vehicles will halt the speed of the traffic flow,
causing congestion.
Similarly, when the need to access a certain intersection increases, extreme congestion
begins to occur, causing vehicles to come to a complete stop, unable to move. Traffic
jams make road traffic participants feel uncomfortable, thereby leading to dangerous
decisions while driving vehicles. 

1.2. Traffic culture


Traffic culture is the will to voluntarily obey the law on traffic order and safety in
many aspects. It is also the polite and respectful behavior when participating in traffic;
attitudes and manners while traveling on the road so that the circulation process goes
smoothly, without jostling, breaking the law, etc, and each of us yield to each other so
that everyone can join the traffic safely.

1.3. Participants in road traffic include:


 Drivers and users of vehicles participating in road traffic
 Animal handlers and pedestrians on the road

1.4. Traffic infrastructure:


Traffic infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems used for the movement
of vehicles, often provided through public funding (GEMET, 2021)

1.5. Traffic collision


Traffic collision (Traffic accident) is an unexpected event that occurs beyond the
subjective will of the driver of a vehicle when traveling on a traffic road, due to acts of
breaking traffic safety rules or due to encountering other unexpected incidents that
cannot be prevented in time, causing certain damages to people and property.

1.6. Population density


Population density is the concentration of human individuals in a certain unit of area.
Those data can be used to measure the quantity of the demographic information and to
assess relationships with the environment, human health, and infrastructure (National
Geographic, 2022)
1.7. TRAHUD
TRAHUD is a program implemented by the Hanoi People's Committee in
collaboration with the Japan International Cooperation Agency to gradually improve
and enhance the traffic capacity in Hanoi.

2. Traffic congestion in Hanoi


Japanese traffic experts working at the TRAHUD project said that Hanoi is facing a
"traffic war". Traffic infrastructure is barely developed while means of transport
increases exponentially. Besides, attitudes of the citizens toward obeying traffic laws
are spontaneous and arbitrary, which leads to seriously booming traffic jams and
traffic accidents in Hanoi.

According to the assessment of the Hanoi Traffic Police Department, inner city roads
can only meet 30% of the existing vehicles. There are 76 places with high risk of
frequent traffic jams in the city.

Traffic jams often occur at intersections, on two-way roads and often occur during
peak hours such as between 7am - 8.30am and 5pm - 7pm. It is estimated that the city
currently has 207,090 cars of all kinds, 1,921,822 motorbikes, and 1,000,000 bicycles,
not including vehicles registered outside of the province circulating in the city.
Meanwhile, the flow structure of bicycles is 25.3%, for motorbikes is 63.2%, for cars
are 3.6%, for trucks are 1.1% and 6.7% for buses. The statistics partly show mixed
traffic flow, which causes many difficulties for traffic organization and management.
With the current situation, 1km of Hanoi’s roads has to carry over 500 cars and 6,000
motorbikes. With the current growth rate of 12-15%, the congestion will become more
and more serious.
3. Causes:
3.1. Subjective causes:
3.1.1. People’s poor awareness of the traffic rules:
The poor awareness of the driver when driving in traffic is the primary contributor to
traffic congestion. When participating in traffic, every citizen should be more
responsible for the proper observance of the regulations in order not to cause traffic
jams. People break traffic laws on a daily basis. They jostle on the sidewalks and drive
through as soon as there is a small opening. Vehicles jostling and jamming at
intersections and junctions are still a problem in major cities in Vietnam, especially in
Hanoi. 

3.1.2. Sidewalks and roadways encroachment


People encroach on sidewalks and roadways to sell the wares of a large number of
vendors, primarily street vendors, food stalls, parents waiting to pick up their children
in front of schools, motorbike taxi cabs, parking garages for transportation traffic, and
so on. 
3.1.3. Increasing number of traffic vehicles:
People's living standards have improved as the country's economy has grown, and the
number of vehicles on the road has increased in recent years. In Vietnam,
approximately 1.5 million cars and 40 million motorcycles are currently in use. There
are 6 million motorbikes in circulation in Hanoi alone, out of a total of 7.2 million
people with official household registration in the capital. This statistic reflects the high
density of vehicles involved in traffic, particularly during rush hour when people pour
into the street.
 
3.2. Objective causes:
3.2.1. Bad weather:
Rain and wind are two weather factors that contribute to frequent traffic
congestion in Vietnam. Heavy rain caused road flooding, causing many motorcycles
and cars to come to a halt, causing traffic congestion. High winds preceding rain and
storms cause many moving vehicles to collide in series, causing collective vehicle
movement to halt, indirectly causing traffic congestion.

