Name:

Year 13 Chemistry – Maths in Chemistry

Revision

Page 1 of 44
 Q1.
This question is about atomic structure.

(a)  The figure below is a model proposed by Rutherford to show the structure of an

atom.

State two features of the current model that are not shown in the Rutherford model.

Feature 1 of the current model  __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Feature 2 of the current model  __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)  A sample of tin is analysed in a time of flight mass spectrometer.

The sample is ionised by electron impact to form 1+ ions.

The table below shows data about the four peaks in this spectrum.
 
m/z Percentage abundance

112 22.41

114 11.78

117 34.97

120 To be determined

Give the symbol, including mass number, of the ion that reaches the detector first.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of tin in this sample. Give your answer to 1
decimal place.

Page 2 of 44
     Symbol of ion _______________

Relative atomic mass ______________________(4)

(Total 6 marks)

Q2.
This question is about the isotopes of chromium.

(a)     Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     A sample of chromium containing the isotopes 50Cr, 52Cr and 53Cr has a relative
atomic mass of 52.1

The sample contains 86.1% of the 52Cr isotope.

Calculate the percentage abundance of each of the other two isotopes.

Abundance of 50Cr ______________ %       Abundance of 53Cr ______________ %

(4)

(c)     State, in terms of the numbers of fundamental particles, one similarity and one
difference between atoms of 50Cr and 53Cr

Similarity ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Difference __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 44
 ___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The sample of chromium is analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer.

(d)     Give two reasons why it is necessary to ionise the isotopes of chromium before they
can be analysed in a TOF mass spectrometer.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e)     A 53Cr+ ion travels along a flight tube of length 1.25 m

The ion has a constant kinetic energy (KE) of 1.102 × 10–13 J

m = mass of the ion / kg

v = speed of ion / m s–1

Calculate the time, in s, for the 53Cr+ ion to travel down the flight tube to reach the
detector.

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

Time _______________ s
(5)
(Total 15 marks)

Q3.

Page 4 of 44
 Calcium sulfide reacts with calcium sulfate as shown.

CaS + 3 CaSO4 → 4 CaO + 4 SO2

2.50 g of calcium sulfide are heated with 9.85 g of calcium sulfate until there is no further
reaction.

Show that calcium sulfate is the limiting reagent in this reaction.

Calculate the mass, in g, of sulfur dioxide formed.

Mr (CaS) = 72.2
Mr (CaSO4) = 136.2

Mass of sulfur dioxide ____________________ g

(Total 5 marks)

Q4.
Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)     ΔH = –196 kJ mol−1

(a)  Give an expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction.

Kc

Page 5 of 44
 (1)

(b)  A mixture of sulfur dioxide and oxygen is allowed to reach equilibrium in a container
of volume 1800 cm3 at temperature T.

At equilibrium, the mixture contains 0.176 mol of sulfur dioxide and 0.461 mol of
sulfur trioxide.

At temperature T the equilibrium constant, Kc = 15.0 mol–1 dm3

Calculate the amount, in moles, of oxygen at equilibrium.

Amount of oxygen _______________ mol

(3)

(c)  At a different temperature, a mixture contains

0.025 mol of sulfur dioxide
0.049 mol of oxygen
0.034 mol of sulfur trioxide.

The total pressure of the mixture in a 3500 cm3 reaction vessel is 255 kPa

Use the data to calculate the temperature, in °C, of the mixture.

The ideal gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Page 6 of 44
  

Temperature ____________________ °C
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

Q5.
A student investigates two experimental methods of making methylpropanal. The
equations for these two methods are shown.

In each method, the student uses 1.00 g of organic starting material.

The yield of methylpropanal obtained using each method and other data are included in
the table.
 
  Method 1 Method 2

Yield of methylpropanal / mg 552 778

Percentage yield   80.0%

Percentage atom economy 62.1%  

Calculate the percentage yield for Method 1.

Calculate the percentage atom economy for Method 2.

State the importance of percentage yield and percentage atom economy when choosing
the method used to make a compound.

Page 7 of 44
 % yield _______________

Importance of percentage yield _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

% atom economy _______________

Importance of percentage atom economy _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Q6.
This question is about two experiments on gases.

(a)  In the first experiment, liquid Y is injected into a sealed flask under vacuum. The
liquid vaporises in the flask.
The table below shows data for this experiment.
 
Mass of Y 717 mg

Temperature 297 K

Volume of flask 482 cm3

Pressure inside
51.0 kPa
flask

Calculate the relative molecular mass of Y.

