An In-house S&T

Bulletin of DRDO

www.drdo.gov.in Vol 30 | Issue 2 | April 2022 | ISSN No. 0971 - 4413

SYSTEM OUTREACH OF INDIGIS - AN

INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY FOR
MIL APPLICATIONS
Technology Focus
VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl

Technology Focus focuses on the technological achievements in the organization

covering the products, processes and technologies.

April 2022 Local Correspondents

Vol. 30 | Issue 2 | ISSN No. 0971-4413 Agra Shri SM Jain, ADRDE
Ahmednagar Col Atul Apte, Shri RA Shaikh, VRDE
Ambernath Dr Susan Titus, NMRL
Editor-in-Chief: Dr K Nageswara Rao
Bengaluru Shri Satpal Singh Tomar, ADE
Assoc Editor-in-Chief: Alka Bansal
Smt MR Bhuvaneswari, CABS
Managing Editor: Ajay Kumar
Smt Faheema AGJ, CAIR
Editor: Dipti Arora Shri R Kamalakannan, CEMILAC
Prepress: Raj Kumar Shri Kiran G, GTRE
Dr Sushant Chhatre, MTRDC
Printing: SK Gupta; Marketing: Tapesh Sinha Chandigarh Shri Neeraj Srivastava, TBRL
Chennai Smt S Jayasudha, CVRDE
Dehradun Shri Abhai Mishra, DEAL
Dr SK Mishra, IRDE
Delhi Shri Amit Pasi, CFEES
Dr Dipti Prasad, DIPAS
Dr Nidhi Maheshwari, DIPR
Shri Navin Soni, INMAS
Shri Anurag Pathak, ISSA
Ms Noopur Shrotriya, SAG
Gwalior Dr Manorama Vimal, DRDE
Haldwani Dr Atul Grover, DIBER
Dr Ranjit Singh
Hyderabad Dr JK Rai, ANURAG
Shri ARC Murthy, DLRL
Dr Manoj Kumar Jain, DMRL
Jodhpur Shri Ravindra Kumar, DL
Crest Clearance Kanpur Shri AK Singh, DMSRDE
Kochi Smt Letha MM, NPOL
Leh Dr Tsering Stobden, DIHAR
Pune Shri AK Pandey, ARDE
Dr JA Kanetkar
Readers may send their suggestions to Dr Himanshu Shekhar, HEMRL
Dr Anoop Anand, R&DE(E)
The Editor, Technology Focus Tezpur Dr Sibnarayan Datta
DESIDOC, Metcalfe House
Delhi-110 054
Telephone: 011-23902403, 23902472
Fax: 011-23819151; 011-23813465
E-mail: director.desidoc@gov.in; techfocus.desidoc@gov.in;
technologyfocus@desidoc.deldom
https://www.drdo.gov.in/technology-focus

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From the Desk of Guest Editor

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is capable of visualising digital
maps, electronic navigation charts, and air navigation charts. GIS has
now become the front-end system for net-centric operations, providing
the much-sought terrain information and visualisation of different Order
of Battle (ORBAT). The visualisation of the deployment of forces in the
form of own ORBAT, enemy ORBAT, weapon ORBAT, and electronic
ORBAT gives the commander an overview of the battle. It helps in
operation planning, execution, post-execution analysis, and helping in
reducing the battle attrition. In effect, GIS has become a collaboration
tool, integrating information exchanges between platforms, sensors,
and weapon systems on one hand and multiple decision-makers on the
Dr Subrata Rakshit
other hand.
Often this technology is proving to be a key decision support aid in
spatial and temporal analysis of the battle. It can visualise the current
state by depicting the real-time tracks and the sphere of influence of
any weapon or sensor system. It has also emerged as the platform
for many simulations involving moving entities that are constrained by
terrain features. Therefore, the ability of a GIS to be customisable for
integrating sensor-generated data or for enabling customisation of its
computation modules is important.
For these reasons, the INDIGIS developed by Centre for
Artificial Intelligence and Robotic (CAIR) has proved to be a
Dr Narayan Panigrahi preferred choice of many sensor development projects of various
DRDO laboratories. INDIGIS has been integrated with many
indigenously developed sensors, e.g., Radar, SONAR, LiDAR, MSS, CAMOP, etc.
To scale up the adoption and proliferation of INDIGIS, CAIR has had to leverage industry
partners via the ToT mechanism. This edition of the Technology Focus brings out how INDIGIS
as a technology has been (and continues to be) transferred to the Indian industry for building
capacity and capability for its proliferation. The software ToT process has been discussed to
put forward to the reader the salient nuances of software technology transfer and bring out an
analogy with the usual technology of transfer. INDIGIS has been transitioned to the industry
as a ‘capital good’ to be leveraged for downstream product development, rather than as a
specific product that has to be productionised as-is. It is expected that this will lead to more
varied utilisation.

