Utilization of Mangrove Bark (Rhizophora mucronata)

as Source of Ink

“Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Research IV”

Alabat Island National High School

Alabat, Quezon

Triz Aivy Gem M. Laurora

Leica E. Riteral
Kae Denise A. Barral
Mariah Kate Caliwanagan
Jenie May G. Ibardeloza
Buen Michael O. Magsino

January, 2023

Reyna E. Alpay
Research Adviser
Abstract
Ink is a liquid that contains a chemical composition of pigments or dyes used to
transfer an image, text or design onto a suitable surface. Ink is used for drawing or
writing with a pen, a metal nib, a brush or a quill. Thicker inks, often in paste form, are
used in letterpress and lithographic mechanical printing, ink is also very useful for
students and workers that always use printer, pen, stamps, etc. Since the researcher
will use dye from the mangrove bark as the main ingredients to make an ink, the
research will determine whether mangrove bark (Rhizophora mucronata) can be a
source of ink or can turn into ink. The researcher will focus on making an ink from
mangrove dye but does not cover the cost production and product life. In this study the
researcher has 1 formulated treatment: 500g grams of mangrove bark, 3.5 litters of
water, 15ml mangrove extract, 10ml glycerin, 10mg ferrous sulfate. The researcher will
test the mangrove ink by comparing the commercial and experimental ink. The
mangrove ink has a brown to gray color after 12 hours and turned into black after 24
hours. The addition of 1 gram ferrous sulfate and 10 ml glycerin result to darken the
mangrove ink. Based on the results of the research, the mangrove ink is lighter than
commercial ink. Mangrove bark extract can turn into ink but not that effective, therefore,
the ink is not effective in terms of color and consistency.
 Chapter I
Introduction
Background of the Study
Everyday there are people, who use ink as part of their life especially to
students, workers and authors. Ink is a liquid material that everyone uses for every day
purpose like writing, drawing, printing etc. It also provides different way and culture
around the world. Ink is also use in fountain pen ink to write a letter in the year 1890,
since now that technology is advance and can make or send a letter via message,
videos and email, the way writing letters for our love ones is often to use here in the
present. Ink is also used for tattoo, today that many people are likely to get a tattoo
especially to those who are there in early 30’s or 20’s. Ink contains solution such as dye
or pigment to color an image, text or design. Ink has its origins around 4500 years ago,
and was invented by both the Egyptians and Chinese around the same time (Noissues,
2022). The ink from early were made from the blood of an animal, sap and other
different substances. Natural dyes have also been used for printing and dye-sensitized
solar cells (Wongcharee et al., 2007, Gomez-Ortiz et al., 2010, Rekaby et al., 2009,
Agarwal et al., 2007). The major coloring components of tannin found in mangrove
barks are condensed tyopes, which are composed of four flavonoid monomers namely
catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin and epicatechin gallate as illustrated in Fig.1
(Rahim et al., 2007). However, it is reported that these mangrove barks are rich in
tannin (ranging from 15 to 36%) and can produce reddish brown dyes (Chapman, 1970,
Duke and Allen, 2006). But the have you ever heard or already used an ink that is made
from the extract or dye of mangrove bark? In this study instead of using chemical
pigments the researcher used a natural dye from the extract of a mangrove bark
(Rhizophora mucronata).
Ink is very important to everyone since many people use ink for different
purposes, and when you always use it there is a possibility to quickly run out of ink and
lack of accessible ink store must be observed. The main purpose of this study is to
make an ink from the extract or natural dye from the mangrove bark (Rhizophora
mucronata). The researcher will use mangrove bark (Rhizophora mucronata) since
Alabat Island is surrounded by the different spices of mangrove, and rhizophora
mucronota is a spicie that is most abundant to the locality. According to The House of
Representative, cutting a mangrove tree is illegal (House Bill 5609), that is why the
researcher will only use the bark. Since the mangroves is very important, the researcher
will plant more mangrove, for the exchange to the mangrove that will be used.
 
