ENERGY TRANSFER/CONVERSION Understand the Thermal Design of Jacketed Vessels This article outlines the basics of vessel specification and presents the relationships that govern heat transfer in jacketed process vessels. John Garvin rocess vessels are universally jused in the chemical process in- dustries (CPI) to store process fluids and to carry out process chemistry. ‘The important parameters to be deter- ‘mined in the specification of any vessel include: * vessel geometry; + materials of construction and finishes; + jacket and internal coil, + Vessel agitation and baffling; + vessel piping systems; + vessel instrumentation/controls; and + external heating and cooling systems. ‘The thermal design of process vessels needs to address such issues as: * overall heat-transfer coefficient; + heat transfer inside jackets and coils; heat transfer on the vessel inner surface; + heat transfer on tube outer surfaces; and ‘temperature vs, time relationships in the vessel. VESSEL SPECIFICATION Vessel geometry ‘The normal configuration for a process vessel is a vertical cylindrical section closed by dished ends. The configuration ratio of the vertical straight-side height (tangent-to-tangent distance) to the vessel diameter is usually on the order of 1:1 Tall narrow vessels with configuration ra tios on the order of 2:1 to 4:1 are used when it is necessary to maximize heat transfer through the jacket and to maxi mize residence times for sparged gases; process fermenters are an example. Crys tallizers are often configured with low configuration ratios of less than 1:1 ‘The vessel’s bottom dish can have the following shapes: + ASME torispherical dish — the most common dish type for process vessels: + 2:1 ellipsoidal — for higher-pressure applications (above about 20 bar) ‘hemispherical dish — for very-high- pressure applications (above 190 bar); ‘conical end — often used where crystallization in the reactor is intended, 1s the conical bottom allows the precipi tating solids to flow freely to the bottom outlet; and * flat end — typically used for unpres- surized storage and transfer applications. Materials of construction and surface finishes Process vessels may be constructed of 1 wide range of materials Carbon steel. This is the most inex- pensive material of construction, but there fe significant limitations on its use due to corrosion and cleanability considerations. thas been common to fabricate large ves- sel jackets of carbon stel while the vessel itself has been made of stainless steel. Stainless steel. Type 316 SS is the most common material of construction in the chemical and pharmaceutical indus- {ties. Type 304 SS is common in the food processing industry Glass linings. Proprietary reactors in standard sizes are often glass-fned. Line ing fragility and limited choice of jacket type available (usually only conventional) axe disadvantages. (CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS + JUNE 1999 + 61ENERGY TRANSFER/CONVERSION ———— Exotic materials. Titanium, Hastelloy, and tantalum can be used for corrosive applications where Type 316 SS may not be suitable. The cost may be two to five times that of Type 316 SS, Cost may be reduced by using the exotic mate- rials as linings only. The surface finish inside the vessel is of particular im- portance in the fine-chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as the finish may have a major impact on the overall vessel cost. Table 1 sets out the definitions of typical finishes. Finishes 2B through 7 may be electropolished after me- chanical polishing. This will improve the mirror appear- ance of the finish and reduce roughness by about 30%, Note that electropolishing cannot be relied upon to remove pitting, scratches, or grit lines. Electropolishing is com- ‘monly used in highly purified water and steam systems. Finish 2B is typically used for noncritical process ves- sels and utility vessels, Finish 5 for general process use, Finish 6 for sterile processes, and Finish 8 for critical ster- ile, final-produet applications. Jackets and internal coils ‘Several types of heating/cooling jackets are available: con- ventional, baffled conventional, half-pipe, conventional with agitation nozzles, and dimple. The vessel can also be fitted with an intemal coil (typically helical) for heat transfer. The style of jacket (o be used in a particular application and whether an internal coil will be used are determined by ‘numerous factors, including: + the rate of heat transfer required + critical cooling duties and exotherm contro; + whether the process vessel is lined; and + cleanability of the process vessel. Jackets can be split into passes that are supplied separately with cooling/heating medium. The passes may be interleaved ‘or zoned, The cylindrical and dish portions of the jacket are often split into separate zones. Large vessels may have sever- al passes in order to limit pressure drop across the jacket Conventional jacket. Conventional (or plain) jackets are the most common heat-transfer jackets for process ves- sels and reactors. This jacket gives a single flow space pocket Flih berated” Minima Ot ia a sindoa A 2 = a ihe i : Pola ‘2 $ Polabee * ‘ Polished a } Poles mn ‘ pots 1 62 » JUNE 1999 + CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS RRC around the vessel. The gap between the jacket and vessel is typically in the range of 20-50 mm, Glass-lined reactors are invariably fitted with conventional jackets. ‘The primary drawback of conventional jackets is the rel- atively low rate of heat transfer achievable compared with other types of jackets at equal flow rates, The low rate of heat transfer is due to the relatively lange flow area in the jacket and the resulting low velocity; the flow regime in a conventional jacket is often Conventional jacket with agitation nozzles. To in crease the rate of heat transfer in conventional jackets, the circulating fluid may be injected circumferentially into the jacket through agitation nozzles. This imparts a swirling ‘motion to the jacket contents and results in heat-transfer rates comparable to those in other jackets. The price paid for this enhanced heat transfer is the ad- ditional pumping power expended in the fluid injection process, In the case of glass-lined reactors, there is normal ly no alternative. Conventional jacket with spiral bafMles. Another way to increase the effective velocity in a conventional jacket is to fit spiral baffles in the jacket to force the fluid around the vessel at higher velocity. For baffled conventional jackets, the usual mode of construction involves welding the spiral baffles to the inside of the jacket and then placing this baf- fled jacket around the outside of the vessel. The edges of the jacket are welded into place, but typically there will be ‘a small gap between the baffles and the outer vessel wall, which allows heat-transfer fluid to leak past. This leakage ‘may account for 10-30% of the total flow. The leakage will riot contribute to the fluid velocity used to compute the heat-transfer coefficient, but will take part in the overall heat balance of the jacket. In addition, the conventional jacket with spiral baffle is expensive to design for high- pressure circulating fluids ‘This mode of construction was popular in years past, in particular for large fermentation vessels. In recent years, the half-pipe coil has superseded the baffled conventional jacket in most applications. Half-pipe coils. Half-pipe coils are constructed by Roughness, micron Details 25 Hot ole and doscalod 16 (Cold roledoraht ish 18 Pitoo post a2 Petes polish 08 Pitre polish 08 Piteos polish 93 Butfed frish 025 Miror fishwelding one-half-circumference or one-third-circumfer- ence 2-in., 3-in., or 4-in. pipes to the outside of the vessel, ‘Adjacent half-pipes are spaced 35-S0 mm apart Half-pipe coils give high heat-transfer coefficients and are suitable for high-pressure (above 20 bar) operation, ‘The space between adjacent coils is effective for heat tran: fer due to the heat-transfer fin effect. The overall effective- ness of the total heat-transfer area typically averages 99%. Dimple jackets. Dimple jackets are constructed like conventional jackets, but are dimpled and plug-welded to the outer vessel surface on a rectangular or staggered pat- tern. The presence of the plug-weld supports makes for a sturdy jacket, while allowing a relatively light jacket mate» rial to be used. The presence of the plug-welded dimples also provides a source of turbulence and thus generates en hhanced heat transfer. Dimple