BEJ 30403

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Chapter 5 Regulated DC Power Supply
Part III

Dr. Rahmat Sanudin

Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Outline

• Overview
• Shunt Regulator
• Series Regulator
Overview

• Provide constant DC output voltage that essentially

independent of input voltage, output current &
temperature.
• 2 methods in regulation:
• Line regulation
• Load regulation
Overview

• In practice, a change in input voltage to a regulator

does cause a change in output voltage.
ΔV0
Line regulation =
ΔVin

• ΔV0 : change in output voltage (mV @ mV)

• ΔVin : the change in input voltage (mV @ mV)
Overview

• Load regulation rating indicates change in output

voltage w.r.t. load current or full-load voltage.
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 Δ𝑉𝑜
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = =
Δ𝐼𝐿 Δ𝐼𝐿

VNL − VFL
Load regulation = × 100%
VFL
Overview

• 2 types of voltage regulation circuitry :

• Discrete regulator
• IC regulator
• Discrete regulator has 2 categories;
• linear regulator
• switching regulator
• Linear regulator controls supplied current to load and
has 2 types:
• shunt regulator
• series regulator
Shunt Regulator

• It shunts current away from load.

• Sampled load voltage is fed back to comparator
circuit.
• If voltage high, it shunts more current away from the
load.
Zener Regulator
• Zener regulator: operate in reverse biased condition
(breakdown region) VZ

• When VL  VZ, Zener diode ON and:

IZ = IR − IRL PZ = Vz IZ
• When VL < VZ, the Zener diode OFF => open circuit
𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝐿
𝐼𝑅 =
𝑅
Zener Regulator

• If R too large, Zener diode OFF since available

current < IZ(min).
VZ
IL = IR −IZM R Lmax =
min ILmin
• If R too small, Zener current exceeds the max current
rating, IZM
VL VZ RVZ
ILmax = = R Lmin =
RL R Lmin Vi − VZ
Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator

• Zener regulator get worse if load increase since

current through Zener change o/p significantly.
• Solution: add a transistor
Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator

• The operation of the circuit:

Vin − V0 𝑉𝑜
IS = 𝐼𝐿 =
RS 𝑅𝐿

V0 = VZ + VBE IC ≅ IS − IL
• IS : the current from filtered section
• V0 : the output voltage across RL
• IL : the current across RL
• IC : the collector current
Transistor Shunt Volt. Regulator II

• The circuit has advantage of using low – temp. Zener

voltage (≈ 5 – 6V).
Transistor Shunt Volt. Regulator II

• The operation of the circuit

Vin − V0 R2
IS = VB ≅ V0
RS R1 + R 2

VB ≅ VZ + VBE R1 + R 2
V0 ≅ VB
R2

𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐶 ≅ 𝐼𝑆 − 𝐼𝐿
𝑅𝐿
Shunt Regulator with Op –amp

• One way to reduce VBE effect on Vo is addition of op

– amp:
Shunt Regulator with Op –amp

• The operation of the circuit

Vin − V0 R1 + R 2
IS = V0 ≅ VZ
RS R1

𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐶 ≅ 𝐼𝑆 − 𝐼𝐿
𝑅𝐿
• IS : the current from filtered section
• V0 : the output voltage across RL
• IL : the current across RL
• IC : the collector current
Series Regulator

• The disadvantage of shunt regulator:

• low efficiency – large power losses
• Solution: using series regulator: transistor always operates
in the linear region.
• Series element controls i/p voltage to o/p.
• If Vo increase/decrease, comparator instruct series
control element to decrease/increase Vo.
Series Regulator

• 4 types of series regulator

• Zener follower
• Series regulator with two transistors
• Series regulator using op –amp
• Current limiting
Zener Follower

• Zener is in breakdown region ⇒ 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝑍

• For large ∆ in line voltage/load current, ∆𝑉𝑍 & ∆𝑉𝑍
small ⇒ ∆𝑉𝑜 is small.
Zener Follower

• The operation of the circuit

VB ≅ VZ − VBE PD ≅ (Vin − V0 )IL

𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝐿
• V0 : the output voltage across RL
• IL : the current across RL
• PD : the transistor power dissipation
Series Regulator With 2 Transistors
Series Regulator With 2 Transistors

• The operation of the circuit

R1 + R 2
V0 = VZ + VBE PD ≅ (Vin − V0 )IL
R1
𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝐿

• V0 : the output voltage across RL

• IL : the current across RL
• PD : the transistor power dissipation
Series Regulator Using Op -amp

• Op-amp used to get better regulation.