Conceptual framework

Figure 1.Paradigm of the Study

The study is focused on using Mangrove bark in making ink. The Mangrove bark will be
collected and put it under the sun for two days until it is fully dry. The dried mangrove
bark will be boiled with water to get the extract using coffee filter. The glycerin and
ferrous sulfate were mix with the extract of mangrove bark. The researchers placed the
experimental ink in a container and can be tested after 24 hours.
The commercial ink and the experimental ink were compared in terms of color,
consistency and odor.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to know the effectiveness of mangrove bark as source of ink.
Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following:
I. Make an ink using mangrove bark as main ingredient:
II. How can the experimental ink be described of:
2.1 color;
2.2 consistency; and
2.3 odor?
III. Is there a significant difference between experimental ink and commercial ink in
hhhh terms of:
3.1 color;
3.2 odor;
3.3 consistency; and
3.4 pigment?

Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference between Mangrove bark ink and commercial ink in
terms of color.
2. There is no significant difference between Mangrove bark ink and commercial ink in
terms of consistency.
3. There is no significant difference between Mangrove bark ink and commercial ink in
terms of odor.
4. There is no significant difference between Mangrove bark ink and commercial ink in
terms of pigment.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to further determine the effectiveness of Mangrove Tree as ink
and its contribution to the society as an eco-friendly ink.
This may contribute the future researchers about more information regarding
Mangrove Tree, the benefits and for the production of inks.
 Having the knowledge of the potential of it as an ink producer, which is useful at
this time. And has a wide range and abundant source of mangrove in the country as an
archipelago. Considering that the ink that will be produced natural and eco-friendly.
Scope and Limitation
The study focused on the production of ink from Mangrove bark. The study was
conducted in Alabat Island National High School. The researchers observed the
similarities and differences between the commercial ink and the experimental ink.
This study focused to test and describe the experimental ink in terms of its color,
consistency, pigment, and odor, but does not cover the product life and cost production
of ink that will be produced.

Definition of Terms
The following terms were defined to help for a better understanding of this study.
Color. The aspect of any object that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and
saturation.
Coffee filter. The filter allows the mangrove extract to flow through, but traps the
grind mangrove bark.
Consistency. Substance, typically a liquid, holds together; thickness or viscosity.
Dye. substance used to impart color to textiles, paper, leather, and other materials
such that the coloring is not readily altered by washing, heat, light, or other factors to
which the material is likely to be exposed.
Effective. Refers to how the Mangrove ink passes the standard of a commercially
made ink
Ferrous Sulfate. It is the compound responsible for the black coloration of the ink
and is a disinfectant.
Glycerin. Refers to the ingredient responsible for the increase in rate of extraction of
the tanning in the pigment.
Grinding. To crush or break (something) into a very small pieces by rubbing it a
rough surface or using a special machine. To process to which the Mangrove bark was
turn into small pieces.
Ink. Ink is a gel, sol, or solution that contains at least one colorant, such as a dye or
pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text
Mangrove Bark. The skin of a mangrove. The raw materials used to produce the
experimental ink.
Odor. The quality of something that stimulates the senses of smell
 Pigment. A pigment is a natural colouring matter found in plant or animal cells or
tissues.

