ANE´S DESIGN STANDARDS (DRAFT)

STUDIES & PROJECTS

12/03/2001
 CONTENTS

TABLE 1A: DESIRABLE MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN

REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACED ROADS
TABLE 1B: MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACED ROADS
TABLE 2: MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
TABLE 3A: DEFINITION OF ROAD CATEGORIES AND
TYPICAL PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE 3B: DESIRABLE MINIMUM PAVEMENT
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACED ROADS
TABLE 3C: MINIMUM PAVEMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FOR SURFACED ROADS
TABLE 4A: DESIRABLE MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS FOR UNPAVED ROADS
TABLE 4B: MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FOR UNPAVED ROADS
52 TABLE 1A: DESIRABLE MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FOR SURFACED ROADS

ROAD CLASS
No DESCRIPTION
Primary Secondary Tertiary
GENERAL

1.1 Minimum Design Speed 100 km/h 80 km/h 60 km/h

1
1.2 Minimum Spacing between 600 m 300 m 200 m
Intersections
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT

2.1 Minimum radius 350 m 210 m 110 m

2.2 Minimum crossfall of

surfaced road 2% 2% 2%
- For vertical grade > 0,5% 3% 3% 3%
- For vertical grade
<=0,5% 4,0% 4,0% 4,0%
2
2.3 Minimum crossfall of
unpaved gravel shoulders 2% 2% 2%

2.4 Minimum crossfall of

unpaved sand shoulders 8% 8% 8%

2.5 Maximum Superelevation

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

3.1 Maximum longitudinal grade 5% 6% 7%

3.2 Minimum longitudinal grade 0,2% 0,2% 0,2%

3.3 Minimum K value

- For crest curve 60 33 16

3 - For sag curve 36 25 16

3.4 Minimum Sigh Distances

- Stopping Sight Distance 205 m 140 m 85 m

on level roads
- Stopping Sight Distance
on downgrades
i. -3% 220 m 150 m 90 m
ii. -4% 225 m 180 m 92m
 iii. -5% 230 m 210 m 94 m
iv. -6% --- 240 m 95 m
v. -7% --- --- 100 m
vi. -8% --- --- 105 m

- Meeting (Barrier) Sight 320 m 240 m 170 m

Distance
- Passing Sight Distance 680 m 560 m 420 m
- Shoulder Sight Distance 180 m 150 m 110 m
for Yield Condition (car)
at intersections

3.5 Minimum length of vertical 180 m 140 m 100 m

curves

3.6 Maximum gradients

4% 5% 6%
- Flat topography 5% 6% 7%
- Rolling topography 6% 7% 8%
52 Mountainous topography

3.7 Critical length of grade (truck

speed is reduced to 20km/h)
500 m 500 m 500 m
- 3% 300 m 300 m 300 m
- 4% 240 m 240 m 240 m
- 5% --- 200 m 200 m
- 6% --- --- 170 m
- 7% --- --- ---
- 8%
60 m 50 m 40 m
3.8 Minimum run-off length
LANE WIDTH

4.1 Minimum lane width 3,5 m 3,0 m 3,0 m

4.2 Minimum surfaced shoulder 1,5 m 1,0 m 0,5 m

4 width

4.3 Minimum unpaved shoulder 1,0 m 0,5 m 0,5 m

width 3,0 m 1,5 m 1,0 m
- with a paved shoulder
- without a paved shoulder
52
52

52 TABLE 1B: MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR

SURFACED ROADS

ROAD CLASS
No DESCRIPTION
Primary Secondary Tertiary
GENERAL

1.1 Minimum Design Speed 60 km/h 60 km/h 40 km/h

1
1.2 Minimum Spacing between 400 m 200 m 200 m
Intersections
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT

2.1 Minimum radius 115 m 115 m 50 m

2.2 Desirable minimum radius 250 m 200 m 150 m

2.3 Minimum Crossfall of

surfaced cross section
- For vertical grade > 0,5% 2% 2% 2%
- For vertical grade 3% 3% 3%
<=0,5%
2
4,0% 4,0% 4,0%
2.4 Minimum Crossfall of
unpaved gravel shoulders
2,0% 2,0% 2,0%
2.5 Minimum Crossfall of
unpaved sandy shoulders
10% 10% 10%
2.6 Maximum Superelevation
3% 3% 3%
2.7 Minimum Superelevation

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

3.1 Maximum longitudinal grade 6% 7% 8%

3.2 Minimum longitudinal grade 0% 0% 0%

3.3 Minimum K value

3
- For crest curve 18 18 6
- For sag curve 17 17 8

3.4 Minimum Sigh Distances

- Stopping Sight Distance 85 m 85 m 45 m

on level roads
 - Stopping Sight Distance
on downgrades
i. –3% 90 m 90 m 34 m
ii. –4% 92 m 92 m 39 m
iii. –5% 94 m 94 m 45 m
iv. –6% 95 m 95 m 50 m
v. –7% --- 97 m 50 m
vi. –8% --- --- 50 m

