Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
Jose L. Briones St.,Mandaue City

Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion

Physical Science

(QUARTER 4 WEEK 2)

SELF-LEARNING MODULE

1
 What I Need to Know
Content Standards:
1. Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion
2. How Galileo inferred objects in vacuum fall
3. Distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion and Galileo

Performance Standard:
1. Perform the activity Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion and how Galileo inferred objects in
vacuum fall.
2. Create your own five-minute Experiment video of a ball rolling on a table.
3. Create a Rap song about the views of motion of Aristotle and Galileo.

Learning Outcome
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
At the end of the section, you should be able to:
• Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical motion, horizontal
motion and projectile motion. S11/12PS-IVc-46
• Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration, and that force
is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion. S11/12PS-IVc-47
• Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (or Law of Inertia) and
Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motionS11/12PS-IVd-51

OBJECTIVES:
• Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion.
• Perform how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration
• Solve the given problem
• Explain Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s first law of motion.

2
 What I Know
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write your answers on the separate sheet of paper.
1. It is an object's change in position with respect to time.
A. Energy B. Force C. Gravity D .Motion
2. According to Aristotle, motion can be ______
A. natural motion C. both natural & violent motion
B. violent motion D. none of these choices
3. According to Aristotle's view of natural motion "An object will move and will eventually return to its
natural state depending _____________.
A. on the amount of force given to it.
B. on the obstructive forces it may encounter.
C. on the composition that the object is made of..
D. none of these choices
4. An object will move if an external force such as pushing or pulling is applied to
A. Natural motion B. Projectile motion C. Violent motion D. All of these choices
5. Which of the statement is true regarding Aristotle's view on projectile motion
A. The motion of an object is perpendicular to the ground until it is the object's time to fall back
into the ground
B. The motion of an object is parallel to the endpoint until it is the object's time to fall back into
the ground
C. The motion of an object is parallel to the ground until it is the object's time to fall back into the
ground
D. None of these choices
6. Who postulated that motion can be described by mathematics and the changes in some physical
variables such as time and distance.
A. Aristotle C. Both Aristotle & Galileo
B. Galileo D. None of these choices
7. Galileo believed that
A. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed perpendicular to some factor of time
B. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed proportional to some factor of time
C. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed inversely proportion to some factor of
time
D. none of these choices
8. Aristotle's view of natural motion "An object will move and will eventually return to its natural state
depending
A. on the amount of force given to it
B. on the obstructive forces it may encounter
C. on the composition that the object is made of
D. None of these choices
9. When will the rolling ball will reach its maximum acceleration?
A. When a surface is positioned vertically
B. When a surface is positioned diagonally
C. When a surface is positioned horizontally
D. None of these choices
For items 10-12
A. Horizontal motion C. Vertical motion
B. Projectile motion D. None of these choices
10. An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and an external force is not
necessary to maintain the motion.
11. In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their weight, but in the time of
fall.
12.What type of force is highlighted when you shoot a ball in a ring?

3
13.Which of the following is NOT true about Galilean and Aristotelian concept of motion?
I. Aristotle said if you drop a piece of coin and paper at the same height at the same time the
coin would fall faster, Galileo said he want to prove the rate of fall or acceleration of an object is
independent of their mass
II. Galileo said if you drop a piece of coin and paper at the same height at the same time the coin
would fall faster, Aristotle said he want to prove the rate of fall or acceleration of an object is
independent of their mass
III Aristotle said every object has a proper place in the universe, Galileo said an object can move
freely in the absence of friction
IV Galileo said a cannonball when fired by a canon moves in a straight horizontal line following
the impetus, Aristotle said that when you fire a canon, the cannonball moves two-dimensional
motion.
A. I & II B. II & IV C. I & III D. III & IV
14. Which statement is NOT true about Aristotle’s view of projectile motion?
A. It is classified as a violent motion
B. The air resists the motion of the projectile
C. The air pushes the projectile to keep it moving
D.A motive force should be given to the projectile to starts its motion.
15. The following statements describes Aristotle’s view of motion EXCEPT
A. A stone thrown upward draws back to Earth
B. An object at rest, remains at rest
C. Heavy objects fall at the same rate with light objects
D. Smoke naturally rises