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
A Related Literature
Foreign
Described marker pens as pens which have their personal ink source and usually
has a tip made of absorbent and pressed fiber materials which first created (Robin,
2010). The pigment content can become as asset through effective and efficient
utilization, which can provide economic value to the community around mangrove
ecosystem. dyes in Indonesian market produced within the country. R. mucronata with
its application potential as a material for natural dye can be found all over Indonesia
(Pringgenies, D. Ridlo A. Dewi, L. F. and Djunaedi A. 2021). The significance of
mangrove forests is where it plays a role more than a habitat for many endangered flora
and fauna species (Jusoff, K. & Bin Hj Taha, D, 2009). Mangroves are also fertile
habitats and may help coastal fisheries for shrimps and also fishes (Manson et al.,
2005). More than 50% of world’s mangroves is already been removed (World
Resources Institute, 1996). Mangroves basically occupy 275% of tropical coasts
(Farnsworth & Ellison, 1997), but now they only occupy 225% of world’s tropical
coastlines and inlets (World Resources Institute, 1996). Animals which are found in
mangrove environments include many species of marine organisms which will be
clinging to its bark. Anchored in mud, the roots are basically covered with creatures
such as oysters, barnacles, crabs, sponges and anemones (Naylor et al., 2000). Other
than that, land base pond farming of crustaceans and fish in former mangrove areas
have been a long tradition in many countries (Schuster, 1952; Rönnbäck, 1999). For
example soil C stocks did not differ among northern Vietnam restored mangroves with
mixed mangrove species (Tinh et al., 2020), and how mangrove can grow on seagrass
bed after restoration in the Philippines (Sharma et al., 2017). Several researchers have
investigated the effect of stand-age on C stocks for restored mangroves at MMFR
(Alongi et al. 2004b, Goessens et al. 2014, Adame et al. 2018). Southeast Asia is a blue
carbon hotspot region that stores at least 1.9 billion tonnes of carbon (45 % of the
world’s total) (Hamilton and Friess 2018). However, there have been only two data sets
for natural mangroves quantifying the multi-decadal mangrove C stocks (Marchand,
2017, Walcker et al., 2018), Time series analysis of aerial and satellite images can be
used to determine the age of ecosystems (Soper et al., 2019, Azman et al., 2021).
Moreover, chrono-sequences and associated space-for-time substitutions are the most
appropriate to address demands for extensive and long-term sampling in obtaining
precise C gains in mangrove development stages, both costly and labor efficient
(Walker et al. 2010). Therefore, the exact age of reference NR is always unknown as it
is difficult to determine as they have existed for hundreds if not thousands of years
(Alongi et al. 1998). Though, studies have predicted baseline carbon (Bukoski et al.,
2020), forest dynamics across soil salinity gradient (Yoshikai et al., 2022) and stand
dynamics (Deshar et al., 2012, Kamara et al., 2012, Khan et al., 2013) Among
mangrove successional ages, blue C stocks are poorly established and are not
considered in large-scale estimations (Walcker et al. 2018). There is also limited
literature comparing the outcomes of NR mangroves with those of pristine natural
mangroves, un-vegetated tidal flats, and deforested and restored mangroves within the
same studies in the same sites (Su et al. 2021). Unveiling whether the restored sites
have replicated the complexity and function of the natural forest is also highly relevant
to determining the success of restoration programs (Ellison, 2000, Andradi-Brown et al.,
2013, Salmo et al., 2013). Heterogeneous mangroves require particular focus and
understanding of their development's defining characteristics, especially their
interpretations of the ability to store and sequester C for mitigation and adaptation of
climate change. Besides, mangroves that colonize new intertidal flats fringing deltas,
estuaries, bays, and oceanic atolls provide a variety of hydrodynamic and
geomorphological conditions for their survival, which may influence the degree of
propagule transition within the site for regeneration (Triest and Van der Stocken 2021).
Thus, the effect of stand age in various landforms should be studied independently
since coastal environmental settings have been proposed as a possible framework for
explaining global variability in mangrove C storage and, to some extent, carbon burial
(Twilley et al. 2018) Contrary to terrestrial forests, mangroves play an essential role in
sedimentary processes and in a few exceptional regions can result in the expansion of
the mangrove community via land building or act as “land colonize” (Davis, 1940,
Coleman and Wright, 1975, Furukawa et al., 1997). The stabilization of mud banks
allowed mangrove propagules to colonies naturally, and this mud bank dynamics
determine the spatial and temporal patterns of mangrove cover and growth dynamics
(Fromard et al., 1998, Walcker et al., 2018, Azman et al., 2021). Mangrove succession
is an ongoing process in which species replacement and recruitment are anticipated
and systematic. Although mangrove structures are well defined in space, they are
rarely, in a condition of steady-state equilibrium at the decadal time scale (Lugo 1980).
