The Major Themes And Characterisitics Of

Shakesparean Comedy

A
Dissertation
Submitted to S.M.J.N
(P.G) College
Haridwar, Uttarakhand- 249401

in partial fulfillment of the degree of

Masters of Arts (English)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Nalini Jain Sparsh Lakhera
(H.O.D English Department) Department of English,
S.M.J.N (P.G) College-2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all
those who have contributed to the completion of my college
dissertation.

First and foremost, I am deeply thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Nalini

Jain, for their invaluable guidance and support in this research. Their
patience, and encouragement have been instrumental in shaping the
direction and quality of my work.

I am also thankful to the faculty members of S.M.J.N (P.G) College,

who consistently inspired and motivated me. Their dedication to
teaching has enriched my learning and broadened my horizons.

Additionally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and

friends for their constant support, and belief in my abilities. Their
encouragement and love have been the pillars of my strength
throughout this academic year.

Lastly, I am grateful to all the resources and online databases that

provided me with a wealth of articles and references, enabling me to
research and expand my knowledge.

To everyone who has played a part in the completion of this dissertation,

I am truly grateful.

SPARSH LAKHERA 1
 Thank you all for your invaluable contributions.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “The Major

Themes and characteristics of Shakespearean Comedy” has
been submitted by Mr. Sparsh Lakhera to English
Department.
He has completed this dissertation under my supervision, he
has taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity in
completion of this dissertation. I certify that dissertation is up
to my expectation and as per guidelines.

…………………….
Dr. Nalini Jain
H.O.D English Department
Dated - ……………………

SPARSH LAKHERA 2
 ………………
………..
The major themes and characteristics
of Shakespearean comedy

Sparsh lakhera
Dated:
………………………..

SPARSH LAKHERA 3
 Preface
Shakespeare's comedies are classic works of literature that
never fail to make readers and audiences smile and laugh.
The main themes and traits that make Shakespeare's
comedies so entertaining and enduring will be discussed in
this dissertation.

I wrote this dissertation to explore the fascinating world of

Shakespearean comedy. I've always been captivated by
William Shakespeare's plays, especially the funny ones that
still make people laugh today. In this research, I wanted to
understand the main themes and special characteristics that
make Shakespeare's comedies so unique.

By studying plays like "A Midsummer Night's Dream," "Much

Ado About Nothing," and "Twelfth Night," I wanted to
uncover what makes these stories so enjoyable. I looked at
things like love, mistaken identities, disguises, and the power
of laughter.

The plays frequently focus on relationships that overcome

challenges, mistakes, and amusing misunderstandings. The
force of attachment, the difficulty of relationships, and the
victory of true love are all highlighted by the theme of love.
SPARSH LAKHERA 4
 Despite having humble origins, Shakespeare's life lay the
groundwork for a legacy. Shakespeare's life path, which
began with his birth in Stratford-upon-Avon and ended with
his theatrical career in London, helped to develop his
distinctive perspective on life, love, and human nature.

Shakespeare took us to the world of enchantment and myth

with his words. His vocabulary is complicated and elegant,
and it is used to write rich stories of romance, tragedy, and
humour. His words perfectly cover the core of the human
experience, matching with audiences across time from the
depths of tragedy to the top of happiness.

Shakespeare is known for many things, but his comedies

stand out as bright, beautiful works of art. They highlight the
difficulties of interpersonal relationships via their witty
banter, misplaced identities, and unusual love tales. These
comedies serve as a joyful reminder of the ability of humour
to bring people together, heal wounds, and spark the soul.

let the words and jokes of this extraordinary playwright,

whose legacy continues to brighten our lives, to inspire,
captivate, and move people.
Let the journey begin.

SPARSH LAKHERA 5
 "All the world's a stage, and all the men and
women merely players."

- William Shakespeare

Chapter-1
Introduction:
In this dissertation, let’s explore the intricacies of
Shakespeare’s comedic works, which have stood the test of
time and continue to entertain and delight audiences
worldwide. With each play examined, one discovers the
unique characteristics and narrative devices that make
Shakespearean comedy a timeless genre.

This dissertation aims to provide a deeper appreciation for

the creativity and brilliance of Shakespearean comedy. This
dissertation delves into the major themes and characteristics
that define Shakespearean comedy. This dissertation will
showcase the major themes and characteristics that have
made Shakespearean comedy a beloved genre, capturing
hearts and inspiring laughter for generations.

SPARSH LAKHERA 6
 But before delving into the comedic treasures, let’s first make
ourselves familiar with the man behind the
words. Shakespeare, a name that resonates across centuries,
continues to captivate audiences with his enduring
legacy. Then journey into the world of Shakespeare's
comedies, where laughter reigns supreme.

By understanding the context in which he lived, one can gain

deeper insights into his inspirations and influences. Through
his masterful use of language, comedic devices, and
unforgettable characters, he transports the readers to a realm
of wit, mistaken identities, and romantic entanglements. It is
an invitation to rediscover the enduring charm and relevance
of his works, and to recognize the universal truths they
continue to reveal.

Through his remarkable plays, he provided a window into the

human experience, capturing the complexities of love,
relationships, and the problems of life with unmatched wit
and insight. This dissertation will trace the footsteps of
William Shakespeare, from his humble origins in Stratford-
upon-Avon to his remarkable rise in the world of theatre.

So, let’s go on this journey of exploration, laughter, and

discovery and explore the dynamics between the lovable
protagonists, the comedic sidekicks, and the love interests

SPARSH LAKHERA 7
 which populate these plays, bringing laughter and depth to
the stories.

1. Shakespeare: The Early

Years

William Shakespeare, the renowned playwright, and poet

was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in the year 1564.
His exact date of birth is not known, but records indicate that
he was born on April 26th, and it is generally believed that he
was born a few days earlier. Shakespeare's early years were
shaped by the vibrant Elizabethan era, a period marked by
cultural and artistic growth, political intrigue, and the
flourishing of the English Renaissance.

As the son of John Shakespeare, a successful glove maker

and alderman, and Mary Arden, the daughter of a wealthy
farmer, William grew up in a comfortable middle-class
household. He was the third of eight children and received a
basic education at the local grammar school, where he would
have studied Latin and English literature. Although there is no
concrete evidence of his formal education, his works
demonstrate a deep familiarity with classical literature and
history.