- Meeting (Barrier) Sight 170 m 170 m 110 m

Distance
- Passing Sight Distance 410 m 410 m 290 m
- Decision Sight Distance 190 m 190 m 130 m
- Shoulder Sight Distance 110 m 110 m 70 m
for Yield Condition

3.5 Minimum length of vertical 40 m 40 m 30 m

curves

3.6 Maximum gradients

6% 6% 6%
- Flat topography 7% 7% 8%
- Rolling topography 8% 8% 9%
- Mountainous topography

3.7 Critical length of grade (truck

speed is reduced to 20km/h)
500 m 500 m 500 m
- 3% 300 m 300 m 300 m
- 4% 240 m 240 m 240 m
- 5% 200 m 200 m 200 m
- 6% --- 170 m 170 m
- 7% --- --- 150 m
- 8%
40 m 40 m 30 m
3.8 Minimum run-off length
LANE WIDTH

4.1 Minimum lane width 3,1 m 3,0 m 3,0 m

4.2 Minimum surfaced shoulder 0m 0m 0m

4 width

4.3 Minimum unpaved shoulder 0,5 m 0m 0m

width 1,5m 0,5 m 0,5 m
- with a paved shoulder
- without a paved shoulder
 52 TABLE 2: DESIRABLE MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DRAINAGE
STRUCTURES

ROAD CLASS
No DESCRIPTION
Primary Secondary Tertiary
DESIGN RETURN PERIOD
FOR A 1:20 YEAR PEAK
DISCHARGE
(CUMECS) FOR PIPES
1:5 1:5 1:5
1.1 Up to but not exceeding 20
1
1:10 1:10 1:10
1.2 Exceeding 20 but not
exceeding 250 1:30 1:30 1:30

1.3 Exceeding 250

DESIGN RETURN PERIOD

FOR A 1:20 YEAR PEAK
DISCHARGE
(CUMECS) FOR CULVERTS
1:10 1:10 1:10
2.1 Up to but not exceeding 20
2
1:20 1:20 1:20
2.2 Exceeding 20 but not
exceeding 250 1:30 1:30 1:30

2.3 Exceeding 250

DESIGN RETURN PERIOD

FOR A 1:20 YEAR PEAK
DISCHARGE
(CUMECS) FOR LOW LEVEL
STRUCTURE1
1:10 1:10 1:10
3 3.1 Up to but not exceeding 20
1:20 1:20 1:20
3.2 Exceeding 20 but not
exceeding 250 1:30 1:30 1:30

3.3 Exceeding 250

MAXIMUM DEPTH OF
OVERFLOW
4 100 mm 100 mm 100 mm
4.1 Super-critical flow
150 mm 150 mm 150 mm
 4.2 Sub-critical flow
DESIGN RETURN PERIOD
FOR A 1:20 YEAR PEAK
DISCHARGE
(CUMECS) FOR HIGH LEVEL
STRUCTURE
1:20 1:20 1:20
5 5.1 Up to but not exceeding 20
1:50 1:50 1:50
5.2 Exceeding 20 but not exceeding
250 1:100 1:100 1:100
5.3 Exceeding 250

DESIRABLE MINIMUM PIPE 2% 2% 2%

6
AND CULVERT GRADIENT
MINIMUM PIPE DIAMETER

7.1 Gradient > 2% 600mm 600mm 600mm

7
7.2 Gradient < 2% 900 mm 900 mm 900 mm

MINIMUM CULVERT HEIGTH

8.1 Gradient > 2% 600mm 600mm 600mm

8
8.2 Gradient < 2% 900mm 900mm 900mm

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
VELOCITIES IN UN-LINED
CHANNELS

9.1 No vegetation, sandy material 0,5 m\s 0,5 m\s 0,5 m\s
9
9.2 Well established grass 1,8 m\s 1,8 m\s 1,8 m\s

9.3 Bunch grasses, exposed soil 1,2 m\s 1,2 m\s 1,2 m\s

MINIMUM COVER TO PIPES

AND CULVERTS

10.1 Gravel 400 mm 400 mm 400 mm

10
10.2 Sand 450 mm 450 mm 450 mm

10.3 Soilcrete (UCS>3000 300 mm 300 mm 300 mm

MPa)
11 INTERNAL CHANNEL
 MAXIMUM SLOPE

Almost vertical Almost vertical Almost vertical

11.1 Stiff clay 1:1 1:1 1:1
11.2 Soil with stone pitching 1:1 1:1 1:1
11.3 Large earth channels 1:1 1:1 1:1
11.4 Firm clay or small earth 1:1,5 1:1,5 1:1,5
channels 1:2,5 1:2,5 1:2,5
11.5 Loose, sandy soil 1:3 1:3 1:3
11.6 Sandy clay, porous clay 1:3 1:3 1:3
11.7 Grassed channels