Notably, the C cycle in forests is closely linked to the forest life cycle, which can last
hundreds of years (Deng et al. 2013). Thus, the distribution of C in mangroves may
emerge due to changes in coastal morphology (Rovai et al., 2021). Mangrove forests
have been well documented for keeping up with sea-level rise (Alongi, 2008, Kirwan
and Megonigal, 2013, Lovelock et al., 2015) and storing a large amount of C in the form
of biomass and detritus (Hamilton and Friess, 2018, Kauffman et al., 2020, Sharma et
al., 2020). Mangrove blue C stocks and sequestration capability get the most attention
now in the fight to reduce C emissions as they have been discovered to store 3–5 times
more C in the long-run, especially in soil and sequester a lot more C per unit area
compared to other temperate or tropical forest ecosystems (Donato et al., 2011,
McLeod et al., 2011, Kauffman et al., 2018, Taillardat et al., 2018). Therefore,
management and governance success stories have helped in protecting mangroves
and eventually may help in the sustainable blue economy (Friess et al., 2020)
Conservation, management and restoration of mangrove forests under the blue carbon
(C) initiative (alongside seagrasses and saltmarshes) (Nelleman et al., 2008, Pendleton
et al., 2012)
Local
Hence, in terms of research topics where the 875 literature materials are
distributed, Fig. 27 shows a clear bias towards the topics Conservation and
Management, and Biodiversity and Ecology. These topics are fueled by directly aligned
emphasis required by the funding institutions, e.g. the Fisheries Sector Program of the
Department of Agriculture (FSP, 1992–1993), Coastal Environment Program of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (CEP,1993), the National Mangrove
Inventory undertaken by the National Mangrove Committee of the then National
Resources Management Center (NRMC, 1990s), and Coastal Resources Management
Project (CRMP, 1996). In simpler terms, the approach could help in understanding how
components of the ecosystem, living and nonliving (e.g. air, water, movement, plants,
and animals), influence one another within one complete unifed whole; or in
understanding the larger system that makes their lives “healthy” or “unhealthy”, or for
them to survive or perish. Fig. 31 (Fortes 2010, modifed from MEA 2005) Preventing
mangrove forest removal gives opportunity for countries to beneft from carbon
payments for the preservation of threatened carbon stocks (Barbier et al., 2008)
Furthermore, there would be substantial add-on benefts to biodiversity, fsheries, tourism
and coastal protection–providing a strong argument for their protection and restoration.
On the other hand,( Lovelock et al.,2011) provides the frst global impacts of carbon
emissions that result from coastal ecosystem conversion, in addition to its economic
implications. Direct planting was the most common restoration method used while
hydrological rehabilitation was less practiced. Research on ecological attributes were
dominated by biodiversity-related studies focused on flora and fauna, and less on other
ecosystem services (e.g., coastal protection, fisheries production, etc.) Mangroves
provide a range of ecosystem services including coastline protection (Hochard et al.,
2019), carbon storage and sequestration (Donato et al., 2011), and provision of habitat
for wildlife and commercially important species (Friess et al., 2020). Mangroves also
provide socio-economic benefits like support to livelihood (e.g., ecotourism; Spalding
and Parrett, 2019), aqua-silviculture, and forest products (Orchard et al., 2016). Despite
these services, reports on mangrove losses at global (Romañach et al., 2018) and
regional scales (Richards and Friess, 2016) are apparent. Mangrove losses result in
biodiversity lost as well as reduction of ecosystem services (Sannigrahi et al., 2020).
Mangroves are regarded as a high-priority ecosystem in a number of international
conservation initiatives like the Global Mangrove Alliance (GMA; Bunting et al., 2022).
For mangroves in particular, to date, there were two scientific fora on ASEAN Mangrove
Congress (held in 2012 and 2017 in the Philippines; Palis et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2019)
The ASEAN Mangrove Congress was initially planned to be held every three years
where hosting will be on a rotational basis (Palis et al., 2014), however the 2nd
Congress was made possible after five years (Lee et al., 2019) The benefits derived
from restored mangroves should be recognized distinct from the conserved mangroves
(Ellison et al., 2020). Some coastal communities demonstrated their effectiveness in
managing the restored mangroves (see for example Panay Island, Cogtong Bay, and
Quezon in the Philippines; Katon and Pomeroy, 2000; Thompson et al., 2017; Gevaña
et al., 2018; and in Indonesia, Basyuni et al., 2022). At the least, coastal development
plans should integrate protection of mangroves rather than subjecting it to land
reclamation activities. Moreover, a policy on science-based green-gray coastal
engineering is critical to adapt to changing climatic conditions (Bruins et al., 2019).
Complementary to mangrove protection is an enabling policy that will institutionalize
upscaled and accelerated mangrove restoration programs in priority areas. These
programs will need funding which could be beyond the capacity of most countries
(Buchner et al., 2019; Ong, 2021).

