Designation: D578/D578M − 05 (Reapproved 2011)´1

Standard Specification for

Glass Fiber Strands1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D578/D578M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

ε1 NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in August 2011.

1. Scope each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each

1.1 This specification covers the requirements for continu- system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
ous fiber and staple fiber glass strands, including single, plied values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
and multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns. with the standard.
This specification is intended to assist ultimate users by 1.5 This specification is one of a series to provide a
designating the general nomenclature for the strand products substitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140 Yarn, Cord,
that age generally manufactured in the glass fiber industry. Sleeving, Cloth and Tape-Glass; and MIL-C-9084 Cloth, Glass
1.2 Glass fibers are produced having various compositions. Finished for Resin Laminates.
General applications are identified by means of a letter 1.6 Additional ASTM specifications in this series have been
designation. The letter designation represents a family of drafted and appear in current editions of the Annual Book of
glasses that have provided acceptable performance to the ASTM Standards. These include finished glass fabrics, unfin-
end-user in the intended application. For example, the compo- ished glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sleevings, glass cords,
sition limits stated for E-Glass in this specification representing glass sewing threads, and finished laminates made from fin-
the glass fiber family for general and most electrical applica- ished glass fabrics.
tions is designated by the letter E. Military specifications, such 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
as, MIL-R-60346, recognize the composition limits described safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in this specification as meeting the respective requirements for responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E-Glass strands used in reinforced plastic structure applica- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tions. bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 Glass fiber strands have a variety of general uses under
specific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress, 2. Referenced Documents
high moisture, high temperature, or electrical environments. 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
Property requirements under specific conditions are agreed D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. Electrical prop- D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
erty requirements vary with specific end-use applications. For D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
printed circuit board applications, other requirements may be ber) by the Skein Method
needed such as the use of Institute for Interconnecting and D2256/D2256M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns
Packaging Electronic Circuits (IPC) Specification EG 4412 A by the Single-Strand Method
for finished fabric woven from E-Glass for printed circuit D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
boards, or Specification MIL-P-13949 for printed wiring D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
boards applicable to glass fabric base. Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units drawn 2008)3
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)3

1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.18 on Glass Fiber and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
its Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D578 – 05. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D0578-05R11E01. www.astm.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 1

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
D4963 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands and Al2O3 12 to 16
Fabrics SiO2 52 to 56
MgO 0 to 5
D7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Products Na2O and K2O 0 to 2
2.2 ASTM Adjunct: TiO2 0 to 0.8
TEX-PAC4 Fe2O3 0.05 to 0.4
Fluoride 0 to 1.0
2.3 ANSI Standard:
ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 Sampling Procedures for Inspection by 4.2.2 The following certified chemical composition applies
Attributes5 to glass fiber products used in general applications.
2.4 Military Standards and Specifications: Chemical % by Weight

MIL-P-13949 Specification for Plastic Sheet, Laminated, B2O3 0 to 10

Metal-Clad For Printed Wiring Board6 CaO 16 to 25
MIL-R-60346 Roving, Glass Fibrous (for Prepreg Tape, Al2O3 12 to 16
SiO2 52 to 62
Rovings, Filament Winding, and Pultrusion Applications)6 MgO 0 to 5
MIL-G-55636B Glass Cloth, Resin Preimpreginated (B- Total alkali metal oxides 0 to 2
STAGE) (For Multilayer Printed Wiring Boards)6 TiO2 0 to 1.5
Fe2O3 0.05 to 0.8
MIL-Y-1140 Specification for Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth, Fluoride 0 to 1.0
and Tape-Glass6 4.2.3 Electrical applications include a wide variety of uses.
MIL-C-9084 Specification for Cloth Finished for Resin The composition in 4.2.1 is identical to IPC EG 4412 A for
Laminates6 printed circuit boards and to MIL-G-55636B. Additionally,
2.5 Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Circuits such fiber glass products often are specified for aerospace
Standard: applications. Products covered by the composition range in
IPC EG 4412 A Specification for Finished Fabric Woven 4.2.2 are used in general applications, such as power company
from E-Glass for Printed Circuit Boards7 equipment, high voltage devices, residential electric boxes,
3. Terminology third rail covers, high voltage standoff rods, electrical pultru-
sion products, light poles, electrical tool covers, and electrical
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.18, Glass Fiber and tape. Other applications include roofing, flooring, filtration,
Its Products, see Terminology D7018. panel rovings, gun rovings, smc rovings, chopped strand
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: reinforcements, paper yarns, and industrial yarns.
atmosphere for testing textiles, chopped strand, continuous 4.2.4 The nomenclature “E-CR-Glass” is used for boron-
filament yarn, roving, staple glass yarn, strand, textured glass free modified E-Glass compositions for improved resistance to
yarn. corrosion by most acids.
3.2 For allother terminology related to textiles, refer to 4.3 “S” Glass—A family of glasses composed primarily of
Terminology D123. the oxides of magnesium, aluminum, and silicon with a
certified chemical composition which conforms to an appli-
4. Classification of Glass Fiber
cable material specification and which produces high mechani-
4.1 “C” Glass—A family of glasses composed primarily of cal strength.
the oxides of sodium, calcium, boron, aluminum, and silicon
4.4 “R”Glass—A family of boron-free glasses composed
with a certified chemical composition which conforms to an
primarily of the oxides of silicon, aluminum, calcium and
applicable material specification and which produces good acid
magnesium, such glasses possessing excellent acid and water
resistance (excluding HF).
durability as well as specific strength and specific modulus
4.2 “E” Glass—A family of glasses composed primarily of levels significantly greater than E glass.
the oxides of calcium, aluminum, and silicon, which has the
following certified chemical compositions. DESCRIPTION OF GLASS STRANDS
4.2.1 The following certified chemical composition applies
to glass fiber yarn products for printed circuit boards and 5. General
aerospace. 5.1 The construction of glass strands is described in a series
Chemical % by Weight of two to four segments of alphabetical or numerical charac-
ters.
B2O3 5 to 10
CaO 16 to 25 NOTE 1—In glass fiber strand designations, and in the conversion of
yards per pound to tex units, the following rules are used:
(1) less than 2.50 tex—round to nearest 0.01 tex
4
PC programs on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D13 interlaboratory data (2) 2.50 tex to less than 5.00 tex—round to nearest 0.05 tex
are available through ASTM. Request ADJD2904. (3) 5.00 tex to less than 10.0 tex—round to nearest 0.1 tex
5
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., (4) 10.0 tex to less than 250 tex—round to nearest 1.0 tex
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. (5) 250 tex to less than 2000 tex—round to nearest 5.0 tex
6
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 (6) 2000 tex to less than 100 000 tex—round to nearest 100 tex
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
7
Available from Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits, 5.1.1 For strands described in inch-pound units, the approxi-
7380 N. Lincoln Ave., Lincolnwood, IL 60646. mate yards per pound of the final strand can be computed by

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 2

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
multiplying the yarn number designation of the single yarn or nearest 1 tpm. For yarns described in inch-pound units, the
strand by 100 to obtain yards per pound for the single yarn or description consists of the twist level in turns per inch (tpi) to
strand and then dividing by the total number of single yarns or the nearest 0.1 tpi immediately followed by an S or Z to show
strands in the final yarn. Actual yardage is less because of direction of twist.
organic content and twist take-up during plying.
NOTE 4—Twist in turns per metre (tpm) equals twist in turns per inch
NOTE 2—Letter designations for filament diameter averages are shown (tpi) times 40. The exact factor 39.37 is rounded to 40 to obtain the twist
in Table 1. The yards per pound stated in Table 2 is an approximate yarn in turns per metre to the nearest 1 tpm when starting from turns per inch
number. The “As Received” yards per pound will be less than the bare to the nearest 0.1 tpi.
glass values stated. This may be contributed by twist take-up, sizing
percent, or purchaser agreement to produce to a lower yarn number to
6.2 Examples of Descriptions of Continuous Filament
meet other requirements for a further manufactured product, or both. For Yarns:
example, EC9 66 1×0 (ECG 75 1/0) stated at approximately 66 tex [7500 6.2.1 Example 1a, Singles Yarn Using SI Units—The de-
yd/lb] will actually be about 68 tex [7300 yd/lb] in the delivered state for scription of a singles continuous filament yarn using SI units
use in the electrical laminate industry.” might be:
6. Continuous Filament Yarns EC6 33 1 3 0 Z40