Show your working.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Page 8 of 44
  

Relative molecular mass of Y ____________________

(5)

(b)  In the second experiment, another flask is used for a combustion reaction.

Method

•   Remove all the air from the flask.

•   Add 0.0010 mol of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (C8H18) to the flask.
•   Add 0.0200 mol of oxygen to the flask.
•   Spark the mixture to ensure complete combustion.
•   Cool the mixture to the original temperature.

The equation is

C8H18(g) + 12 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 9 H2O(l)

Calculate the amount, in moles, of gas in the flask after the reaction.

Amount of gas ______________________________ mol

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q7.
Coconut oil contains a triester with three identical R groups.
This triester reacts with potassium hydroxide.

(a)  Complete the equation by drawing the structure of the other product of this reaction
in the box.

Page 9 of 44
 Name the type of compound shown by the formula RCOOK

Give one use for this type of compound.

Type of compound  ___________________________________________________

Use  _______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)  The triester in coconut oil has a relative molecular mass, Mr = 638.0

In the equation shown at the start of this question, R represents an alkyl group that
can be written as CH3(CH2)n

Deduce the value of n in CH3(CH2)n

Show your working.

n _______________
(3)

(c)  A 1.450 g sample of coconut oil is heated with 0.421 g of KOH in aqueous ethanol
until all of the triester is hydrolysed.
The mixture is cooled.
The remaining KOH is neutralised by exactly 15.65 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl

Calculate the percentage by mass of the triester (Mr = 638.0) in the coconut oil.

Page 10 of 44
  

Percentage by mass _______________

(6)

(d)  Suggest why aqueous ethanol is a suitable solvent when heating the coconut oil with
KOH.

Give a safety precaution used when heating the mixture.

Justify your choice.

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Safety
precaution _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Justification _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q8.
A student is provided with a 5.60 g sample of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) contaminated
with sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa).

The student dissolves the sample in deionised water and makes the volume up to 200 cm3
The student removes 25.0 cm3 samples of the solution and titrates them with 0.350 mol dm–3 sodium
hydroxide solution.

The table below shows the results of these titrations.

 
  Rough 1 2 3

Final volume / cm3 20.85 41.10 20.50 40.80

Initial volume / cm3 0.00 20.85 0.00 20.50

Titre / cm3 20.85 20.25 20.50 20.30

(a)  Use the results in the table above to calculate the mean titre value.

Use the mean titre to calculate the percentage by mass of sodium ethanoate in the
original sample.

Page 11 of 44
  

Mean titre value _______________ cm3

Percentage by mass ____________________

(6)

(b)  The student rinses the burette with deionised water before filling with sodium
hydroxide solution.

State and explain the effect, if any, that this rinsing will have on the value of the titre.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q9.
What is the percentage atom economy for the production of ethanol from glucose?

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

 
A 25.6%

B 27.1%

C 51.1%

D 54.2%
(Total 1 mark)

Q10.
This question is about enthalpy changes.

(a)  Define the term enthalpy change.

Page 12 of 44
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)  Propane undergoes complete combustion.

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) ⟶ 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)     ∆H = –2046 kJ mol–1

The table below shows some bond enthalpy data.

 
Bond C–H C=O O–H

Mean bond enthalpy /

412 743 463
kJ mol–1

The bond enthalpy for O=O is 496 kJ mol–1

For H2O(l) ⟶ H2O(g) ∆H = +41 kJ mol–1

Use these data to calculate a value for the C–C bond enthalpy in propane.

C–C bond enthalpy ____________________ kJ mol‒1

(4)

(c)  Explain why the value given for the O=O bond enthalpy in part (b) is not a mean
value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q11.
This question is about combustion.

Page 13 of 44
 (a)  State the meaning of the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)  A student does an experiment to determine the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-

ol (CH3CH2CH2OH, Mr = 60.0).
Combustion of 0.497 g of propan-1-ol increases the temperature of 150 g of water
from 21.2 °C to 35.1 °C

Calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-ol in this

experiment.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1

Enthalpy of combustion _______________ kJ mol‒1

(3)

(c)  The enthalpy of combustion determined experimentally is less exothermic than that

calculated using enthalpies of formation.

Give one possible reason for this, other than heat loss.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q12.