SPARSH LAKHERA 8
 Little is known about Shakespeare's life between his
childhood and his emergence as a playwright in London.
According to some theories, he might have worked as a
school teacher or a law clerk, while others suggest that he
may have joined a traveling theatre troupe, which would have
given him exposure to different dramatic styles and
performances. By the early 1590s, Shakespeare had
established himself as a talented actor and playwright in
London.

Shakespeare's early works include his narrative poems,

"Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece," both of
which were published in 1593 and dedicated to Henry
Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton. These poems
showcase Shakespeare's poetic prowess and his ability to
weave compelling stories filled with vivid imagery and
emotional depth.

Around the same time, Shakespeare began writing and

staging plays for the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a prominent
acting company that later became the King's Men under the
patronage of King James I. His early plays, known as the
"early comedies," include works such as "The Comedy of
Errors," "The Taming of the Shrew," and "Love's Labour's
Lost." These plays exhibit Shakespeare's wit, wordplay, and
exploration of various comedic devices.
SPARSH LAKHERA 9
 As Shakespeare's reputation grew, he ventured into other
genres, including historical plays and tragedies. Works like
"Richard II," "Henry IV, Part 1," and "Henry V" showcased his
mastery of history and politics, while "Romeo and Juliet,"
"Hamlet," and "Othello" demonstrated his ability to delve
into profound human emotions and dilemmas.
During his early years as a playwright, Shakespeare also
encountered success as an actor, performing in many of his
own plays. His association with the Lord Chamberlain's Men
brought him financial stability and recognition within
London's theatrical circles.

Shakespeare's early years were marked by creativity,

experimentation, and the establishment of his distinctive
voice as a playwright and poet. His ability to capture the
human experience with such depth and insight has made him
an enduring figure in literature, influencing countless writers
and artists throughout the centuries. His early works laid the
foundation for his later masterpieces, solidifying his position
as one of the greatest playwrights in the English language and
a true literary icon.

SPARSH LAKHERA 10
 2. Shakespeare's London
Odyssey

Shakespeare's London Odyssey is the name given to the

incredible trip and experiences the great writer had in the
early and late 16th and early 17th centuries in the bustling
and dynamic metropolis of London. Shakespeare established
his impact on the theatrical scene and emerged as one of the
most famous personalities in English literature during this
time period, which was significant in his life.

Around the year 1585, Shakespeare left his hometown of

Stratford-upon-Avon for London in search of prospects and a
career in the theatre. London was a prosperous metropolis
with an increasing population and a booming economy. The
theatre business was flourishing, and the cityscape was filled
with several playhouses. Shakespeare's voyage to London
may be viewed as his own personal adventure, replete with
obstacles to overcome, victories to celebrate, and the
discovery of his creative brilliance.

As soon as he arrived, Shakespeare was able to secure

employment with many theatre companies, including the

SPARSH LAKHERA 11
 Lord Chamberlain's Men (later known as the King's Men),
which would serve as his main professional association. Many
of Shakespeare's plays were presented by these companies at
theatres including The Theatre, The Curtain, and
subsequently the renowned Globe Theatre.

Shakespeare found a lot of inspiration and resources in

London. People from many socioeconomic levels, ethnicities,
and backgrounds mingled together in the metropolis.
Shakespeare's portrayals of individuals and the subjects
covered in his plays were strongly impacted by his
observations of and interactions with the varied community.
He also had enough of inspiration from the city's vibrant
atmosphere and busy streets for his vivid portrayals of urban
life.

Shakespeare had both successes and failures during his time

in London. His early plays, including "Romeo and Juliet," "A
Midsummer Night's Dream," and "Richard III," received
praise from both critics and audiences. He rose to fame as a
dramatist, and his productions of his works usually drew large
crowds. Due to his success, he finally acquired social status
and financial security, which allowed him to invest in real
estate and become a stakeholder in the Globe Theatre.

Shakespeare's journey was not without its challenges,

though. The bubonic plague periodically swept across
SPARSH LAKHERA 12
 London, forcing theatres to close and disrupting the careers
of actors and playwrights. Shakespeare also experienced
relapses from time to time, and it's probable that in order to
continue honing his craft during these periods, he turned to
writing poetry.

Shakespeare's London Odyssey has had a significant

influence much beyond his day. He is now considered a
literary legend with unrivalled impact since his plays are still
produced and appreciated all over the world. His creative
perspective was formed by his time spent working and living
in London during this changing moment, which served as the
setting for his everlasting creations.

Finally, Shakespeare's London Odyssey captures the pivotal

time in the playwright's life when he learned to navigate the
busy city, delved into its rich culture, and developed his skill.
London developed into a productive environment for his
creativity, where he faced both successes and setbacks. His
experiences living in the city affected his plays and characters,
solidifying his status as one of the greatest playwrights in
history.

SPARSH LAKHERA 13
 3. Shakespearean Drama:
“The Tapestry of Comedy
and Tragedy”

Welcome to a captivating exploration of William

Shakespeare's theatrical realm—a realm that covers both the
heights of laughter and the depths of sorrow. In this
documentary, one delves into the dynamic interplay between
comedy and tragedy in Shakespeare's plays, and the enduring
impact they have on our understanding of the human
condition.

One begins by unravelling the enchanting world of

Shakespearean comedy. His comedic works, such as "A
Midsummer Night's Dream" and "Twelfth Night", transport
us to realms of mistaken identities, mischievous fairies, and
hilarious misunderstandings.

These plays are imbued with themes of love, folly, and the
complexities of human relationships. Shakespeare's masterful
use of wordplay, wit, and comic devices adds layers of mirth
and amusement to his narratives, leaving audiences in fits of
laughter.
SPARSH LAKHERA 14
 As one delves deeper, one analyse the elements that make
Shakespeare's comedies timeless. The theme of disguise and
mistaken identity, as seen in "Twelfth Night", creates a
delightful web of misunderstandings, offering us a mirror to
reflect upon the fluid nature of identity and the often-comical
consequences that ensue.

Additionally, Shakespeare's comedies explore the

transformative power of love, often blurring the lines
between infatuation and genuine affection. Themes of
courtship, marriage, and the complexities of desire are deftly
woven into the fabric of his plays, inviting us to contemplate
the follies and joys of human connections.