6.1 Descriptions of Continuous Filament Yarns—The de- where:

scription of continuous filament yarns consists of the following E = symbol for glass family used in general and most
four segments: electrical applications,
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,
Glass family Yarn number Construction Twist level 6 = symbol for filament diameter average range 5.50 to
Fiber form Twist direction 6.49 µm,
Fiber diameter
33 = nominal yarn number of single yarn, tex,
6.1.1 Segment One—The parts of Segment one are respec- 1×0 = one single yarn twisted without plying or cabling,
tively the symbol for the glass family as directed in Section 4; and
the symbol for fiber form, “C” for Continuous, and a symbol Z40 = a twist level of 40 tpm in the “Z” direction.
for average filament diameter range as directed in Table 1. The nominal yarn number in tex of the final yarn will be
6.1.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the description approximately 33 since there is only one strand in the final
of continuous filament yarns specifies the yarn number of the yarn.
single yarn. For yarns described in SI units, the yarn number is
6.2.2 Example 1b, Singles Yarn Using Inch-Pound Units—
specified in tex. For yarns described in inch-pound units, the
The description of a singles continuous filament yarn using
yarn number is specified in hundreds of yards per pound, that
inch-pound units might be:
is yards per pound divided by 100.
6.1.2.1 Some manufacturing processes are designed specifi- ECDE 150 1/0 1.0Z
cally to produce yarns consisting of hollow filaments. For these where:
yarns, the suffix HF is attached to the second segment of the
E = symbol for glass family used in general and most
yarn description. For example, 40 HF (125HF) represents a 40
electrical applications,
tex [125 × 100 yd ⁄lb] single yarn consisting of hollow fila- C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,
ments. DE = symbol for filament diameter average range 0.00023
6.1.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the description to 0.000269 in.,
of continuous filament yarns specifies the number of single 150 = nominal yarn number of single yarns in hundreds of
yarns in the complete yarn. For yarn described in SI units, the yards per pound [yd/lb],
description consists of a count of the single yarns twisted 1/0 = one single yarn twisted without plying or cabling,
together, a lower case multiplication sign or x, and a count of and
the twisted yarns plied together to form the final yarn. For 1.0Z = a twist level of 1.0 tpi in the “Z” direction.
yarns described in inch-pound units, the description consists of
The nominal yarn number in yards per pound of the final
a count of the singles yarns twisted together, a division sign or
yarn will be approximately 15 000 since there is only one
“/”, and a count of the twisted yarns plied together to form the
strand in the final yarn.
final yarn.
6.2.3 Example 2a, Plied Yarn Using SI Units—The descrip-
NOTE 3—If additional stages of plying are involved, a lower case tion of a plied continuous filament yarn using SI units might
multiplication sign for SI units or a diagonal for inch-pound units, be:
followed by the count of plied yarns being cabled is added for each
additional cabling step. The total single yarns in the final yarn will always EC9 33 2 3 2 S152
be the product of all the counts in this segment. When 0 (zero) appears as
a count it is considered as 1 (one) for multiplication purposes. where:
6.1.4 Segment Four—The fourth segment of the description E = symbol for glass family used in general and most
of continuous filament yarns specifies the twist level and electrical applications,
direction. For yarns described in SI units, the description C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,
consists of an S or Z to show direction of twist immediately 9 = symbol for filament diameter average range 8.50 to
followed by the twist level in turns per metre (tpm) to the 9.49 µm,

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1

33 = nominal yarn number of single yarns, tex, 7.1.1.4 Segment Four—For yarns made from discontinuous
2×2 = two single yarns twisted together and two such filaments and described in SI units, the fourth segment of the
yarns plied together, and description of discontinuous filament yarns specifies the twist
S152 = a twist level of 152 tpm in the “S” direction. level and direction. The description consists of an S or Z to
The nominal yarn number in tex of the final yarn will be show direction of twist immediately followed by the twist level
approximately 132 or four times 33 tex. in turns per metre (tpm) to the nearest 1 tpm (Note 4).
6.2.4 Example 2b, Plied Yarn Using Inch-Pound Units—The 7.1.2 The three segments in a description of yarns made
description of a plied continuous filament yarn using inch- from staple fibers when using inch-pound units are:
pound units might be: Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 4
Glass family Yarn number ply count Twist level
ECG 150 2/2 3.8S Fiber form Twist direction
Fiber diameter
where:
E = symbol for glass family used in general and most 7.1.2.1 Segment One—For yarns made from staple filaments
electrical applications, and described in inch-pound units, the parts of Segment one are
C = symbol for continuous filament yarn, respectively the symbol for the glass family as directed in
G = symbol for filament diameter average range 0.00035 Section 4; the symbol for fiber form, S for staple; and a letter
to 0.000399 in., symbol for filament diameter average range as directed in
150 = nominal yarn number of single yarns in hundreds of Table 1.
yards per pound, 7.1.2.2 Segment Two—For yarns made from staple filaments
2/2 = two single yarns twisted together and two such yarns and described in inch-pound units, the second segment of the
plied together, and description of staple filament yarns specifies the number of
3.8S = a twist level of 3.8 tpi in the “S” direction. singles yarn in the complete yarn. The description consists of
The nominal yarn number in yards per pound of the final the following with no intervening spaces: (1) the nominal yarn
yarn will be approximately 3750 or 150 hundreds of yards per number of the single yarns in hundreds of yards per pound; that
pound divided by four. is, yards per pound divided by 100, (2) the divisor sign or “/”
, (3) a count of the twisted yarns plied together in the final yarn,
7. Discontinuous or Staple Filament Yarns and (4) a symbol R when yarn is reinforced by a single
7.1 Descriptions of Discontinuous or Staple Filament continuous filament yarn. (Note 3)
Yarns—If SI units are used, the description of yarns made from 7.1.2.3 Segment Three—For yarns made from staple fila-
staple fibers contains four segments and the fiber form is ments and described in inch-pound units, the third segment of
designated “D” for discontinuous. If inch-pound units are used, the description of staple filament yarns specifies the twist level
the description of yarns made from staple fibers contains three and direction. The description consists of the twist level in
segments and the fiber form is designated“ S” for staple. turns per inch (tpi) to the nearest 0.1 tpi immediately followed
7.1.1 The four segments in a description of yarns made from by an S or Z to show direction of twist.
discontinuous fibers when using SI units are: 7.2 Examples of Descriptions of Staple or Discontinuous
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Filament Yarns Using SI Units:
Glass family Yarn number Construction Twist level
Fiber form Twist direction 7.2.1 Example 3a, Yarn from Discontinuous Filaments Us-
Fiber diameter ing SI Units—The description of a yarn made from discontinu-
7.1.1.1 Segment One—For yarns made from discontinuous ous filament might be:
filaments and described in SI units, the parts of Segment one CD10 198 1 3 2 S260
are respectively the symbol for the glass family as directed in
Section 4; the symbol for fiber form, “D” for discontinuous; where:
and a numeric symbol for filament diameter as directed in C = symbol for glass family used in acid resistant
Table 1. applications,
7.1.1.2 Segment Two—For yarns made from discontinuous D = symbol for discontinuous filament yarn,
filaments and described in SI units, the second segment of the 10 = symbol for filament diameter average range 6.50 to
description of discontinuous filament yarns specifies the yarn 7.49 µm,
198 = nominal yarn number of single yarns, tex,
number of the single yarn in tex.
1×2 = two single yarns plied, and
7.1.1.3 Segment Three—For yarns made from discontinuous S260 = a twist level of 260 tpm in the “S” direction.
filaments and described in SI units, the third segment of the
description of discontinuous filament yarns specifies the num- The nominal yarn number in tex of the final yarn will be
ber of single yarns in the complete yarn. The description approximately 396 since two strands of 198 tex are combined
consists of the following with no intervening spaces: (1) a in the final yarn.
count of the singles yarns twisted together, (2) a lower case 7.2.1.1 If the above yarn were reinforced by a single strand
multiplication sign or x, (3) a count of the twisted yarns plied of continuous filament yarn, R would be added to the second
together to form the final yarn, and (4) a symbol R when yarn segment of the description to give: CD10 198R 1×2 S260
is reinforced by a single continuous filament yarn (Note 3). (Note 4).

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
7.2.2 Example 3b, Yarn from Staple Filaments Using Inch- described in inch-pound units, the yarn number is specified in
Pound Units—The description of a staple filament yarn using hundreds of yards per pound, that is, yards per pound divided
inch-pound units might be: by 100.
CSH 25/2 6.5S 8.1.2.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the descrip-
tion of textured yarns specifies the number of single yarns in
where:
the complete yarn. For yarn described in SI units, the descrip-
C = symbol for glass family used in acid resistant tion consists of a count of the singles yarns, a lower case
applications,
multiplication sign or x, and a count of the single yarns
S = symbol for staple filament yarn,
H = symbol for filament diameter average range 0.00040 fabricated together to form the final yarn. For yarns described
to 0.000449 in., in inch-pound units, the description consists of a count of the
25/2 = nominal yarn number of single yarns in hundreds of single yarns, a division sign or “/”, and a count of the single
yards per pound and two such yarns plied together, yarns fabricated together to form the final yarn.
and 8.1.2.4 Segment Four—The fourth segment of the descrip-
6.5S = a twist level of 6.5 tpi in the “S” direction. tion of textured yarns specifies the manufacturer’s product
The nominal yarn number in yards per pound of the final code.
yarn will be approximately 1250 or 25 hundreds of yards per 8.2 Examples of Descriptions of Textured Yarns:
pound divided by two.
7.2.2.1 If the above yarn were reinforced by a single strand 8.2.1 Examples 5a and 5b, Textured Yarns Using SI Units—
of continuous filament yarn, R would be added to the second The description of a textured yarn using SI units might be:
segment of the description to give: CSH 25/2R 6.5S (Note 4). Three 2 segment description 2 ~ ET 9 134 ~ Manufacturer’s Code!!
Four 2 segment description 2 ~ ET 9 134 1
8. Textured Yarns 3 2 ~ Manufacturer’s Code!!
8.1 The description of textured yarns consist of either three where:
or four segments.
E = symbol for glass family used in
8.1.1 Three Segment Description of Textured Yarns—The
general and most electrical
segments in a three segment description of textured yarns are:
applications,
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 T = symbol for textured yarn,
Glass family Yarn number Manufacturer’s code
Yarn type
9 = symbol for filament diameter aver-
Fiber diameter age range 0.00035 to 0.000399 in.,
8.1.1.1 Segment One—For textured yarns the parts of Seg- 134 = nominal yarn number, tex,
1×2 = one singles yarn and two such yarns
ment one are respectively the symbol for the glass family as
fabricated together, and
directed in Section 4; the symbol for yarn type, T for textured;
manufacturer’s code = further identification as necessary
and a symbol for filament diameter as directed in Table 1.
by manufacturer to define process,
8.1.1.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the descrip-
sizing, etc.
tion of textured yarns specifies the yarn number of the final
yarn, not necessarily of the single yarns. For yarns described in The actual tex of the final yarn may vary and result in a
SI units, the yarn number is specified in tex (Note 1). For yarns higher value. This is dependent upon the yarn number of the
described in inch-pound units, the yarn number is specified in input yarn and the degree of texture.
hundreds of yards per pound, that is, yards per pound divided 8.2.2 Examples 5c and 5d, Textured Yarns Using Inch-
by 100. Pound Units—The description of a textured yarn using inch-
8.1.1.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the descrip- pound units might be:
tion of textured yarns specifies the manufacturer’s product
Three 2 segment description 2 ~ ETG 37 ~ Manufacturer’s Code! !
code.
Four 2 segment description
8.1.2 Four Segment Description of Textured Yarns—The
segments in a four segment description of textured yarns are: 2 ~ ETG 37 1 / 2 ~ Manufacturer’s Code!!
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 where:
Glass family Yarn number Construction Manufacturer’s
Yarn type code E = symbol for glass family used in
Fiber diameter general and most electrical
8.1.2.1 Segment One—For textured yarns the parts of seg- applications,
ment one are respectively the symbol for the glass family as T = symbol for textured yarn,
directed in Section 4; the symbol for yarn type, T for textured; G = symbol for filament diameter aver-
and a symbol for filament diameter as directed in Table 2. age range 0.00035 to 0.000399 in.,
8.1.2.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the descrip- 37 = nominal yarn number in hundreds of
tion of textured yarns specifies the yarn number of the final yards per pound,
yarn, not necessarily of the single yarns. For yarns described in 1/2 = one singles yarn and two such yarns
SI units, the yarn number is specified in tex (Note 2). For yarns fabricated together, and