Dr Subrata Rakshit
OS & Director, CAIR

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SYSTEM OUTREACH OF INDIGIS - AN

INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY FOR
MIL APPLICATIONS
INDIGIS Technology
Centre for Artificial Intelligence from many sources and formats, various military applications. This
and Robotic (CAIR) has developed but export in only their own native technology is available in the form of
many Command and Control (C2) formats preserving full functionality. a Software Development Kit (SDK)
Systems, Command Control and Also most of the COTS GIS are not making it available to the application
Communication (C3) Systems able to display the Indian military grid developers through 500+ Application
and Tactical Command Control reference. Another aspect of COTS Programmer Interface (API) and is
Communication and Intelligence GIS are that they are Windows OS available in LINUX, Windows and
(Tac C3I) Systems for various and Intel CPU (WINTEL) compatible Android OS. This indigenous GIS
Armed Force users. To name a and are not available in many other is available in desktop and client/
few, Artillery Command Control and platforms as may be required for server platforms.
Communication System (ACCCS), security or reliability considerations. INDIGIS project was sanctioned
Battle Field Management System In addition to these, the COTS GIS in 2007 which resulted in
(BMS) and Command Information were not so flexible to customise development of indigenous GIS
and Decision Support System to accommodate the user specific kernel named as ‘INDIGIS’ which is
(CIDSS). A common factor of all workflow and are often subjected available to the DRDO community
these Operation Information System to the risk of technology denial. and user community in the form of
(OIS) is terrain information which is After many successful customisations a SDK. Both as a validation and
available in digital form as spatial of COTS GIS and their delivery to as a concrete guide, an application
information through a Geographic users, it was felt that most of these called INDIGIS having 136 different
Information System (GIS). customisation efforts and intellectual end user military functions was also
A GIS is a collaborative wealth generated by the scientists developed as part of the TD project
information system which helps in customising the COTS GIS were itself.
in visualisation, analysis and going futile as the core of the GIS The SDK has roughly 500 APIs,
measurement of spatio-temporal was undergoing change or because user manual, installation manual
data associated with land, sea and of merger and accusation of the and programmer’s manual. After the
space. Most of the GIS systems COTS GIS by other OEMs. successful completion of the project,
used in Tac C3I systems were Therefore, to overcome the INDIGIS was installed in Indian
Commercial Off-The-Shelve System above pitfalls, CAIR undertook a Army and Indian Navy formations for
(COTS) originating from foreign technology demonstration project couple of years and users' feedback
Original Equipment Manufactures named 'Development of Indigenous was taken for its operational utility.
(OEMs.) The COTS GIS available Geographical Information System Some of the unique functions which
in market are licensed and hence for Military Applications'. The were developed during 2012 to
have significant license cost and resulting outcome of this project 2015 were found very useful in field
license-based usage restriction. is the Indigenous Geographic exercises of Indian Army and Indian
Also most of the COTS GIS are Information System (INDIGIS) Navy. Some of the unique functions
non-interoperable in the sense that technology which is a platform for of INDIGIS was so useful that many
while they may import spatial data customisation and integration of DRDO projects came forward to

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Projects using Indigenous GIS Technology