What’s In
Motion is the action of changing location or position. Life is motion. From the coordination of the
muscles of our body which enables us to walk, run and dance to the pumping of our hearts to deliver
blood to the different parts of our bodies are motion.
The first evidence of the study of the motion of heavenly bodies can be traced back to the people of
Sumeria and Egypt. While the Greeks were the first ones to study systematically and in detail the
heavenly bodies. They regarded the Earth as the center of the universe, geocentric. This idea of
geocentric earth was replaced by the heliocentric model of Nicolaus Copernicus, where earth and other
planets revolve in circular orbits around the Sun.
These early studies were the foundations of Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist to revolutionized
Science.
To get started, you have to choose the terms or names of persons related to motion from
the WORD POOL below. List down these words/names on the table and write what you know
about it.
Heliocentric cannonball Aristotle Kepler
feather hammer Galileo Copernicus
geocentric Ptolemy leaning tower of Pisa
distance inertia acceleration

4
 Term/Name of Person What I know about it?

What’s New!

A. Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. A.Horizontal Motion

2. B. Vertical Motion

3. C. Projectile Motion

B. How Galileo inferred objects in vacuum fall

Imagine yourself holding a bowling ball and a ping pong ball. If you drop these balls in a vacuum
simultaneously, which ball do you think would have greater acceleration upon reaching the ground?
Why?

C. Distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion and Galileo

Is there a difference between Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s first law of motion?
Since there is no gravity in space, will it be easier to lift a sack of rice in space compared here on
earth? What does the law of inertia and Galileo’s assertion tell us about this?

5
 What is It?

A. Compare and contrast Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion

Aristotle’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion
1. Vertical Motion
Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion, the
object will move and will return to its natural state based on the object's
material or composition - earth, water, air, and fire.

• For example, Aristotle believed that because a ball fell

when thrown upward, its element was earth.

• Smoke goes up the air because it seeks its natural place

in the atmosphere.

• Aristotelian concept of natural motion is largely

vertical motion which is falling or rising.

2. Horizontal Motion
An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to maintain
horizontal motion. Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to
an object. When the force is removed, motion stops.
• The example at the right shows
piled boxes of food donations. The
boxes will remain on the floor unless a
push or a pull force is applied.

•Violent motion is imposed motion

caused by pushing or pulling.

• Aristotle classified any motion

that required a force as a "violent motion". (He did not mean violent in the
sense that it is marked by the use of harmful or destructive physical force.)

3. Projectile Motion
Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to the
ground until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. An impetus will be
kept by the object until such time that the initial force is forgotten, and the object
returns to its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground.
He viewed projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said
that heavy objects fall faster than light ones.

6
 The illustration shows an example of cannon fired which
gives the cannonball an impetus.
• A notorious problem for the Aristotelian view was why arrows shot from
a bow continued to fly through the air after they had left the bow and
the string was no longer applying force to them.
Aristotle's Explanation:
• Initial motive force transfers to the medium initially surrounding the
object a "power" to act as a motive force.

Air flow

• Medium then forces object into new region, which is then imparted
with the "power" to act.

Power transfer

I. Galileo’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion

1. Vertical Motion
In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their
weight, but in the time of fall. Also, if the object encountered a resistive force
from a fluid equal or greater than its weight, it will slow down and reaches a
uniform motion until it reaches the bottom and stops.

• For example, without any

resistance, a 1-kg object will
be as fast as a 10-kg object
when falling because they fall
with the same amount of
time, given that they are
released from the same
height.

• Also, a stone dropped in the

ocean will sooner or later
travel at constant speed.

7
 2. Horizontal Motion
An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and an
external force is not necessary to maintain the motion. If the Earth’s surface is
very flat and extended infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be impeded.
Thus, the objects will continue to move. This kind of motion, however, is not
evident in nature.