Page 14 of 44
 This question is about the equilibrium

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)

(a)  State and explain the effect, if any, of a decrease in overall pressure on the
equilibrium yield of SO3

Effect  _____________________________________________________________

Explanation  ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)  A 0.460 mol sample of SO2 is mixed with a 0.250 mol sample of O2 in a sealed
container at a constant temperature.
When equilibrium is reached at a pressure of 215 kPa, the mixture contains 0.180
mol of SO3

Calculate the partial pressure, in kPa, of SO2 in this equilibrium mixture.

Partial pressure of SO2 _______________ kPa

(4)

(c)  A different mixture of SO2 and O2 reaches equilibrium at a different temperature.

The table below shows the partial pressures of the gases at equilibrium.
 
Gas Partial pressure / kPa

SO2 1.67 × 102

O2 1.02 × 102

SO3 1.85 × 102

Give an expression for the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction.

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction and give its units.

Page 15 of 44
 Kp

Kp _______________

Units __________
(3)

(d)  What is the effect on the value of Kp if the pressure of this equilibrium mixture is
increased at a constant temperature?

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)

Tick (✓) one box.

The value of Kp
 

increases.

stays the same.

decreases.

(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q13.
This question is about thermodynamics.
Consider the reaction shown.

2 Al2O3(s) + 3 C(s) → 4 Al(s) + 3 CO2(g)

The table below shows some thermodynamic data.

 
Substance Al2O3(s) Al(s) C(s) CO2(g)

ΔfHϴ/ kJ mol–1 –1669 0 0 –394

Sϴ/ J K–1 mol–1 51 28 6 214

Page 16 of 44
 (a)  Explain why the standard entropy value for carbon dioxide is greater than that for
carbon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)  State the temperature at which the standard entropy of aluminium is 0 J K–1 mol–1

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)  Use the equation and the data in the table above to calculate the minimum
temperature, in K, at which this reaction becomes feasible.

Minimum temperature _______________ K

(7)
(Total 9 marks)

Q14.
This question is about enthalpy changes for calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.

(a)  State the meaning of the term enthalpy change.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The figure below shows an incomplete Born–Haber cycle for the formation of calcium

Page 17 of 44
 chloride.

(b)  Complete the figure above by writing the formulas, including state symbols, of the
appropriate species on each of the three blank lines.
(3)

(c)  Table 1 shows some enthalpy data.

Table 1
 
Enthalpy
  change / kJ mol–
1

Enthalpy of formation of calcium

–795
chloride

Enthalpy of atomisation of
+193
calcium

First ionisation energy of calcium +590

Second ionisation energy of

+1150
calcium

Enthalpy of atomisation of
+121
chlorine

Electron affinity of chlorine –364

Use the figure in part (a) and the data in Table 1 to calculate a value for the enthalpy
of lattice dissociation of calcium chloride.

Page 18 of 44
  

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation _______________ kJ mol–1

(2)

(d)  Magnesium chloride dissolves in water.

Give an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process that occurs
when the enthalpy of solution of magnesium chloride is measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e)  Table 2 shows some enthalpy data.

Table 2
 
Enthalpy
  change / kJ mol–
1

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation of

+2493
MgCl2

Enthalpy of hydration of Mg2+(g) –1920

Enthalpy of hydration of Cl–(g) –364

Use your answer to part (d) and the data in Table 2 to calculate a value for the
enthalpy of solution of magnesium chloride.

Enthalpy of solution _______________ kJ mol–1

(2)

(f)  The enthalpy of hydration of Ca2+(g) is –1650 kJ mol–1

Suggest why this value is less exothermic than that of Mg2+(g)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 19 of 44
 Q15.
This question is about rates of reaction.
Iodine and propanone react together in an acid-catalysed reaction

CH3COCH3(aq) + I2(aq) → CH3COCH2I(aq) + HI(aq)

A student completed a series of experiments to determine the order of reaction with

respect to iodine.

Method
•   Transfer 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 propanone solution into a conical flask.
•   Add 10 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl(aq)
•   Add 25 cm3 of 5.0 × 10–3 mol dm–3 I2(aq) and start a timer.
•   At intervals of 1 minute, remove a 1.0 cm3 sample of the mixture and add each
sample to a separate beaker containing an excess of NaHCO3(aq)
•   Titrate the contents of each beaker with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate
and record the volume of sodium thiosulfate used.

(a)  Suggest why the 1.0 cm3 portions of the reaction mixture are added to an excess of
NaHCO3 solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)  Suggest why the order of this reaction with respect to propanone can be ignored in
this experiment.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

The volume of sodium thiosulfate solution used in each titration is proportional to the
concentration of iodine in each beaker.