make use of the indigenous GIS ]] Seamless visualisation of land buffer zone analysis and iterative
in different context integrating to and sea maps (Topo-bathymetry and cascaded query of both
different systems. The list of such surface unified datum, projection terrain data and operation data
projects using the indigenous GIS and co-ordinate system) for ]] Large scale visualisation of
is depicted in Figure. Looking at amphibious operation planning sensor data and its real-time
its usefulness and utility in various ]] Measurements of location, updating
projects, Bharat Electronic Limited distance, direction, height, slope
(BEL), Bangalore, took the first • Integration with GPS, INS,
aspect, curvature of terrain
ToT of INDIGIS technology in RADAR, LiDAR, SONAR and
surfaces in different datum and
2018. BEL successfully integrated UAV
units
this technology in 15 different • Depiction of UAV video
]] Simulation of 3D perspective view,
systems under production and overlaid of satellite image and
fly-thru view and orthographic
deployed as many as 100+ field digital maps for surveillance
view of terrain
licenses in user sites based on the • Support for enabling manually
unique capabilities of INDIGIS in ]] Creation and manipulation
of operation overlay using assisted auto geo-coding for
visualisation and rendering of large UAV videos that are lacking
volume spatial data in the form of (customisable) Indian military
symbols and the subsequent in inherent digital geo-coding
digital maps, bathymetric charts and
transmission of the encoded telemetry data is currently
long distance navigation charts.
operation overlays between nodes being added
Besides these, INDIGIS has
]] Spatio-temporal query in the form ]] Support for various military maps
been designed to have many unique
of spatial query, temporal query, in use by Indian Armed Forces
relevant capabilities.

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INDIGIS – Advanced Features and Capabilities

INDIGIS is a suite of GIS
components, developed indigenously
by CAIR, Bengaluru. INDIGIS
component suite is a set of GIS
libraries, which are customisable,
scalable and data centric, and cater
to the specific GIS requirements of a
collaborative defence environment.
The features and capabilities of the
library are depicted in the Figure.
INDIGIS libraries can be
customised to build Military GIS
applications to facilitate planning,
executing and supporting of
operations.

Advanced Features and Capabilities of INDIGIS

Decision Support Aids

INDIGIS supports set of (generated with build topology tool) map window, the nodes and edges
functionalities which provides covering the area of interest should will be displayed in the view. User
advanced spatial decision support be opened in the map window prior can switch off these layers to avoid
to the users. Functionalities under to perform this analysis. User can the cluttering. However, node and
this category are mainly composite open a network map of the area of edge layers should be loaded in the
functions which involve terrain interest using open map file menu. map window to perform any network
analysis, spatial and attribute query
Once the network is loaded in the analysis operation.
analysis, buffer generation and
spatial computations. User can
perform shortest path analysis, site
suitability analysis, radio line of sight
analysis, crest clearance analysis
and cross country path analysis.

Computing Shortest
Path between Two
Locations
Shortest path analysis can be
used for computing the shortest
path and distance between two
user-selected locations on the
map as shown. A network map

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Finding Suitable Sites

Site suitability analysis enables
the User to identify suitable area
based on the input criteria. This
functionality can effectively be
used for locating suitable areas
for a helipad construction, staging,
weapon/sensor deployments, etc.
INDIGIS supports area suitability
functionality on cross-tile surfaces
and multiple vector maps having
different coordinate systems
seamlessly. That means, data
sources – elevation images (DTED/
DEM/IEF/HGT, etc.) and vector
layers (DGN/DVD/SHP/IVF, etc.)
can have heterogeneous projections
and formats. There is no need for
transforming the data to a common
projection or mosaicing/merging the Suitable Site Analysis
data explicitly; it works transparent
to the User.

Computing Radio LOS

Between Two Points
Radio LOS functionality allows
the user to compute the radio line
of sight between transmitter and
receiver located at two points.
The algorithm considers the
characteristics of the transmitter and
receiver like gain, power, sensitivity
and signal frequency, cable loss,
etc. K factor value corresponding to
the earth curvature and atmospheric
conditions is also required. It
computes the RLOS based on
these inputs and the actual terrain
elevations along the line between Tx
and Rx.

Computing Crest Radio Analysis

Clearance
This functionality allows the user with elevation profile of the terrain. the path profile of the projectile.
to view the path of a projectile for The user can interactively modify the
given firing angle and speed along parameters and view the changes in

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Crest Clearance

Computing Cross
Country Mobility
This functionality enables the user
to compute the cross country path for
a Type A or Type B vehicle between
two selected points. Cross country
mobility analysis is based on path
computation algorithm executed
on a Going Map (Generated Using
Going Map Updation Tool). Going
map corresponding to the AOI shall
be loaded in the map window to
perform this functionality. Cross Country Mobility

Sensor Data Analysis

of integrated/fused data from GPS, digital compass, BFSR,
INDIGIS can act as a platform various sensors (INDIGIS does not etc. It supports real-time viewing
for sensor data fusion/integration. implement any sensor data fusion and analysis of the sensor data in
INDIGIS can be used as GIS algorithm). INDIGIS application combination with other types of
platform for display and analysis is integrated with sensors like spatial data.