TABLE 3A: DEFINITION OF THE ROAD CATEGORIES AND PAVEMENT ACCEPTANCE

CRITERIA

DESCRIPTION NATIONAL ROAD CATEGORIES

I II III IV
Secondary and
Tertiary Roads: Secondary and
Secondary Rural roads Tertiary
Roads: interconnecting Roads: Minor
Primary Roads:
Interurban cities and rural access
Interurban and collectors and connecting roads. Roads
rural roads rural roads important cities connecting
DEFINITION OF ROAD CATEGORY
forming part of connecting as well as cities and areas
the trunk road important cities connecting cities of less of less
system.
and cities to the and productive importance in
trunk road areas to the terms of the
system railroad network. evaluation
Access roads to criteria
important cities
Importance Very Important Important Important Less Important
High to moderate Moderate to low Moderate to low level
Service Level level of service level of service of service
Low level of service

Risk Medium Medium High Very high

Approximate Pavement
Design and Pavement 80% 80% 70% 50%
Rehabilitation Design
Reliability
Daily Traffic (e.v.u.) 500 – 20 000 100 – 500 30 – 100 10 – 60
Terminal Criteria for Instrument Assessed Parameters: Riding Quality and Rut-depth for Surfaced Roads

Riding Quality after new

construction or major 2,0 2,02 3,02 3,02
rehabilitation (IRI)1
Level 1Terminal Riding 4,0 4,5 4,8 5,0
Quality (IRI)
 Level 2 Terminal Riding 4,5 5,0 6,0 6,5
Quality (IRI)
Level 1 Terminal Rut 15 mm 15 mm 20 mm 20 mm
level
Level 2 Terminal Rut 20 mm 20 mm 25 mm 30 mm
level
Area of road segment
exceeding Level 1 50% 50% 60% 70%
Terminal condition
Area of road segment
exceeding Level 2
Terminal Condition 20% 20% 30% 50%
(Riding Quality and
Rutting)
Terminal Criteria for Visually Assessed Parameters (TMH9) for Surfaced Roads

Crocodile cracking < 15% < 20% < 30%

< 15%
(degrees 1 to 3)
< 25% < 30% < 35%
Longitudinal cracking < 20%
(degrees 1 to 3) < 20% < 25% < 35%
< 15%
Patching( degrees 1 to 3)
< 8% < 15% < 30%
< 5%
Failures (Degrees 1 to 3)

Notes to Table 3A:

1. Road roughness is defined as the deviations of a pavement from a true planar surface
and shall be measured with an inertial profilometer capable of producing World
Class 1 verticla measurement and a Class 3 longitudinal sampling distance, as
defined in ASTM standard (E950-94). Measurements shall be taken in both
directions, in both wheel paths and cumulated and stored as m\km roughness for
every 100 m. The IRI shall be calculated for each 100 m. Segment lengths for
which cumulative distribution graphs will be prepared, shall be 5 km long.

2. The values shown are only applicable to roads built using plant intensive methods.
Where labour-intensive methods are applied, the magnitude of the labour intensive
componant will determine (at preliminary design phase), the riding quality
requirements for newly constructed roads.

3. Rut depth shall be measured on the outer wheel paths in both directions at 10m
testing interval. Rut depth data shall be processed to produce results in mm in 5-km
 segment lenghts. A cumulative distributiuon graph shall be drawn-up for each
segment and the measured rut-depth shall meet the acceptance criteria shown in
Table 3A.

4. A segment of the road is considered to have reach its terminal condition and is in
need of rehabilitation when the cumulative frequency graph (performance parameter
value intervals versus frequency) shows that either or both levels of condition
(Levels 1 and 2) have been reached.

5. Traffic Category IV are likely of be unpaved roads. Failure criteria for unpaved
(gravel and earth) roads is included in Table 3B.
TABLE 3B: DESIRABLE MINIMUM PAVEMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR
SURFACED ROADS

ROAD CATEGORY
No DESCRIPTION
Primary Secondary Tertiary
CUT AND FILL DESIGN

1.1 Minimum safety actor of 1,5 1,5 1,5

1
safety for stability of cuts
and fills

STRUCTURAL CAPACITY

2.1 Structural Design period for 15 years 15years 10 years

New Construction

2.2 Structural Design period for 15 years 15 years 10 years

2
Rehabilitation

2.3 Structural Design Period for 10 years 10 years 10 years

Periodic Maintenance
 TABLE 3C: DESIRABLE MINIMUM PAVEMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR
UNPAVED ROADS

ROAD CATEGORY
No DESCRIPTION
I II III IV
TRAFFIC

1 1.1 Daily Traffic (e.v.u.)