The table below shows the results of the experiment.

 

Page 20 of 44
 Time / Volume of sodium
minutes thiosulfate solution / cm3

1 41

2 35

3 24

4 22

5 16

6 10

(c)  Use the results in the table above to draw a graph of volume of sodium thiosulfate
solution against time.

Draw a line of best fit.

(3)

(d)  Explain how the graph shows that the reaction is zero-order with respect to iodine in
the reaction between propanone and iodine.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 21 of 44
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e)  The Arrhenius equation can be written as

The figure below shows a graph of ln k against for the reaction

2 HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)

Use the figure above to calculate a value for the activation energy (Ea), in kJ mol−1,

Page 22 of 44
 for this reaction.

The gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Ea ____________________ kJ mol−1
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q16.
This question is about pH.

Pure water dissociates slightly.

H2O(I) ⇌ H+(aq) + OH–(aq)         ΔH = +57 kJ mol–1

The equilibrium constant, Kc =

The ionic product of water, Kw = [H+][OH−]

(a)  Explain why [H2O] is not shown in the Kw expression.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Table 1 shows how Kw varies with temperature.

Table 1
 
Temperature /
Kw / mol2 dm–6
°C

10 2.93 × 10−15

20 6.81 × 10−15

25 1.00 × 10−14

30 1.47 × 10−14

Page 23 of 44
50 5.48 × 10−14

(b)  Explain why the value of Kw increases as the temperature increases.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)  Give the expression for pH.

Calculate the pH of pure water at 50 °C

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

Explain why water is neutral at 50 °C

Expression  _________________________________________________________

Calculation

pH _______________

Explanation  ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

A pH meter is calibrated using a calibration graph.

To create the calibration, the pH meter is used to measure the pH of separate solutions,
each with a known, accurate pH.

Figure 1 shows the calibration graph.

Figure 1

Page 24 of 44
(d)  Use Figure 1 to give the true pH value when the pH meter reading is 5.6

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e)  Suggest why the pH probe is washed with distilled water between each of the
calibration measurements.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f)  The calibrated pH meter is used to monitor the pH during a titration of hydrochloric

acid with sodium hydroxide.

Explain why the volume of sodium hydroxide solution added between each pH
measurement is smaller as the end point of the titration is approached.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Figure 2 shows the pH curve for a titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide

Page 25 of 44
 solution.

Figure 2

Table 2 shows data about some indicators.

Table 2
 
Colour at low Colour at high
Indicator pH range
pH pH

Bromocresol
3.8 – 5.4 yellow blue
green

Phenol red 6.8 – 8.4 yellow red

Thymolphthalein 9.3 – 10.5 colourless blue

The student plans to do the titration again using one of the indicators in Table 2 to
determine the end point.

(g)  State why all three of the indicators in Table 2 are suitable for this titration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(h)  36.25 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution are added to 25.00 cm3 of
0.150 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the pH of the final solution at 25 ºC

Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 at 25 ºC

Page 26 of 44
 

pH _______________
(5)
(Total 16 marks)

Page 27 of 44
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)     Current model includes: neutrons and protons
Rutherford model does not include neutrons and protons
1

Current model shows electrons in different energy levels/orbitals

Rutherford model does not show electrons in different
orbitals/energy levels
Allow 1st energy level only holds 2 electrons
1

(b)     M1:    112Sn+
1

M2    missing abundance = 30.84%

M3
If M2 missing then allow M3 if denominator = 69.16
1

M4 RAM = 116.5 answer must be to 1dp

Allow M4 ecf
1
[6]

Q2.
(a)     Average / mean mass of 1 atom (of an element)
1
1/12 mass of one atom of 12C
1
If moles and atoms mixed, max = 1
Mark top and bottom line independently. All key terms must
be present for each mark.