Now, let us venture into the realm of Shakespearean tragedy

—a realm of immense passion, devastating choices, and
profound introspection. Works such as "Hamlet", "Macbeth"
and "Romeo and Juliet" stand as towering masterpieces,
showcasing Shakespeare's unparalleled ability to plumb the
depths of human emotion.

In these tragic plays, Shakespeare explores the darker aspects

of human nature—ambition, betrayal, and the consequences
of unchecked desires. Characters like Hamlet, haunted by his
own inner turmoil, Macbeth, driven to the brink by his lust

SPARSH LAKHERA 15
 for power, and Romeo and Juliet, whose love is marred by an
unforgiving world, speak to the universal truths of human
existence.

Shakespeare's tragedies delve into the depths of human

suffering and illuminate the fragility of life. Themes of fate,
moral ambiguity, and the collision of personal desires with
societal expectations are meticulously crafted, compelling us
to confront the complexities of our own existence.

Through his tragic protagonists, Shakespeare invites us to

grapple with profound questions of morality, conscience, and
the consequences of our actions. One witness the human
capacity for both greatness and folly, as well as the often-
tragic consequences that arise from our flaws and passions.

As one concludes this exploration of Shakespeare's comedic

and tragic works, one reflects on their enduring impact.
Through comedy, one finds joy and escapism, celebrating the
foibles and follies of humanity. Through tragedy, one
confronts the harsh realities of life, gaining insight into the
depths of human experience.

SPARSH LAKHERA 16
 4. Shakespeare's Sonnets and
Poetic Mastery
In the realm of literature, Shakespeare's brilliance extends
beyond the stage. In this segment, one delves into the
captivating world of his Sonnets and Poetry—works that
illuminate the depths of human emotions, explore themes of
love and mortality, and leave an indelible mark on the
landscape of lyrical beauty.

Let us first turn our attention to the Sonnets—a collection of

154 poems, each comprising 14 lines of iambic pentameter.
Within this poetic treasure trove, one encounter a tapestry of
emotions, from tender love to deep introspection.

The sonnets are believed to have been written during the late
16th and early 17th centuries. While their exact chronology
remains a topic of debate, their timeless themes and lyrical
craftsmanship continue to captivate readers and scholars
alike.

Among the most intriguing aspects of the sonnets are the

identities of the individuals addressed. Shakespeare's
enigmatic references to the "Fair Youth" and the "Dark Lady"

SPARSH LAKHERA 17
 have sparked countless speculations, offering fertile ground
for literary detectives to explore.

The "Fair Youth" sonnets, believed to be addressed to a

young man, express themes of adoration, friendship, and the
passage of time. Scholars have proposed various candidates
for the identity of the "Fair Youth," ranging from aristocrats
to actors. Yet, the true inspiration behind these impassioned
verses remains a captivating mystery.

In contrast, the sonnets dedicated to the "Dark Lady" delve

into a more complex and passionate realm. The "Dark Lady"
embodies an intense and often tumultuous love affair,
exploring themes of desire, jealousy, and the ravages of time.
The vivid and sometimes controversial descriptions of this
mysterious figure have fuelled speculation about her identity
for centuries.

Beyond the intrigue of their dedicatees, Shakespeare's

sonnets tackle universal themes that resonate across time
and cultures. Love, in all its forms—from passionate desire to
unrequited longing—takes centre stage. The beauty and
complexities of romantic relationships are laid bare, evoking a
multitude of emotions within the reader.

SPARSH LAKHERA 18
 Additionally, the sonnets explore the relentless passage of
time and the fleeting nature of life. Shakespeare's
introspection on mortality and the transience of beauty offers
profound meditations on the human condition, reminding us
of the preciousness and fragility of our existence.

As one conclude our exploration of Shakespeare's sonnets

and poetry, one marvel at the timeless allure of his words.
Through their lyrical beauty and profound insights, his works
continue to touch the hearts and minds of readers, inviting us
to contemplate the complexities of love, the passage of time,
and the eternal dance between mortality and immortality.

5. The Globe Theatre: A Stage

for the Ages

The Globe Theatre may be a celebrated theatre closely

associated to the life and works of William Shakespeare. It is
found in London and played a pivotal part in Shakespeare's
career and the popularity of his plays amid the late 1500s and
early 1600s.

SPARSH LAKHERA 19
 The primary Globe Theatre was built in 1599 by
Shakespeare's company, the Master Chamberlain's Men. It
was built within the Southwark region, close the Stream
Thames. The theatre was open-air, made of wood and cover,
with three levels of seating covering an open yard where the
arrange was found. It could seat around 3,000 people,
including both supporters and standard people who stood
within the pit before the arrange.

For Shakespeare, the Globe Theatre was his domestic. It given

him with a stage to grandstand his extraordinary ability as a
writer and permitted his plays to reach a wide and different
gathering of people. The theatre was not as it were a put for
exhibitions but too a centre for imagination and
collaboration. Shakespeare composed and debuted
numerous of his popular plays, such as "Villa," "Macbeth,"
"Othello," and "Romeo and Juliet," at the Globe.

The Globe Theatre also had a noteworthy effect on the showy

involvement of Shakespeare's time. Its open-air plan made an
extraordinary association between the on-screen characters
and the group of onlookers. Since there was no roof,
exhibitions depended on characteristic light and took put
amid the day. This impacted Shakespeare's writing, as he

SPARSH LAKHERA 20
 frequently included references to the time of day and the
encompassing environment in his plays.

Additionally, the Globe's arrange was enthusiastic and

energetic. It had a basic however flexible set, with few props
and backdrops. This permitted the centre to be on the
performing artists and their exhibitions, showcasing their
expertise in dialect and acting. The nearness between the on-
screen characters and the audience intensified the dramatic
involvement, empowering watchers to profoundly lock in
with the enthusiastic profundity and complexity of
Shakespeare's works.

Tragically, the initial Globe theatre was devastated by a fire in

1613 amid a execution of Shakespeare's play "Henry VIII." Be
that as it may, it was revamped on the same location the
taking after year and worked until 1642 when it was closed by
the Puritans and inevitably pulverized in 1644.

Tries have been made in later a long time to recreate the

Globe theatre as precisely as possible. The remade theatre,
known as Shakespeare's Globe, opened to the open in 1997,

SPARSH LAKHERA 21
 found close the initial location. It serves as a tribute to
Shakespeare and his enduring legacy, giving a venue for
cutting edge preparations of his plays and other works from
the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods.