100 – 40 - 100 0 – 40
200
MINIMUM LEVEL OF
SERVICEABILITY
2 2.1 Riding Quality (QI) over 10% N/A 100 100 200
of link4
2.2 Impassability N/A > 10 > 10 Frequentl
days/year days/year y
CUT AND FILL DESIGN

3.1 Minimum safety actor of N/A 1,5 1,5

3 safety for stability of cuts 1,5
and fills

STRUCTURAL CAPACITY

4.1 Structural Design Period (or

re-gravelling frequency)1

4.1.1 Structural Design period N/A 5 years 5 years 5 years

for New Construction
4.1.2 Structural Design period N/A 5 5 5 years
4
for Rehabilitation years years

4.2 Minimum Thickness

Required2
N/A 0 mm
4.2.1 Subgade CBR >=5% N/A 0 mm 0 mm 50 mm
4.2.2 Subgrade CBR > 5% 100 mm 100 mm

Notes to Table 3C:

1. The Structural Design Period of Unpaved Roads will be dictated by the quality of the
material to be used, the traffic and the road category. If erodible materials are to be used (no
funds for cement or bitumen treatment or for transporting material of a better quality), a
shorter structural design period should be adopted, resulting in a higher rehabilitation
(reworking, regravelling and compaction) frequency.
2. The minimum thickness “t” is as defined in the Draft TRH20:1999 as the first term of the
following equation:

T = t + (1 + Ct/100) x (GLp x Ld) (Equation 1)

With,

t = minimum thickness required for subgrade protection (mm),

Ct = traffic induced compaction,
GLp = predicted annual gravel loss (mm)
Ld = design life of road or regravelling frequency (years)

The type of material used as wearing course will influence the annual material loss and may
result inadequate for the design period chosen. If sandy material is used and the material
loss due to rainfall, traffic or wind is expected to be high, the sandy material to be used in
the wearing course has to be treated with bituminous products (prime coat, emulsion) or
cement (50 mm depth minimum). The butter-slopes shall be protected with cohesive
materials where possible and grassed.

3. The other terms of Equation 1 can be derived as indicated in TRH20: 1990.

4. The maximum roughness is used to determine the grader blading frequency in maintenance
management systems.
TABLE 4A: DESIRABLE MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR
UNPAVED ROADS

ROAD CATEGORY
No DESCRIPTION
Primary Secondary Tertiary
GENERAL

1.1 Minimum Design Speed

1.1.1 Flat terrain N/A 60 km/h 50 km/h

1
1.1.2 Rolling Terrain N/A 50 km/h 40 km/h
1.1.3 Mountainous Terrain N/A 40 km/h 30 km/h

1.2 Spacing between Intersections N/A 100 m 50 m

(minimum)
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT1

2.1 Minimum radius of curve at

0,08m/m (3)

2.1.1 60 km/h N/A 125 m 125 m

2.1.2 50 km/h N/A 90 m 90 m
2.1.3 40 km/h N/A 60 m 60 m
2.1.4 30 km/h N/A 55 m 55 m
2
2.2 Crossfall of surfaced cross
section N/A 4,0% 4,0%
- For vertical grade > 0,5% N/A 5,0% 5,0%
- For vertical grade <=0,5%
N/A 8% 8%
2.3 Maximum Superelevation
N/A 3% 3%
2.4 Minimum Superelevation

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

3.1 Maximum longitudinal grade N/A 8% 8%

3
3.2 Minimum unrestricted sight N/A 75 m 75 m
distance

ROAD WIDTH1

4.1 Minimum pavement width N/A 6,0 m 6,0 m

4
4.2 Minimum formation width N/A 10,0 m 7,0 m
Notes:
1. The surfaced width values shown in the table correspond to a two-lane road. If traffic
demands are high enough as to warrant forur lanes, the road should be surfaced.
2. All primary class roads shall be surfaced.
3. For minimum redius of horixontal curve, the SATCC Code of Practice shall be followed.
 TABLE 4B: ABSOLUTE MINIMUM GEOMETRIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR
UNPAVED ROADS

ROAD CLASSES
No DESCRIPTION
Primary Secondary Terciary
GENERAL

1.1 Design Speed 60 km/h 50 km/h 40 km/h

1
1.2 Spacing between Intersections 120 m 100 m 50 m
(minimum)
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT

2.1 Minimum radius 135 90 m 55 m

2.2 Desirable minimum radius 150 110 m 60 m

2.3 Crossfall of surfaced cross

2 section 4,0% 4,0% 4,0%
- For vertical grade > 0,5% 5,0% 5,0% 5,0%
- For vertical grade
<=0,5% 10% 10% 10%

2.5 Maximum Superelevation1

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

3.1 Maximum longitudinal grade 10% 10% 10%

3
3.2 Minimum unrestricted sight 75 m 75 m 75 m
distance

ROAD WIDTH

4.1 Minimum pavement width 5,5 m 5,0m 4,0 m

4
4.2 Minimum formation width 12,0 m 10,0 m 4,5 m

Notes:
1. In areas of high rainfall, a maximum of 8% should not be exceeded.
DRAWINGS MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
__________________________________________
___
ANNEXURE 5.C
DRAWINGS MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

Locality map

▪ Suitable scale (1:250 000);

▪ Complete list of the design plans indicating Plan No. and title;
▪ North direction;
▪ Existing and proposed route where applicable;
▪ Town names;
▪ Major road names/numbers;
▪ Province;
▪ Railway lines;
▪ Rivers;
▪ Limits of construction.