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1

manufacturer’s code = further identification as necessary 9.2.2 Examples 6e, 6f, 6g and 6h, Rovings Using Inch-
by manufacturer to define process, Pound Units—The description of rovings using inch-pound
sizing, etc. units might be:
The actual yards per pound of the final yarn may vary and Two 2 segment description 2 ~ e ! 988AB 113/ ~ f ! 998BA 113
result in a lower value. This is dependent upon the yarn number Three 2 segment description 2 ~ g ! 526HT 161 1325864355/ ~ h !
of the input yarn and the degree of texture. 995AA 211 71B68820

where:
9. Rovings 988AB = manufacturer’s product type and manufac-
9.1 Descriptions of Rovings—The description of rovings turer’s product code,
consists of either two or three segments. 988BA = manufacturer’s product type and manufac-
9.1.1 Two Segment Description for Rovings—The segments turer’s product code,
in a two segment description of rovings are: 526HT = manufacturer’s product type,
113 = nominal yarn number for total roving, yd/lb,
Segment 1 Segment 2
Product type Yarn number 161 = nominal yarn number for total roving, yd/lb,
1325864355 = manufacturer’s product code, and
9.1.1.1 Segment One—For rovings, the first segment of the 71B68820 = manufacturer’s product code.
description of glass rovings represents the manufacturer’s
product type, which includes binder (sizing) and sliver (strand). 9.3 It is customary for producers of glass fiber rovings to
It consists of number or letter designations, or both letter and indicate the compatibility of the binder (sizing) applied to the
number designations that reference the manufacturer’s code. rovings to the matrix resins in which they can be used.
The designation for the manufacturer’s code may directly 9.3.1 The designation shall follow the form ”[matrix resin]
follow the product type, or may be separated by a space. compatible.”
9.1.1.2 Segment Two—For rovings, the second segment of 9.3.2 Examples of this designation would be “epoxy com-
the description specifies the yarn number of the total roving. patible” or “polyester compatible.”
For rovings described in SI units, the yarn number is specified
9.3.3 The resin compatibility is not part of the three segment
in tex. For such rovings described in inch-pound units, the yarn
description outlined in 9.1.2, but is available upon request from
number is specified in yards per pound.
the manufacturer of the roving.
NOTE 5—Roving yield is synonymously used for yarn number of roving
NOTE 6—Discontinued MIL-R-60346 referred to the resin compatibility
products in the glass fiber industry. The term yarn number is used
by the term “Class 1” for epoxy compatible rovings and “Class 2” for
throughout Specification D578 to represent the more universal term.
polyester compatible rovings.
9.1.2 Three Segment Description for Rovings—The seg-
ments in a three segment description of rovings are: 10. Chopped Strand from Continuous Filament Strands
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3
Product type Yarn number Manufacturer’s
10.1 Descriptions of Chopped Strand from Continuous Fila-
product code ment Strands—The description of chopped strand from con-
9.1.2.1 For rovings, the first and second segments of the tinuous filament strands consists of either two, three, or four
three segment description are as described in 9.1.1.1 and segments. For chopped strand used to reinforce thermoplastic
9.1.1.2. The third segment references a manufacturer’s product and thermosetting plastic compounds, the description consists
code and may be represented by letters or numbers, or both. of two segments. For dry sized glass chopped strand, the
description consists of three segments. For wet sized glass
9.2 Examples of Descriptions of Rovings: chopped strand, the description consists of four segments.
9.2.1 Examples 6a, 6b, 6c, and 6d, Rovings Using SI 10.1.1 Two Segment Description for Chopped Strand Used
Units—The description of rovings using SI units might be: to Reinforce Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Compounds—
Two 2 segment description 2 ~ a ! 988AB 4400/ ~ b ! 998 BA 4400 The segments in a description for chopped strand used to
Three 2 segment description 2 ~ c ! 526HT 3100 1325864355/ ~ d ! reinforce thermoplastic and thermosetting compounds are:
995AA 2350 71B68820 Segment 1 Segment 2
Product type Strand length
where:
988AB = manufacturer’s product type and manufac- 10.1.1.1 Segment One—The first segment of the description
turer’s code, of chopped strand used to reinforce thermoplastic and thermo-
988BA = manufacturer’s product type and manufac- setting compounds represents the manufacturer’s product type.
turer’s code, It consists of numbers that are sometimes followed by letter
526HT = manufacturer’s product type, designations, or both, letter and number designations that
4400 = nominal yarn number for total roving, tex, reference the manufacturer’s code. The designation for the
3100 = nominal yarn number for total roving in tex, manufacturer’s code will directly follow the product type.
2350 = nominal yarn number for total roving in tex, 10.1.1.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the descrip-
and tion of chopped strand used to reinforce thermoplastic and
1325864355 = manufacturer’s product code. thermosetting compounds specifies the length of the chopped
71B68820 = manufacturer’s product code strand. For chopped strands described in SI units, the nominal

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
chopped length is specified in millimetres. For chopped strands nominal chopped length is specified in millimetres. For
described in inch-pound units the nominal chopped length is chopped strands described in inch-pound units the nominal
specified in inches. chopped length is specified in inches.
10.1.2 Three Segment Description for Dry Sized Chopped
10.2 Examples of Descriptions of Chopped Strands:
Strand—The segments in a description of dry chopped strand
are: 10.2.1 Example 7a, Chopped Strand Used to Reinforce
Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Compounds Using SI
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3
Filament diameter Sizing or product type Strand length Units—The description of chopped strand used to reinforce
10.1.2.1 Segment One—The first segment of the description thermoplastic and thermosetting compounds using SI units
of dry sized chopped strand represents the nominal filament might be:
diameter range. When using SI units, this segment consists of 405AB 13 mm
a number specifying the nominal filament diameter range in where:
micrometers as directed in Table 1. When using inch pound
units, this segment consists of one or two letters as directed in 405AB = manufacturer’s product type and process code,
Table 1. and
13 = length, mm.
10.1.2.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the descrip-
tion of dry sized chopped strand represents the manufacturer’s 10.2.2 Example 7b, Dry Sized Chopped Strand Using SI
sizing or product type. It consists of numbers that are some- Units—The description of dry sized chopped strand using SI
times followed by letter designations, or both, letter and units might be:
number designations that reference the manufacturer’s code. 9 µm 685 13 mm
The designation for the manufacturer’s code will directly
follow the sizing or product type. where:
10.1.2.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the descrip- 9 = symbol for filament diameter average range 8.50 to
tion of dry sized chopped strand specifies the length of the 9.49 µm,
chopped strand. For chopped strands described in SI units, the 685 = manufacturer’s sizing code or process code, or both,
nominal chopped length is specified in millimetres. For and
chopped strands described in inch-pound units the nominal 13 = length, mm.
chopped length is specified in inches. 10.2.3 Example 7c, Wet Sized Chopped Strand Using SI
10.1.3 Four Segment Description for Wet Sized Chopped Units—The description of wet sized chopped strand using SI
Strand—The segments in a description of wet chopped strand units might be:
are:
16 µm 775 14.5 32 mm
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4
Filament Sizing or Moisture Strand where:
diameter product type content length
16 = symbol for filament diameter average range 15.5 to
10.1.3.1 Segment One—The first segment of the description
16.49 µm,
of wet sized chopped strand represents the nominal filament 775 = manufacturer’s sizing code or process code, or both,
diameter range. When using SI units, this segment consists of 14.5 = moisture content, % (Note 7), and
a number specifying the nominal filament diameter range in 32 = length, mm.
micrometres as directed in Table 1. When using inch-pound
units, this segment consists of one or two letters as directed in 10.2.4 Example 7d, Chopped Strand Used to Reinforce
Table 1. Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Compounds Using Inch-
10.1.3.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the descrip- Pound Units—The description of chopped strand used to
tion of wet sized chopped strand represents the manufacturer’s reinforce thermoplastic and thermosetting compounds using
sizing or product type. It consists of numbers that are some- inch-pound units might be:
times followed by letter designations, or both, letter and 405AB ½ in.
number designations that reference the manufacturer’s code.
where:
The designation for the manufacturer’s code will directly
follow the product type. 405AB = manufacturer’s product type and process code,
10.1.3.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the descrip- and
tion of wet sized chopped strand specifies the nominal percent ⁄
12 = length, in.
moisture content. This segment consists of a number represent- 10.2.5 Example 7e, Dry Sized Chopped Strand Using Inch-
ing the percent moisture content in both SI units and inch Pound Units—The description of dry chopped strand using
pound units. inch-pound units might be:
NOTE 7—Some manufacturers omit this segment when describing wet G685 ½ in.
sized chopped strand.
where:
10.1.3.4 Segment Four—The fourth segment of the descrip-
G = symbol for filament diameter average range 0.00035
tion of wet sized chopped strand specifies the length of the
to 0.000399 in.,
chopped strand. For chopped strands described in SI units, the