For example, if a ball is pushed on an infinitely flat plane, the ball will continue
to roll if unimpeded.
3. Projectile Motion
Galileo performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion using an inclined plane,
and used the same apparatus to study projectile motion.
• Galileo was credited for quantifying the “rate of fall” by measurement
of distance and time and plotting it graphically. He was able to slow down the
“fall” using ramps rather than viscous materials as Aristotle did resulting to
significantly different conclusions related to the “rate of fall”.
• He correctly measured motion in two independent directions
(horizontal and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is better measured in
terms of downward acceleration.
• He used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of
projectile motion whereby horizontal motion has zero
acceleration (constant speed horizontally) and content
vertical acceleration.
• By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical drop, Galileo
was able to determine that the path of a projectile is parabolic.
• He believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the
horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. If
it is not impeded, it will continue to move even without an applied force.
For example, when you shoot a ball in a basketball ring, the ball does not need a
force to keep it moving
 Types of
Aristotle Galileo
Motion
Object at rest remains at rest. Force is not required to sustain motion
Horizontal
Force is required to sustain the but needed to change the motion of the
Motion
motion of an object. object.
All objects have a natural state. Bodies fall on the surface of
the Earth at constant acceleration
regardless of its weight
Vertical An object thrown upward will Neglecting air resistance, the time of
Motion naturally fall towards Earth. travel of an object was independent of
the masses.
heavier objects fall faster than free-falling objects was being acted
light objects only by the force of gravity.
The path of a projectile follows a The path of a projectile follows a
Projectile
straight path until it lost force curved path and is influenced by
Motion
and eventually fall to the both vertical and horizontal motion.
ground.

B. How Galileo inferred objects in vacuum fall

Galileo's Experimentation to prove his Ideas about motion

Experiment I
Galileo dropped two different weights of cannon ball to the
Leaning Tower of Pisa and they fell at the same time but could not
measure the distance travelled therefore he proceeded to another
experimentation.

Experiment II

Galileo used the inclined ramp in order to measure the acceleration of an

object. He used a rolling ball to measure the changes. He measured that
objects accelerates at the same time regardless of their size and mass.
Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the time taken to
travel the distance
A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same value
after every second
 T Time

The speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 2 m/s every

second. This means that the rolling ball would have the following
speeds for every given second.
TIME SPEED m/s
0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10

Free Fall and Gravity

Freely falling bodies undergo constant acceleration in which it is

referred to as free fall. The free fall acceleration represent a symbol g
which means gravity.
At the surface of the earth, gravity (g) is approximately 9.8 m/s2.
Gravity leads the object to accelerate in a constant rate.

Horizontal Motion
View of Aristotle

Natural state of object at rest

View of Galileo
Imagined motion will continue without friction
Horizontal versus Vertical Motion
Horizontal: constant in value which represent by x axis
• rolling balls
• inertia
• leaning tower of Pisa
Vertical: changing value which represent by y axis
• free fall
• Aristotle versus Galileo

C. Distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion and Galileo’s Assertion

The concept of inertia was a result of Galileo’s studies of motion.

Inertia refers to the tendency of any material to change its state of motion.
Galileo asserted that if a rolling ball was ‘left alone’ it will continue to move with constant
velocity.
 The only difference between Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s first law of motion is the
concept of force.
Galileo did not know yet the concept of force, and it was Newton who finally explains the
nature of forces.

What’s More
Independent Activity 1
Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion
Aristotle or Galileo?
Part A.
1. Hold a stone and a piece of paper at the same height.
2. Drop the stone and paper simultaneously.
Which will fall faster? ____________________________________
Why? ________________________________________________

Part B
1. Do the same procedure in Part A, but this time use crumpled paper.
2. Drop the stone and crumpled paper simultaneously.
Which will fall faster? ____________________________________
Why? ________________________________________
Observation:
1. Which part describes Aristotle’s view of motion? ___________________
Why? _________________________________________________
2. Which part describes Galileo’s view of motion? ____________________
Why?_________________________________________________

What’s More

Independent Assessment 1
Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion
I.Completion: Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical motion,
horizontal motion and projectile motion by completing the word on the space provided. Choose the
word inside the box.

required free-falling objects curved

not required heavier objects straight
Types of
Aristotle Galileo
Motion
Object at rest remains at rest. Force is ________ to sustain motion
Horizontal
Force is ________ to sustain but needed to change the motion of
Motion
the motion of an object. the object.
All objects have a natural Bodies fall on the surface of
state. the Earth at constant acceleration
regardless of its weight
Vertical An object thrown upward will Neglecting air resistance, the time
Motion naturally fall towards Earth of travel of an object was
independent of the masses.
________ fall faster than light ________was being acted
objects only by the force of gravity.
The path of a projectile The path of a projectile follows a
Projectile
follows a ________ path until ________ path and is influenced by
Motion
it lost force and eventually fall both vertical and horizontal motion.
to the ground.