The Globe theatre is a image of creative accomplishment and

social legacy, speaking to Shakespeare's brilliant composing
and the dynamic showy conventions of his time. Its
significance in Shakespeare's life cannot be overstated
because it was the most stage for his works and shaped how
gatherings of people experienced them at that point and
presently. The persevering soul of the Globe theatre
guarantees that Shakespeare's legacy proceeds to charm
theatre lovers worldwide, making it really a famous organize
for all time.

This concludes our Introduction of Shakespeare's Life…

 

SPARSH LAKHERA 22
 Chapter-02
Defining Romantic comedy and it’s
Salient Features

1. Introduction to Romantic
Comedy and Shakespeare’s
contribution to it.

Sentimental comedy could be a class of narrating that

combines components of both sentiment and comedy. It
centres on the amusing and happy angles of sentimental
connections, frequently highlighting the ups and downs of
cherish and the interesting circumstances that emerge from
them. Sentimental comedies are known for their feel-good
nature, advertising amusement, and giggling whereas
investigating the complexities of human associations.

SPARSH LAKHERA 23
 Shakespeare's Commitment to Sentimental Comedy:
William Shakespeare, an eminent English writer and artist
from the 16th century, made critical commitments to the
class of sentimental comedy. He created various plays that
mixed sentiment and comedy, taking off an enduring effect
on narrating. Shakespeare's works included witty exchange,
entertaining circumstances, and the exploration of love's
imprudence’s, making them classics within the sort.

In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare regularly utilized

mixed up personalities, errors, and intelligent word play to
form humour. His characters, such as the evil Puck in "A
Midsummer Night's Dream" or the witty Beatrice and
Benedick in "Much Ado Approximately Nothing," brought
chuckling and delight to the organize.

Shakespeare's plays too delve into the complexities of love.

He investigated topics like solitary love, genuine love
overcoming problems, and the transformative power of love.
By interweaving these topics with humor, Shakespeare made
a special mix of feelings that captivated gatherings of people
at that point and proceeds to reverberate with gatherings of
people nowadays.

Through his works like "Twelfth Night," "As You Like It," and
"The Restraining of the Vixen," Shakespeare contributed

SPARSH LAKHERA 24
 significantly to the improvement and development of
sentimental comedy. His narrating strategies, vital characters,
and ageless topics have cleared out an permanent check on
the sort, motivating endless writers, producers, and
storytellers to this day.

Shakespeare's commitment to sentimental comedy expanded

past the surface-level humor and engaging plotlines. He
imbued his works with more profound experiences into
human nature and connections, lifting the sort to modern
statures.

One striking perspective of Shakespeare's romantic comedies

is the investigation of sex elements and societal standards. In
plays like "Twelfth Night" and "As You Like It," Shakespeare
challenged conventional sex parts by highlighting solid and
free female characters who hid themselves as men. This
permitted for thought-provoking examinations of sex
character, crave, and the ease of fascination.

Moreover, Shakespeare's sentimental comedies regularly

showcased the complexities of love and its transformative
control. Characters experienced individual growth and self-
discovery through their sentimental ventures. For example, in
"A Midsummer Night's Dream," the enchanted charm of the

SPARSH LAKHERA 25
 pixie world causes characters to address their wants and
learn important lessons approximately love and devotion.

Shakespeare's utilize of dialect and idyllic expression

encourage upgraded the sentimental comedy class. His plays
showcased a dominance of smartness, plays on words, and
intelligent repartee, including an additional layer of humor
and charm to the sentimental connections depicted on
organize. The vital cites and important scenes, such as the
overhang scene in "Romeo and Juliet," proceed to be
celebrated for their ageless magnificence and passionate
affect.

In conclusion, Shakespeare's commitments to sentimental

comedy enveloped not as it were the funny and engaging
perspectives but also the investigation of more profound
subjects and human feelings. His works proceed to be
celebrated and considered, affecting the genre and rousing
endless adjustments and elucidations. Shakespeare's bequest
in sentimental comedy remains as dynamic nowadays
because it was amid his time, serving as a confirmation to his
genius and persevering pertinence within the world of
narrating.

SPARSH LAKHERA 26
 2. The Evolution of Romantic
Comedy: A Brief History
Sentimental comedy may be a cherished sort that has
engaged groups of onlookers for centuries. From the witty
chitchat to the inspiring love stories, sentimental comedies
have a special capacity to capture our hearts and make us
accept within the control of cherish. To really appreciate the
advanced sentimental comedies one appreciate nowadays,
one must dive into their verifiable roots and investigate the
advancement of this sort. One noteworthy figure within the
improvement of sentimental comedy is none other than the
incredible writer William Shakespeare.

Shakespeare lived amid the late 16th and early 17th

centuries, a time when theater was a prevalent shape of
amusement. His works proceed to reverberate with
gatherings of people indeed nowadays, and his commitments
to sentimental comedy cannot be exaggerated. Through his
plays, Shakespeare presented subjects and characters that
would become pillars of the class.

One of Shakespeare's most celebrated sentimental comedies

could be "A Midsummer Night's Dream." This play exhibits
the complexities of love and the unusual nature of human

SPARSH LAKHERA 27
 connections. It intertwines the stories of a few couples and
consolidates components of daydream and enchantment.
The play is known for its funny mistaken assumptions, mixed
up personalities, and the evil mediation of powerful
creatures. These components would go on to inspire
incalculable sentimental comedies within the long time to
come.

Another outstanding work by Shakespeare is "Much Ado

Approximately Nothing." This play investigates the comedic
angles of love and romance whereas too diving into more
profound topics such as honor, misdirection, and absolution.
The story rotates around two sets of significant others,
Beatrice and Benedick, and Legend and Claudio. Through
intelligent wordplay and funny circumstances, Shakespeare
makes a delightful story of cherish victory over problems.

Shakespeare's sentimental comedies regularly include solid

female characters who challenge societal standards and
desires. Characters like Beatrice in "Much Ado
Approximately Nothing" and Rosalind in "As You Like It"
show insights, mind, and freedom. These ladies are not just
objects of crave but dynamic members in their cherish
stories, affecting the results through their activities and
words. This depiction of engaged female characters was
groundbreaking for its time and proceeds to motivate
modern sentimental comedies.