B. Related Studies
Foreign
Human induced land-use change were also indicated as the major drivers of
mangrove area decrease in Southeast Asia and Vietnam (Nguyen 2014) mainly due to
clearing for areas for urban and rural expansion and for aquaculture, this is also true for
other Asian countries like Myanmar and India (Rao et al. 2013, Rahu et al. 2012).
However, the largest loss of mangroves occurred due a typhoon in 1990; however, his
area showed signs of recuperation after the occurrence (Long et al. 2014) Therefore, it
is very difficult to monitor mangrove area changes in the Asian continent without the
interference of direct human drivers.Some recent reviews on the environmental
pressures on mangroves due to climate change suggest that important threats to
mangroves are mostly due to changes in salinity, wave regime, and the quantity and
quality of the sediment loading (Giri et al. 2011), which may be further enhanced by
increasing the frequency of extreme climatic events. For example, based on the IPCC
maximum sea level rise scenario (Gilman et al. (2006, 2007) Some researchers
however, have found that not all mangroves will respond negatively to a climate change
scenario. Recent studies showed that in many locations mangrove vegetation are
expanding their poleward limits. (Cavanaugh et al., (2014) Where they grow, mangroves
can form dense, often monospecific stands whose species composition is determined in
large part by tidal elevation (Ellison and Farnsworth, 2001). Mangroves are thought to
be one of the few good examples of foundation tree species in the tropics (Ellison et al.,
2005; Ellison, 2019). They create habitats for many terrestrial, intertidal, and marine
species, stabilize shorelines, and modulate nutrient cycling and energy flow through the
forests they define (Ellison and Farnsworth, 2001) Tropical shorelines are often
occupied by stretches of mangrove forests. Despite the wide range of ecological and
socio-economic benefits provided by mangrove ecosystem (Lewis, 2005, Bosire et al.,
2008) Vast areas of mangrove forests have been cleared for urban development,
industrialisation, agricultural land reclamation, timber and charcoal production and
shrimp farming. Mangrove forests are still declining at such an alarming rate, particularly
in developing countries, that these ecosystems may completely disappear within the
next 100 years (Duke et al., 2007). In reviewing attempts to restore mangrove
ecosystems, it emerges that restoration projects are not always successful in achieving
their goals (Elster, 2000, Lewis, 2005). For instance, the outcome of two decades of
immense efforts to restore mangrove forests in Philippines is only 10–20% long-term
survival rates at a cost of millions of dollars because of inappropriate species and site
selection (Primavera and Esteban, 2008, Samson and Rollon, 2008). Although there are
many restoration projects around the world, only a small number have been planned or
studied by ecologists and other scientists (Kentula, 2000). The causes of degradation,
where the natural recovery process has not occurred, should be identified and removed
as the first step in restoration or rehabilitation process. Mangroves may recover
naturally if the morphological and hydrological features of the habitat were not alerted
(Martinuzzi et al., 2009). Mangroves are sensitive to inundation depth and period that
inappropriate inundation regime can affect their growth and survivorship, especially
during the establishment period (McKee, 1995, Kitaya et al., 2002, He et al., 2007).
Mangrove is a group of plants growing along tropical to sub-tropical coastline that
develop specialization to suit its environmental condition such as salinity and anaerobic
soil (Snedaker, 1978). It consists of true mangrove plants and associated species
numbering at different species sites by sites in the country (van Steenis,
1958).Mangrove species itself consist of three groups (Tomlinson, 1984) Firewood is
one of the earliest known uses and at one time, it was the most important direct product
of mangroves (Becking et al. 1922). Some mangrove species have been used and
reported to have medicinal purposes for traditional people (van Steenis and Kruseman,
1953) Mangrove leaves are excellent fodder for many domestic animals, e.g. sheeps,
goats, buffalos, and cattles, such as those found in Cimanuk delta complex, northern