II. Summarize your understanding about the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions
of motion by filling out the table below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answer.

ARISTOTELIAN Description Examples

Horizontal Motion

Vertical Motion

Projectile Motion

GALILEAN Description Examples

Horizontal Motion

Vertical Motion

Projectile Motion

What’s More
Independent Activity 2
How Galileo inferred objects in vacuum fall
Activity 1: Watch Objects in free fall Source
Objectives: To verify the evidence used by Galileo to refute Aristotle’s idea.
What you need? Coin, paper disc, meter stick, stop watch, glue

12
 What to do?
A. 1. Hold a coin and paper disc about one meter or more above the floor.
2. Drop both of them simultaneously
3. Measure the time of fall using a stopwatch

B. 1. Paste the coin the ball so that they stick together.

2. Drop them together from the same distance as in Part A.
3. Measure the time of fall again.

C. Record your data

Part A Part B

Time of fall (seconds)

Trial Distance Paper Disc Coin Ball + Cotton

1. 1m

2. 2m

3. 3m

Observation:
1. In part A, which falls faster?
Why?___________________________________________________________
2. In part B, how will you describe the time of fall of the ball and the cotton?
_______________________________________________________________
3. What can you infer from the time of fall of the ball and the cotton together?
________________________________________________________________

What’s More
Independent Assessment 2
How Galileo inferred objects in vacuum fall
True or False:
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write
your answers on the separate sheet of paper.
1. Galileo fully accepted and believed on the theory of Aristotle regarding motion.
2. An external force is necessary to maintain the motion if unimpeded.
3. According to Galileo an object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is
proportional to the time it will take to travel.
4. Galileo believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the
vertical direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the horizontal direction.
5. Galileo discovered that objects fall with uniform acceleration.
6. A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same value
after every second.
7. As the inclined plane becomes steeper, the acceleration of the rolling ball
decreases.
13
 8. Galileo Galilee observed the speed of the ball rolling upward & downward
changes due to gravity.
9. There is a difference between Galileo's assertion and Newton's first law of
motion.
10. Isaac Newton is the first man to explain inertia.

What’s More
Independent Activity 3
Distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion and Galileo’s Assertion
A. Do this: Roll the ball downward, upward and on a level plane.
When the ball rolls down the plane, what happen to its
speed?Why?___________________

When the ball rolls up the plane, what happen to its

speed?Why?___________________

When the ball roll is rolling on a level plane, will its speed
change?
D.Is there a difference between Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s first law of
motion?
__________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

➢ Aristotle and Galileo both have made important contribution towards our
understanding in the world of Physics.
➢ Aristotle’s views of motion are as follow: (1) Object at rest remains at rest. Force
is needed to sustain the motion of an object (2) all objects have a natural state
which means an object thrown upward naturally fall towards the Earth. Likewise,
heavier objects fall faster than light objects (3) the path of a projectile follows a
straight path until it lost force and fall to the ground.
➢ Galileo’s views of motion on the other hand are as follows: (1) force is not
required to sustain motion but is needed to change the motion of the object (2)
bodies fall on the surface of the Earth at constant acceleration regardless of its
weight. A free falling body was being acted only by the force of gravity (3) the
path of a projectile follows a curved path and is influenced by both vertical and
horizontal motion.
➢ A body with uniform acceleration changes its speed by a constant value.
14
 ➢ Galileo proved that when objects are released simultaneously from a certain
height, they reach the ground at the same time, regardless of their masses and
air resistance.
➢ Galileo discovered that all objects fall with the uniform acceleration in vacuum.
➢ An object moving at uniform increase or decrease in speed is said to have a
uniform accelerated motion.

What I Can Do

Activity 1.Create your own five-minute Experiment video of a ball rolling on a table.
Rubric for Grading
The video will be scored from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest. The
criteria for grading are as follows:

Criteria Expectations
Visuals The video is clear and engaging. Camera shots tell the
story visually and no lighting problems.
Audio Loudness and dialogue are balanced. Spoken words
show confidence and are convincing.
Content Delivery of content is precise and complete. Emphasis
given should be based on the discussion.
Timeliness The video should consume the required 5 minutes. For
every less or added minute/s, points will be deducted.