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GPS Data
INDIGIS application allows the
User to read and display the data
from a GPS receiver connected to
the system. The data can be read
in two modes: online mode, which
allows reading of data directly from
the GPS and tracks will be displayed
in real time while navigating and
offline mode, which supports reading
and displaying of data from a file
containing the GPS data. It also
supports saving of data read from
a GPS receiver into a file. Once the
GPS tracks/way points have been
captured in INDIGIS, they can be
converted to data layers like road,
GPS Data Analysis
temple, etc.

Digital Compass
INDIGIS application enables
the user to read data from a digital
compass.
Digital compass gives Yaw,
Roll and Pitch directions and
accelerations along these directions
of the platform on which the compass
is fixed. System connected with both
GPS and compass will enable the
user to align the map displayed in
the map window with true ground
direction. This is active by centering
the map with respect to the GPS
current location and rotating the
map with respect to the yaw angle.
The yaw angle will give the angular
difference from the magnetic
north; which will be added with the
Digital Compass
magnetic declination at that location
to get the actual angular deviation
(aspect) from the true north.

UAV Video
The video data obtained from an the user to view the video along map window. This functionality
UAV can be viewed in INDIGIS. UAV with the foot print (instantaneous has been implemented in INDIGIS
video playing functionality enables field of view) of the UAV on the as a prototype model for playing

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video data of Nishant UAV. UAV
data consists of two parts: A video
file and a coordinate file. Video file
contains the frames captured by the
UAV in any of the standard formats
like mpeg or avi. The coordinate
file is a text file, contacting the geo-
referencing information (geographic
extents) for the frames. The video
and the coordinates should be
synchronised and the frequencies
of the video frames and coordinates
should be known.

Military Overlays
INDIGIS supports creation of
UAV Video
user defined layers by providing
interactive drawing tools and rich set
of military symbols. This functionality
enables the user to depict the tactical
scenarios during planning and
execution of operations with digital
map background by interactively
marking the symbols on the map.
Military symbols are categorised
based on the context of usage.
INDIGIS supports symbols in SVG
as well as in various raster formats
(PNG, JPG, BMP, etc.). INDIGIS Overlay Creation and Symbol Placement

has a built-in symbol maker utility

which supports creation of military
symbols in SVG format. INDIGIS
allows the user to create, open, edit,
save and merge military overlays.
Overlays are stored in INDIGIS
Overlay Format (IoF) which is
similar to the IVF format.

Map Projections
A spatial coordinate system
provides the mathematical basis for
relating the features in the map to
their real-world positions. INDIGIS
supports the following types of
Symbol Marking and Placement

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coordinate systems and methods for can be operated with INDIGIS
coordinate system transformations should be associated with a valid
among these. Spatial data which coordinate system.

Geocentric Spherical Cartesian

Projection Systems

INDIGIS supports coordinate Map Window Coordinate

A
systems at following three levels: System
This is the coordinate system in window at any time. This is called
Storage Coordinate System
A on the fly projection of maps, which
which the map data is displayed in
This is the coordinate system the map window. As the warehouse allows the user to view the data
in which the map data is stored in might contain data with different (both raster and vector) with different
data source as described above. projections, they need to be projections in a selected projection.
INDIGIS supports reading of map transformed into the view coordinate Since, INDIGIS supports multiple
data in various standard coordinate system before being displayed map windows, the same data can
systems. in map window. User can modify be viewed in different projections (in
the coordinate system of the map different windows).
Warehouse Coordinate
A
System
This is the coordinate system in
which the map data is loaded in the
warehouse. That means, the data
can be transformed (re-projected)
into a different coordinate system
while loading into warehouse. By
default, the storage and warehouse
coordinate systems for a data source
are same in INDIGIS application.
Hence, the warehouse might contain
map data with different projections. Coordinate System Transformation

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INDIGIS supports the following
projections and datum. However, the
projection module can be extended
by adding more projections and
datum in the configuration files of
INDIGIS. The user can view and/or
change the coordinate system of the
active map window. On changing
the projection of the map window,
the map will get displayed in the
selected projection system in the
window as shown in Figure.