Key plans

▪ Scale 1:10 000 to 1:20 000;

▪ Coordinate grid;
▪ Proposed route at realigned sections;
▪ All existing roads;
▪ Road numbers and/or street names;
▪ Destinations;
▪ Roads to be closed or deviated;
▪ Kilometre distances;
▪ Rivers and their names;
▪ Position of structures (Bridge number, km distance, coordinates);
▪ Railway lines;
▪ Limits of construction;
▪ North direction;
▪ Scale, title block and drawn scale with legend and units;
▪ Major cadastral information;
▪ Legends (patterns, symbols and abbreviations).

Layout plans

▪ Scale 1: 1 000 or 1: 2 000;

▪ Proposed sections for minor realignment;
▪ All existing roads and/or streets with their numbers and/or names;
▪ All existing and proposed additional drainage structures, with a clear distinction
between existing and new structures;
▪ Services (telephone, water, sewer, fuel, gas, electricity, etc);
▪ Existing irrigation channels or furrows;
▪ Clear indication of where drainage pipe and box culverts daylight;
▪ Existing and proposed berms and Mitre banks;
▪ Lined and unlined side drains (indication of type of lining material);
▪ Destinations;
▪ Roads to be closed or deviated;
▪ Cadastral data (property boundaries, names and numbers);
▪ Existing road reserve;
▪ Proposed road reserve;
▪ Service Servitudes;
▪ Proposed areas to be expropriated,
▪ Names of rivers, streams or dams;
▪ Railway lines;
▪ Limits of construction,
▪ North point,
▪ Scale, title block and drawn scale with legend and units;
▪ Guard-rails;
▪ Proposed rest areas and bus stops;
▪ Culverts, drainpipes, mitre banks, catch water berms and Mitre banks, sub-soil
drains and flow direction with suitable legend or symbol. Number, type and size of
the culverts. Distinction must be made between existing and new culverts;
▪ Road signs and their reference numbers;
▪ Legends (Patterns, symbols and abbreviations).

The remainder of the required information is required when a new road is

constructed or where there is a diversion from the existing horizontal or vertical
alignment. This will include

▪ Radii of horizontal curves,

▪ Tabulated values of the radius, length, deflection angles, tangent length, transition
length and maximum super-elevation,
▪ Tabulated values of the radius, length, deflection angles, tangent length, transition
length and maximum super-elevation,
▪ Positions of points of intersection and co-ordinate values,
▪ Beginning and end of horizontal curves and the co-ordinate values,
▪ Extent of the cuts and fills.

Schematic layout drawings showing rehabilitation and maintenance repairs to

pavements and other ancillary works

If several maintenance and rehabilitation actions are envisaged, the pavement

rehabilitation and maintenance activities shall be shown in schematic layout
drawings or any alternative means proposed by the consultant. Guardrail and
fence lengths to be repaired, replaced or constructed shall also be included.
These drawings shall include the following information:

▪ Suitable scales. Distortion between scales in the longitudinal and transverse

directions are usually recommended for clarity reasons,
▪ Route distances,
▪ Limits of construction,
▪ Direction indicators (North arrow, nearest city, etc),
▪ Road features, i.e. interchanges, bridges, etc,
▪ Clear description of materials and remedial actions with appropriate references to
specifications and typical cross section drawings,
▪ Position of execution of remedial work (lanes, shoulders, etc.),
▪ Ancillary works that have to be replaced, repaired or provided: guardrails, side
drains, subsoil drains, signs ,etc,
▪ Legends (patterns, symbols and abbreviations).

Longitudinal sections

▪ Horizontal scale the same as the layout plans and the vertical scale 1/10 of the
horizontal scale, e.g. horizontal scale 1:1 000 and vertical scale 1:100,
▪ Existing and proposed road levels,
▪ Datum level,
▪ Kilometre distance,
▪ Grades (%),
▪ Destinations,
▪ Lengths of curves and K-values or radius of curves,
▪ Design speed associated with K-values,
▪ Vertical points of intersection,
▪ Beginnings and ends of vertical and horizontal curves if the layout and longitudinal
plans are not on the same drawing,
▪ Details of super-elevation,
▪ Reduced levels of existing road or staked line, when on a new alignment, and the
reduced levels of the new road,
▪ Kilometre distance, type and size of culverts,
▪ Scale, title block and drawn scale with legend and units.