3.2.2. Poor infrastructure, constructions in progress on the road:


Despite the fact that many solutions have been implemented to reduce traffic
congestion in many hot spots, the traffic system continues to fail to meet the needs of
the people. This is also understandable given that the number of vehicles on the road is
constantly increasing. Not to mention that many points have signs and traffic lights,
but they are hidden in corners, making it difficult to observe people. Furthermore,
unfinished construction works that last from day to day, causing the roadway to
narrow, cause major traffic inadequacies. The majority of Hanoi's frequent serious
traffic jams are associated with the construction of construction barriers such as
elevated railways, overpasses, and so on, such as Nguyen Trai, Ha Dong, and Cau
Giay....

3.2.3. The fine is insufficient as a deterrent, and the authorities are


unconcerned
Currently, despite advancements in traffic fines, the fines listed above are
deemed too light and ineffective. When most traffic officers encounter a traffic jam,
they will frequently remind them and will immediately regulate the traffic to minimize
the traffic jam as quickly as possible, giving people the impression that their behavior
is not the cause of the traffic jam. It is a criminal offense.

4. Consequences:
4.1. Economic consequences:
- Gasoline consumption while waiting for a traffic jam.
- Every time there is a traffic jam that lasts an average of 45 minutes, the cost is
USD 0.54 per person.
- Traffic jams increase travel time, cause fatigue, reduce labor productivity, and
result in significant economic losses. Normally, a travel time of up to 20-30
minutes (from home to work, school, etc.) is considered acceptable for each
individual. In fact, if the time is delayed for more than 10 minutes, it will cause
fatigue, lower labor productivity, lower working efficiency, harm to businesses,
and harm to the economy. According to the Belarusian Railway University,
extending each bus trip by 10 minutes reduces labor productivity by 2.5 - 4%. 
- According to researchers, Hanoi will lose tens of trillions of dollars each year.

4.2. Pollution:
- Environmental pollution is on the rise (air pollution due to dust and emissions
and noise pollution) As society evolves, modes of transportation on the one
hand contribute significantly to urban development, but on the other, they have
negative environmental consequences (air pollution due to dust, emissions and
noise pollution).
- Exhaust gas components include CO, CO2, HC, NOx, SO2, black smoke, lead,
and other particulates.
- CO: incomplete combustion product of fuel - CO2: carbon dioxide Vehicles
emit the most significant greenhouse gas, accounting for 15% of CO2 in the
atmosphere.
- HC: As toxins that cause respiratory disorders, low concentrations can also
cause pleural swelling, bronchial narrowing, eye inflammation, and rhinitis.
- NOx: Vehicles emit approximately 50% of NOx.
- Noise: exceeds the permitted standard 2-3 times; traffic intersections exceed 2 -
5 times.
- Dust concentration: In many places, noise intensity exceeds the allowable
threshold (roughly 70-100 Hecz), causing nervous tension (stress) and constant
fatigue of people.

4.3. Negative impacts on social life:


Traffic congestion has had a negative impact on social life in addition to causing
significant economic losses and serious environmental pollution (badly affecting jobs
and reducing quality of life). urban residents' living standards).

Environmental pollution caused by traffic jams is hazardous to human health and


lowers the quality of urban life. During traffic jams, hundreds of thousands of cars
emit harmful emissions, dust, and toxic gasses that easily penetrate the human body
through inhalation, the skin, and the mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth. After
entering the body, it binds with hemoglobin in the blood, impairing oxygen reception
and causing suffocation. It is extremely dangerous to pregnant women and people with
cardiovascular disease, according to scientists. Symptoms of mild acute intoxication
include headache, nausea, fatigue, and visual disturbances. Severe acute poisoning will
result in hypoxia in the blood and tissues, damage to the nervous and cardiovascular
systems, respiratory disorders, and respiratory paralysis, all of which will lead to
death.

Furthermore, environmental pollution has an impact on future generations. When there


is a traffic jam, especially in front of the school gates or at the end of the school day, a
large number of students congregate, forcing them to inhale a large number of harmful
emissions from the school. Transportation has a negative impact on health and brain
development.