coast ofWest Java. Stall feeding using m mangrove leaves is practiced in Java
(Sukardjo and Akhmad, 1982). In term of nutritive value, mangrove leaves, rank among
the best (Hamilton and Snedaker 1984). Under natural and undisturbed conditions, the
mangrove forests act as seaward barrier against coastal erosion and at the same time
help to build and extend the coastline through accretion (Macnae 1968 and van Steenis,
1958) . As a wholecommunity, mangroves are capable of thriving in a wide range of
harsh environmentalconditions and share unique adaptive traits such as salt excreting
leaves, exposedbreathing root system, and production of viviparous propagules
(Robertson and Alongi,1992; Long and Giri, 2011). Mangroves are relatively well known
for their floral diversitywhich is comprised of only 65-69 species of vascular plants which
have several specificadaptations to the dynamic coastal environment (Kathiresan and
Bingham,2001)
Local
The Philippines is the world’s second largest archipelago with more than 7,100distinct
islands covering an estimated 30 million hectares. It lies in the western PacificOcean
and is geographically part of Southeast Asia, a region that occupies a mere
threepercent of the earth’s total surface, yet is home to 20 percent of all known species
ofplants and animals (Ambal et al., 2012). The coastal ecosystems of the Philippines
aresome of the most productive and biologically diverse in the world (Briones, 2004)
The Philippines has estimated mangrove forests of about 356,000 ha, with a recent
decadal deforestation rate of 0.5% (Gevaña, Camacho, & Pulhin, 2018). Several studies
on mangrove ecosystem have been evolving from scientific investigations into science-
based management policies such as linking greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting in
coastal environments for coastal management plan formulations (Crooks et al. 2017),
and analyzing spatial plans for mangrove services management (Lukman et al. 2019).
In recent years, the scientific community has been highly interested in incorporating
ecosystem services into decision-making processes since these accounts for the
importance of these services for human well-being (MEA, 2005; Hicks et al. 2015). The
decline in mangrove cover may be attributed to overexploitation by coastal residents
and conversion to agriculture ponds, industry and residential areas (Primavera 2000).
Degradation and depletion of mangrove forests mean depravity and loss of their
ecosystem services which would affect local communities who are dependent on them.
The loss of these ecosystems has resulted in the decrease of beneficial services that
they provide such as food provision, storm surge protection, climate regulation, as well
as cultural and spiritual benefits (Munang et al. 2011; Spalding et al. 2013; Costanza et
al. 2014). Mangroves can also be an indicator of the condition of the upland
environment since these ecosystems depend on terrestrial and tidal waters for their
nourishment and river-derived deposits from upland erosion as substrate support
(Kusumaningtyas et al. 2018; Bakhtiyari et al. 2019). The mangrove vegetation was
characterized from each plot following English et al. (1997). It is likely that the initial high
recovery of mangroves was due to the fast mangrove colonization and OM reserves
(Osland et al. 2020). Depending on the frequency, recurrence and magnitude of these
disturbances, mangroves are usually adaptive (Long et al. 2016) although there are also
cases wherein mangroves are severely damaged that it failed to recover (Villamayor et
al. 2016). The capacity of mangroves to recover depends primarily on its ecosystem
health, structural complexity and extent (Rivera-Monroy et al. 2019) The improved
aeration and the increase in surface elevation may have facilitated the colonization and
eventual mangrove forest development in the colonized stands consistent with forest
succession phenomenon (see for example Simpson et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2021). Also,
the SBMCHEA mangroves perform similar ecosystem services as that of natural forest,
e.g., fisheries, biodiversity, etc. and is now an important site for biodiversity
conservation, e.g., birds (Mayuga 2021).
 Chapter III
Methodology
This chapter presented the research design, different methods and procedures
that were involved used in the study. The materials that were needed to conduct the
study were also included.