jackets may be fitted with baffles to increase fluid velocity. Dimple jackets give heat- transfer rates similar to those found with half-pipe coils and baffled conventional jackets. Internal coils. Internal coils may be used with or instead of extemal jackets. They exhibit relatively high heat transfer coefficients. The limitation of intemal coils is that the coil, ‘and particularly the coil supports, have areas that may be difficult to clean, Vessel agitators ‘The primary purpose of an agitator is to promote mix- ing in the vessel, Agitation also promotes heat transfer at the vessel wall. A byproduct of agitation is heating of the vessel contents, which may be of significance in high-ag itation vessels such as process fermenters. Local heating effects (c.g., product overheating) may be significant in very-high-viscosity applications. Baffles may be fitted 10 the vessel to interrupt the circular motion imparted to the vessel liquid by the agitator. Vessel agitators may be either nonproximity or proximi- tyfelose-clearanee (referring to how close the agitator is to the vessel wall). The choice is made in accordance withthe fluid properties and mixing requirements in the vessel ‘Nonproximity agitators. Nonproximity agitators com- prise turbines and propellers with diameters in the range of 25-50% of the vessel diameter. Typically mounted on a ver- tical shaft, the agitator may have two to eight blades on one ‘common core. The blades may be vertically oriented or set at an angle, and they may be straight or formed into a re- tweating curve. Multiple turbines may be mounted on a sin- ale shaft ‘Turbines are used for general mixing duties with low- to moderate-viscosity fluids (up to 20 cP). Angled blades are used to promote vertical mixing. Retreating-curve blades are used to promote radial mixing and to reduce fuid drag Propellers are used to promote vertical mixing in low- to rmoderate-viscosity fluids Proximity or close-clearance agitators. The usual types of close-clearance agitaiors are helical serews and an hors, They are typically used for high-viscosity fluids {above 100 eP), including fooxstufTs and cosmetics. Heli- ccal-screw agitators are typically configured with clearances from the vessel wall in the range of 0-50 mm. Helical screws promote mixing at the vessel wall and vertical circulation of the process fluid. Anchors are similar to helical screws in their application, Close-clearance agi- tators may be fitted with wall-seraper devices for the pro- cessing of heat-sensitive high-viscosity fluids. Vessel piping systems Vessel piping systems may include process inlet and outlet lines, secondary inlet lines (e.g., for solvents or purge nitrogen), jacket and coil supply and return lines, lief and vent lines, and clean-in-place (CIP) systems. ‘Vessel nozzles are concentrated on the top dish and nor- mally will allow for an 18:in, or 24-in. manway. There will be a centrally located outlet nozzle on the bottom dish Penetrations through the jacket are normally avoided, but ‘occasionally will be needed. Particular attention should be paid to several issues. First, dip pipes may need independent supports and im- pingement plates. Second, sparge pipes and helical coil sup pports need particular attention. And, finally, if load cells are being used on the vessel, flexible connections to all nozzles are required. ‘The internals of the vessel may become complicated with coils, sparge pipes, baffles, and an agitator. Con- structability can become an issue and should be addressed cearly in the specification process. Vessel instrumentation and controls Vessel instrumentation and controls are very dependent on the details of the application, but will often include the following: + Ievel measurement, including externally mounted level sight glasses, internal radar devices, hydrostatic devices, or internal graduated baffles (viewed through a view port with ‘a mounted light) ‘ temperature and pressure measurement and control; + pH measurement; + heating/cooling medium control; + safety devices, including high-level alarms and burst- ing disks with associated vent systems; and * external weighing devices, including load cells. External heating and cooling systems ‘Traditionally, vessel jackets were supplied with either