Typical cross-section

▪ Centre-line,
▪ Distance between carriages (dual carriageways ),
▪ Median widths (dual carriageways ),
▪ Side slopes,
▪ Side drains,
▪ Formation width,
▪ Lane and shoulder widths,
▪ Kerb widths,
▪ All dimensions,
▪ Proposed pavement showing material and compaction specifications,
▪ Cross-fall (%) of roadway and shoulders,
▪ Position of sub-soil drains,
▪ Position of berms and banks,
▪ Retaining walls,
▪ Terraces,
▪ Top of fills,
▪ Scale, title block and drawn scale with legend and units,
▪ Any other detail that will indicate the proposed action/s required.

Shifting of services plans

These plans can be combined with the layout plans if the number of services
affected by the works are such that the combination of the plans will not
obscure any information.

All services affected by the works must be indicated as well as the proposed
action to be taken to protect the service and all the information required for the
layout plans. The minimum information required shall be:

▪ Existing services,
▪ Deviation to services,
▪ Future services,
▪ Schedule of services with the following information: item number, service, position,
owner, when removal must take place, who is going to do the removal, comments on
what has to be done (this schedule may be on a separate sheet).

Road sign plans

These plans must show the position and reference number of all road signs used
and indicate the road markings in sufficient detail. The minimum required is as
follows:
▪ Solid lines, stop and yield lines shown with dimensions and position,
▪ Channelling marks on the cross road with dimensions and positions,
▪ One-way arrows with dimensions and positions,
▪ The position of road signs with km-distances,
▪ Road signs schedule giving the following information: Number of signs, quantity,
letter sizes, reflectorization, background colour, sketch of the signs. It must be
stated that all road signs must be manufactured according to the latest edition of the
Roads Signs Manual being used by the ANE,
▪ Gantry and cantilever sign structures which support the signs over the roadway must
be numbered,
▪ In case that the project involves the maintenance of repair of existing signs, a
schedule indicating type of sign, area and repair action needed will be included.

Specific detail drawings

Drawings required for specific details, e.g. protection of services or culvert

details, must be prepared as and when required.

Typical drainage details

Typical detail drawings for drainage elements are required for elements of the
works that are repetitive and for which standard items can be used.

▪ A suitable scale to be chosen and indicated on the drawings,

▪ Distortion of vertical to horizontal scale to be indicated,
▪ Plan of culvert inlet/outlet structures,
▪ Longitudinal section of inlet/outlet structures,
▪ Elevation of inlet/outlet structures,
▪ Position of weep-holes,
▪ Protection against erosion: reno-mattresses, gabions, rip-rap, etc,
▪ Pipe installation method and bedding class. Indicate maximum and minimum cover,
▪ Reinforcement details for inlet and outlet structures (plan and elevation),
▪ Schedule of culverts (it may be in separate drawings) with the following
information: item no., type, position, quantity, size of each, length, outlet type, flood
in relation to return period, capacity and flow speed through the structure,
▪ Asphalt berms,
▪ Drain detail with filter material specifications,
▪ Filter blanket with specifications,
▪ Retaining walls,
▪ Details of down chutes (long section, plant and elevation),
▪ Subsoil drain outlets,
▪ Mitre banks and berms: plant, elevation and long section,
▪ Legends (patterns, symbols and abbreviations) to be included,
▪ Reference to specifications and other drawings.

Typical detail drawings for guardrails

▪ A suitable scale to be chosen and indicated on the drawings,

▪ Distortion of vertical to horizontal scale to be indicated,
▪ Placing at culverts, bridges, road signs, columns, etc
▪ Details of beginning and end of guardrail ,
▪ Reference to other drawings, specifically to cross sections showing guardrails,
▪ Reference to specifications,
▪ Legends (patterns, symbols and abbreviations) to be included.

Typical detail drawings for fences

▪ Type of fence,
▪ Posts,
▪ Dimension details at agricultural culverts and drainage culverts.

Other typical detail drawings

Other typical drawings that may be required should also form part of the
drawings. An example of this may be typical details for kerbing, etc. These
 drawings shall contain all the necessary information for the contractor to
accomplish all the required construction activities.

Mass haul diagrams

The mass haul diagrams shall indicate the usage of the existing material along
the centre line of the road as well as from borrow pits to construct the fill and
all the pavement layers. The minimum requirements shall be:

▪ Sources of imported material and quantities,

▪ Balance line,
▪ State unit (fill or cut),
▪ State shrinkage or bulking factor,
▪ A note must appear on the plan stating that quantities serve only as a guideline
and cannot be used as a basis for claim.