OR

Average / mean mass of atoms of an element

1/12 mass of one atom of 12C

OR

Average / mean mass of atoms of an element × 12

mass of one atom of 12C

OR

Page 28 of 44
 (Average) mass of one mole of atoms
1/12 mass of one mole of 12C

OR

(Weighted) average mass of all the isotopes

1/12 mass of one atom of 12C

OR

Average mass of an atom/isotope compared to/relative to C−12 on a scale in which

an atom of C−12 has a mass of 12
This expression = 2 marks

(b)     M1     % of 50Cr and 53Cr = 13.9%

Let % of 53Cr = x% and Let % of 50Cr = (13.9 - x)%

If x used for 50Cr and 53Cr or x and y, max 2 marks = M1 and
M4
Alternative M2
Let % of 53Cr = (13.9%-x)% and % of 50Cr = x%
1

M2     52.1 =

OR

3x = 37.8

M2 52.1 =
OR
3x = 3.9
1

M3     x = % of 53Cr = 12.6%

1

M4     % of 50Cr = 1.3%

M4 = M1- M3
1

(c)     M1     (Same) number of protons OR electrons

Do not allow same electronic configuration for M1
1

M2     (Different) number of neutrons

1

(d)     M1    (Ions will interact with and) be accelerated (by an electric field)

Allow (ions) accelerated to a negative plate
Do not allow magnetic field
1

Page 29 of 44
 M2    Ions create a current when hitting the detector OR ions create a current in the
detector/electron multiplier.
Allow (ions) can be detected
1

(e)     M1    Mass of ion = 8.8. x 10-26 kg

M1 Mass of ion in kg
1

M2     
M2 Rearrangement

Alternative M2
1

M3     

M3: Calculating v by taking

1

M4     
M4: Recall of v = d/t
1

M5     t = 7.9(0) x 10-7 (s) (2sf or more)

M5: Calculating t
1

Alternative

M1     Mass of ion = 8.8. x 10-26 kg

Alternative
M1 Mass of ion in kg
1

M2     
M2 Recall of v = d/t
1

M3     t2 =
M3 Rearrangement
1

M4     t2 = 6.24 x 10−13

M4: Correct calculation to get t2
1

Page 30 of 44
 M5     t = 7.9(0) x 10-7 (s) (2sf or more)
M5: Calculating t by taking square root of M4
Allow answers consequential on incorrect M1 If mass in g
calculated = 8.8. x 10-23 , then t = 2.5 x 10-5 s (4 marks)
1
[15]

Q3.

amount of CaS = = 0.0346 mol

M1: amount of CaS
1

amount of CaSO4 = = 0.0723 mol

M2: amount of CaSO4
1

3 mol of CaSO4 needed for each mol of CaS, and n(CaSO4) is not 3 × n(CaO)
(so CaSO4 is the limiting reagent)
M3: limiting reagent justification
1

n(SO2) = n(CaSO4) × = 0.0964 mol

M4: moles of CaSO4 × 4/3
1

mass of SO2 = n(SO2) × 64.1 = 6.18g

M5: M4 × 64.1

If CaS used as limiting reagent then allow M4 and M5 ecf.

Must look for M1 and M3
1
[5]

Q4.
(a)

(b)     M1: dividing by volume for SO2 and SO3 / calculation of concentrations of

SO2 and SO3

15.0 =

Or [SO2] = 0.0978 mol dm–3 and [SO3] = 0.256 mol dm–3

Page 31 of 44
 1

M2: correct substitution into rearranged expression

or

([O2] = 0.457 mol dm–3)

1

M3 amount of oxygen = [O2] × 1.80 = 0.823 mol

At least 2sf
1

(c)     (pV = nRT)

T = pV ÷ nR
M1: rearranged expression for ideal gas equation
1

n = 0.025 + 0.049 + 0.034

n = 0.108
M2: total number of moles
1

Conversions: pressure = 255000 Pa ; volume = 0.0035 m3

M3: unit conversions
1

1
M4: temperature in K

T = 994.5 K

T = 721 °C
M5: temperature in °C (allow 720 – 722)
M5 = M4 – 273
1
[9]

Q5.
Percentage yield

Page 32 of 44
 M1    reactant moles = ( = 0.00862)
Correct M3 scores M1-3
Numerical answers to at least 2sf
Allow ECF in M1-M3
1

M2    product moles = ( = 0.00767)

Alternative for M2/3
M2 expected mass of product = 0.00862 x 72.0 ( = 0.621 g)
1

M3    % yield = = 88.9(3) or 89%

Alternative for M2/3

M3 % yield = ( x 100) = 88.9(3) or 89%

1

M4    idea of getting as much product as possible in the reaction / idea of efficient

conversion of reactants to products
1

Atom economy

M5    

Alternative for M5:

1

M6     idea of maximising the mass of reactants / atoms that ends up in desired product or
idea of minimising the amount of by-products
1
[6]

Q6.
(a)     METHOD 1

Stage 1

M1    
1

M2    converting P to 51.0 x 103, V to 482 x 10–6

1

M3    
1

Page 33 of 44
 Stage 2

M4    converting mass to 0.717

1

M5    Mr = 72.0 (at least 2 sf)