cooling water for cooling duties or steam or hot water for heating duties. Switchover from heating to cooling re quired draining and blowback of the heating medium and subsequent introduction of the cooling medium. Since the 1970s, unitary systems have been widely em- ployed with a single circulating heat-transferfiuid that may be heated or cooled by indirect heat exchange. (CHENNCAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS » JUNE S59 +ENERGY TRANSFER/CONVERSION VESSELTHERMAL DESIGN Overall heat-transfer coeffi For heat transfer through the vessel wall, the overall heat-ransfer coefficient is defined as: LU = Uh, + Whig + Whig + Why + Uh + Wh, wo All of the component heat-transfer coefficients and the ‘overall heat-transfer coefficients are referted to the vessel intemal surface, This means, for example, that /h (referred to vessel LD.) = hy, (at vessel O.D.) x (vessel O.D.)/(vessel ID). The wall and lining coefficients are easily estimated “The fouling coefficients are based on the fluid services in the jacket and vessel. The jacket film coefficient, 4, and the vessel film coefficient, ft, both depend on fluid veloci- ties and material properties. For heat transfer from internal helical coils to the vessel fluid, an equation analogous to Eq. 1 can be formulated. Heat transfer inside jackets and coils In the forced-convection equations below, fluid proper~ ties are evaluated at bulk flow conditions, The upper limit of the laminar zone (1) is Re; = 15,000 for d.fd, > 0.307 and Re, = 2,000 (1 + 13.2(dJd,)°*) for dJd, < 0.307. The lower limit of the turbulent zone is Rep = 15,000. Conventional jackets. Flow in conventional jackets may be laminar, transitional, or turbulent. With laminar flow, natural convection should be taken into account, ‘The curvature of the jacket has a significant effect on heat transfer and is accounted for by the parameter dd. ‘The mean effective curvature diameter for the overall flow is d, = dylcos(a) where tan(at) = 2HJnd,. Laminar forced convection is determined as follows (1). First, let X = Re®5(d,Prid,)° In high-curvature cases, where X > 4.9: Nig = O.984X(1 ~ 1 A8/K + 23.21% = 12003 + 212/KVPH @ In the high-curvature case, entrance effects and natural convection effects are suppressed. In low-curvature cases, where X < 4.9: Nu, 86+ Ge @ where the entrance effects for Gz > 0 are given by Ge = 0.09525{G2i1 + 0.0525G2987)) VP (which is derived from (2)) Tn the low-curvature case, natural convection, which may aid or oppose the effects of forced convection, should be taken into account (3): Nig = # 0.7287 O40°GrPrId JL)" 64» JUNE 1989 + CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS where Gr = Bed,)pATIy? and AT = 7, ~ Ty at the inlet and bq. = exp{-0.4875(aeNulGz)"). (The expression for Oy is based on data given in (3}.) Note that the computation of Onis iterative In aiding flow (upflow during vessel cooting or down- flow during vessel heating), Eq. 4 should use the plus +) sign and m = 0.28. In opposing flow, the minus (-) sign and m = 0.25 should be used in Eq. 4 For the low-curvature case, the effects of natural and forced convection can be combined for aiding flow in all cases, and for opposing flow when Nie > Nias BY NW = Ni’ + Nig © For turbulent flow, the formulation given in (1) has been used with the leading coefficient corrected for paralle! plates: Nu = 0.0192Re®™5Pr0*5exp-0,0225{In(Pr)}2)GeViw x (1 + 0.059{ Re(d/d,)*}°24] © In the high-curvature region, defined here by Re(d.Jd,)? > 4.72, then Ge = 1 and m = 0.30 for T, < Ts and m = 0.18 for T,, > Ty. In the low-curvature region (4), defined here by Re(d.jd,)? < 4.72, Ge= 1 + 5.71(d/L)U1 ~ exp(-0.07L/d,)) and m = 0.18. In the region between laminar and turbulent flow, no ‘well-defined methods exist to predict heat transfer in con- ventional jackets, A reasonable approach is to interpolate ‘Nu between the upper laminar limit and the lower turbulent limit against the logarithm of Re. Conventional jacket with agitation nozzles. At equal flow rates, conventional jackets typically suffer from Tower heat-transfer rates than other jackets (half-pipe coils, conventional jackets with baffles, and dimple jac ets), To remedy this, conventional jackets are often fitted ‘with nozzles, which inject heat-transfer fluid into the jack- et under pressure and thus impart a swirl velocity to the jacket contents and improve heat transfer. Conventional jackets with agitation nozzles are widely used for glass lined reactors. 