Pavement design plans

Where the existing road is to be upgraded: widened or re-aligned, the following

information shall be required:

▪ Route with distances;

▪ Scale (where applicable);
▪ Limits of construction;
▪ Road features, such as bridges, intersections, etc;
▪ Legends (patterns and symbols);
▪ Layer position;
▪ Layer thickness;
▪ Layer compaction, including road bed preparation and fill;
▪ Material type and specification with appropriate reference to specifications where
applicable;
▪ Ground level and final ground level, (cut and fill);
▪ Test pit positions;
▪ Soil profiles at test pit positions with clear description of materials encountered and
test results (Road indicators: Atterberg limits and sieve analysis as well as strength:
CBR);
▪ Special treatment on problem soils: rock fill, pioneer layers, stabilization, pre-
wetting, excavation, etc).

Borrow pit plans

The borrow pits plans shall indicate at least the following:

▪ Route with distances,

▪ Location of the borrow pit in relation to the road centre-line,
▪ Position of the trial pits,
▪ Extend of the borrow pit,
▪ Suitability of the material, i.e. for which layer will the material be suitable. This will
include the type and content of stabilizing agent to be used,
▪ The estimated quantity of material available for each pavement layer,
▪ The quality of the material in terms of the normal criteria, e.g. CBR, Atterberg
limits, etc,
▪ Reinstatement and restoration of borrow pits must be outlined and detailed in line
with the ANE Environmental requirements and mitigation measures.

This information shall also be provided for all quarries to be used to provide
crushed stone for pavement layers and stone for concrete works.

The minimum information contained in some of the drawings for bridges

include:

General Arrangement Drawing

This drawing shall include:

▪ General design notes: description of bridge, design method, type of deck, etc,
▪ Design loadings:

- Live load and dead load,

- Earth pressure and internal angle of friction of the backfill material,
- In situ density,
- Balustrade design information,
- Concrete cover,
- Chamfering of visible corners,
- Calculated deflections,
- Proposed positions of future deck lifting pads to replace bridge bearings;

▪ Hydraulic information

- Effective catchment area in km2,

- Design flood recurrence interval in years
- Design flood in cumec
- Regional Maximum Flood (RMF) in cumec
- Average slope of stream at the structure in m/m over distance exceeding
200 – 300 m upstream and downstream,
- Natural Design Flood level (i.e. without the bridge) in metres,
- Highest Flood Level known in metres with the date of occurrence,
- Natural Design Flood Depth,
- Natural Design Flow Velocity in metres/sec,
- Backwater caused by the bridge in metres,
- Design High Flood Level in metres with bridge,
- Design Flow Velocity through bridge in metres/sec,
- Required minimum freeboard in metres,
- Design freeboard in metres,
- Freeboard to the shoulder breakpoint in metres,
- State if: the freeboard at bridge is dictated by the road geometry,
- State: influence of any dams up/downstream on the design high flood
level.

Longitudinal Section of the bridge

▪ Adequate scale (1:100 or 1:200 vertical). Distortion vertical to horizontal: 1:10,
▪ Design speed for the road,
▪ Centre line of the bridge and Peg km distances,
▪ The structure in position with outlines of sub/superstructure,
▪ 300 m on both sides of the bridge,
▪ Road numbers or names,
▪ Road destinations,
▪ Road final levels,
▪ Grades,
▪ Beginning and end of vertical curves,
▪ Lengths and rates of superelevation,
▪ Vertical clearances,
▪ Beginning and end of horizontal curves,
▪ Original ground line levels,
▪ Position of structures including road drainage pipes and services,
▪ Founding material conditions, rock and natural ground lines.

Cross section through the bridge deck

▪ Adequate scale (1:50),

▪ Leading dimensions with minimum details,
▪ Lane configuration and sidewalk width,
▪ Balustrade dimensioned,
▪ Super-elevation and camber or cross fall,
▪ Service ducts,
▪ Beam/void spacing,
▪ Thickness of deck,

Plan of the structure

▪ Scale 1:100 or 1:200,

▪ The North direction,
▪ Road destinations and direction of traffic flow,
▪ Position of boundary fences and road reserves,
▪ Position of permanent bench marks,
▪ Chainage must increase from left to right,
▪ Road formation width, lane, median and footway configuration,
▪ Kilometre distance along the road with peg levels,
▪ Length of tapers,
▪ Angle of intersection, road curvature,
▪ Position of foundations, coordinates of left and right headwalls on structure centre
line,
▪ Wingwall layout,
▪ Test holes positions and numbers,
▪ Guardrails,
▪ Wheepholes and drainage,
▪ Blinding layer,
▪ Rock line and estimated founding level,
▪ Borehole position with summary of material profile under the floor slab,
▪ Limits of fill foundation,
▪ Lane configuration,
▪ Embankment, slopes and protection,