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1

685 = manufacturer’s sizing code or process code, or both, those strands having 1, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60 ends. Although this practice
is still used by some suppliers, others are attenuating fiber glass through
and bushings consisting of up to several thousand holes to make heavy rovings
⁄
12 = length, in. containing only a single strand. Since the strands are not twisted, rovings
10.2.6 Example 7f, Wet Sized Chopped Strand Using Inch- made with the larger single strands are equivalent, for most purposes, to
those made with the smaller conventional made multiple strands. Since
Pound Units—The description of wet sized chopped strand many older material specifications specify in accordance with the older
using inch-pound units might be: multiple strand designation, a purchasing activity should review and agree
M 775 14.5 1¼ in. upon with the supplier activity, the acceptability of the single strand
roving having an equivalent yarn number.
where: 14.1.1.1 The tex [yards per pound] as determined in Section
M = symbol for filament diameter average range 0.00060 23 and specified in Tables 2, 4, and 5 are the bare glass
to 0.000649 in. nominal. A commercial yarn normally has a size (binder)
775 = manufacturer’s sizing code or process code, or both, treatment which will increase tex [decrease yards per pound] in
14.5 = moisture content, %, and proportion to the amount of size.
11⁄4 = length, in. 14.1.2 Breaking Strength—No individual break shall be less
than the specified minimum requirement in Tables 2, 4, and 5.
11. Ordering Information
14.2 When required for roving and chopped strand, the
11.1 The purchase order or other agreement shall specify:
nominal and physical properties shall be agreed upon between
specification conformance number, title, and year of issue;
the purchaser and the supplier in an applicable material
designation of strand construction; product quantity; and any
specification or other agreement, subject to the requirements of
special provisions.
Table 2 and 14.1.1.
REQUIREMENTS
15. Ignition Loss (Organic Content)
12. Material 15.1 The ignition loss (organic content) shall be within the
12.1 The fibers shall be free of any free alkali metal oxides, tolerances as agreed upon between the purchaser and the
such as soda or potash, and from foreign particles, dirt, and supplier, or as specified in an applicable material specification
other impurities. The glass classification shall be agreed upon or other agreement.
between the purchaser and the supplier in an applicable
material specification or other agreement. The composition of 16. Packaging
the E-Glass classification of glass fiber shall be within the 16.1 The glass fiber strand shall be put up on packages, and
limits specified in 4.2.1 or 4.2.2 as agreed upon between the in containers whose dimensions shall be agreed to between the
purchaser and supplier. purchaser and supplier.
13. Workmanship 16.2 Each package of strand, put up as specified, shall be
further packaged to afford adequate protection against physical
13.1 As agreed upon between the purchaser and the
damage during shipment from the supply source to the receiv-
supplier, the defects listed in Table 3 shall be considered cause
ing activity. The supplier may use his standard practice when it
for rejection of the package in which they occur. The allowable
meets this requirement.
quality level (AQL) shall be agreed upon between the pur-
chaser and the supplier. 16.3 For government procurement, the contracting instru-
ment shall specify the put up (see 11.1) and AQL (see 13.1).
14. Physical Properties
14.1 The nominal and physical properties of glass fiber 17. Marking
strands shall conform to the requirements of Tables 1, 2, 4, and 17.1 Each package of strand shall be marked to show the
5, as applicable. The tolerances shall be subject to the toler- construction designation of the glass fiber strand as specified in
ances as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. Sections 5 – 10. Each container of packages shall be marked as
However, the following maximum tolerances apply: agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier.
14.1.1 Yarn Number, Tex [Yards per Pound), Individual
Value—Plus or minus 10 % for continuous filament yarns. Plus 18. Sampling, Inspection, and Number of Specimens
or minus 20 % for discontinuous or staple yarns. Plus or minus 18.1 Lot Size—A lot shall consist of each shipment, date
15 % for textured yarns. Plus or minus 8.5 % for roving code, or consignment of a single strand designation. This may
produced by either conventional or nonconventional roving constitute all or part of any one customer order. The lot size is
winding processes, except certain rovings produced by other the total number of packages of strand in the incoming
than conventional winding processes shall have a 613 % shipment date code, or consignment.
tolerance when agreed upon between the purchaser and the
supplier. NOTE 9—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
NOTE 8—Historically, it has been conventional practice to attenuate between packages of strand and between test specimens from a package of
glass through bushings having 204 or 408 holes to produce strands strand to produce a sampling plan with meaningful producer’s risk,
containing those numbers of filaments. Then, rovings were made from consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
18.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, 23. Yarn Number
take at random the number of shipping units specified in 23.1 Determine the yarn number of bare glass yards per
Practice D2258. Consider shipping cases or other shipping pound as directed in Test Method D1907, Option 1, excluding
units to be the primary sampling units. preconditioning.
18.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep- 23.1.1 Prior to conditioning, place the skein in a muffle
tance testing, take at random from each shipping unit in the lot furnace and heat to 625 6 25°C [1157 6 45°F] for 15 min.
sample the number of packages or ends directed in 18.3.1 and 23.2 Calculations:
18.3.2. Preferably, the same number of packages should be 23.2.1 Calculate the yards per pound from the length and
taken from each shipping unit in the lot sample. If differing average mass of the specimens using Eq 1 or Eq 2:
numbers of packages are to be taken from shipping units in the
Y 5 ~ 453.6 3 L ! /A (1)
lot sample, determine at random which shipping units are to
have each number of packages drawn. Y 5 ~ 7000 3 L ! /B (2)
18.3.1 Workmanship—Take at random the number of pack- where:
ages or ends of strand as directed in ANSI/ASQC Z1.4. Select
Y = yarn number, yd/lb,
an acceptable quality level (AQL) that is agreeable to both the L = specimen length, yd,
purchaser and the supplier. A = average mass of specimens, g, and
18.3.2 Other Properties—Take at random the number of B = average mass of specimens, grains.
bobbins or packages of strand specified in Table 6.
23.2.2 Calculate the tex equivalents using Eq 3 and 4:
18.4 Test Specimens—Proceed as follows: Tex 5 A/ ~ 0.0009144L ! (3)
18.4.1 Workmanship—Use the packages of strand in the
Tex 5 496055/Y (4)
laboratory sample as the specimens. Evaluate the results of
inspecting the specimens using ANSI/ASQC Z1.4, normal where:
inspection, and an acceptable quality level agreed upon be- A = average mass of specimens, g,
tween the purchaser and the supplier. L = specimen length, yd, and
18.4.2 Other Properties—Take the number of specimens per Y = yarn number, yd/lb.
laboratory sampling unit specified in the applicable test 23.2.3 Calculate the yarn construction designation using Eq
method. 5:
TEST METHODS Y
YC 5 (5)
100
19. Conditioning
where:
19.1 Condition the laboratory samples without precondi- YC = yarn number, hundreds of yd/lb, and
tioning for a period of at least 5 h in the atmosphere for testing Y = yarn number, yd/lb.
glass textiles, unless otherwise specified.
24. Direction of Twist
20. Material
24.1 Verify the direction of twist in each laboratory sam-
20.1 Upon prior agreement, accept the supplier’s certifica- pling unit as directed in Test Method D1423.
tion that the material is of the correct family of glass fiber as
specified in Section 4. Verify that the fiber is the specified 25. Twist Level
filament type during testing for strand construction as directed 25.1 Determine the twist level in each laboratory sampling
in Section 22. Determine the freedom from undesirable impu- unit as directed in Test Method D1423.
rities during inspection for workmanship as directed in Section
21. 26. Filament Diameter

21. Workmanship 26.1 Scope—This test method covers the determination of

the average diameter of textile glass fibers by the microprojec-
21.1 Examine the outer surface of each package of strand in tor method.
the laboratory sample by counting the defects listed in Table 3
26.2 Significance and Use:
regardless of their proximity to one another, except where two
26.2.1 The microprojection procedure for testing glass fi-
or more defects represent a single local condition. In such
bers is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of com-
cases, count only the most serious defect.
mercial shipments. In cases of disagreement arising from
differences in values reported by the purchaser and supplier
22. Strand Construction
when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical
22.1 Verify the number of single strands and the number of bias, if any, between the laboratories of the purchaser and the
plied or cabled strands on each package of strand in the supplier shall be determined with each comparison being based
laboratory sample while determining the twist direction or on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of
twist level as directed in Section 24 or 25. material of the type being evaluated.