1

METHOD 2

M1    

M2    

M3    converting P to 51.0 x 103, V to 482 x 10–6

M4    converting mass to 0.717

M5    Mr = = 72.0 (at least 2 sf)

Both methods:
72.0 can be achieved with incorrect working and may not
score because individual steps need to be assessed as
correct
72.0 with no working scores no marks
If expression not written out, M1 could score from a
substituted correct expression later on (even if any unit
conversions are incorrect)
METHOD 1
•   ECF from M2 to M3
•   ECF from M3 to M4
•   ECF from M4 to M5
•   Ignore units for M3
METHOD 2
•   ECF from M3 to M4
•   ECF from M2 to M4
•   ECF from M4 to M5

(b)     M1    amount of CO2 formed in flask = 0.008 mol

Allow ECF from M1 to M2
1

M2    amount of gas in flask

= 0.0075 (O2) + 0.0080 (M1) = 0.0155 mol

1
[7]

Page 34 of 44
Q7.
(a)     CH2OHCH(OH)CH2OH
1

(Potassium) Carboxylate salt

Allow fatty acid salt / salt
Salt of a carboxylic acid
1

Soap
Allow detergent / surfactant
1

(b)     638 = 173 + 3(15 + 14n)

Mr ester fragment = 173
M1

Show subtract 638 – (M1 + 45)

M2

Division of M2 by 42
n = 10
n must be an integer
M3

(c)     Amount HCl = 0.100 × 0.01565 = 1.565 ×10‒3 mol

M1

Initial amount KOH = = 7.50 ×10‒3 mol

M2

Amount KOH used = M2 – M1 = 5.939 ×10‒3 mol

M3

Amount ester = = 1.980 ×10‒3 mol (M3 / 3)

M4

Mass ester = (1.980 ×10‒3 ) × 638 = 1.263 g (M4 x 638)

M5

%age by mass = × 100 = 87.1 % ( (M5 / 1.45) x 100)

Allow 87.0 to 87.1
Allow 2 sf
Don’t allow M6 for an answer >100%
M6

(d)     Allow to dissolve both oil and KOH

To act as a mutual solvent OR To ensure reactants are
miscible
M1

Precaution must be linked to heating

e.g. Use a water bath for heating mixture

Page 35 of 44
 Allow electrical heater / mantle
Allow sand bath
M2

Prevents risk of fire / Ethanol is flammable

Allow KOH is corrosive/caustic/damages eyes if matches
alternative precaution given
M3
[15]

Q8.
(a)     M1: Mean titre = = 20.275 cm3
Allow M1 = 20.28 cm3
1

M2 Amount of NaOH = 0.35 × (20.275 ÷ 1000) = 0.00709625 mol

Amount of ethanoic acid in 25 cm3 = 0.00709625 mol

M2 = M1 × 10–3 × 0.35
1

M3 Amount of ethanoic acid in 200 cm3 = 0.05677 mol

M3 = M2 × 8
1

M4 Mass of ethanoic acid in sample = 60.0 × 0.05677 = 3.4062 g

M4 = M3 × 60.0
1

M5 Mass of sodium ethanoate = 5.6 – 3.4062 = 2.1938 g

M5 = 5.6 – M4
1

M6 percentage CH3COONa = (2.1938 ÷ 5.6) × 100 = 39.1 %

M6 = (M5 ÷ 5.6 ) × 100

(39.1 – 39.2)

Accept alternative methods

M5 = (M4 ÷ 5.6) × 100) followed by M6 = 100 – M5 1
1

(b)     M1    Titre value would increase / larger value

1

M2    Because the sodium hydroxide solution would be more dilute

1
[8]

Q9.
C

Page 36 of 44
 51.1%
[1]

Q10.
(a)     Heat (energy) change at constant pressure
allow transfer for change
1

(b)     M1    correctly showing how many of which types of bonds are broken / made
(broken) 2(C–C) + 8(C–H) + 5(O=O)       (5776 + 2(C-C))
M1 is for identifying the number and type of bonds broken /
made (does not have to explicit if they are broken or made, it
is just which bonds and the number of each)
(made) 6(C=O) + 8(O–H)                         (8162)
1