Foundation Layout Plan

▪ Adequate scale,
▪ Road numbers,
▪ North direction,
▪ Road destinations,
▪ Stake line and peg km distances,
▪ The relevant position of the setting out line in relation to the bridge centre line,
▪ Offset between centreline of bases and stake line,
▪ Adequate dimensions and setting out triangles for the setting out of footings,
▪ A list of coordinates for the foundation layout,
▪ Bridge and road centre line coordinates,
▪ Extent of any foundation fill and type, e.g. rockfill),
▪ Test hole and borehole positions and numbers,
▪ Position of piles/caissons with identification numbers,
▪ Rakes on piles,
▪ Location of any tension piles,
▪ Schedule of design load combinations, method of analysis and parameters used in
the design of the piles/caissons.

Foundation Test Hole Data

In cases where foundations conditions are complicated, a separate sheet shall

be necessary including:

▪ Vertical scales of 1:25, 1:50 or 1:100,

▪ Same scale for logs on a particular structure
▪ Number of each borehole or trialhole,
▪ Ground levels at each test hole position,
▪ Log of each trial/borehole showing each horizon of different material type,
▪ Comprehensive description of each type of material occurring within horizons,
▪ Nature of material and bearing capacity at each possible founding depth,
▪ Recommended founding level,
▪ Allowable net bearing pressure,
▪ Position of the water table after 24 hours and available data on inflow,
▪ SPT test results (indicate position, type and number of blows),
▪ Position where samples for testing have been taken,
▪ Extent of foundation fill, level of founding, and permissible bearing value,
▪ References with regard to the soil and rock hardness classification,
▪ Anticipated depth of scour,
▪ Any other information pertinent to the foundation conditions on site,
▪ Legend or nomenclature of symbols used.

Concrete and Reinforcement Details on Piers and Abutments

▪ Scale 1:50,
▪ Elevation,
▪ Plan,
▪ Section of the piers showing all concrete dimensions, as well as reduced levels,
▪ Estimated length of piles and caissons,
▪ Expansion joints,
▪ The concrete class,
▪ Type of finish,
▪ Position of bearings or bearing pads,
▪ Detail of drainage pipes,
▪ Cross references to other relevant plans,
▪ Reinforcement details: all reinforcement steel to be detailed with item number,
quantity, type, diameter, spacing, position and description where relevant,
▪ High tensile mats to be detailed,
▪ Reinforcement and lap lengths,
▪ Cover to reinforcement,
▪ Drainage pipes and strips,
▪ Wheepoles,
▪ No fines concrete.

Concrete and Reinforcement Details of the Deck

▪ Scale 1:50 or 1:100,

▪ All dimensions,
▪ Final reduced concrete levels,
▪ North point,
▪ A cross sections with balustrade showing all dimensions,
▪ A longitudinal section with dimensions,
▪ Deck drainage,
▪ Detail of construction joints,
▪ Detail of expansion joints and movement gap at certain degrees Celsius,
▪ The concrete class,
▪ Type of finish,
▪ Stages for casting the deck,
▪ A diagramatic sketch of the pre-camber,
▪ Cross section reference to other relevant plans,
▪ Note required: deck drainage pipes to be open after construction,
▪ Reinforcement detail: all reinforcing steel must be detailed with item number,
quantity, type, diameter, spacing, position and description where relevant,
▪ Reinforcement & Lap lengths,
▪ High tensile mats to be detailed with type & reference number,
▪ Cover to reinforcement.

Prestressing Detail Drawing

▪ Cable profiles in the longitudinal and transverse direction of the deck,

▪ An elevation, plan and section of the precast beams showing the cable layout,
▪ A cross section of the deck or beam showing the cable layout,
▪ Information of the design prestress system as follows:

- The type of prestressing system used in the design,

- The diameter and type of cables used
- The UTS,
- The fristion factor, u,
- The woble factor, k,
- The prestressing force before losses,
- Total losses,
- Minimum cube strength before cables are stressed,
- The method of stressing the cables,
- Stressing sequence of the cables,
- The amount of slip of the cables,
- Note: The contractor shall be responsible for the saddles to support the
cables,
- The consultant shall design the bursting reinforcement and submit
approved,
- Note: The contractor shall supply vent pipes at every crest and sag in the
cable

Balustrade Detail Drawing

 An elevation, section and general layout of the balustrade showing:

▪ Reinforcement detail as above,

▪ Service ducts,
▪ Lamp posts with fixing details,
▪ Balustrade fixing details,
▪ Joint detail.

Steel Bending Schedules

▪ The structural member where the bar is fixed,

▪ The item number, type, diameter, quantity and length of each bar,
▪ The bending of each bar or the shape code,
▪ The total length and mass for each diameter bar,
▪ The total mass of each type of steel,
▪ High Tensile Mat Schedule showing: member, type, reference number, mass, size,
area and total mass,