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
26.3 Apparatus: Report the average filament diameter for each laboratory
26.3.1 Microprojector, equipped with mechanical stage, sampling unit and for the lot.
controls, screen, and optics to provide a magnification of 26.6 Precision and Bias:
1000×. 26.6.1 Summary—Based upon limited information from one
26.3.2 Scale, with divisions that can be read to fiber laboratory, the single-operator and within-laboratory compo-
diameter values of 0.254 µm [10−5 in.]. nents of variation and critical differences shown in Tables 7
26.3.3 Magnifier. and 8 are approximate. These tables are constructed to illustrate
26.3.4 Scissors. what one laboratory found when all the observations were
26.3.5 Pick Needles. taken by the same well-trained operator using the same piece of
26.3.6 Glass Slides, 25 by 76 mm [1 by 3 in.]. equipment and specimens randomly drawn from the sample of
material. For this laboratory, in comparing two averages, the
26.3.7 Square Cover Glasses, 22 mm [7⁄8 in.].
differences should not exceed the single-operator precision
26.3.8 Mounting Mediums, that at 25°C [77°F], one has a values shown in Table 8 for the respective number of tests in 95
refractive index of 1.600 to 1.6008 for E-Glass Fiber and a out of 100 cases. Differences for other laboratories may be
second has a refractive index of 1.470 6 0.0002 for S-2 Glass. larger or smaller. The number of laboratories available to
26.4 Procedure: perform the procedures in this test method has diminished over
26.4.1 Mounting and Measuring Fibers—Place one drop of the last few years. If additional laboratories are identified to
mounting medium in the middle of a 25 by 76-mm [1 by 3-in.] perform these tests, between-laboratory precision can be estab-
slide. Select a test specimen of about 75 fibers. Immerse the lished.
tips of the fibers in the mounting medium and separate the 26.6.2 Single-laboratory Test Data—A single-laboratory
fibers with pick needles or similar tool. Arrange them approxi- test was run in 1991 in which a randomly drawn sample of 600
mately parallel to each other on the glass slide. A binocular denier glass fiber strand was selected and four slides prepared,
microscope or a magnifier may facilitate this separation. Place two by each of two different operators. Two operators in the
one edge of the cover glass in contact with the slide and allow laboratory each measured 60 specimens from each of the four
it to settle slowly to facilitate the removal of air bubbles. prepared slides using the fiber diameter test method in Speci-
26.4.1.1 For E-Glass Fiber, use a mounting medium having fication D578. Thirty of the sixty fibers from each slide were
a refractive index on 1.600 to 1.6008 and for S-2 Glass, use a measured on one day and thirty specimens from each slide
mounting medium having a refractive index on 1.470 6 0.0002 were measured on a second day for a total of 240 measure-
at 25°C [77°F]. ments. Analysis of the data was conducted using Practice
D2904, Practice D2906, and Adjunct TEX-PAC. The compo-
NOTE 10—If the filaments will not separate due to excessive binder, or nents of variance for fiber diameter of glass fiber strands
type binder, or organic compounds are affecting the measurement of the expressed as standard deviations were calculated to be the
diameter of the filaments, the test specimen should be burned off as
directed in Section 23. values listed in Table 7.
26.6.3 Precision—Since tests were conducted in only one
26.4.2 Manipulation of the Microprojector—Insert the pre- laboratory, estimates of between laboratory precision may be
pared slide in the mechanical stage of the microprojector. either underestimated or overestimated to a considerable extent
Slowly and carefully focus the fibers by adjusting the position and should be used with special caution. Before a meaningful
of the light source, moving the condenser, regulating the statement can be made about two specific laboratories, the
aperture and field diaphragms, and manipulating the adjust- amount of statistical bias, if any, between them must be
ment to provide optimum illumination, freedom of aberrations, established, with each comparison being based on recent data
and maximum resolution of the projected image of the fiber obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material of the type
(edges should be black lines of minimum width—failure to do being evaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible
this will definitely impact preciseness). and then randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the
26.4.3 Measurement of Filament Diameter—Begin at the laboratories. However, when agreed upon between the contrac-
left edge of the mount and measure the diameter of each fiber, tual parties, for the approximate components of variance
which is clearly defined, as it is brought into the field of view reported in Table 7, two averages of observed values may be
by traversing the stage. Restrict the area of measurement to that considered significantly different at the 95 % probability level
part of the fiber which appears within the middle of the field. if the difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed
Place the zero line of the scale so that it just touches the left in Table 8, for fiber diameter of glass fiber strands.
edge of the fiber image, and observe where the extreme right 26.6.4 Bias—The procedure in Specification D578 for mea-
edge of the image crosses the scale ruling. Read the diameter suring the filament diameter of glass filaments has no bias
to the nearest 0.25 µm [10−5 in.] and average for the laboratory because the value of that property can be defined only in terms
sampling unit and for the lot. of a test method.
26.4.4 Number of Measurements—Measure a total of 50
fibers per specimen. 27. Breaking Strength
26.5 Report—Report that the test for fiber diameter was 27.1 Procedure—Determine the breaking strength of strand
made as directed in Section 26 of Specification D578. Describe as directed in Test Method D2256/D2256M, Option 1A,
the material or product sampled and the method of sampling. excluding preconditioning. Set the distance between clamps

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
(gage length) to 250 6 2 mm [10 6 0.05 in.] from nip to nip. 27.2.2.6 Load the cut test specimen assembly strip in the
Test five specimens per laboratory sampling unit. Use the clamps of the tensile tester having the 250-mm [10-in.]
preferred constant rate of extension (CRE) type tensile testing exposed portion between both clamps. Cut the cardboard
machine operated at a speed of 250 6 6 mm/min [10 6 0.25 backing across, midway between the ends, taking care not to
in./min]. When agreed upon between the purchaser and the damage the test specimen.
supplier, a constant rate of load (CRL) type testing machine 27.3 Precision and Bias—The precision and bias of the
operated at a rate of speed of loading greater than 28 mN/tex procedure in Specification D578 for breaking strength are as
[28 gf/den.]/min or a constant rate of traverse (CRT) type specified in Test Method D2256/D2256M.
testing machine operated at 300 6 10 mm/min [12 6 0.5
in./min] may be used. When using flat clamp faces they should 28. Ignition Loss
be rubber faced to minimize crushing in the clamps. When test
specimens continue to slip or break in the clamps, other clamp 28.1 Determine the ignition loss of each laboratory sam-
facings or protection of the test specimen within contact of the pling unit as directed in Test Method D4963.
clamp faces should be employed. The test specimen prepara-
tion option described in 27.2 has been used successfully. 29. Packaging and Marking
27.2 Test Specimen Preparation Option—When slippage or 29.1 During the sampling and testing of the shipment, verify
breakage occurs in the clamps, optionally prepare test speci- the correctness of packaging and marking.
mens as follows:
CONFORMANCE AND KEYWORDS
27.2.1 Materials:
27.2.1.1 White Cardboard, sub 65 grade.
27.2.1.2 Paint Brush, 16 to 25 mm [0.625 to 1.0 in.] wide 30. Conformance
with bristles 25 mm [1.0 in.] long. 30.1 The purchaser and the supplier shall agree on a
27.2.1.3 Masking Tape, 12 mm [0.5 in.] wide. procedure to establish conformance, including control charts
27.2.2 Preparation: furnished by the supplier, a sequential sampling plan, or
27.2.2.1 Lay a 250 by 330-mm [10 by 13-in.] piece of white double-sampling plan outlined in 30.2.
cardboard on a flat surface. Draw two legible lines 250 6 1 30.2 In the absence of a control chart or sequential sampling
mm [10 6 0.05 in.] from each other across the center section plan, proceed as directed in 30.2.1 – 30.2.3.
of the cardboard in the 75-mm [10-in.] direction. Draw an 30.2.1 If the test results for a lot conform to the require-
additional parallel line 25 mm [1.0 in.] outward from each ments for all characteristics listed in Sections 12 – 17, and
previously drawn line. Tables 1–6, the lot shall be considered acceptable.
27.2.2.2 Lay six test specimens on the cardboard parallel to 30.2.2 If the test results for one or more characteristics do
the 330-mm [13-in.] direction approximately 25 mm [1.0 in.] not conform to the requirements, take a new laboratory sample
apart. Secure the ends of the test specimen to the cardboard from either the original lot sample or a new lot sample. Test the
outside the previously drawn lines using pieces of 12 mm [0.5 new sample for the characteristic(s) that did not conform to the
in.] masking tape. requirements in the first test and average the results of the first
27.2.2.3 Uniformly apply a resin or equivalent bonding and second samples as if they were oner test of double the
mixture8 to ends of the test specimen between the 25-mm original number of specimens. If the new average(s) con-
[1-in.] spaced lines. Do not include the center 250 mm [10 in.] form(s) to the specified requirements, the lot shall be consid-
between drawn lines. ered acceptable.
27.2.2.4 Place a 25 6 1-mm [1.0 6 0.05-in.] strip of
30.2.3 If the test results obtained as directed in 30.2.2 do not
cardboard over the resin impregnated area of the test specimen.
conform to the specified requirements, the lot shall be consid-
Allow to dry a minimum of 16 h.
ered unacceptable.
NOTE 11—When a substitute mixture is used, drying time may vary.
27.2.2.5 Cut the cardboard and specimen assembly into 31. Keywords
strips without touching the test specimens. 31.1 breaking strength; chopped glass strand; construction
designation; diameter; glass fiber; glass roving; glass strands;
8
A mixture by weight of 60 parts CIBA Geigy 6004 Epoxy resin and General glass yarns; ignition loss (organic content); workmanship; yarn
Mills Versimid 125 polyamide resin has been found suitable for this purpose. number

