41 Square numbers and cube rational number, irrational number natural number, integer, real number, rational number, irrational number, reciprocal Goa square, square number, squar numbers number UATE TOOK, Ube, cg 2. Multiples of 3 whole numbers go (nultipley 3 Factors of BER) {2ctor, factor pair, lowest common multiple whole numbers highest common factor ; 4 4 Prime numbers CORE prime number Ae Ge PEPPER | roduct of prime factors, index indices) rine | factorisation Bie | fo pamecat PPE natural niimber, integer, real number, 7 Real numbers In this chapter you will learn how to: @ Identify and use: - natural numbers ~ integers (positive, negative and zero) - prime numbers = square numbers = cube numbers ~ common factors and common multiples ~ _ fational and irrational numbers (e.g. x, /2) real numbers - reciprocals ~ Express any number as a product of its prime factors - Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) and highest common facto! numbers. (C1.1 and €1.1) + (HCF) of WO @ Reason, interpret and communicate mathematically when solving problems. Scanned with CamScannerWhy this chapter matters A pattern is an arrangement of repeated parts. You see patterns every day in clothes, art and home furnishings. Patterns can also occur in numbers. There are many mathematical problems that can be solved using patterns in numbers. Some numbers have fascinating features. Here is a pattern. 345 =8 (Smiles =8km) a 5+8 = 13(8 miles ~ 13 km) < 8+ 13 = 21 (13 miles ~ 21 km) Approximately how many kilometres are there in 21 miles? Note: = means ‘approximately equal to’ In the boxes are some more patterns. Can you work out the next line of each pattern? Now look at these numbers and see why they are special 4096 = (4 + 09) 81=(8+ 1? Some patterns have special names. Can you pair up these patterns and the names? 4,8, 12, 16, Prime numbers 1.4, 9, 16, Multiples (of 4) 253 Sian Cube numbers [1.8,27,64,... ] [Square numbers | You will look at these in more detail in this chapter. Below are four sets of numbers. Think about which number links together all the other numbers in each set. (The mathematics that you cover in 1.3 ‘Factors of whole numbers’ will help you to work this out!) ; 10,5,2,1 ; 18, 9, 6, 3,2,1 25,5,1 32, 16, 8, 4, 2,1 L \ Scanned with CamScannerPoe Cece a 1.1 Square numbers and cube numbers What is the next number in this sequence? 1,4, 9, 16, 25, + Write each number as: 4x1, 2%2,3%3, 4x4, 5x5: These factors can be represented by square patterns of dots: 1x1 2x2 3x3 ax4 5x5 . «cs pe sees eooce oc e800 e000 eoooe eco eoeo eooee ecco eoeee eoocve = 36, therefore 36 isthe From these patterns, you can see that the next pair of factors must be 6 x next number in the sequence. Because they form square patterns, the numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ... are called square numbers, When you multiply any number by itself, the answer is called the square of the number or the number squared. This is because the answer is a square number. For example: the square of 5 (or 5 squared) is 5 x 5 = 25 the square of 6 (or 6 squared) is 6 x 6 = 36 There is a short way to write the square of any number. For example: 5 squared (5 x 5) can be written as 5? 13 squared (13 x 13) can be written as 13? So, the sequence of square numbers, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ..., can be written as: ¥, 2, 32, a, 52, 62, ... The square root of n is the number of which the square is n. This can be written as vn. For exam the square root of 16 (4) can be written as 16. Square numbers have exact square roots, for example: the square root of 9 is 3: /9 = 3 25 =5 the square root of 100 is 10: 700 = 10 the square root of 25 is 1.1 Square numbers and cube numbers Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE 1A @ the square number pattern starts: 149 16 25 Copy and continue the pattern above until you have written down the first 20 square numbers. You may use your calculator for t @ Work out the answer to each of these number sentences. 1435 143455 143454+7= Look carefully at the pattern of the three number sentences. Then write down the next three number sentences in the pattern and work them out. Find the next three numbers in each of these number patterns. (They are all based on square numbers.) You may use your calculator. 