• If V0 ↑, feedback voltage to inverting ↑; ⇒ op-amp
output ↓, VB ↓, & +∆V0 ↓.
• If V0 ↓, feedback voltage to inverting ↓; ⇒ op-amp
output ↑, VB ↑, & -∆V0 ↑.
Series Regulator Using Op -amp

• The operation of the circuit:

R1 + R 2 PD ≅ (Vin − V0 )IL
V0 = VZ
R1
𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝐿

• V0 : the output voltage across RL

• IL : the current across RL
• PD : the transistor power dissipation
Current Limiting

• Series regulator has no short circuit protection.

• If load shorted, 𝐼𝐿 → ∞, ⇒ destroy transistor.
• Thus, current limiting needed to protect short circuit
of load in series regulator.
• R4 is current sensing resistor (1Ω).
Current Limiting

• The operation of the circuit:

R1 + R 2 𝑉𝐵𝐸
V0 = VZ 𝐼𝑆𝐿 =
R1 𝑅𝐿

• V0 : the output voltage across RL

• ISL : the load current when load terminal is shorted
Switching Regulator
• Most efficient voltage regulators
• It provide greater load current at low voltage than a linear
regulator since transistor dissipate low power.
• Disadvantage:
• noise => radio frequency interference (RFI), caused by
switching a transistor off & on (10 – >100 kHz).
• Most complicated regulator to design & build.
• 3 basic configuration:
• Step – down regulator
• Step – up regulator
• Negative output voltage regulator (inverting regulator
Step-down Regulator

• 𝑉𝑅3 & 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 cause pulse width oscillator produce

voltage to turn ON Q1.
• Q1 switch the 𝑉𝑖𝑛 at duty cycle based on regulator’s
load ⇒ LC filter average switched voltage.
• If Q1 ON, D1 OFF, capacitor charging; if Q1 OFF,
D1 forward biased & capacitor discharge
Step-down Regulator

• For this regulator, 𝑉𝑜 (load) < input voltage.

𝑡𝑂𝑁
• The output voltage: 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝐼𝑁
T
𝑡𝑂𝑁
• :duty cycle
𝑇
• ISL : period of on – off cycle Q1 (tON + tOFF)
• tON : time when Q1 ON
Step-up Regulator

• Q1: switch to ground. If Q1 ON, VIN induced across

L, VL decrease, D1 reverse biased & C discharge low
voltage to load.
• If Q1 OFF, VL reverse polarity & add to VIN, fwd bias
D1 & C charge ⇒ 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝐶 & could >VIN.
Negative Output Voltage Regulator

• Vo is opposite polarity to Vin.

• If Q1 ON, VL ≈ VIN – VCE(sat),D1 reverse biased & VL ↓
• If Q1 OFF, VL polarity reverse, D1 fwd bias
• On–off of Q1 produces charging-discharging waveform.
• If time Q1 ON ↓, Vo ↑ & vice versa, eff. > 90%.
IC Regulator

• Voltage regulators contain reference source,

comparator amplifier, control device and overload
protection.
IC Regulator

• The specifications for this IC indicate:

• The range of Vin regulated for V0 & IL range
• Load regulation - variation V0 with variations in IL
• Line regulation - variation in V0 with variations in Vin
• 4 types of IC regulators
• Fixed Positive IC Regulators
• Fixed Negative IC Regulators
• Adjustable Positive IC Regulators
• Adjustable Negative IC Regulator
Fixed Positive IC Regulator

• Provide fixed regulated output 5V – 24V

• VIN filtered by C1 & connected IN terminal. OUT
terminal give regulated voltage filtered by C2.
Fixed Negative IC Regulator

• The series 7900 provide negative voltage regulators

similar to those providing positive voltages.
Adjustable Positive IC Regultor

• Voltage regulator also allow user set Vo to the desired

values.
• E.g.: LM317 operated with Vo 1.2V – 37V using
potentiometer
Adjustable Negative IC Regulator

• LM337 is -ve output counterpart of LM317.

• Like LM317, LM337 needs 2 external resistors for Vo
adjustment.
• Range of Vo = (-1.2V) – (-37V)
End of Chapter 5
Part III