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14 Rules - Lecture 4 Phonetic & Phonology

The document outlines 14 rules describing phonological processes that affect consonant and vowel allophones in English, including rules about aspiration and devoicing of consonants, syllabification of consonants, and vowel changes before certain consonant environments. The rules cover processes like aspiration of initial stops, devoicing of final consonants, and shortening and nasalization of vowels preceding specific consonants within syllables. Exceptions to some of the rules are also noted.

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QP3027 Dinh Cam Tu
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437 views17 pages

14 Rules - Lecture 4 Phonetic & Phonology

The document outlines 14 rules describing phonological processes that affect consonant and vowel allophones in English, including rules about aspiration and devoicing of consonants, syllabification of consonants, and vowel changes before certain consonant environments. The rules cover processes like aspiration of initial stops, devoicing of final consonants, and shortening and nasalization of vowels preceding specific consonants within syllables. Exceptions to some of the rules are also noted.

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QP3027 Dinh Cam Tu
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6.

Rules for English consonant allophones (14)


1. Rule 1: Initial voiceless stops are aspirated.
p/ t/k => ph/ th/kh
Eg: pie [phai]
tea [thi:]
key [khi:]
2. Rule 2: Voiceless stops are unaspirated after /s/ at
the beginning of a syllable. [0]
S + p/t/k => S + po /to /ko
Eg: stay [stoei]
sky [skoai]
speak [spoi:k]
3. Rule 3: Stops are unexploded when they
occur before another stop. [o]
po/bo/to/do/ko/go + p/b/t/d/k/g
Eg: apt [æpot]
rubbed [rʌbod]
looked [lukot]
Stopped [stɔpot]
Rule 4: Approximants /w, r, j/ and the lateral /l/
are devoiced when they occur after initial /p, t, k/
=> [o]
P, t, k + w/r/j/l => P, t, k + w /r /j /l
Eg: play [plei]
queen [kwi:n]
twin [twi:n]
Rule 5: Voiceless stops become glottal stop plus
voiceless stops when they are syllable final and
after a vowel.
Vowel + p/t/k => vowel + [ʔ]
Eg: tip [tiʔ]
kick [kiʔ]
pit [piʔ]
Rule 6: Voiced obstruents (stops /b; d; g/ and fricatives: /v;
ʒ; ð; z/ are devoiced when They occur at the end of an
utterance or before a voiceless sound.[-- o]
a. /b; d; g; ð; v; ʒ; z/ => are devoiced when occurring at the
end of an utterance
_ _ _ _b; d; g; v; ʒ; z; ð
Eg: improve [impru:v]
big [big]
b. /b; d; g; ð; v; ʒ; z/ => are devoiced when before a voiceless
sound /p; t; k; f; s; ∫; t∫; h; θ/
_ b; d; g; v; ʒ; z; ð + /p; t; k; f; s; ∫; t∫; h; θ/
Eg: add two [æd tu:]
Rule 7: Voiced stops /b, d, g/ and voiced affricates
/dʒ/ are voiceless when syllable initial, except when
immediately preceded by a voiced sound. [-- o]
b, d, g, dʒ => are voiceless when syllable initial

Eg: dog [dɒg]


Except:
b, d, g, dʒ + voiced sounds (15- b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, ʤ, m,
n, , l, r, j, w/
Eg: big dog [big dɒg]
Rule 8: /n/ becomes syllabic [-- .] at the end of a word PLUS
immediately after obstruents (stops /p; b; t; d; k; g/ +
fricatives /h; f; v; θ; ð; ∫; ʒ; z; s/ ).
/ p; b; t; d; k; g; h; f; v; θ; ð; ∫; ʒ; z; s/ + n

Eg: garden ['gɑ:dn]


listen ['lisn]
reason ['ri:zn]
Except: /n/ does not become syllabic after /m, n, t∫/
/m, n, t∫/ +n
Eg: question ['kwest∫ən]
salmon ['sæmən]
Rule 9: The lateral /l/ becomes syllabic [-- .] at the end of a
word when immediately after a consonant.
a consonant + l
Eg: paddle ['pædl]
castle['kɑ:sl]
noble ['nəʊbl]
Except: /l/ does not become syllabic after /ʤ; t∫/
Eg: satchel ['sæt∫əl]
angel ['eindʒəl]
Rule 10: Alveolars become dentalized [ __
̪ ]before
dentals.
t; d; n; s; z; l + θ; ð => t ;̪ d ;̪ n ;̪ s ;̪ z ;̪ l ̪ + θ; ð
Eg: eighth [ei t̪ θ]
tenth [t e n ̪ θ]
wealth [we l ̪ θ]
get there [ge t̪ ðeə]
Rule 11: Velar stops become more front as the following
vowel in the same syllable become more front. [+]; [+]; [-]; [-]
Eg: cat [k h æt]
get
cook
good
Rule 12: The lateral /l/ is velarized when after a vowel or
before a consonant at the end of a word. [ɫ ]
a. A vowel + l => a vowel + ɫ
Eg: well [weɫ]
b. L + a consonant at the end of a word => ɫ + a consonant at
the end of a word
Eg: dealt [di:ɫt]
Rule 13:
13a. Long vowels become shorter when before voiceless/fortis
consonants /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, t∫, h/ in the same syllable.
i:/ u:/ ɜ:/ ɔ:/ ɑ: + /p, t, k.../ => i.; u.; ɜ.; ɔ.; ɑ.
Eg: neat [ni.t]
peat [pi.t]
13b. Short vowels or diphthongs become shorter when before
voiceless/fortis consonants /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, t∫, h/ in the same
syllable.
ɪ, ʊ, e, ə, æ, ʌ, ɒ or diphthongs: aɪ, eɪ, əʊ, aʊ, eə, ɪə, ɔɪ, ʊə + /p, t, k.../
=> ɪˇ, ʊˇ, eˇ, əˇ, æˇ, ʌˇ, ɒˇ, aˇɪ, eˇɪ, əˇʊ, aˇʊ, eˇə, ɪˇə, ɔˇɪ, ʊˇə + p/t/k …
Eg: cook [kʊˇk]
pace [peˇɪs]
get [geˇt]
back [bæˇk]
Rule 14: Vowels become nasalized before nasals. [~]
Vowel + m/n/ η => Vowel~ + m/n/ η
Eg: song [sɔη] =>
ban [bæn]=>
Do more exercises
1. Piece 10. Dog

2. Taste 11. Kitchen


12. Garden
3. Spread
13. Season
4. Booked
14. Question
5. Twist 15. Candle
6. Top 16. Danger
7. Bag 17. Twelfth
8. Improve 18. Mill
19. Mood
9. Add two
20. Sing

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