M2    including 4(41) for vaporisation of water

M2 is for including 4(41) in some way in the calculation
1

M3    2(C–C)
= 6(C=O) + 8(O–H) + 4(41) – 2046 – 8(C–H) – 5(O=O)
= 6(743) + 8(463) + 4(41) – 2046 – 8(412) – 5(496)
= 504
M3 is for calculating total for C-C bonds; allow 340 for 2
marks for omitting 4(41)
1

M4    (C–C) = = 252 (kJ mol–1)

M4 is for dividing their M3 by two (ie allow ECF from M3 to
M4; ECF for 3(C-C) to divide their M3 by three)
252 scores 4
170 scores 3 (omits vaporisation of water)
168 scores 3 (3 C-C bonds)
113 scores 2 (3 C-C bonds & omits vaporisation of water)
88 scores 3 (vaporisation of water on wrong side)
Ignore units
1

(c)     Oxygen / O2 is the only substance that has O=O bond

1
[6]

Q11.
(a)     Enthalpy change when one mole of a substance burns completely in oxygen
Allow heat energy change / allow fully combust
1

With all substances in their standard states (at stated temperature and 100kPa)

Page 37 of 44
 1

(b)     q = m c ∆T = 150 × 4.18 × 13.9 = 8715.3 J

1

n(propan-1-ol)= = 0.00828 mol

1

∆H = − = −1050 kJ mol-1
M3 = – M1×10–3/M2
Minimum of 2 sf needed
Must be negative
1

(c)     Incomplete combustion
Evaporation of fuel
Experiment not completed under standard conditions
1
[6]

Q12.
(a)     M1 decreases yield
1

M2 So equilibrium shifts to side with more moles/molecules or more

moles/molecules on LHS
Allow M2 independent of M1
1

M3 So equilibrium shifts (to left side) to oppose decrease in pressure OR

to increase pressure
Must refer to equilibrium shifting to gain maximum marks
1

(b)     M1 amount SO2 (= 0.46 – 0.18) = 0.28 mol

1

M2 amount O2 (= 0.25 – 0.09) = 0.16 mol

1

M3 total amount (= 0.28 + 0.16 + 0.18) = 0.62 mol

1

M4 partial pressure of SO2 = x 215 = 97(.1) (kPa)

(c)     M1
Penalise square brackets in M1

Page 38 of 44
 1

M2 = 1.2(0) × 10–2
1

M3 = kPa–1
1

(d)     Stays the same

1
[11]

Q13.
(a)     CO2 / gas is more disordered (than solid)
Allow answers based on carbon
Ignore CO2 is a gas and C is a solid
1

(b)     0 K
Units essential
Allow absolute zero OR –273 oC
1

(c)     M1    ΔH = (3 ͯ – 394) –(–1669 x 2)

M1 correct expression
1

M2    = 2156 (kJ mol–1)

M2 if –2156 seen allow 1 mark out M1 and M2
1

M3    ΔS = (28 x 4 + 214 x 3) – (51 x 2 + 6 x 3)

M3 correct expression
1

M4    = 634 (J K–1 mol –1)

M4 if – 634 allow 1 mark from M4 and M4
1

M5    ΔG= ΔH – T ΔS or ΔH =T ΔS or T = ΔH ÷ΔS
M5 expression or rearranged expression or with numbers
1

M6    ΔS = 0.634 kJ K–1mol –1

M6 ΔS = M4 ÷ 1000
1

M7    T = = 3400 to 3401 (K)

M7 = M2 ÷ M6 but must be a positive answer
1
[9]

Page 39 of 44
Q14.
(a)     Heat (energy) change at constant pressure
Ignore conditions even if wrong
Ignore energy change
1

(b)     M2 Ca2+(g) + 2 e– + Cl 2(g)

Alternative M2 Ca+(g) + e‒ + 2 Cl(g)
1

M3 Ca2+(g) + 2 Cl –(g)
1

M1 Ca(s) + Cl 2(g)
1

(c)     M1 –795 + LE = 193 + 590 +1150 + ( 2 x 121) + (2 x –364)

Numbers and factors used correctly from cycle
1

M2 LE = (+) 2242 (kJ mol–1)

Rearrangement to calculate LE
If one or both factors of 2 missing award 1 mark for (+) 2485,
(+)2121 or (+)2606 (kJ mol–1)
Allow 1 mark for – 2242 (kJ mol–1)
1

(d)     MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl‒(aq)

Allow MgCl2(s) ⇌ Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq)
Allow MgCl2(s) + aq ⇌ Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq)
1