Activity 2 Create a Rap song

Now that you have the knowledge about the views of motion of Aristotle
and Galileo, create a rap song based on that.

Assessment

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write your answers on the separate sheet of
paper.
1. Galileo proved that all falling objects fall with the same ______.
A. energy B. acceleration C. speed D. velocity
2. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force exerted on the object
and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
A. The Law of Inertia C. The Law of Action and Reaction
B. The Law of Acceleration D. None of these choices

15
3. Three objects A, B, and C with masses 5 kg, 8 kg, and 15 kg, respectively,
were dropped simultaneously. Neglecting air resistance, which object will have
the greatest acceleration upon reaching the ground?
A. Object C will have the greatest acceleration.
B. Object B will have the greatest acceleration.
C. The three objects will have the same acceleration.
D. Object A will have the greatest acceleration.
4. Three objects A, B, and C with mass 5 kg, 8 kg and 15 kg, respectively were
dropped simultaneously. Neglecting air resistance, which object will reach the
ground first?
A. The three objects will reach the ground at the same time.
B. Object C will reach the ground first.
C. Object B will reach the ground first.
D. Object A will reach the ground first.
5. Do you agree with the notion of Galileo that the feather and the hammer will fall at the
same time when dropped from the same height in a vacuum?
A. Yes, because in the vacuum there is no air resistance.
B. No, hammer will surely fall faster because it is heavier than the feather.
C. Yes, because they have the same mass and fall at the same height.
D. No, feather will fall faster because it is lighter than the hammer.
6. Which of the following describes Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to
sustain horizontal motion?
A. An object is dependent solely to force in order to move
B. An object is capable of moving on its own
C. An object is able to move on a frictionless surface
D. An object is not moving due to exterior forces
7. Which of the following is NOT correct about free-falling object as described by
Galileo?
A. The speed of an object depends on the time of fall, not on its weight.
B. The bowling ball and feather would reach the ground at the same time.
C. The distance travelled by an object is proportional to the square of the time
interval.
D. The speed of an object is inversely proportional to the time it takes to travel a
certain height.
8. Which of the following statements is true about Galileo’s work on horizontal motion?
A. When the ball rolls down a slope, its speed increases because of friction.
B. In the absence of friction, the object will stop from moving.
C. When an object moves with gravity, its speed increases.
D. When the object is moving against gravity, its velocity increases.
9. All statements below are similarities of Galileo’s assertion on horizontal motion and
Newton’s 1st law of motion EXCEPT ____.
A. Inertia is the property of an object that keeps it from changing its state of
motion.
B. All objects have inertia that tends to increase or decrease its speed.
C. No force is needed in order to keep an object moving in a straight line with
constant speed.
D. Force is required to change the state of motion of an object.
10. What happens to an object when moving on a frictionless surface without a
continuous force being applied according to the Newton’s Law of Inertia?
A. The object remains at rest.
B. The object tends stops at a certain distance covered.
C. The object will continuously move.
D. The object will move on random directions.
16
 Glossary

Freely falling bodies =undergo constant acceleration in which it is referred to as free

fall. The free fall acceleration represents a symbol g which means gravity.
Air resistance= describes the forces that are in opposition to the relative motion of an
object as it passes through the air.
Acceleration= is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time.
Free-fall= is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it.
Inertia= refers to the tendency of any material to change its state of motion.
Force=the only difference between Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s first law of motion.

References
• Rody Bayoang, Ma. Lourdes Coronacion. Physical Science for Senior High
School. Quezon City, Philippines. Education Resources Corporation.2016.
• Gian Karlo R. Dapul, Maria Kristina Salazar.” Teaching Guide for Senior High
School PHYSICAL SCIENCE. Quezon City, Philippines. Commission on Higher
Education.2016.
• https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/73-how-galileo-inferred-that-
objects-in-vacuum-fall-with-uniform-acceleration/3104292549586949/
• https://m.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/77-newtons-law-of-inertia-vs-
galileos-assertion-on-horizontal-motion/3389074717775396/

Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High

School: Physical Science. Book.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B869YF0KEHr7SHFGVG5mVFFhcXc/vie
w.
https://www.slideserve.com (accessed
htps://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/FSMA%2
0Galileo’s%2
0projectile%2model%20student.pdf
http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/experiment95/paraintr.html
#:~:text=In%
20Aristotle's%20theory%20of%20motion,was%20transmitted%20thr
ough%20the%
20air.&text=By%20varying%20the%20ball's%20horizontal,of%20a%
20projectile%2 0is%20parabolic.

https://kayejhanani.wordpress.com/2017/11/19/aristotelian-
conceptions-
17
 vertical-motion-horizontal-motion-and-projectile-motion/

https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/71-aristotelian-
conceptions-
vertical-motion-horizontal-motion-and-projectile-
mot/3251318518217684/

https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/72-galilean-
conceptions-
vertical-motion-horizontal-motion-and-projectile-
motion/3098402366842634/

https://www.merriam-webster.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb5rWuCF3As&t=181s
(accessed June 15, 20200).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_sJ15feNGw (accessed June 15,
20200).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vyk-swWmC (accessed June 15,
20200).

All images in this module were taken from Google images on the following dates Feb.1 ,
2021 – Feb.17, 2021

DISCLAIMER

I do not own or license any copyright rights in the texts, images, photographs,
graphics and other content provided in this module. I created this module solely for
non-commercial, informational and educational purposes. There is no intention on
my part to claim ownership as to the contents or make profit out of this module.

Prepared by: CHRISTINE C. SEBUA

SHS Faculty
Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School
February 17, 2021

Answer Key

What I Know
PRE-TEST
1.D 6.B 11.C
2.C 7.C 12. B
3.C 8.B 13. B
4.C 9. A 14. B
5. C 10.A 15.C

What’s In
Answers may vary

18
What’s New
A. Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of motion
1. B 2.C 3.A
B. How Galileo inferred objects in vacuum fall
Bowling and ping pong balls, when these balls are thrown from the same height
and in a vacuum, they will fall at the same acceleration regardless of their
masses.
C. Distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion and Galileo
D. There is a subtle difference. The difference lies in the concept of force.
Galileo knew about friction but did not know about the concept of force. He used
the term 'push and pull' to signify forces. It was Sir Isaac Newton who defined
the concept of force and its relation to motion

What Is it
What’s More
Independent Activity 1
Part A. The sheet of paper and piece of stone do not reach the ground
simultaneously. ... This is because resistance of air opposes the motion of sheet
of paper more than it opposes the motion of stone.
Part B. The stone fall faster because heavier object fall faster than light object.
Observation:
Aristotle’s view of motion= heavier objects fall faster than light objects
Galileo’s view of motion = Neglecting air resistance, the time of travel of an object
was independent of the masses.

Independent Assessment 1
I.
Types of
Aristotle Galileo
Motion
Object at rest remains at rest. Force is not required to sustain
Horizontal
Force is required to sustain motion but needed to change the
Motion
the motion of an object. motion of the object.
All objects have a natural Bodies fall on the surface of
state. the Earth at constant acceleration
regardless of its weight
Vertical An object thrown upward will Neglecting air resistance, the time
Motion naturally fall towards Earth. of travel of an object was
independent of the masses.
heavier objects fall faster than free-falling objects was being acted
light objects only by the force of gravity.
The path of a projectile The path of a projectile follows a
Projectile
follows a straight path until it curved path and is influenced by
Motion
lost force and eventually fall both vertical and horizontal motion.
to the ground.

II.

19
Independent Activity 2
Part A Part B
Time of fall (seconds)
Trial Distance Paper Disc Coin Ball + Cotton
1. 1m .5 1s 2s
2. 2m 1s 2s 4s
3. 3m 2s 3s 5s

Independent Assessment 2
1.False 2.False 3.True 4.False 5.True 6.True 7.False 8.True 9. True 10. False

20
Independent Activity 3
A. When the ball rolls down the plane it increases its speed because it is moving with
gravity.
B. When the ball rolls up the plane it moves against gravity, decreasing its speed.
C. When ball roll is rolling on a level plane would remain moving with constant velocity if
the friction between the floor and ball would be removed.
D. There is a subtle difference. The difference lies in the concept of force. Galileo knew
about friction but did not know about the concept of force. He used the term 'push and
pull' to signify forces. It was Sir Isaac Newton who defined the concept of force and its
relation to motion.
What I Can
Post Assessment
1.B 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.D 10.C

21