'A force balance between the swirl momentum imparted to the jacket fluid by the nozzle flow and the frictional re- sistance of the jacket to the swirl flow yields the following equation. This can be solved iteratively — note that the ‘swirl flow in the jacket depends on the friction factor and vice versa. Wy = 6+ 12 + (AZAR), — 0.25)I0, o where 6, = df, ‘The heat-transfer equation is the for turbulent flow in conventional j this case, use d, in place of d. Coils and baffled jackets. For internal helical coils, half pipe coils, and spiral-baffled conventional jackets, Eq.8 below (J) applies directly for flow in the turbulent regime (in all practical applications, flow is turbulent). Entry cor rections are neglected in this equation. Nu = 0,025Re®™PH¥exp-0.0225fIn(Pr)] V2 X [1 + 02059( Re(dld,)?)°] 8) For half-pipe jackets, not all of the surface of the vessel is actually covered by the coils. For fabrication reasons spacing between coils is required. This uncovered portion Of the vessel does still serve to transfer heat from the vessel by a fin effect. The efficiency of this bare portion can be calculated from first principles, bot in general the overall efficiency of the area covered by the half-pipe coils (in ‘cluding the spaces between coils) typically lies in the range of 93% to 96%, Dimple jackets. There are no satisfactory published correlations available for heat transfer in dimple jackets, and the proprietary information that is available is not gen- eralized. The following (previously unpublished) correla- tion, derived from published data on a wide range of nonuniform flows, gives reasonable estimates of the heat transfer for values of Re > 5,000. Nu = O106(dedd, iA iA) REP OBVEAS (9) where Re = VusPdu Heat transfer on vessel inner surface The primary dimensionless numbers used to evaluate heat transfer across the vessel wall are Nu = hydJ/k for ves- sel-wall coefficients and Re = pNadyjt for agitated vessels All properties are calculated at bulk low conditions, except a5 noted otherwise. Nonagitated vessels. The correlations for the laminar and turbulent components ofthe natural convection are (5); 2.80In{1 + 2.8/( Cin(GrPr)? 11 (10) Cuns(GrPres ay Nomenclature <2 <4, = uteste inher cout Grek Erten 2. | aoe USE a ln ea eset 1 pk ae wy 2H, a Oe aia Tha, beighi of ogee fk beta Geet) = parame a as 4 od 7 i oe ta ates 5 etn a bose ea Covet ke de Sn veel eon Gxt = Fig too face sso ds vty ret rater sett = ps ling bet ase sence 7h Jokes in bea anfercetcet ace fing eat ane cote Wels eg of cee iat ia ita $i Gn de fete a Bae 16 be > to Enh 2 7 ee oa Natooa a aa eee P= Nik oa fal cans ti ‘CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS + JUNE 1988 + 65ENERGY TRANSFER/CONVERSION where Chan = O.670TILL + (0.492/Pr)°S25]044 and Cars = O.13PHZA + 0.61P 599 The laminar and turbulent components of natural con- veetion can be combined by: Nid = Nig? + Na (12) where Gr= gBH)p2ATI2 and AT = mean value of 7, ~T- {AIL properties ate evaluated atthe film temperature, T, C+ TH “Turbines. The data from Refs. 6-8 are used here. In fully baffled vessels ugg = KReOS PHA SVE SW,sin( ld)? > (ngf6PAlsin(ONS 3) where K = 0.54 for Re < 400, K = 0.74 for Re > 10,000, and K = 0.1679 + 0.0621|In(Re)] for 400 < Re < 10,000. For unbaffled vessels, Eq. 13 for bafiled vessels is used with K = 0.54 for all values of Re. Propellers. In fully baffled vessels (7): Nutnay = 0-50R¢° P19 9VP-4( 1 290d, )M0.29 + Rdg) (14) In unbaffled vessels (7): Nu = 0.37RE PAVE 2901d,)(0.29 + Nid, X (3d )°25(H fH? as) Anchors and helical ribbons. The following general- ized relationship for the film coefficient on the vessel in- side surface with anchor or helical ribbon agitation were derived based on data in Ref. 6. It is applicable over the ranges of 0.10 < Md, < 2.0 and 0 < C,/d, < 0.20. Nu = (Re) Ge(Cld,)030dd,)PO®VE 6) Each of the functions is evaluated separately, as follows. The base line function $4(Re). is calculated by: eulRe) = KR" For helical ribbons (with C/d, = 0.02 and 2d, for Re <9, K’= 0.98 and n = 0.33; for 9 < Re < 135, K’ 0.68 and n= 0.50; and for 135 < Re, K’= 0.30 and n = 0.67. For anchors (based on Cd, = 0.02): for Re < 12, K“= 1.05 and 7 = 0.33; for 12-< Re < 100, K’= 0.69 and n = 0.50; and for 100 < Re, K’=0,32 and n = 0.67. The effect of agitator clearance on the heat-transfer co- efficient, 6.