Data using Different Projection Systems

Transfer-of-Technology
Transfer-of-Technology (ToT) is a Therefore, ToT should address • Finding the right industry partner
very important issue among the S&T both tangible and intangible parts • Accessing its capacity and capability
fraternity because ToT holds a key to of the software technology. Often,
• Formulating License Agreement
participation, creation of capacity and computing and fixing a price for
(LAToT)
capability in industry and market thus tangible part of software technology
generating revenue and utilisation is well-laid down and easy but ToT • Passing tangible part of
of the technology among masses. and costing of non-tangible part technology through human
The ToT for a generic technology holds a key to successful ToT of resources training
encompassing mechanical, electrical software technology. • Passing non-tangible part of
or combination of the engineering Therefore software ToT must look technology through appropriate
discipline is well-laid down. But ToT into both tangible and non-tangible example programme
of software is a bit tricky issue, in the part of software while performing • Hand holding of technology
sense as software has both tangible ToT. The first part is quantifiable and partner till sufficient insertion of
and intangible aspects. Tangible industry must have ways and means technology in different systems
parts of a software are KLOC for to quantify and put a number and cost
source code, number of pages of There is growing requirement of
to a tangible part of software ToT.
documentation, cardinality of input an indigenous GIS technology across
The ToT of a software technology
domains, number of functions it different DRDO laboratories to
will not be successful if appropriate
performed, size of data (KB, MB, GB, realise their project objectives. Many
absorption of non-tangible part of a
TB), UI/MMI/GUI, while intangible DRDO laboratories have evaluated
software is not taken care. This is
part of the software technology and experimented the capability and
often known as domain knowledge.
are ways software designer and features of the INDIGIS technology
Significant steps involved in ToT of a
developer metamorphose algorithms for their domain usage. On realising
software technology are:
to a source code thus achieving the immense potential of INDIGIS,
• Technology nomination the laboratories have approached
the functional goal of a software.

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CAIR for support in developing meet such rising demands and (as part of WLR system). To
GIS work flows for their projects. further proliferate and export this further proliferate this technology
Also, INDIGIS was evaluated from technology, a nonexclusive ToT of in military and civil applications a
different independent private and INDIGIS was imparted to Bharat dual use version of this technology
govt. agencies for its export potential Electronic Limited (BEL), Bengaluru. has been offered for ToT to Indian
to different countries. BEL has inducted this technology to industry and multiple vendors have
To build capacity and capability 17 existing Indian military systems expressed their interest to take up
building in Indian industry to and exported to Armenian military this technology.

Enterprise Tri-services GIS

Based on the success of INDIGIS, of-the-art enterprise GIS which will available to users across DCN in
the Users of this service evaluated make the visualisation, analysis, a varying and very low bandwidth.
its potential and has decided to measurement and simulation Also the challenge is to fuse the
make use of the INDIGIS kernel to functions of the IGIST available spatial data in different radiometric
develop a "Indigenous GIS for Tri- to 1500 Users across pan India and spatial resolution obtained
Services", through a mission-mode through DCN. from various sources and agencies
project sanctioned as per DPP 2016. The unique challenge of this and process and extract operation
This project aims at making use of project is to make available the information useful for the 1500 user
the INDIGIS kernel to build a state- state-of-the-art GIS functions simultaneously.

Defence Applications of INDIGIS Technology

Quick Reaction
Surface-to-Air Missile
The Quick Reaction Surface-to- to track 64 targets simultaneously at with a tracking range of 120 Km The
Air Missile (QRSAM) is a mobile, distance of up to 80 Km and Mobile CG in its single vehicle configuration
ground-based air defence system Launcher Vehicle (MLV). BCP also shall house the BMFR and mobile
capable of providing defence receives target data from Battery launchers in the same vehicle which
against a wide variety of air threats Surveillance Radar Vehicle (BSRV) is termed as Combat Vehicle (CV).
in the combat zone. The objective
of QRSAM weapon system is to
provide protection to mechanised
assets of army on the move with a
capability to fire on short halts. The
QRSAM weapon system consists
of a higher echelon and Regimental
Command Post (RCP) controlling
three guided weapon batteries (Bty).
The heart of the Bty system is the
Battery Command Post (BCP) which
is capable of commanding up to six
Combat Groups (CG). Each CG, in its
two vehicle configuration, consists of
one Battery Multi-Functional Radar
Vehicle (BMFRV) with the capability Air and Ground Situation Monitor Display of QRSAM