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 1 Letter Designations for Glass Strand Filament
Diameters
Nominal Range for Filament Diameter
Filament Size Designation
Average
Inch-
Pound SI System,
in. µmA
System, Number
Letter
B 3.5 0.00013 to 0.000159 3.30 to 4.05
C 4.5 0.00016 to 0.000189 4.06 to 4.82
D 5 0.00019 to 0.000229 4.83 to 5.83
DE 6 0.00023 to 0.000269 5.84 to 6.85
E 7 0.00025 to 0.000299 6.35 to 7.61
F 8 0.00030 to 0.000345 7.62 to 8.88
G 9 0.00035 to 0.000399 8.89 to 10.15
H 11 0.00040 to 0.000449 10.16 to 11.42
J 12 0.00045 to 0.000499 11.43 to 12.69
K 13 0.00050 to 0.000549 12.70 to 13.96
L 14 0.00055 to 0.000599 13.97 to 15.23
M 16 0.00060 to 0.000649 15.24 to 16.50
N 17 0.00065 to 0.000699 16.51 to 17.77
P 18 0.00070 to 0.000749 17.78 to 19.04
Q 20 0.00075 to 0.000799 19.05 to 20.31
R 21 0.00080 to 0.000849 20.32 to 21.58
S 22 0.00085 to 0.000899 21.59 to 22.85
T 23 0.00090 to 0.000949 22.86 to 24.12
U 24 0.00095 to 0.000999 24.13 to 25.40
A
The low values stated for each micrometre range are exact equivalents to
inches, rounded to the nearest hundredth micrometre. The high values stated for
each micrometre range are slightly higher than exact equivalents to inches to
provide continuation between ranges. They are consistent for inch-pound and SI
filament size descriptions commonly used in the industry. In some publications, the
SI designation for H filament size has been shown as 10.

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 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 2 Physical Properties of Continuous Filament Yarns
Nominal Twist Approximate Yarn Number Breaking Strength,
Yarn DesignationA
“Z’’ “S” (Bare Glass)B Individual Minimum
SI Unit Inch-Pound
tpm tpi tpm tpi tex yd/lb N lbf
(tex) Unit
EC5 2.75 ECD 1800 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 2.75 180 000 1.1 0.25
1×0 1/0
EC5 2.75 ECD 1800 ... ... 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 5.5 90 000 ... ...
1×2 1/2
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
1×0 1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
1×0 1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
1×0 1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 400 10.0 ... ... 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
1×0 1/0
EC6 8.25 ECDE 600 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 8.25 60 000 3.3 0.75
1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
1×2 1/2
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 ... ... 340 8.5 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
1×2 1/2
EC5 11 ECD 450 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 80 to 120 2.0 to 3.0 ... ... 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 400 10 ... ... 11 45 000 ... ...
1×0 1/0
EC6 16 ECDE 300 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 16 30 000 8.0 1.9
1×0 1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 ... ... 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 16.5 30 000 8.0 1.8
1×3 1/3
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 ... ... 340 8.5 16.5 30 000 8.0 1.8
1×3 1/3
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 22 22 500 9.8 2.2
2×0 2/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 ... ... 60 1.5 22 22 500 9.8 2.2
1×2 1/2
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 22 22 500 9.8 2.2
1×2 1/2
EC5 11 ECD 450 ... ... 340 8.5 22 22 500 9.8 2.2
1×2 1/2
EC5 22 ECD 225 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 22 22 500 10.7 2.4
1×0 1/0
EC5 22 ECD 225 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 22 22 500 10.7 2.4
1×0 1/0
EC5 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 22 22 500 10.7 2.4
1×0 1/0
EC7 22 ECE 225 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 22 22 500 9.8 2.2
1×0 1/0
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 22 22 500 9.8 2.2
1×0 1/0
EC7 22 ECE 225 400 10.0 ... ... 22 22 500 9.8 2.2
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 33 15 000 17.3 3.9
3×0 3/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 33 15 000 17.3 3.9
1×3 1/3
EC5 11 ECD 450 ... ... 340 8.5 33 15 000 17.3 3.9
1×3 1/3
EC3.5 33 ECB 150 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 33 15 000 17.8 4.0
1×0 1/0
EC3.5 33 ECB 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 33 15 000 17.8 4.0
1×0 1/0
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 33 15 000 15.6 3.5
1×0 1/0
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 33 15 000 15.6 3.5
1×0 1/0
EC6 33 ECDE 150 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 33 15 000 15.6 3.5
1×0 1/0
EC6 33 ECDE 150 90 2.25 ... ... 33 15 000 15.6 3.5

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 13

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 2 Continued
Nominal Twist Approximate Yarn Number Breaking Strength,
Yarn DesignationA
“Z’’ “S” (Bare Glass)B Individual Minimum
SI Unit Inch-Pound
tpm tpi tpm tpi tex yd/lb N lbf
(tex) Unit
1×0 1/0
EC6 33 ECDE 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 33 15 000 15.6 3.5
1×0 1/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 33 15 000 13.3 3.0
1×0 1/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 33 15 000 13.3 3.0
1×0 1/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 52 1.3 ... ... 33 15 000 13.3 3.0
1×0 1/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 33 15 000 13.3 3.0
1×0 1/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 224 5.6 ... ... 33 15 000 13.3 3.0
1×0 1/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 280 7.0 ... ... 33 15 000 13.3 3.0
1×0 1/0
EC13 40HF ECK 125 HF 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 40 12 500 14.2 3.2
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 44 11 250 19.6 4.4
4×0 4/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 44 11 250 19.6 4.4
2×2 2/2
EC5 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 44 11 250 21.4 4.8
2×0 2/0
EC5 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 44 11 250 21.4 4.8
1×2 1/2
EC5 22 ECD 225 ... ... 340 8.5 44 11 250 21.4 4.8
1×2 1/2
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 44 11 250 19.6 4.4
2×0 2/0
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 44 11 250 19.6 4.4
1×2 1/2
EC7 22 ECE 225 ... ... 340 8.5 44 11 250 19.6 4.4
1×2 1/2
EC11 45 ECH 110 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 45 11 000 18.2 3.9
1×0 1/0
EC6 50 ECDE 100 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 50 10 000 17.8 4.0
1×0 1/0
EC6 50 ECDE 100 28 0.7 ... ... 50 10 000 17.8 4.0
1×0 1/0
EC6 50 ECDE 100 80 2.0 ... ... 50 10 000 17.8 4.0
1×0 1/0
EC9 50 ECG 100 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 50 10 000 ... ...
1×0 1/0
EC8 55 ECF 90 40 1.0 ... ... 55 9 000 27 6.0
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 66 7 500 29.4 6.6
3×2 3/2
EC5 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 66 7 500 32.0 7.2
3×0 3/0
EC5 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 66 7 500 32.0 7.2
1×3 1/3
EC7 22 ECE 225 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 29.4 6.6
3×0 3/0
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 66 7 500 29.4 6.6
3×0 3/0
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 66 7 500 29.4 6.6
1×3 1/3
EC3.5 33 ECB 150 80 to 120 2.0 to 3.0 ... ... 66 7 500 35.6 8.0
2×0 2/0
EC3.5 33 ECB 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 35.6 8.0
2×0 2/0
EC3.5 33 ECB 150 ... ... 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 66 7 500 ... ...
1×2 1/2
EC6 33 ECDE 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 31.1 7.0
2×0 2/0
EC6 33 ECDE 150 ... ... 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 66 7 500 ... ...
1×2 1/2
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 66 7 500 47.2 10.6
2×0 2/0
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 33.4 7.5
2×0 2/0