SPARSH LAKHERA 28
 The impact of Shakespeare's sentimental comedies amplifies
distant past his possess time. His works laid the
establishment for the advancement of the sort, and his
narrating strategies still are relevant with present day
gatherings of people. Numerous of the topics and traditions
found in Shakespeare's plays can be seen in sentimental
comedies throughout history.

As time advanced, sentimental comedies advanced to reflect

the changing societal standards and values. Within the 19th
century, writers like Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw
brought a mocking edge to the sort, challenging social
traditions and highlighting the craziness of Victorian romance
ceremonies. Their plays, such as "The Significance of Being
Earnest" and "Pygmalion," mixed witty exchange, social
commentary, and sentimental traps to form thought-
provoking works.

Within the 20th century, Hollywood got to be a growing

constraint within the generation of sentimental comedies.
Movies like "It Happened One Night" (1934) and "Roman
Occasion" (1953) got to be famous cases of the sort,
highlighting charismatic leads, perky chitchat, and charming
love stories. These films captured the feelings of romance
while giving groups of onlookers with a lighthearted feel from
the challenges of lifestyle .
SPARSH LAKHERA 29
 In later a long time, sentimental comedies have kept on
advance to reflect a more subtle and comprehensive world.
Movies like "Insane Wealthy Asians" (2018) and "The
Enormous Wiped out" (2017) have pushed boundaries and
investigated love stories from diverse social points of view.
These motion pictures have illustrated that sentimental
comedies can be both engaging and socially relevant,
addressing important issues whereas still delivering on the
guarantee of joyfully ever after.

The advancement of romantic comedy could be a

confirmation to its popularity and capacity to adjust to
changing times. From Shakespeare's complicated stories of
love and charm to the advanced movies that fascinate groups
of onlookers around the world, this class proceeds to bring
bliss and laughter to our lives. So, the following time you
watch a sentimental comedy, keep in mind the wealthy
history it draws upon, counting the ageless commitments of
William Shakespeare.

SPARSH LAKHERA 30
 3. Cultural Significance of
Romantic Comedy: Its
Impact on Society:
Romantic comedy is a genre that holds immense cultural
significance, shaping our views on love, relationships, and
societal norms. Throughout history, romantic comedies have
played a crucial role in reflecting and influencing society, and
this impact can be traced back to the works of the legendary
playwright William Shakespeare.

Portrayal of Love and Relationships:

Shakespeare's romantic comedies, such as "Romeo and
Juliet" and "Much Ado About Nothing," have had a lasting
influence on our understanding of love and relationships.
These plays explore the complexities of human emotions,
showcasing the power of love to transcend social barriers and
overcome obstacles. Shakespeare's portrayal of passionate
and often complex romances has left a mark on the romantic
comedy genre, showcasing the transformative and
sometimes irrational nature of love.

Reflection of Cultural Values:

SPARSH LAKHERA 31
 Shakespeare's romantic comedies reflect the cultural values
and norms of Elizabethan society. In his time, arranged
marriages were common, and social status played a
significant role in determining one's romantic prospects.
Shakespeare's plays, such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream"
and "Twelfth Night," challenge these conventions by
depicting characters who defy societal expectations and
follow their hearts. These stories highlight the tension
between love and societal constraints, encouraging audiences
to question and reevaluate cultural norms.

Exploration of Gender Roles:

Shakespeare's romantic comedies also offer insightful
commentary on gender roles and expectations. Characters
like Viola in "Twelfth Night" and Rosalind in "As You Like It"
disguise themselves as men, allowing them greater freedom
to navigate the complexities of love and challenge gender
norms. These female characters exhibit intelligence, wit, and
agency, challenging the prevailing notion that women were
passive objects of desire. Shakespeare's portrayal of strong,
independent women has had a lasting impact on the
representation of gender in romantic comedies.

Universality of Themes:

SPARSH LAKHERA 32
 One of Shakespeare's greatest achievements is the
universality of his themes. His exploration of love and
betrayal transcends time and culture, matching with
audiences across generations. As romantic comedies draw
inspiration from Shakespeare's works, they continue to tackle
universal themes such as love at first sight, mistaken
identities, and the transformative power of love. The
enduring popularity of Shakespearean adaptations and the
recurrence of these themes in modern romantic comedies
highlight their timeless importance and cultural significance.

Language and Dialogue: Shakespeare's poetic language and

smart dialogue have become synonymous with romantic
comedy. His clever wordplay and comedic banter have not
only entertained audiences but also influenced the way one
communicates and appreciate humor in romantic
relationships. The use of verbal sparring in romantic
comedies can often be traced back to Shakespeare's mastery
of language, emphasizing the importance of wit and
intelligence in plays.

In conclusion, the cultural significance of romantic comedy,

with reference to Shakespeare, is undeniable. Shakespeare's
works have shaped our understanding of love, challenged
societal norms, and provided timeless themes that continue
to resonate in modern romantic comedies. By examining the
impact of Shakespeare's romantic comedies, one gain a

SPARSH LAKHERA 33
 deeper appreciation for the enduring influence of this genre
on our society and cultural landscape.

4. Key Elements of Romantic

Comedy:

Romantic comedy, as a class, has a few key components that

contribute to its unmistakable charm and request. These
components come together to make stories that are light-
hearted, engaging, and regularly take off gatherings of people
with a warm and upbeat feeling. Here are a few of the key
components commonly found in sentimental comedies:

1. Sentimental Connections:
At the heart of each sentimental comedy are the
connections between the most characters. These
connections ordinarily include a sentimental association
or the potential for one. The central theme of the story
rotates around the ups and downs, the impediments
and challenges, and the possible determination of the
sentimental relationship.

2. Humor and Mind:

SPARSH LAKHERA 34
 Romantic Comedy is a basic fixing in sentimental
comedies. These stories are known for their funny
circumstances, witty exchange, and comedic timing.
Humor includes a component of light-heartedness and
entertainment, making minutes of giggling and
amusement all through the account.

3. disagreement and objection:

In order to keep the story locking in, sentimental
comedies regularly present clashes and objections that
ruin the advance of the sentimental relationship. These
challenges can take different shapes, such as errors,
mixed up characters, social obstructions, or individual
uncertainties. Overcoming these issues gets to be a
central portion of the story's pressure and inevitable
determination.