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• The Battery Command Post
Vehicle (BCPV) of QRSAM
system is an automated
command post co-located with
surveillance radar BSRV. The
BCPV coordinates and controls
up to four CGs. Each CG consists
of a fire control radar (BMFRV),
Electro-Optical Tracking (EOT)
system, target update links
and an MLV mounted with six
canisterised missiles. The BCPV
user needs to be provided with
appropriate interfaces to enable
the user to carry out BCPV tasks.
INDIGIS provided the solutions to
the following needs of BCPV user Deployment Planning Module of QRSAM
of the QRSAM weapon system.
• Interactive graphical display of
ground and air situation picture
with digital map background
• Spatial decision support for
deployment planning of combat
vehicles

Akash-NG Surface-to-
Air Missile
The Akash-New Generation
(Akash-NG) is a Surface-to-Air
Missile (SAM)-based Air defence
system, capable of providing air
defence cover to defended area.
The Akash-NG firing Unit consists
of Command and Control Unit
(CCU), Multi-Functional Radar
(MFR) and four Missile Launcher
Akash NG System
Vehicles (MLV). Each MLV contains
six canisterised Akash-NG missiles.
The CCU is the automated command the commander. CCU shall perform NG is realised using INDIGIS. ASM
and control centre for the Akash-NG. target classification, identification, provides an interactive display of
The CCU shall perform command threat evaluation, engagement and tracks captured by various sensors
and control functions for the Akash- kill assessment for neutralising the on the map background, enabling
NG weapon system. The CCU shall threat. situational awareness to field
receive and process target data from Air Situation Monitor (ASM) commanders. The DPM is used for
MFR, neighboring FUs and IACCS and Deployment Planning Module deployment planning of Akash-NG
and provide integrated air situation (DPM) software which is part of weapon system elements such as
picture for combat operations and to the CCU HMI software of Akash- CCU, MLV and MFR.

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MBT Arjun to be employed to meet the above Patrol Radar (MPR), Automatic
challenges. It will be used to Identification System (AIS), Electro-
Unmanned systems are provide the operator with a visual Optical/Infra-Red (EO/IR) system
increasingly being deployed to perspective of the operational terrain and Pollution Surveillance Sensors
generate and leverage tactical and and the location of the vehicle in (PSS) suite. These sensors have
strategic advantages in the modern the terrain. Further, INDIGIS will be to be integrated using a distributed,
battlefield. One critical technology used to generate a feasible route scalable and modular Mission
that is poised to dramatically alter for the vehicle to follow to reach an Management System (MMS) and
the dynamics of warfare is the operator-defined target location in the Maritime Domain Awareness
Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle the terrain. (MDA) picture to be displayed
(UGCV). The game changing role to the operators on dual monitor
of UGCV has been acknowledged AESA-based Integrated Multifunctional Tactical Console
worldwide and many countries (MTC). The integrated testing of
have embarked on long term Sensor Suite for sensors with Mission Management
UGCV development programmes Maritime and Pollution System (MMS) and MTC is being
on different vehicle platforms. Of
particular importance is the UGCV
Surveillance done in a laboratory environment
with the sensors mounted on the
developed on heavy tracked combat To carry out the roles of maritime roof top.
platforms, due to its decisive role and pollution surveillance critical CARIGIS is used for the
in the front line of the battlefield. technologies, which are different from development of Multifunctional
As a proactive effort in this critical those used in Airborne Early Warning Tactical Console (MTC) HMI
domain and to provide technological and Control system (AEW&CS) application for ABISS. MTC
superiority to Indian Armed Forces, were designed and developed in provides human-machine interface
Combat Vehicles Research and a Technology Demonstrator (TD) for operator to control sensors and
Development Establishment project titled 'AESA-based Integrated visualise sensor output in the form
(CVRDE) has proposed the design Sensor Suite (ABISS) for Maritime of combined Real-time Maritime
and development of an UGCV-based and Pollution Surveillance'. The situation Picture (RMP). ABISS is a
on the MBT Arjun MK 1A tracked mission sensors in ABISS include feeder project to the development
combat platform. The objective of an Active Electronically Scanned of Multi-Mission Maritime Aircraft
the proposed project is the design, Antenna (AESA)-based Maritime (MMMA) for Indian Coast Guard.
development and field validation of
an UGCV on the MBT Arjun Mk 1A,
with the 120 mm main gun as the
primary weapon.
The operational context of the
system is long-range navigation
in sandy and dunal desert terrains
of Rajasthan. One of the relevant
challenges in the development
of the system is route planning
over long distances (far beyond
the perceptual ranges of the on-
board sensors). Another relevant
challenge is the provision of a user-
interface for the unmanned vehicle
at a remotely placed control station,
to provide contextual information to
the operator. INDIGIS is proposed ABISS System