1 4 * 16 25 36 49 64 81 a2 UIBO'y oD LAF, | 26k W437 b2 8 18 a2 50 72 63 6. N18 8 Bw do 3 8 15 24 35 $34 sien er @ 2 Work out the values of both expressions in each pair. You may use your calculator. B4@ and St 584122 and 13? P+ 242 and 25? 9440? and 41? b Describe what you notice about your answers to part a. This will help you communicate mathematically with others. 13? = 169. What is /169? Find 25 Find 81 Find J12i Find 400 @ 4 2nd81 are square numbers with a sum of 85. Find two different square numbers with a sum of 85. Advice and Tips "Look for the connection with the square numbers “onthe topline. eanc eo Chapter 1: Number 9 Scanned with CamScanner‘The following exercise will give you some Practice on multiples, factors, square numbers ang prime numbers. EXERCISE 1B @ Write our the first three numbers that are multiples of both of the numbers shown, —~ a 3and4 b 4and5 c 3and5 d Gand9 © Sand? @ Here are four numbers. 10 16 35 49 Copy and complete the table by putting each of the numbers in the correct box, Even number Multiple of 7 @ wrenge these four number cards to make a square number. Cos}ete) eI) Analarm flashes every 8 seconds and another alarm flashes every 12 seconds. If both alarms flash together, how many seconds will it be before they both flash together again? Abell rings every 6 seconds. Another bell rings every 5 seconds. If they both ring together, how many seconds will it be before they both ring together again? From this box, choose one number that fits each a amultiple of 3 and a multiple of 4 a square number and an odd number a factor of 24 and a factor of 18 a prime number and a factor of 39 an odd factor of 30 and a multiple of 3 a number with 5 factors exactly a multiple of 5 and a factor of 20 a prime number that is one more than a square number o 5 4 eo aen 10 1.1 Square numbers and cube numbers ___ ae Scanned with CamScannerCube numbers What is the next number in this sequence? 1,8, 27, 0. Write each number as: 1x 1x 1,2%2%2,3%3 «3,0. ‘These factors can be represented by cube patterns of dots: Txtxt 2x2x2 3x3x3 my % From these patterns, you can see that the next pair of factors must be 4 x 4 x 4 = 64, therefore 64 is, the next number in the sequence. Because they form cubic patterns, the numbers 1, 8, 27, 64, ... are called cube numbers. ‘When you multiply any number by itself twice, the answer is called the cube of the number or the number cubed. This is because the answer is a cube number. For example: the cube of 5 (or 5 cubed) Sx5x5= 135. There is a short way to write the cube of any number. For example: 5 cubed (5 x 5 x 5) can be written as 5? 10 cubed (10 x 10 x 10) can be written as 10° So, the sequence of cube numbers, 1, 8, 27, 64, ..., can be written as: P, 23, 33, 4, ... You will learn more about cubes (and cube roots) in Chapter 5. EXERCISE 1C @ the cube number pattern starts: 18 27 64 .., Copy and continue the pattern above until you have written down the first 12 cube numbers. You may use your calculator for this. Chapter 1: Number Scanned with CamScanner Wee esses ces. @ work out the answer to each ofthese number senten 1+ 1484275 1484274 60= Look carefully at the pattern of the three number sentences. What kind of numbers are fhe Now write down the next three number sentences in the pattern and work them out, @ Find the next three numbers in each of these number patterns. (They are all based on cube humbers) You may use your calculator. 1 s a ad 9 28 65 os “ we bo 7 2 68 o ea 16 54 128 - d 1000 729 512 343 oe ow ow @ 2@ Work out the values of these expressions. 45343? B+ F408 BeBe? b Describe what you notice about your answers to part a. @ Work out the values of these expressions: 12? + 1 and 9° + 107. Your answer is Bender's (a character in Futurama) serial number. It is sometimes called the Hardy-Ramanujan number after the Indian mathematician Ramanujan who noticed that this! the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways. @ work out the values of these expressions: 69? and 69? on your calculator. What do you notice about the digits in your answers? 