4. Miscommunication and Incompatibility:

Miscommunication and incompatibility as often as
possible play a part in sentimental comedies, driving to
funny errors and startling results. Characters may
confuse each other's words or activities, driving to
comedic circumstances that make both chuckling and
expectation.

5. Supporting Characters:
SPARSH LAKHERA 35
 romantic comedies frequently highlight a colorful cast of
supporting characters. These characters may be
companions, family individuals, or peculiar people who
give comedic help, offer counsel, or serve as catalysts for
the most characters' development and improvement.

6. Sentimental Signals and Statements:

Romantic comedies are known for their amazing signals
and strong statements of love. These minutes regularly
serve as enthusiastic climaxes within the story, where
characters express their sentiments transparently,
driving to resolutions and upbeat endings.

7. Cheerful Endings:
One of the characterizing highlights of sentimental
comedies is their inclination to conclude with a cheerful
finishing. After exploring through clashes and problems,
the most characters discover determination, accomplish
individual development, and eventually conclusion up
together, fortifying the feel-good nature of the sort.

By combining these key components, sentimental comedies

make a delightful mix of sentiment, humor, and relatable
circumstances. They offer groups of onlookers an indulge into
a world of cherish, giggling, and the plausibility of a happily-
ever-after. Whether in books, motion pictures, or plays,
SPARSH LAKHERA 36
 sentimental comedies proceed to charm groups of onlookers
with their persevering ubiquity and ageless request.

5. Type of Characters in
Romantic Comedy:

In Shakespeare's comedies, as in numerous romantic

comedies, characters frequently cover particular prime
examples that contribute to the in general narrating and flow
of the sort. These prime examples, predominant in
Shakespeare's works, played critical parts in forming the
connections, clashes, and comedic components inside his
plays. Let's investigate a few of the common character prime
examples found in Shakespeare's sentimental comedies:

1. The Darlings:
The darlings original speaks to the central sentimental
combine in Shakespeare's comedies. They are regularly
youthful, energetic, and optimistic characters who explore
the complexities of love. These characters encounter the
introductory sparkles of fascination, confront impediments,
and inevitably discover their way to a happy union. Cases
incorporate Romeo and Juliet or Hermia and Lysander from
"A Midsummer Night's Dream."

SPARSH LAKHERA 37
 The Trick:
The trick prime example may be a loved character in
Shakespeare's comedies. They bring humor, mind, and
comedian help to the story through their tricks and intelligent
wit. Frequently serving as a source of chaos in camouflage,
they utilize their humor to comment on the distinctions of
love and society. Outstanding fools incorporate Puck from "A
Midsummer Night's Dream" and Feste from "Twelfth Night."

The Cross-Dresser:
In Shakespeare's comedies, cross-dressing characters include
an component of camouflage and mixed up personality.
These characters frequently challenge societal standards and
desires, driving to funny circumstances and sentimental
complications. Cases incorporate Viola, who camouflages
herself as Cesario in "Twelfth Night," or Rosalind, who dresses
as a man named Ganymede in "As You Like It."

The Intermediary:
The relational arranger is frequently an auxiliary character
capable of encouraging sentimental associations. They may
be an intelligent person or a careless figure who helps the
partners in overcoming problems and errors. This original is
exemplified by characters like Puck in "A Midsummer Night's
Dream," who plays a part in controlling the lovers' destinies.
SPARSH LAKHERA 38
 The Shrewd Trick:
The prime example combines components of both the fool
and the shrewd guide. They have a mix of mind, humor, and
knowledge, giving direction and advertising significant
perceptions around love and life. Characters like Touchstone
in "As You Like It" or the clown within "The Winter's Story"
exemplify this prime example, utilizing their comedic
sensibilities to deliver more profound truths.

The Parental Figure:

The parental figure prime example speaks to specialist and
direction in Shakespeare's comedies. These characters,
frequently guardians or gatekeepers, may have clashing sees
on their children's sentimental choices, driving to errors and
emotional pressure. Illustrations incorporate characters like
Baptista within "The Subduing of the Vixen" or Leonato in
"Much Ado Around Nothing."

The trickster:
The trickster prime example could be an insidious character
who delights in playing tricks and making chaos. They may
disturb sentimental connections, causing disarray and errors.
Characters such as Puck in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" or
the fiendish pixies within the same play are examples of this,
including a sense of fun and charm to the story.
SPARSH LAKHERA 39
 These character originals, predominant in Shakespeare's
comedies, not only entertained audiences but moreover
reflected the complexities of human connections and societal
standards of his time. Shakespeare's authority of these prime
examples permitted him to investigate topics of cherish,
character, and the human condition in a way that proceeds to
charm and reverberate with gatherings of people to this day.

6. Plot Structure and Narrative

Conventions:

Shakespeare's plays, counting his comedies, taken after a

particular plot structure and utilized account traditions that
made a difference shape the stories and lock in the group of
onlookers. Understanding these components can improve our
appreciation of Shakespeare's works. Let's investigate the
plot structure and story traditions commonly found in his
comedies:

Composition:
The article presents the gathering of people to the setting,
fundamental characters, and introductory circumstances of
the story. In Shakespeare's comedies, this frequently includes
building up the area, such as a city or an enchanted

SPARSH LAKHERA 40
 woodland, and presenting the central play or sentimental
traps.

Complications and Rising Activity:

As the story unfolds, complications and rising activity are
presented. These can incorporate errors, mixed up
characters, or clashes that make hinderence for the
characters. Shakespeare's comedies regularly highlight
complex love triangles, covered up insider facts, or
miscommunication that drive the plot forward and make
comedic circumstances.

Climax:
The climax is the turning point of the story, where clashes
come to a head and pressure comes to its top. In
Shakespeare's comedies, the climax regularly includes a
minute of disclosure, determination, or sensational
encounter. It is amid this urgent minute that the destiny of
the sentimental connections is decided.

Determination and Conclusion:

Taking after the climax, the story moves into the
determination and end result stage. In Shakespeare's
comedies, this regularly includes a arrangement of occasions
that bring approximately determination, compromise, and

SPARSH LAKHERA 41
 the reclamation of arrange. The mistaken assumptions are
cleared, genuine characters are uncovered, and the
characters discover bliss and agreement.