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Indian Maritime
Situation Awareness
System
Indian Maritime Situation
Awareness System (IMSAS) is
a system developed by Centre
for Artificial Intelligence and
Robotic (CAIR) for Indian Navy
to provide common operating
Picture and situation awareness
to naval commanders. The
geospatial visualisation and
analysis functionalities for the
system is developed using INDIGIS
technology. One of the major
features provided by INDIGIS is the
Indian Maritime Situation Awareness System
dynamic visualisation large volume
of moving ships across the world.
static Surveillance System (MSS) geographically apart. Also, radar
Dharastra for detection and tracking of range coverage, LoS communication
airborne targets. Salient features of between two stations are the modules
INDIGIS technology is part of a MSS are capability of detecting low that require GIS-based solution for
geospatial visualisation software observable targets and covert, anti- the project.
being developed by CAIR for Project ARM and anti-jamming operation. Performance of this category of
Dharastra of Defence Geoinformatics
The operator workstation sensor system highly depends on
Research Establishment (DGRE),
of MSS requires a GIS-based the deployment configuration and
Chandigarh. Dharastra is a flagship
application capable of analysing GIS software is expected to aid in
on-going project of DGRE for study
the deployable configurations of the the selection of suitable locations for
and analysis of geographic data
stations (coverage analysis) located their receive station.
pertaining to strategic locations
in Tibetan regions. The project
envisages to design and develop
terrain topographic database and GIS
application for geo-spatial framework
with special emphasis on artificial
triggering of mass movement. CAIR
is one of the collaborative laboratory
for development of desktop and
enterprise software for visualisation
and analysis of large terrain
datasets.

Multi-static
Surveillance System,
The objective of the project is
design, development and proof of
concept demonstration of Multi- MSS System

16 APRIL 2022
 Technology Focus
VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl

Integrated
Reconnaissance
Information System
The objective of the project
Integrated Reconnaissance
Information System (IRIS) is to
design and develop upgraded
operator console for AEW&C and
future projects of Centre for Air
Borne Systems (CABS). Major
features of this system are 2D and
3D map display, mission parameter
data management, mission
time processing, periodic health
processing, Air Situation Picture
(ASP) display and management,
Command & Control, facility for
management & control of AEW&C
subsystems, recording and
playback, dual monitor, finger print IRIS System

authentication, multi-touch screens

and voice commands. and provide composite ASP to the detection and tracks from sensors
The system provides visualisation operator along with geographical will be plotted on the map. The map
of plots and tracks of air/surface information. The IRIS console will can be in 2D and 3D (Terrain).
targets from the on-board sensors display with background map. All the

Mobile Tower
Allocation for IAF
It is an INDIGIS-based web
application for IAF to be used as
a decision aid for sanctioning of
mobile towers in India. It will be
used across IAF (from Air HQ to
Lodger Unit), over AFNET. It will
provide visualisation of existing
mobile towers, various operational
installations and locations of new
requests for mobile towers over
map/satellite background.

Geo-Pointing and Geo-

location, IRDE
An aerial gyro-stabilised system
provides the reconnaissance, Mobile Tower Allocation (IAF)
surveillance, target detection and

APRIL 2022 17
Technology Focus
VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl
automatic target tracking from the
airborne platforms. Imaging sensors
are fitted in the belly of the airborne
platform to provide the video to
compute system fitted inside the
aircraft.
The aerial platform is flown over
a pre-planned sortie, loaded with
the associated gimbal and sensors.
Pre-planned sorties are flown on the
airborne platform to gather video
and aerial imagery around Areas
of Interest (AOI) identified by the
operator. During the flight the pilot/
operator would like to point to a
particular AOI or geo-locate the
current video frame. This location
Operational Scenario
awareness enables operator to
communicate to ground personnel
who can determine direction and
distance to the AOI, eliminating