Research design
This study utilized a quantitative research design specifically a result analysis
approach. The purpose of this design is to analyze the result of the experimental ink to
identify the characteristic in terms of: color, odor, consistency, and pigment. The
researcher used a quantitative research design to determine the effectiveness of
mangrove bark as source of ink.

Materials and Methods

The preparation of materials and the procedure used in this research are
presented in this section.
Preparation of Mangrove Ink
The materials used: 3.5 liters of water, 500 grams of mangrove bark, 30 mL
mangrove extract, 15 mL of glycerin, 1 gram of ferrous sulfate and ink container for the
final product. The Mortar and pestle which will be used for grinding the ferrous sulfate.
Stove, cooking pot and spatula. Coffee filter and strainer. 3 ml and 8 ml syringe. Bolo
knife and weighing scale.
First step was getting the 500 grams of mangrove bark in Barangay 3 Poblacion
Alabat, Quezon. It can be from old or grown and fallen tree. It was removed with the aid
of cutting tool, bolo or cutter.
After getting the bark it will be transfered to a tray and put it under the sun for two
days until it is fully dry. Next, prepare a 3.5 liters of water in a cooking pot, then put the
dried mangrove bark and boiled it for 3 hours until the extract comes out. After getting
the extract transfer it in a container and let it cool for 3 hours.
The other chemical substances such as 15 ml glycerin, 1 gram of ferrous sulfate
were added to 30 ml mangrove extract. The glycerol was used because of its sticky or
thick consistency, and it also increase the tannin of the pigment, and the ferrous sulfate
is used also to prevent the microorganisms from growing into the ink, and responsible to
the color from the mangrove bark. After mixing all the ingredients. The experimental ink
will be placed into a container and can be tested after 24 hours. For testing we can put it
in the syringe to transfer it to a pen container.
 Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
The findings of the results in their experimental study summarized in every table and
hereby discussed.

1. Color test

The color of the experimental ink showed that the commercial ink is darker
than the experimental ink. Addition of 1 gram of ferrous sulfate results black
color after 24 hours, but the commercial ink is still much darker. The
experimental ink has a significant difference from commercial ink in terms of its
color.

Table No. 1 Color testing

TREATMENT TIME
12 HOURS 24 HOUR
EXPERIMENTAL INK brown to gay black
COMMERCIAL INK black black

2. Odor test

The odor of the experimental ink showed that the commercial ink is more toxic,
the commercial ink has a strong odor like a chemical and can cause headache by just
smelling it. The addition of glycerin and ferrous sulfate slightly affects the odor of the
experimental ink, which smells like rusty iron. The experimental ink has a significant
difference from commercial ink in terms of its odor.