Numerous Plots and Subplots:

Shakespeare's comedies frequently highlight different
interconnected plots and subplots. These parallel storylines
give extra profundity and complexity to the story, advertising
different viewpoints on love, connections, and societal
standards. The subplots may include supporting characters or
comedian values, including layers of humor and amusement.

Utilize of Portending:
Shakespeare skillfully utilized storytelling, a story tradition, to
indicate at future events or advancements within the story.
Through clues, disclosure, or typical components, he made a
sense of expectation and tension. storytelling included
profundity and abundance to the account, permitting groups
of onlookers to lock in with the story on different levels.

Play inside a Play:

In a few of his comedies, Shakespeare consolidated a play
inside a play, removing the boundaries between fiction and
reality. This meta-theatrical gadget included a component of
self-awareness and permitted for commentary on the nature

SPARSH LAKHERA 42
 of narrating, execution, and the craftsmanship of theater
itself.

By taking after these plot structures and account traditions,

Shakespeare made comedies that engaged, interested, and
locked in groups of onlookers. His mind blowing narrating and
perplexing use of these components proceed to charm
groups of onlookers and make his works immortal. The
combination of relatable characters, smart exchange, and the
investigation of all subjects has set Shakespeare's comedies
as persevering classics within the world of writing and
theater.

Chapter-03
Dominance of heroines in Shakespearean
comedy

SPARSH LAKHERA 43
 In Shakespearean comedies, the dominance of courageous
women could be an unmistakable and interesting angle that
captivates groups of onlookers. These champions, with their
mind, insights, and charm, play a crucial part in driving the
plot forward and attesting their organization in a patriarchal
society. Shakespeare breathtakingly makes complex female
characters who resist societal standards, challenge
conventional sex parts, and eventually rise as effective figures
in their possess right.

One eminent illustration of a prevailing courageous woman is

Beatrice from "Much Ado Almost Nothing." Beatrice has a
sharp tongue, fast mind, and a strong personality that rivals
any male character within the play. Her energetic chitchat
with Benedick, the male lead, makes a delightful fight of
minds. Beatrice's capacity to hold her possess in verbal
fighting matches exhibits her insights and emphatic Ness. In
spite of living in a society that anticipates ladies to be
servants, Beatrice challenges this idea and demonstrates that
ladies can be autonomous and vocal.

Additionally, Viola from "Twelfth Night" shows surprising

dominance all through the play. Masked as a man, Viola
navigates through the complexities of cherish and mixed up
personality with surprising poise and insights. Her flexibility,
flexibility, and speedy considering permit her to preserve
control over her possess fate. Viola's quality lies not as it

SPARSH LAKHERA 44
 were in her ability to control circumstances but moreover in
her passionate profundity and sympathy, making her a multi-
dimensional and captivating character.

Another solid courageous woman in Shakespearean comedy

is Rosalind from "As You Like It." Rosalind, like Viola,
camouflages herself as a man, accepting the character of
Ganymede. This camouflage gifts her the opportunity to
investigate her wants, express her considerations, and indeed
charm Orlando, the man she cherishes. Rosalind's mind,
charm, and insights sparkle through her intuitive with other
characters, as she gets to be the driving drive behind the
play's comedic events. Her cleverness and capacity to defeat
those around her illustrate her dominance and genius.

In expansion to these champions, other characters like Portia

within "The Shipper of Venice" and Helena in "A Midsummer
Night's Dream" advance outline the predominance of
overwhelming female figures in Shakespearean comedies.
These ladies have momentous organization and apply their
impact on the occasions unfurling around them.

Shakespeare's incorporation of prevailing champions in his

comedies serves a few purposes. Firstly, it challenges the
patriarchal traditions of the time and offers a reviving
viewpoint on gender parts. By delineating ladies who are

SPARSH LAKHERA 45
 break even with, in the event that not predominant, to their
male counterparts, Shakespeare highlights the insights,
quality, and capability of ladies.

Besides, the dominance of champions includes profundity

and complexity to the comedic components of the plays.
Their witty repartee, intelligent wit, and capacity to explore
complicated circumstances contribute to the generally
comedic impact. Gatherings of people are captivated by the
transaction between the champions and the other
characters, which frequently leads to amusing mistaken
assumptions, sentimental traps, and intelligent resolutions.

In conclusion, the dominance of champions in Shakespearean

comedy may be a captivating aspect that exhibits the quality,
insights, and organization of ladies. Characters like Beatrice,
Viola, Rosalind, Portia, and Helena challenge societal desires
and develop as effective figures within the plays. Their mind,
charm, and capacity to impact the occasions unfurling around
them contribute to the comedic and emotional request of
Shakespeare's works. The presence of these prevailing
courageous women may be a confirmation to Shakespeare's
dynamic understanding of sex parts and his capacity to form
compelling and vital female characters.

SPARSH LAKHERA 46
 

Chapter-04
Varient shades of love and marriage in
shakespeare's works.

SPARSH LAKHERA 47
 Cherish and marriage in Shakespeare's works include a wide
run of variation shades, exhibiting the complexities of human
connections. Shakespeare breathtakingly investigates the
diverse aspects of cherish and marriage, highlighting topics of
enthusiasm, dependability, misdirection, and societal desires.
Through his plays, he presents an assorted range of
sentimental encounters, from happy unions to riotous issues,
advertising a wealthy embroidered artwork of feelings that
resound with gatherings of people over eras.

One of the foremost famous depictions of cherish and

marriage can be found in "Romeo and Juliet." The youthful
couple's energetic and incautious cherish stands in stark
differentiate to the fighting between their families, the
Montagues and Capulets. Shakespeare captures the
escalated of their sentiments through their wonderful trades
and their readiness to resist societal standards for the
purpose of their cherish. Their awful conclusion serves as a
piercing update of the results of unbridled enthusiasm and
the control of cherish to rise above societal divisions.

In differentiate to the seriously energy of "Romeo and Juliet,"

the cherish and marriage delineated in "Much Ado Around
Nothing" presents a more comedic and carefree tone.
Beatrice and Benedick, two witty and autonomous people,
lock in in a fight of minds and mockery, veiling their genuine
affections for each other. Their travel from verbal fighting to

SPARSH LAKHERA 48
 veritable love illustrates the transformative control of
fondness and challenges the idea that cherish ought to be
serious and genuine.