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 14

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 2 Continued
Nominal Twist Approximate Yarn Number Breaking Strength,
Yarn DesignationA
“Z’’ “S” (Bare Glass)B Individual Minimum
SI Unit Inch-Pound
tpm tpi tpm tpi tex yd/lb N lbf
(tex) Unit
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 28.5 6.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 66 7 500 28.5 6.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 224 5.6 ... ... 66 7 500 28.5 6.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 320 8.0 ... ... 66 7 500 28.5 6.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 66 7 500 26.5 6.0
1×2 1/2
EC6 66 ECDE 75 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC6 66 ECDE 75 28 0.7 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC6 66 ECDE 75 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC6 66 ECDE 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC4.5 66 ECC 75 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC4.5 66 ECC 75 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC4.5 66 ECC 75 80 to 120 2.0 to 3.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC4.5 66 ECC 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 78 0.7 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 280 7.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 320 8.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC13 66 ECK 75 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC13 66 ECK 75 80 to 120 2.0 to 3.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC13 66 ECK 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 66 7 500 25.4 5.7
1×0 1/0
EC5 22 ECD 225 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 88 5 625 46.3 10.4
4×0 4/0
EC7 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 88 5 625 42.7 9.6
2×2 2/2
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 88 5 625 39.1 8.8
2×2 2/2
EC11 90 ECH 55 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 90 5 500 42.3 9.5
1×0 1/0
EC13 90 ECK 55 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 90 5 500 42.3 9.5
1×0 1/0
EC9 100 ECG 50 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 99 5 000 44.0 10.0
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 99 5 000 44.0 9.9
3×3 3/3
EC6 33 ECDE 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 99 5 000 ... ...
3×0 3/0
EC6 33 ECDE 150 ... ... 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 99 5 000 46.7 10.5
1×3 1/3
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 99 5 000 48.9 11.0
3×0 3/0
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 99 5 000 48.9 11.0
3×0 3/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 99 5 000 42.7 9.6
3×0 3/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 99 5 000 42.7 9.6
3×0 3/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 99 5 000 40.0 9.0

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 15

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 2 Continued
Nominal Twist Approximate Yarn Number Breaking Strength,
Yarn DesignationA
“Z’’ “S” (Bare Glass)B Individual Minimum
SI Unit Inch-Pound
tpm tpi tpm tpi tex yd/lb N lbf
(tex) Unit
1×3 1/3
EC5 11 ECD 450 ... ... 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 132 3 750 58.7 13.2
3×4 3/4
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 132 3 750 58.7 13.2
4×3 4/3
EC5 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 132 3 750 64.0 14.4
3×2 3/2
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 132 3 750 58.7 13.2
3×2 3/2
EC3.5 33 ECB 150 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 132 3 750 71.2 16.0
4×0 4/0
EC6 33 ECDE 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 132 3 750 ... TBD
4×0 4/0
EC6 33 ECDE 150 ... ... 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 132 3 750 ... TBD
2×2 2/2
EC6 33 ECDE 150 ... ... 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 132 3 750 ... TBD
1×4 1/4
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 132 3 750 62.3 14.0
4×0 4/0
EC4.5 33 ECC 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 132 3 750 62.3 14.0
1×0 4/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 132 3 750 56.9 12.8
4×0 4/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 ... ... 132 3 750 56.9 12.8
4×0 4/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 132 3 750 53.4 12.0
2×2 2/2
EC4.5 66 ECC 75 80 to 120 2.0 to 3.0 ... ... 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
2×0 2/0
EC4.5 66 ECC 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
2×0 2/0
EC6 66 ECDE 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 280 7.0 ... ... 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 320 8.0 ... ... 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
2×0 2/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
1×2 1/2
EC13 66 ECK 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 132 3 750 50.7 11.4
2×0 2/0
EC6 134 ECDE 37 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 134 3 700 49.8 11.2
1×0 1/0
EC6 134 ECDE 37 80 to 120 2.0 to 3.0 ... ... 134 3 700 49.8 11.2
1×0 1/0
EC6 134 ECDE 37 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 134 3 700 49.8 11.2
1×0 1/0
EC9 134 ECG 37 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 134 3 700 49.8 11.2
1×0 1/0
EC9 134 ECG 37 40 to 80 1.0 to 2.0 ... ... 134 3 700 49.8 11.2
1×0 1/0
EC9 134 ECG 37 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 134 3 700 49.8 11.2
1×0 1/0
EC13 134 ECK 37 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 134 3 700 49.8 11.2
1×0 1/0
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 165 3 000 70.3 15.8
3×5 3/5
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 176 2 813 78.3 17.6
4×4 4/4
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 198 2 500 80.1 18.0
2×3 2/3
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 198 2 500 80.1 18.0
3×2 3/2
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 198 2 500 76.1 17.1
3×0 3/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 198 2 500 76.1 17.1
1×3 1/3
EC9 100 ECG 50 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 198 2 500 ... ...
1×2 1/2

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 16

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 2 Continued
Nominal Twist Approximate Yarn Number Breaking Strength,
Yarn DesignationA
“Z’’ “S” (Bare Glass)B Individual Minimum
SI Unit Inch-Pound
tpm tpi tpm tpi tex yd/lb N lbf
(tex) Unit
EC11 198 ECH 25 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 198 2 500 75.6 17.0
1×0 1/1
EC5 11 ECD 450 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 220 2 250 100 22.6
4×5 4/5
EC5 22 ECD 225 ... ... 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 220 2 250 107 24
2×5 2/5
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 220 2 250 107 24
2×5 2/5
EC13 40HF ECK 125 HF 80 to 140 2.0 to 3.5 7.6 to 136 1.9 to 3.4 238 2080 85.4 19.2
2/3 2/3
EC13 40HF ECK 125 HF 80 to 140 2.0 to 3.5 7.6 to 136 1.9 to 3.4 238 2080 85.4 19.2
1×6 1/6
EC5 22 ECD 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 265 1 875 128 28.8
4×3 4/3
EC7 22 ECE 225 160 to 200 4.0 to 5.0 152 to 176 3.8 to 4.4 265 1 875 117 26.4
4×3 4/3
EC9 33 ECG 150 ... ... 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 265 1 875 ... ...
1×2 1/2
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 265 1 875 107 24.0
4×2 4/2
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 265 1 875 101 22.8
4×0 4/0
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 265 1 875 101 22.8
2×2 2/2
EC9 134 ECG 37 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 ... ... 265 1 875 101 22.8
2×0 2/0
EC13 66 ECK 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 265 1 875 101 22.8
2×2 2/2
EC9 134 ECG 37 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 270 1 850 101 22.8
1×2 1/2
EC13 275 ECK 18 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 275 1 800 102 23.0
1×0 1/0
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 300 1 665 120 27.0
3×3 3/3
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 395 1 250 160 36.0
3×4 3/4
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 395 1 250 160 36.0
4×3 4/3
EC9 66 ECG 75 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 395 1 250 152 34.2
2×3 2/3
EC9 134 ECG 37 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 405 1 230 152 34.2
1×3 1/3
EC9 33 ECG 150 120 to 160 3.0 to 4.0 100 to 140 2.5 to 3.5 530 938 213 48.0
4×4 4/4
EC9 66 ECG 75 ... ... 112 to 152 2.8 to 3.8 530 938 203 45.6
2×4 2/4
EC9 33 ECG 150 ... ... 100 to 140 2.5 to 3.5 660 750 285 64
4×5 4/5
EC9 33 ECG 150 ... ... 100 to 140 2.5 to 3.5 795 625 342 76.8
4×6 4/6
EC9 33 ECG 150 ... ... 100 to 140 2.5 to 3.5 925 536 399 89.6
4×7 4/7
EC4 2.2 ECBC 2250 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 2.20 225.000 0.9 0.20
1×0 1×0
EC4 3.31 ECBC 1500 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 3.31 150.000 1.3 0.30
1×0 1×0
EC4.5 4.13 ECC 1200 20 to 40 0.5 to 1.0 ... ... 4.13 120.000 1.65 0.375
1×0 1×0
A
For engineering information only, and may be made by substituting other yarn equivalents, providing fiber diameter and other properties are not affected. For example,
when EC9 66 2 × 2 (ECG 75 2/2) is substituted with EC9 112 1 × 2 (ECG 37 1/2), the final yarn number remains the same.
B
The yards per pound stated in Table 1 is an approximate yarn number. The “As Received” yards per pound will be less than the bare glass values stated. This may be
contributed by twist take-up, sizing percent, or purchaser agreement to produce to a lower yarn number to meet other requirements for a further manufactured product,
or combination thereof. For example, EC9 66 1 × 0 (ECG 75 1/0) stated at approximately 66 tex [7500 yd/lb] will actually be about 68 tex [7300 yd/lb] in the delivered state
for use in the electrical laminate industry.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 17

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 3 Visual Examination of Yarn
Visual Characteristic Defect
Appearance and Any cut, chaf, damage, or excessive filamentation, affecting serviceabilityA
Workmanship
Finish other than specified
Spot or stainA
Embedded foreign matterA

Put-up Any defect or package abnormality affecting the free unhampered unwinding of yarn or
(Package/Bobbin Build) affecting the secure holding of yarn winds on the bobbin or package
Not put up on bobbin or package as specified
A
Clearly visible at normal inspection distance of approximately 1 m [3 ft].