Table No. 2 Odor testing

TREATMENT Odor
EXPERIMENTAL INK Good
COMMERCIAL INK Poor

3. Consistency test
The consistency of experimental ink showed that the commercial ink is
thicker than the experimental ink. Addition of 10 ml Glycerin does not help the
experimental ink to thicken. Just like the commercial ink it also absorbs easily to
the empty marker pen. The experimental ink has a significant difference from
commercial ink in terms of its consistency.
Table No. 3 Consistency testing
SAMPLE Thickness
EXPERIMENTAL INK Poor
COMMERCIAL INK Good

4. Pigment test

 The pigment of the experimental ink showed that the commercial ink is more
pigmented. The physical appearance of the experimental ink was darker, but when you
write it on paper it has a light color just like a water color, compare to commercial ink
that is pigmented when you write it on paper. The experimental ink has a significant
difference from commercial ink in terms of its pigment.

Table No. 4 Pigment testing

SAMPLE PIGMENT
EXPERIMENTAL INK Poor
COMMERCIAL INK Good
 Chapter V

Summary and Conclusion

The summary of the research findings and the consequent conclusions drawn from
them are hereby enumerated.

The mangrove ink has a brown to gray color after 12 hours and turned into black after
24 hours. The addition of 1 gram ferrous sulfate and 10 mL glycerin result to darken the
mangrove ink. Based on the results of the research, the mangrove ink is lighter than
commercial ink.

The consistency of the mangrove ink is poor because it indicate that there is
discoloration and the ink marks are spreading, but it can absorb easily to the empty
marker pen. The addition of 10 mL glycerin does not help to thicken the ink. The
consistency of mangrove ink is not good like the commercial ink. The odor of the ink is
fine but the addition of ferrous sulfate and glycerin affects the odor of ink that smell like
rusty iron. The commercial ink has a strong odor like a chemical and can cause
headache by just smelling it. Mangrove ink has a better odor than the commercial ink.
Mangrove bark extract can turn into ink but not that effective. Therefore, the ink is not
effective in terms of color and consistency. Based on the findings, Mangrove bark ink
resembles highlighter more in terms of its characteristics: color, pigment, and
consistency that the mangrove ink produced.

Recommendations

Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations are given

a) It is advisable to improve the color of the Mangrove Bark ink.

b) The researchers recommend finding some ingredients that can improve the
consistency and pigment.
c) The researchers advice to add more time in boiling the extract of the mangrove
bark to get more tannin.
d) The researchers suggest finding other ingredients that can improve the quality of
ink.
e) The researchers suggest making dye first.
 Reference

Adorama, (2018) What’s the Difference Between Dye-Based and Pigment Ink?,
(June 2, 2022) (https://www.adorama.com/alc/faq-whats-the-difference-
jjjjj between-dye-based-and-pigment-ink/)

Cero,jjM.,(2017) Nara Bark Extract as Alternative Source of ink

jjjjj(https://www.academia.edu/38585349/Sample_Research_Paper_Chapter)

Colini, C. (2021), Traces of ink (February 16, 2021)

jjjjj(https://brill.com/view/book/9789004444805/BP000016.xml)

Dewi L. F., Djunaedi A., Pringgenies D., Ridlo A. ,(2021) The Commercial Value
jjjjj of Mangrove-Based Pigments as Natural Dye for Batik Textiles (February 4,
jjjjjj2021) (https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75083)

House Bill 5609 (2013), (July 4, 2015),

jjjjjj(https://www.congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=8762)

Industrial Crops and Products, (2013) Silk fabric dyeing with natural dye from
jjjjjjmangrove bark (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) extract (August 2013)
jjjjjj(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669013002148

Noissue, (2022) History of Ink, (https://noissue.co.nz/blog/the-history-of-ink-

jjjjjjbeyond-the-box/)