1.2 Multiples of whole numbers ple of When you multiply any whole number by another whole number, the answer is called a multiple? either of those numbers. For example, 5 x 7 = 35, which means that 35 is a multiple of Sand itis also a multiple of 7. Her pane hs . Here are some other multiples multiples of Sare: 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 multiples of 7are: 7 14 21 28 35 42 ... 12 ‘1.2 Multiples of whole numbers Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE 1D @ write out the first five multiples of: a3 b7 [a au e 16 Remember: the first multiple is the number itself. REN TRTS @ vse your calculator to see which of the numbers below are: Prana msiaraaina ¢ multiples of 6, odd numbers for a multiples of 4 b multiples of 7 multiples of even nzauenmtm WwW mm we OM numbers such as 4 and 6. Find the biggest number that is smaller than 100 and that is: a amultipleof2 b amultiple of 3 © amultiple of 4 d amultipleofS5 ea multiple of 7 f amultiple of 6. cis lei sles! | | | | | | If all the taxis fill up, how many people could be in each taxi? Give two possible answers. @ Acparty of 20 people are getting into taxis. Each taxi holds the same number of passengers. @ Here isa list of numbers. 6 8 12 15 18 28 a From the list, write down a multiple of 9. b From the list, write down a multiple of 7. ¢ From the list, write down a multiple of both 3 and 5. @ How many numbers between 1 and 100 are multiples of both 6 and 9? List the numbers. 1.3 Factors of whole numbers A factor of a whole number is any whole number that divides into it exactly. So: the factors of 20are 1 2 4 5 10 20 the factors of i2are 1 2 3 4 6 12 Factor facts Remember these facts. * 1 is always a factor and so is the number itself. * When you have found one factor, there is always another factor that goes with it - unless the factor is multiplied by itself to give the number. For example, look at the number 20: 1x20=20 so 1 and 20 are both factors of 20 2%10=20 so2and 10 are both factors of 20, 4x5=20 so4and 5 are both factors of 20. These are called factor pairs. Chapter 1: Number 13 Scanned with CamScannerYou may need to use your calculator to find the factors of large numbers. Example 1 Find the factors of 36. Look for the factor pairs of 36. These are: 1x36=36 2% 18=36 3x12=36 4x9=36 6x6=36 6 is a repeated factor so is counted only once. So, the factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36. EXERCISE 1E @ what are the factors of each of these numbers? a 10 b 28 <8 a7 e 25 f 40 g 30 h 45 i 2 j 16 @ what is the biggest factor that is less than 100 for each of these numbers? a 110 b 201 ¢ 145 du7 e 130 f 240 Find the largest common factor for each pair of numbers. @ a B Advice and Tips a2and4 —b 6and10 =e -Sandi12 3 Look for the largest d 15and25 e 9and15 — f 12and21 ee et har both g Wand21 h 25and30 i 30 and 50 numbers in its j SSand 77 multiplication table. @ Find the highest odd number that is a factor of 40 and a factor of 60. Lowest common multiple The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two numbers is the smallest number that appears in the ‘multiplication tables of both numbers. For example, the LCM of 3 and 5 is 15, the LCM of 2 and 7 is 14 and the LCM of 6 and 9s 18. Example 2 Find the LCM of 18 and 24, ‘Write out the 18 times table: 18, 36, 54(72), 90, 108, .... Write out the 24 times table: 24, 48.72), 96, 120, ... You can see that 72 is the smallest (least) number in both (common) tables (multiples). 14 ‘1.3 Factors of whole numbers Scanned with CamScannereect GEcees Highest common factor The highest common factor (HCF) of two numbers is the biggest number that divides exactly into both of them. For example, the HCF of 24 and 18 is 6, the HCF of 45 and 36 is 9 and the HCF of 15 and 22/is 1. Example 3 Find the HCF of 28 and 16. Write out the factors of 28: 1, 204) 7, 14, 28 Write out the factors of 16: 1, 24) 8, 16 You can see that 4 is the biggest (highest) number in both (common) lists (factors). EXERCISE 1F @ Find the LcM of each pair of numbers. fa; a 24and56 b 21 and35 a c 12and28 d 28 and 42 e 12and32 f 18and27 g 1Sand25 h 16 and 36 @ Find the HcF of each pair of numbers. a 24and56 b 21and 35 c¢ 12and 28 d 28 and 42 e 12and32 f 18 and 27 g 15and25 h 16 and 36 i 42 and 27 j 48 and 64 k 25 and 35 | 36and 54 @ the HF of two numbers is 6. The LCM of the same two numbers is 72. What are the numbers? Explain how you reached you answer. 