Current situation
1. Consequences
1.1. Class attendance
- Due to heavy traffic congestion especially in Nguyen Chi Thanh road, Duong
Lang road and Chua Lang road during rush hours, Foreign Trade University
students are usually late for classes. The time period with highest traffic density
are 8:30-9:30 a.m (period 2)

1.2. Less motivation to go to go to class


- Through surveys and observations, our group found out that there are numerous
students who lack motivation to go to lectures due to traffic problems. Some
claim that getting to school can sometimes take them several hours during rush
hours, which
IMPLEMENTED SOLUTIONS

Recognising the severe causes and consequences of traffic congestion, the Department
of Transportation enacted Decree 06 about a program aiming at reducing traffic jams
and ensuring road safety in Hanoi between 2016-2020. After 5 years of implementing
the law, there had been positive changes in the traffic situation. According to Vietnam
Government Portal (2021), the rate between the space for traffic and the space for
residential areas rose from 8,65% in 2015 to 10,07% in 2020. Overall, the city dealt
with 67 traffic hotspots which were once witnessed daily congestion. 

The success of this 5 years program has led to the announcement of another 5 years
program for the period 2021-2025. This new program focuses on building synchronous
and intelligent transport in Hanoi, creating changes in traffic order and safety, solving
traffic jams, especially in central areas. The goal is to deal with 7-10 traffic
hotspots/year, minimize traffic congestion, and eliminate situations when vehicles are
congested for over 30 minutes. 

The decree proposed a total of 10 solutions to solve the problem. Since 2021, while
some implemented solutions have proved to bring positive effects, others still require
time and detailed plans to come into effect. 

1, Developing the traffic infrastructure in Hanoi

Tran Van Hieu, Vu Thanh Huong (2022) claimed that urban traffic played an
important role in urban development and infrastructure should be used to connect a
city’s functions and promote sustainable growth. Hanoi’s People Committee listed
urban planning and updates as one of the main solutions for the problem of traffic
jams. Stations, parking lots and rest stops are being planned ahead for the year 2030.

This solution appears to bring changes. In an article published by Tuoi Tre Newspaper
(2022), Hanoi is now attracting investment for modern and synchronized
infrastructure. By the end of 2022, Hanoi has 11 belts leading to the inner city,
including main belts like Hanoi - Hai Phong, Hanoi - Ha Long, Lang - Hoa Lac - Hoa
Binh, Hanoi - Thai Nguyen, Hanoi - Lang Son, Hanoi - Lao Cai, Phap Van - Cau Gie,
… These belts linking suburbs and urban areas not only provide people with a more
convenient route to commute to work on a daily basis, but also reduce pressure on the
main inner city junctions.

The city is still planning to renew and upgrade hundreds of kilometers of roads,
several bridges across the Red River, Duong River and Da River. Between 2016 and
2020, 100 thousand billion VND were spent each year on traffic infrastructure.
However, the total budget only covered 5-7% of the total cost of investment.
Therefore, in order to witness better improvement, the city should attract more
investors and plan road expansion, as well as new road constructions to avoid traffic
congestion, especially in junctions with high volumes of vehicles.

2, Controlling construction planning and expanding land used for transportation

In the projected plan, 20-26% of urban land should be used for transportation.
However, the rate of transportation land and residential land only increased 0.3% each
year. Thanh Nguyen (2019) pointed out that in Hanoi, approximately 9% of land is
used for transportation. Compared to the expected number, the rate of land used for
transportation is concerning. Low rate of transportation land, along with high
population density explains the persisting traffic jam problem.

As a result, the Department of Transportation proposed a solution of expanding land


for transportation, ensuring the quality and efficiency of land projects to keep up with
the annual traffic growth rate of 10.2%. 

3, Developing the public transport system while minimizing the number of


private vehicles

In the Decision, Hanoi’s People Committee emphasized the focus on building a


modern, effective, environmentally-friendly public transport system in order to restrict
private vehicles and traffic congestion. Bus is a major solution to solve the problem.
The Committee decided to expand the service area and at the same time, improve the
quality of public transportation. To encourage city-dwellers to use these buses,
friendly fuel and other modern technological equipment, such as smart bus cards, will
be introduced in the near future. 

In recent years, the city has introduced several new public transport projects. For
instance, Cat Linh - Ha Dong metro is offering service to 22,000-25,000 passengers
everyday. Another metro line, Nhon - Hoang Mai, a highlight of the city’s public
transportation, will be in use by the end of 2022. Compared to the year 2015 with only
78 bus routes, there were 98 bus routes in 2020, meaning a 20% increase in bus
routes. 