(e)     M1 ΔH soln MgCl2 = ΔH latt diss+ ΔH hyd Mg2+ + 2ΔH hyd Cl–
OR 2493 –1920 + (2 x –364)
M1 for expression with or without numbers
1

M2 = – 155 (kJ mol–1)

M2 for answer
If factor of 2 missing for ΔH hyd Cl– , allow 1 mark for 209
1

(f)     M1 Ca2+ (ion) bigger/lower charge to size ratio (than Mg2+)

Allow converse answers
M1 Do not accept Ca2+ is a bigger atom/molecule
M1 Allow Ca2+ has more shells/ more distance of outer e to
nucleus
Ignore more shielding
1

M2 weaker attraction/bond to (Oδ- in) water

1

Page 40 of 44
 [11]

Q15.
(a)     The sodium hydrogencarbonate solution neutralises the acid (catalyst)
M1

So stops the reaction

M2

(b)     The concentration/amount of propanone is much larger than/200 times

larger than the concentration/amount of iodine
M1

Concentration of propanone is (almost) constant

The change in concentration in propanone is negligible
M2

(c)

M1

Suitable axes (plotted points must take up at least half of the grid)
M2

For all points correctly plotted to ± 1/2 small square

For straight line of best fit which avoids the anomalous plot M1
M3

(d)     The graph is a straight line / has a constant gradient

M1

So the rate of reaction does not change as the concentration (of iodine)

Page 41 of 44
 changes / the iodine is being used up at a constant rate.
Correct rate vs conc graph scores M2
M2

(e)     Gradient = (−14.1 − −2.8) / (0.00180 − 0.00128)

        = −11.3 / 0.00052
        = −21731
Allow -21330 to -22130
M1

Gradient = −Ea / R
−Ea = their answer x 8.31 ( = 180583 J mol-1)
M2

Ea = M2 ÷ 1000 (= 181 kJ mol-1)

M3
[12]

Q16.
(a)     [H2O] is (almost) constant
Allow
[H2O] is (very) large in comparison (to [H+] and [OH-])

or [H2O] is incorporated in Kw
or Kw = Kc[H2O]
or the equilibrium lies very much to the left.

Ignore water has negligible dissociation

Ignore [H2O] = 1 or [H2O] is very small 1
1

(b)     M1 Equilibrium is endothermic (in forward direction)

1

M2 Equilibrium shifts to the RHS to minimise/oppose temperature increase

Ignore more H+ and OH- formed
1

(c)     M1    pH = –log10[H+]
M1 Allow pH = –log[H+]
1

M2    [H+] = √5.48 × 10−14 (= 2.34 × 10−7)

M2 [H+]2 = 5.48 × 10−14
1

M3    pH = –log10 2.34 × 10−7 = 6.63

M3 pH = –log10 M2
1

M4    [H+] = [OH–]
or

Page 42 of 44
 Dissociation of each water molecule gives one H+ and one OH–
M4 Allow equal amounts of H+ and OH-
1

(d)     5.55
Allow 5.5 to 5.6
1

(e)     Different solutions must not contaminate each other

pH of previous solution doesn’t contaminate new solution

or

To wash off any residual solution/substance (which could interfere with

the reading)
Ignore to make neutral/neutralise
Ignore so as not to affect concentrations
1

(f)     To avoid missing the end point

Or

(Very little pH change per cm3 added at start) large change in pH (near
end point)
1

(g)     All have a colour change/pH range within the steep/vertical part of the
titration curve
Colour change/pH range between pH 3 and 11
1

(h)     M1    Amount of OH– = 36.25 × 0.200 ÷ 1000 = 7.25 × 10–3 mol and

Amount of H+ = 25.0 × 0.150 ÷ 1000 = 3.75 × 10–3 mol
1

M2    Amount of excess OH– = 7.25 × 10–3 – 3.75 × 10–3 = 3.50 × 10–3 mol
1

M3    [OH–] = (3.50 × 10–3) ÷ (61.25 × 10–3) (= 5.71 × 10–2 mol)

M3 [OH–] = (M2) ÷ (61.25 × 10–3)
1

M4    [H+] = 1.00 × 10–14 ÷ 5.71 × 10–2 = 1.75 × 10–13

M4 [H+] = 1.00 × 10–14 ÷ M3
1

M5    pH = 12.76
M5 Allow pH = 12.8
M5 pH = -log10(M4)

Alternative Method
M4 p OH = 1.24

Page 43 of 44
M5 pH = 14 – 1.24 = 12.76
1
[16]

Page 44 of 44