1.4 Prime numbers What are the factors of 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13? Notice that each of these numbers has only two factors: itself and 1. They are all examples of prime numbers. Chapter 1: Number 15 Scanned with CamScannerCory saa Pemlick So, a prime number is 2 whole number tl er, since it has only one factor hat has only two factor itself. Note: 1 is not a prime numb: The prime numbers up to 50 are: 2, 3,5, 7, 1, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47 EXERCISE 1G Write down the p ime numbers between 20 and 3 @ write down the only prime number between 90 and 100. @ decide whieh of these numbers are not prime numbers. 462 108 848 365 mM @ when three different prime numbers are multiplied together the answer is 105, What are the three prime numbers? @ A shopkeeper has 31 identical soap bars. He is trying to arrange the bars on a shelf in rows, each with the same number of bars Is it possible? Explain your answer. 1.5 Prime factorisation Every whole number that is not prime can be written as the product of prime factors. For exam 35=5x7 40=2x2%2%5 465 =3 x 5x31 5929=7x7% 1x11 Sand 7 are the prime factors of 35, 2and 5 are the prime factors of 40, The small 3 is an index, 5929= 72 x 112 96 =2x2%2x2x2%3 Fx 3 Writing a number in this way is called You can write the nu for 96 there must be Prime factorisation, at mbers in a different or , wl rd five 2s and one 3. "2°" But You can do the factorisation in only o"® 16 1.5 Prime factorisation Scanned with CamScannerExample 4 Write 630 as a product of prime factors. Check the prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, ...) in turn to find which of them divide into 630. a factor of 630. 630+2=315 Now do the same with 315. 2is not a factor of 315 but 3is. 315 +3= 105 a factor of 105. 105+3=35 not a factor of 35 but Sis. 354557 7 isa prime number, so stop there. It is more convenient to write the divisions in a column, like this. 2/630 3/315 305 5035 J Now list the prime numbers, including the final 7, r 630=2%3x3x5x7=2x32x5x7 : EXERCISE 1H @ Work out these numbers. G a 2x3 bo 3x5x7 ¢ 2x5? d 24x3x17 Fa e@ 2x3x7x17 f 5x7? g 3x12 h 23x 132 Write each of these numbers as a product of prime factors. a 90 b 152 © 64 d 330 e 289 f 800 9 97 h 1001 @ e@ Which of these numbers can be written as the product of exactly two prime factors? 7 124 129 2450 (221 103 @ 450-20 3x52 a Use this fact to write 900 as a product of prime factors. b Write 1800 as a product of prime factors. € Write 1350 as a product of prime factors. Match each number to the correct product of prime factors. 144 2x3 200 Bx 324 Bxs? 500 Rxs? Chapter 1:Number 17 Scanned with CamScannerforam ed @ 2 Find the smatest number that bb Find the smallest number that ha @ wsqreseer Use this fact to write each of a 612 b 306 < 408 has four different prime factors. s five different prime factors. these numbers as a product of prime factors, @ whien of these numbers cannot be written as a product of prime factors? a a me @ sera sere 539 x B47 = 456533 Use these facts to write 456 533 as a product of prime factors. 14.6 More about HCF and LCM You can use prime factorisation to find the LCM or the HCF of two or more numbers. Example 5 810=2x34*x5 25252? x 3? x7 a Find the HCF of 810 and 252. b Find the LCM of 810 and 252. a Tofind the HCF, multiply all the prime numbers (including repeats) that occur in both lists. There is one 2 in both numbers. There are two 3s in both numbers. The HCF is 2 x 3? = 18 b To find the LCM, multiply all the prime numbers (including repeats) that occur in either lt. You need to multiply two 2s, four 3s, one 5 and one 7. The LCM is 2? x 34x 5 x 7 = 11340 Why does this work? You can check that 18is acommon factor: 810 + 18= 45 =32%5 and: 252418 =14=2x7 Since the answers to these divisions have no common factor, 18 is the highest common factor | You can check that 11340 is a common multiple. \ | 18 1.6 More about HCF and LCM 4 Scanned with CamScanner11340 +810 = 14=2%7 11340 + 252 = 45 = 3x5 Since the answers to these divisions have no common factor, 11340 is the lowest common multiple. Example 6 Find the LCM of 21, 27 and 35. 