(C./d,), is depicted graphically in Ref. 6. Those data have been curve-ftted to the following equation (Eq, 16b), which applies to both anchors and helical ribbons, where Cyd, > 0. For simplicity, x = Cyd, x2) = h(afh(0.02) 458(1 — x0216-9086m051) (16) 166 » JUNE 199 » CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS The effect of ribbon pitch, 6s(/d,), for anchors is $3 = 1. For helical ribbons, Ref. 6 provides data for y = Nd, = 0.25 and 0.5. From these data: $5(0) = h(yWh(0.25). This becomes, for Re < 11 bs) = 0920/00" (16) for 1 < Re < 170: 0) = O.8ONe16 (164) and for 170 < Re: x0) = 0.697102" (166) Heat transfer on tube outer surface To evaluate heat transfer across the tube outer sur- face, Nu = hyd/k for coil coefficients and Re PNd,/u. All properties are evaluated at vessel fluid bulk conditions. Nonagitated conditions. The correlation for natural convection on the outer surface of tubes (9) is [Nu = exp(0.0545 + 0,0922In(Pr) - 0.0147[In(Pr)? + O.118in(GrPr) + 0.00485|In(GrPAE}VP™ 7) where Gr = Bgdyp?ATIy? and AT = mean value of T, ~ Ti, ‘Turbines. In fully baffled vessels (6): Nudyay = 0.03Re°®P 18 9VP4( SW, si@)ld,P X (2Sdy/d,)°5(d dag)" (1s) In unbaffled vessels (6) Ni = 0.08R°P20> V0 ™(SW,sin Od.) x (15.6d,fd,) ay Propellers. In fully-baffled vessels (6). Nitjeg = 0.016Re9 Pr37Vi044(3dfd,)P39(25dJd,)° (20) In unbaffled vessels (6): Nu= OSReSP HOVE NS Bdfd) x (0.3334 Jd, en Vessel temperature vs. time ‘The differential equation describing the rate of change of the vessel temperature when there is liquid heat-transfer fluid in the jacket is: AT {hide = {wyefB MT At) ~ Ty ~) + Ger* GMB. (22) ‘With a constant-temperature heattransfer medium (such as steam) in the jacket, Eq. 22 becomes:AT {0Vldt = (UAIB, AT) ~T)) # (der + 4 3) where T.(0 vessel temperature as function of time. The factor is defined as = exp(—UAhwc) for unmixed jackets and y= 0. + UAfwve) for well-mixed jackets, Unmixed jackets in cooling duties are characterized by a gradual change in the temperature ofthe jacket from inlet t0 outlet. Well-mixed jackets are characterized by a uniform temperature in the jacket (In practice, the only jacket con- figuration that may be regarded as well-mixed is @ conven tional jacket fitted with agitation nozzles.) ‘The effective thermal bulk, B, (= mass x specific heat), is given by: B= B, + B,{- (I ~ pAUAlwe)}. The thermal bulk of the vessel itself is apportioned between B, and B, ‘The above differential equations (Eqs. 22 and 23) may be solved numerically. In many eases, however, the assump- tions of constant U. w, and ¢, and negligible qa, and qu are justified. Under these assumptions, the analytical solution to Eqs. 22 and 23, for liquid in the jacket, becomes: T.A(0= To + (T.0) ~ Tdexp{-we( — YB, } (24) and for steam in the jacket: r = T, + (1,0) ~ Tyexp{-UAHB,) 5) BCPA CR Cet Sample calculations ‘Sample calculations were carried out using Madison Tech- al Software's Vesselpak software (10), whieh incorporates the methods set out in this article. The calculations were car- ried out for a single common vessel and agitator with five dif ferent extemal jackets and an intemal coil, at six flow rates from 50 to 300 Limin, The data used in the calculations are summarized in Table 2. The results ae presented in Figure 1 HOWTO SPECIFY A PROCESS VESSEL Scope and detail the vessel Review all of the uses for the vessel. This should be ac- companied by a review of the appropriate piping and in- sirumentation diagram (P&ID). Prepare a datasheet and draw a sketch of the vessel showing all nozzles and other vessel appurtenances. Update this datasheet and sketch as the selection process proceeds. Review the constructabili ty of the vessel system. Determine the maximum volume of the vessel con Allow 20% extra, Assume a configuration ratio in the rang: 1:1 to 1.5:1 unless there are pressing reasons to specify a {all or short vessel ‘The next steps are as follows: I. Choose the bottom and top dish types. 2. Determine the materials of construction. 