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 18

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 4 Physical Properties of Typical (Discontinuous) Staple Filament Glass Yarns
Nominal Twist Approximate Yarn Number Breaking Strength,
Yarn DesignationA
“Z” “S” (Bare Glass)13 Individual Minimum
SI Unit (tex) Inch-Pound Unit tpm tpi tpm tpi tex yd/lb N lbf
ED7 71R 1×0 ESE 70/1R 340 8.5 ... ... 71 7000 7.6 1.7
ED7 99R 1×0 ESE 50/1R 340 8.5 ... ... 99 5000 12.5 2.8
CD9 198R 1×0 CSG 25/1R 340 8.5 ... ... 198 2500 20.9 4.7
CD9 198 1×0 CSG 25/1 340 8.5 ... ... 198 2500 20.9 4.7
ED7 198 1×0 ESE 25/1 340 8.5 ... ... 198 2500 20.9 4.7
CD9 260R 1×0 CSG 19/1R 280 7.0 ... ... 260 1900 ... ...
CD9 260 1×0 CSG 19/1 160 4.0 ... ... 260 1900 ... ...
CD9 395R 1×0 CSG 12.5/1R 160 4.0 ... ... 385 1285 40.0 9.0
ED7 395 1×0 ESE 12.5/1 160 4.0 ... ... 385 1285 40.0 9.0
CD9 395 1×0 CSG 12.5/1 160 4.0 ... ... 385 1285 40.0 9.0
CD9 415 1×0 CSG 12/1 160 4.0 ... ... 415 1200 ... ...
CD9 495 1×0 CSG 10/1 160 4.0 ... ... 510 975 46.7 10.5
CD9 550 1×0 CSG 9/1 160 4.0 ... ... 570 870 ... ...
CD9 590 1×0 CSG 8.4/1 160 4.0 ... ... 590 840 ... ...
CD9 620 1×0 CSG 8/1 160 4.0 ... ... 636 780 ... ...
CD9 800 1×0 CSG 6.2/1 160 4.0 ... ... 795 624 ... ...
CD9 825 1×0 CSG 6/1 160 4.0 ... ... 855 580 ... ...
CD9 990 1×0 CSG 5/1 80 2.0 ... ... 980 505 ... ...
CD9 1240 1×0 CSG 4/1 80 2.0 ... ... 1235 402 ... ...
CD9 1415 1×0 CSG 3.5/1 80 2.0 ... ... 1480 335 ... ...
CD10 1415 1×0 CSH 3.5/1 80 2.0 ... ... 1480 335 93.4 21.0
CD9 1770 1×0 CSG 2.8/1 80 2.0 ... ... 1850 268 122 27.5
CD9 1985 1×0 CSG 2.5/1 168 4.2 ... ... 2000 247 ... ...
CD9 2900 1×0 CSG 1.7/1 80 2.0 ... ... 3000 167 ... ...
CD10 2900 1×0 CSH 1.7/1 80 2.0 ... ... 3000 167 187 42.0
CD9 3300 1×0 CSG 1.5/1 80 2.0 ... ... 3500 140 ... ...
CD9 3500 1×0 CSG 1.4/1 80 2.0 ... ... 3900 128 227 51.0
ED7 71R 1×2 ESE 70/2R 340 8.5 260 6.5 142 3500 19.0 4.3
ED7 99R 1×2 ESE 50/2R 340 8.5 260 6.5 198 2500 24.9 5.6
ED7 124R 1×2 ESE 40/2R 340 8.5 260 6.5 248 2000 32.0 7.2
ED7 160R 1×2 ESE 31/2 340 8.5 260 6.5 320 1550 38.2 8.6
ED7 198R 1×2 ESE 25/2 340 8.5 260 6.5 385 1285 40.9 9.2
CD9 198R 1×2 CSG 25/2R 340 8.5 260 6.5 385 1285 ... ...
CD9 198 1×2 CSG 25/2 340 8.5 260 6.5 385 1285 ... ...
CD9 198R 1×4 CSG 25/4R ... ... 140 3.5 770 644 ... ...
CD9 198 1×4 CSG 25/4 ... ... 140 3.5 770 644 ... ...
CD9 260R 1×2 CSG 19/2R ... ... 220 5.5 505 978 ... ...
CD9 260 1×2 CSG 19/2 ... ... 220 5.5 505 978 ... ...
CD9 395R 1×2 CSG 12.5/2R ... ... 140 3.5 775 642 ... ...
ED7 395 1×2 ESE 12.5/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 775 642 80.0 18.0
CD9 395 1×2 CSG 12.5/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 775 642 ... ...
CD9 395 2×4 CSG 12.5/2/4 ... ... 120 3.0 3100 160 ... ...
CD9 395 2×4×6 CSG 12.5/2/4/6 ... ... 80 2.0 9200 54 ... ...
CD9 415 1×2 CSG 12/2 ... ... 140 3.5 805 618 ... ...
ED7 472 1×2 ESE 10.5/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 945 525 93.4 21.0
CD9 495 1×2 CSG 10/2 ... ... 140 3.5 965 515 ... ...
CD9 550 1×2 CSG 9/2 ... ... 140 3.5 1070 463 ... ...
ED7 590 1×2 ESE 8.4/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 1180 420 109 24.6
CD9 590 1×2 CSG 8.4/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 1180 420 ... ...
CD9 620 1×2 CSG 8/2 ... ... 140 3.5 1205 412 116 26.0
CD9 620 1×5 CSG 8/5 ... ... 80 2.0 3000 165 ... ...
ED7 800 1×2 ESE 6.2/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 1555 319 164 37.0
CD9 800 1×2 CSG 6.2/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 1555 319 ... ...
CD9 825 1×2 CSG 6/2 160 4.0 140 3.5 1605 309 ... ...
CD9 990 1×2 CSG 5/2 ... ... 80 2.0 1930 257 ... ...
CD9 1770 1×2 CSG 2.8/2 ... ... 80 2.0 3800 130 ... ...
CD9 1985 1×2 CSG 2.5/2 ... ... 80 2.0 4100 120 ... ...
CD9 2100 1×4 CSG 2.4/4 40 1.0 ... ... 8300 60 511 115
CD10 2100 1×4 CSH 2.4/4 40 1.0 ... ... 8300 60 ... ...
CD9 2100 1×8 CSG 2.4/8 40 1.0 ... ... 16000 31 ... ...
CD9 2900 1×3 CSG 1.7/3 ... ... 48 1.2 8900 56 560 126
CD9 3300 1×2 CSG 1.5/2 ... ... 48 1.2 6500 76 ... ...
CD9 3300 1×4 CSG 1.5/4 ... ... 48 1.2 13100 38 ... ...
CD9 3500 1×2 CSG 1.4/2 ... ... 80 2.0 6900 72 ... ...
CD9 3500 1×3 CSG 1.4/3 ... ... 48 1.2 10300 48 ... ...

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); 19

 D578/D578M − 05 (2011)´1
TABLE 5 Physical Properties of Typical Textured Glass Yarns TABLE 6 Sample Size Determination
Approximate Yarn Breaking Strength Sample Size, Number of
Yarn Designation Lot Size, Packages per Lot
Number Minimum, avg Packages
SI Unit 15 or less 2
Inch-Pound Unit tex yd/lb N lbf
(tex) 16 to 40 3
ET6 33 ETDE 150 35 14 300 5.6 1.2 41 to 110 5
ET6 50 ETDE 100 53 9400 6.7 1.5 111 to 300 7
ET4.5 66 ETC 75 70 7100 11.1 2.5 301 to 500 10
ET6 66 ETDE 75 70 7100 6.7 1.5 501 or more 15
ET6 99 ETDE 50 106 4700 13.3 3.0
ET9 134 ETG 37 139 3500 17.8 4.0
ET4.5 ETC 37 141 3500 22.2 5.0 TABLE 7 Fiber Diameter inches × 10−5
134
ET6 134 ETDE 37 143 3500 22.2 5.0 Components of Variance Expressed as Standard DeviationsA
ET4.5 ETC 25.0 198 2500 ... ... Within-
Grand Single-Operator
198 Material Laboratory
Average Precision
ET6 198 ETDE 25.0 198 2500 27 6.0 Precision
ET4.5 ETC 18.0 275 1800 ... ... 600 Denier Glass Fiber Strand 43.0 2.80 0
275 A
The square roots of the components of variance are being reported to express
ET6 275 ETDE 18 282 1800 35.6 8.0 the variability in the appropriate units of measure rather than as the squares of
ET9 275 ETG 18.0 282 1800 35.6 8.0 those units of measure.
ET4.5 ETC 11.8 420 1180 ... ...
420
ET6 425 ETDE 11.6 430 1160 52 15.0
ET9 430 ETG 11.6 430 1160 89 20.0 TABLE 8 Fiber Diameter inches × 10−5
ET6 550 ETDE 9.0 550 900 66.7 15.0
ET9 550 ETG 9.0 550 900 133 30.0 Critical Differences for the Conditions NotedA
ET6 825 ETDE 6.0 825 600 89 20.0 Number of Single- Within-
ET9 825 ETG 6.0 825 600 89 20.0 Material Observations in Operator Laboratory
ET9 990 ETG 5.0 990 505 89 20.0 each Average Precision Precision
ET6 1100 ETDE 4.5 1100 450 178 40.0 600 Denier Glass Fiber Strand 30 1.42 1.42
ET9 1100 ETG 4.5 1100 450 111 25.0 50 1.10 1.10
ET6 1415 ETDE 3.5 1415 350 267 60.0 100 0.78 0.78
ET9 1415 ETG 3.5 1415 350 133 30.0 200 0.55 0.55
ET6 1804 ETDE 2.75 1804 275 ... ...
A
ET9 1804 ETG 2.75 1804 275 ... ... The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite
ET9 1835 ETG 2.70 1835 271 160 36.0 degrees of freedom.
ET6 2205 ETDE 2.25 2205 225 ... ...
ET9 2205 ETG 2.25 2205 225 ... ...
ET9 2610 ETG 1.9 2610 190 267 60.0
ET6 2800 ETDE 1.75 2800 175 267 60.0
ET9 2800 ETG 1.75 2800 175 267 60.0
ET9 3545 ETG 1.4 3545 140 267 60.0
ET9 4510 ETG 1.1 4510 110 267 60.0
ET96614 ETG 0.75 6614 75 289 65.0

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