Nevertheless, while the city expected to supply 70% of the need for public
transportation, up to now, Hanoi can only satisfy 15% of the citizens' needs. This
proves that the solution is effective, yet further efforts need to be made to keep up with
the growing demand of people.
Recommendation
Encourage students to ride the bus: The use of buses to move around will help limit
traffic jams on the roads. As well as reducing vehicles participating in traffic on the
road to limit air pollution, ...
- Strength:
Can carry many people
Reduce the area occupied by the road surface
Save on commuting costs
- Weakness:
Jostling and shoving on the bus
The number of people on the car is too crowded -> causing disorder
Occurrence of pickpockets
Waste of time waiting for the bus

Strictly handle cases of violations or intentional violations: heavy fines


- Strength:
Deterrence for other cases to set an example
Strictly manage and reduce cases of intentional violations
Reduce traffic jams as well as traffic accidents
- Weakness:
Not all cases of violations have been handled yet
Management is still loose and many inadequacies
The procedure takes a long time.
Losing a lot of people's sanctioning costs.
Exploiting the sanction issue to add their own source of income.

Divide lanes and time frames for vehicle traffic


- Strength:
Reduce traffic jams, traffic jams at peak hours
Give participants more options for easier mobility
Clear classification, easy to manage and handle violations
- Weakness:
It is easy to have a bias due to each person's consciousness
Infrastructure is sketchy
Need investment and large construction time

Spontaneous markets, hawker stalls, and trade gatherings need to be removed


- Strength:
Clearing the traffic safety corridor
Opening up the occupied area of the roadbed
Elevate and deter people from trading in the right places and have strict handling
solutions
- Weakness:
There are still many inadequacies and have not been resolved right away because
people's awareness is not high
Only a part of the problem can't be solved completely

Re-arrange class time and departure time for students:


Middle school or high school students are mostly autonomous in going to school
without the need for transportation from their parents, so schools should proactively
divide class hours appropriately. Do not let all students come to class and leave at the
same time of the day, causing bottlenecks when going to school as well as after school.
The project on shift shift and time difference in the education sector is applied to
junior high school and high school level. Accordingly, the entry and exit of these
grades will be 15 minutes apart in order to reduce congestion at peak hours. Reducing
traffic congestion requires a combination of solutions, in which applying shift shift,
time difference is a relatively effective solution, but it needs to be researched and
surveyed carefully before being widely applied.
- Strength:
Convenient in commuting.
Easily accessible to students.
Help students, students have time to rest.
Helps to minimize the time of traffic on the street at peak hours.
- Weakness
Not long term.
Careful investigation is required as there are many schools in the city.
Management is still loose, hard to catch

Limit the number of personal vehicles in the inner city


- Strength:
Solve the problem of traffic congestion, especially at rush hour
Minimize the number of vehicles in circulation, reduce congestion and traffic jams
Reduce road maintenance costs, car insurance costs
- Weakness:
There are not many stations for the convenience of students.
Not available in some locations.
Losing time waiting for cars, trains, …

Building more student accommodation in universities, colleges and vocational


schools, ensuring students and trainees have enough boarding places, reducing
traffic load:
Building dormitories, as well as public areas such as canteens, libraries, etc. is very
convenient for students because it will limit travel, as well as low prices to meet the
needs of students.
- Strength:
Limiting the travel of students thereby minimizing traffic congestion.
Students have more free time.
Student-friendly
- Weakness: 
Universities will not have enough place to invest on study materials, learning
infrastructure 
More buildings might result in less green areas; this affects badly on the environment

Applying advanced technology applications to education and business


management helps users to study and work from home:
Apply blended learning policy for students, use cloud computing in managing and
processing work at companies and enterprises.
- Strength
Limiting the travel of students thereby reducing traffic jams
Convenient for students to study and work
High data storage capacity
Provide opportunities for students to work from home.
- Weakness:
Not yet applied at some universities, colleges….
Security is not high.
Causing difficulties for some students with difficult circumstances
Many students have a low sense of learning, so it's easy to neglect studying….
CONCLUSION

It can be asserted that the traffic jam at Foreign Trade University is increasingly
urgent. Traffic congestion has a direct impact on the physical and mental health of
students, teachers as well as the entire surrounding area's citizens, urban security and
traffic situation. In that relationship, the factor that should be to blame the most  for the
circumstance is the people . Every action of any individual will have influence on the
current status. It is due to the subjectivity, arbitrariness and bad consciousness that the
traffic jam in the College campus sometimes is alarming. Therefore, it is indispensable
that people must take their behaviors seriously into account and alter them to be
appropriate and civilized in order to minimize those unexpected consequences for the
benefit of the whole.

Thus, the essay "Traffic congestion in FTU" summarizes the current situation and
causes of traffic jams in Hanoi, and at the same time applies it to the current state of
Foreign Trade University. The topic has high practical significance, at the same time is
close to the Foreign Trade University students, giving readers a multi-dimensional
view of a persistent problem that the University is facing as well as proposing
solutions to improve this situation.

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