2 3x7 27=3 35257 Looking at the prime numbers that occur in any of these, you need three 3s, one § and one 7. The LCM is 33x 5x7 = 945, EXERCISE 11 aooo» — 72=23x3? 162=2%3! 3u0D Use these facts to find: a the HCF of 72 and 162 b the LCM of 72 and 162. W5=3x5x7 245 =5x7? Use these facts to find: a the HCF of 105 and 245 b the LCM of 105 and 245. Write 240 as the product of prime factors. Write 126 as the product of prime factors. Find the HCF of 240 and 126. Find the LCM of 240 and 126. a Write 72 and 108 as the product of prime factors. b Find the HCF of 72 and 108. © Find the LCM of 72 and 108. a_ Find the HCF of 64 and 144. b_ Find the LCM of 64 and 144. Find the HCF of 132 and 693. b_ Find the LCM of 132 and 693. 2=23x3 60=2%x3x5 36=2?x 3? Use these facts to find: a the HCF of 24, 60 and 36 b the LCM of 24, 60 and 36. a_ Find the HCF of 25, 35 and 45. b Find the LCM of 25, 35 and 45. Find the HCF of 105, 135 and 375. —_b_Find the LCM of 105, 135 and 375. » Find the HCF of 288, 432 and 648. Write the LCM of 288, 432 and 648 as a product of prime factors. o Chapter 1:Number 19 Scanned with CamScannerCoy aLIenL Se @ 2@ Find the HcF of 63 and 200. b Find the LCM of 63 and 200. @ ir auestion 1 you found the HCF and LCM of 72 and 162. a Work out the product of 72 and 162. b Work out the product of the HCF and the LCM of 72 and 162. ¢ Investigate whether there is a relationship between the product of the HCF and the ay, ‘two numbers and the product of the numbers themselves. FE iS g Is there a similar result for the HCF and the LCM of three numbers? 1.7 Real numbers So far you have only been looking at natural numbers, which are whole, positi numbers: 0, 1, 2,3, 4, Sin If you also include negative whole numbers you have the integers: 2,-1,0, 1,2, 3. And if you include decimals too you have the real numbers. There are two sorts of real numbers. ns such as -17, 38, -8.75 or 22. 1 Rational numbers are integers or frat Irrational numbers cannot be written as fractions. Examples of irrational numbers are V2, VT7 and x. !f nis a natural number that is not a square number, then Yn is irrational. The reciprocal of the number nis + (n +0) The reciprocal of the fraction 2 is 2 The product of a number and its reciprocal is 1 » Example 7 Find the reciprocalof a 28 b28 ol a ae @ The reciprocal is 4, b The reciprocal is ,', = © The reciprocal is $ d5i= =8 22. The reciprocal is 4s Notice that in part b you could use a calculator to get 142.8 = 0.3571 to 4 d.p. - Pe onl i Yen approximate answer. For an exact answer you must use fractions. 20 ‘1.7 Real numbers Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE 1J oo @ state whether each of these numbers is an integer or not. a V0 b 8536 359 d7 e 20 f 6.310 g 9.27 x 7.23 h 5411 i ~36 | @ state whether each of these numbers is rational or irrational. a 129 b # © 8 4 e V0 4 2.83 9 1.65 «2.13 hone2 i 10-% the reciprocalsof_ a 300 b 03 ¢ 43 d V625 Here are some numbers and their reciprocals. Which are the odd ones out? 2 2 1 5 6 5 2 6 @ the reciprocal of xis 3. The reciprocal of yis 14 Work out the value of xy. Is it possible to find two numbers, A and 8, in the following cases? If so, give an example. a Aand Bare not ii regers, A + Bis an integer. b Aand Bare not integers, A x Bis an integer. c Aand B are integers, A x B is not an integer. @ We to find two irrational numbers that multiply to make an integer. If this is not possible, say so. @ 1120 find two irrational numbers which add up to an integer. If this is not possible, say so. @ Wy to find two irrational numbers wi say so. add up to a rational number. If this is not possible, Check your progress Core * I can identify square numbers and their square roots * Ican identify cube numbers * I1can find factors, common factors and the highest common factor * I can find multiples and the lowest common multiple + Ican identify prime numbers * lunderstand the difference between rational and irrational numbers | * [can find the reciprocal of a number | Chapter 1: Number 24 Scanned with CamScanner