3. Specify the interior and exterior finishes. Heat TansierCoetficiens {Cominon Vessel. JckeVCol and Agitator Data | Specific Jacket and Coil Data Voss Dimple acket Typical vales ofthe component cosffcents Inara ameter 1200 wm {80-mn and Sm cimpos on 10-mm contre, | of UareIisted bows Note the orat variably Sait Se Height 1.200 mm squat patter, wth two jacket bales ‘ofthe Vales andthe fct hat sore quoted ‘Volume tas HotePine Jackot ruber reorder magriude estimates on. Bottom Disb ASMEDsh | Sin Sehtopines (1 develoomer) on 10-0 | Vass Fl Cetin for Tris Anta, Wik Jacket Coverage 100% of sides and centre, twa passes Meter “00-00 foto ai Conventional Jacket CHD Alkane 280-200 Wal Thieness Timm mm jacket cap, bonom enty sachet Fi Coofcions, Winiak Wel Conductiy 17 ink ‘Aaiated Conventional Jacket Conventional Jacket 125-400 iio 2 Nana | Semin jacket ap: two agitation nozle, mm | Oimple dacket 1200-5000 Safes Four 00-nm wide | nominal size, nm tvoat diameter ‘Aaiated Jacket 170-1000 Temperate 5" ‘Baffled Conventional Jackat Hales 2800-11000 Fauiig Factor C0002 maK/W avin x rm passages single pass, with 20%. | Meta Wall and Ceramic lass inna, Wink Pid ‘Water 205% ul bate leakage ‘ann Crate Gass © 000 ~dackati li {Wi Stans Stel Wal 1.700 Fad We ‘in 0 tube, 84mm co diameter, 10mm Carbon Steet S00 Fling Faétor’ | oun m=KW 1 alu, ho coi passes “ypeal Fouling Cosco, Wink inlet Temperote 5° Residueeotioms 00-200 ait ols 1000-3000 Type ‘Single 6 bade turbine ior Woter 2500-500, Blose 100 mi wide 48 dearees Well Water 3000-500 Dime ‘70m ooling Tower Make Up 3000-5000 Sheed 100 pm Process Lauds ‘00-600 Brines ‘00-6.00 Trested Boiler Feed Water 6000-10000 ‘CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS + JUNE 199 + 67ENERGY TRANSFER/CONVERSION —————_—_——<—— 4, Select the agitator type and vessel baffles. 5, Detail the nozzle functions, sizes, and locations. 6. Wentify the instrumentation associated with the vessel 7, Detail all legs, lugs and supports. Get the potential vessel fabricators involved at an early stage. The fabricator will normally be responsible for the ppressure-vessel code calculations, and frequently can offer advice on the cost implications of different vessel options. Determine the heat-transfer duty Determine the maximum heating and cooling duties of the vessel taking into account any critical heating or cooling. loads, This should include consideration of the controlling ‘of process exotherms, as well as required heat-up and cool- down loads. Determine the available existing or required new utilities to supply the necessary heating and cooling. Select and design the jacket and coil Select and design the appropriate jacket and coil to achieve the required heating and cooling duties. The selection process can be outlined as follows: If a glass-lined reactor is needed, select a standard proprietary vessel equipped with a conventional jacket. Note that this is the universally available configuration for slass-lined vessels. Specify jacket agitation nozzles to aug- ‘ment jacket heat transfer if required. © Geese parece tl Secret Rew Yok p ES CHES 3 feng Secs Date Us foe of Mechs agi “Poe Cain De Jes Cra Ts ‘pa bas by Liar Tet Fors ioag Tee Gc EO Tet, ec oon 198) Cop 68 + JUNE 1889 + CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS 1, Naat, $f a “Tablet Heat Teer Tran de Wal of 8 cet Tonk Heat Tonge J Res. VO gp TAVITA Interna Ci Hal-Pipe Jacket ‘Agitated Convertional Bald Conventions Dimple Jacket ‘Conventional Wi Figure 1. Overall heat-ransfer coefficients determined by sample calculations. 2. IF a glass-lined vessel is not needed, choose the low- est-cost material of construction compatible with the pro cess requirements. Good heat transfer is achievable using hhalf-pipe coils, dimple jackets, or baffled conventional jackets. Half-pipe coils are favored, but dimple jackets may also be cost-effective. 3.Carry out verification calculations on different jacket and coil configurations (manually or using such software as (11)) to determine: * pressure drop across the jacket/coil vs. jacket/coil flow rate; + heat transfer vs, jacket/coil flow rate and agitator details; + the neod for multiple jacket or coil passes; «+ the need for a combined jacket and coil design; and. + vessel temperature vs. time.