Shakespeare moreover investigates the subject of

orchestrated marriage and the clash between individual
wants and societal desires. In "A Midsummer Night's
Dream," the jumbled couples of Hermia and Lysander, and
Helena and Demetrius, highlight the complexities of cherish.
Hermia's resistance of her father's wishes and her assurance
to take after her heart outline the battle between person
independence and familial commitments. The play's
charming setting and enchanted components advance
upgrade the investigation of the unreasonable and erratic
nature of cherish.

Besides, the depiction of marriage within "The Restraining of

the Vixen" raises questions approximately control flow inside
connections. Petruchio's endeavors to "tame" Katherine and
shape her into a easygoing spouse challenge modern sees on
sex parts. The play investigates topics of dominance,
accommodation, and the arrangement of control inside
marriage, eventually showing a complex and thought-
provoking portrayal of love and its relationship to societal
desires.

SPARSH LAKHERA 49
 In "As You Like It," Shakespeare investigates cherish as a
transformative constrain, with characters finding solace and
companionship within the Timberland of Arden. The play
dives into subjects of sentimental love, fellowship, and the
obscuring of sex boundaries. Through the character of
Rosalind, who camouflages herself as Ganymede,
Shakespeare looks at the nature of crave, character, and the
control of love to rise above societal standards.

All through Shakespeare's works, cherish and marriage are

displayed in multifaceted ways, reflecting the differing
encounters and complexities of human connections. His
investigation of variation shades of cherish, extending from
passionate and rash to comedic and transformative, offers a
significant understanding of the human heart and the
widespread feelings that go with love and marriage.

In "Othello," Shakespeare digs into the dim side of cherish

and marriage through the poisonous relationship between
Othello and Desdemona. The play investigates topics of envy,
control, and the damaging control of unwarranted doubts.
Othello's overpowering cherish for Desdemona turns into
possessiveness and in the long run leads to catastrophe,
highlighting the obliterating results of unchecked feelings.

SPARSH LAKHERA 50
 Shakespeare moreover addresses the concept of solitary love
in a few of his works. In "Twelfth Night," the character of
Orsino pines for Olivia, who, in turn, falls in cherish with
Viola masked as Cesario. This triangle of solitary cherish
investigates the complexities of crave, mistaken identities,
and the inborn yearning for what cannot be achieved.
Shakespeare depicts the anguish and yearning experienced
by characters caught within the web of solitary warmth.

Besides, the topic of mature love is delineated within "The

Whirlwind." The relationship between Prospero and his
spouse, Miranda's guardians, presents a depiction of
persevering love that rises above time and separate.
Prospero's wanting for his misplaced love and his extreme
reunion with her illustrates the control of cherish to
persevere and overcome hinderence.

Shakespeare moreover investigates the concept of self-love

and the significance of self-acceptance in "Villa." The
character of Villa hooks with his possess character, reflecting
on themes of self-doubt, existential emergencies, and the
explore for meaning. His travel towards self-discovery and
acknowledgment highlights the noteworthiness of self-love
as a establishment for sound connections with others.

SPARSH LAKHERA 51
 Also, the topic of illegal love is central to "Antony and
Cleopatra." The enthusiastic relationship between Check
Antony and Cleopatra opposes societal desires and political
collusions. Shakespeare presents a violent love undertaking
full with political interest, control battles, and clashing
loyalties. The portrayal of this taboo love challenges routine
ideas of obligation and investigates the complexities of love
within the confront of outside weights.

Shakespeare's investigation of variation shades of cherish and

marriage reflects the complexities and multifaceted nature of
human connections. His works continue to repeat since they
look at widespread subjects such as energy, devotion, give
up, and the consequences of unchecked feelings. Through his
characters' encounters, Shakespeare gives a significant
understanding of the complexities of cherish and marriage,
displaying the complete range of human feelings and
encounters.

In "Macbeth," Shakespeare investigates the darker

perspectives of cherish and marriage through the yearning
and manipulative relationship between Macbeth and Woman
Macbeth. Their shared crave for control drives them to
commit shocking acts, eventually driving to their ruin. The
play analyzes topics of ambition, blame, and the destructive
impacts of a relationship built on the interest of control.

SPARSH LAKHERA 52
 The subject of love at to begin with locate is portrayed in "A
Midsummer Night's Dream" through the characters of
Titania and Foot. Beneath the impact of a love elixir, Titania,
the Ruler of the Pixies, falls frantically in love with Foot, who
has been mystically changed into an ass. This unusual
depiction investigates the transformative and irrational
nature of care, exhibiting how it can rise above appearances
and customary standards.

Shakespeare also presents a complex depiction of love and

marriage within "The Dealer of Venice." The relationship
between Portia and Bassanio highlights the intersection of
cherish and fabric riches. Portia, a affluent beneficiary,
camouflages herself as a male lawyer to spare her husband's
companion from a perilous lawful bind. The play digs into
topics of give up, dependability, and the lengths one would
go for the purpose of cherish.

In "Much Ado Almost Nothing," Shakespeare grandstands

the fragility of believe and the potential for misdirection in
sentimental connections. The characters of Saint and Claudio
encounter a riotous travel towards marriage, as their cherish
is challenged by wrong allegations and selling out. The play
investigates subjects of honor, reputation, and the
significance of open communication in keeping up a healthy
relationship.

SPARSH LAKHERA 53
 Besides, within "The Winter's Story," Shakespeare looks at
the control of pardoning and recovery inside a marriage. The
gathering of Lord Leontes and Ruler Hermione after a long
time of division and anguish represents the transformative
nature of love. The play depicts the mending control of
absolution and the capacity for cherish to patch broken
connections.

Shakespeare's works offer a assorted range of cherish and

marriage, covering both the light and dark perspectives of
human connections. Through his depictions, he investigates
topics such as control, believe, give up, and the complexities
of the human heart. His plays proceed to resonate since they
talk to the widespread encounters and feelings related with
care and marriage.

In conclusion, Shakespeare's investigation of variation shades

of cherish and marriage could be a testament to his
understanding of the complexities of human connections.
From the yearning and damaging cherish in "Macbeth" to the
unconventional charm in "A Midsummer Night's Dream," his
works give a wealthy embroidered artwork of encounters
that enlighten the multifaceted nature of cherish. Through his
characters' ventures, Shakespeare welcomes us to enjoy the
complexities, delights, and challenges that cherish and
marriage bring, advertising timeless insights into the human
condition.

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SPARSH LAKHERA 55