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DRD O Introduction to Explosive
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Dr Harpal Singh Yadav
The monograph describes the basic functioning of
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of explosion dynamics and shock wave which are relevant
and necessary to understand the basic mechanism of ERA.
The main aim of the monograph is to make available all the
important topics of explosion dynamics at one place to save
time and effort for new scientists entering armament research
and also for those who are already working in this field.
This monograph also aims at creating a deep understanding
of explosion dynamics among scientists in armament research.
To achieve this aim, all relevant fundamentals of explosion
dynamics are given with detailed descriptions. Special
attention is given to provide detailed derivations of theoretical
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conservation of mass, momentum and energy, and without
omitting steps in these derivations
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18 APRIL 2022
 Technology Focus
VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl
guess work and speeding up
strategic decisions. The actuating
parameters of the gimbal have to
be computed to look at the targets
of interest for Geo-Pointing (GP). In
the Geo-Location (GL) scenario, the
problem is to compute the location
of a target that is being currently
pointed/tracked by the sensors.
The GP and GL functions required
in a search and rescue operation
have been enabled by CAIR’s
indigenously developed GIS. The
geo spatial data as computed and
displayed by INDIGIS is used for
decision making and surveillance. Screenshot of Software for Geo-Pointing and Geo-Location
This encumbrance free solution
from CAIR will be integrated and
deployed with the Compact Airborne
Multi-Optronics Payload (CAMOP)
system of Instruments Research
and Development Establishment,
Dehradun.

Advanced Light Towed

Array SONAR
INDIGIS technology has been
ported onto IBM Power PC platform
and integrated with HMI utility of
SONAR applications, which provide
an interactive display of tracks
captured by SONAR with Electronic
Navigation Chart (ENC) background
for usage in Advanced Light Towed
Array SONAR (ALTAS).
ALTAS System

Future Roadmap of INDIGIS Technology

Battle Field
Visualisation
The visualisation of battlefield the battle elements through themes like own ORBAT, enemy
through GIS is an emerging topic. thematic maps. At present the battle ORBAT, sensor deployment, terrain
INDIGIS gives various options to commander can see the troop appreciation, deployment in 3D
the battle commander to visualise deployment as an overlay with terrain, etc. In future the technology

APRIL 2022 19
Technology Focus
VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl
will have sensor coverage analysis Spatio-Temporal Digital Mapping of
in 3D with analysis of sensor shadow
zone for deployment planning. Also, Artificial Intelligence Celestial Objects
a spatio-temporal appreciation of The future scope of artificial The future GIS will be not only
intelligence events in the battle intelligence in general and GIS exploit the spatio-temporal data
zone is important to appreciate technology in particular will be generated from land, sea, and air
the intelligence correlation by to make use of AI techniques to in the form of digital terrain maps,
the battle manager. Therefore analyse and extract patterns from navigation charts but the space data
INDIGIS is poised to develop battle spatio-temporal data. There are in the form of location and ephemeris
visualisation and appreciation from various examples of ANN in the form data produced by celestial objects
the prospective of Ops, Int and of CNN and deep neural network to such as planets, satellites, debris in
Logistic in land, sea and space process spatio-temporal data for space. These celestial data will be
dimension. object extraction, change detection used in different space datum and
and image registration. The GIS co-ordinate systems to visualise and
Geo-Spatial Intelligence of future will make use suitable analyse the spatio-temporal events
AI techniques to process satellite exhibited by natural and man-made
The corner stone of any military images for registration, de-noising, space constellations. GIS will be
GIS is analysis and prediction of geo- for extraction of terrain features able to predict the launching time
spatial intelligence in association and detect terrain change so as to of satellites and space vehicles,
with terrain intelligence. INDIGIS, extract geo-intelligence which will the time for starting of countdown.
because of its inherent nature of be useful to the society for prediction Also GIS will be capable of mapping
element level spatial data handling of disaster, monitoring of misuse of the surface of celestial objects like
capability and intelligence data land use and land cover resources moon, mars or other celestial planets
handling capability will be helpful and effective management of terrain for exploration. The GIS, capable
in forecasting spatio-temporal resources for the human kind in a of computing the location and
intelligence. In the future scope, more sustainable manner. trajectory of PMG and other space
the laboratory are augmenting the The laboratory is in process vehicles, will be increasingly used
INDIGIS with a library of spatial of augmenting the indigenously for future space-based missions
statistics which will analyse the developed GIS with a state-of-the- such as air-defence missions, ICBM
correlation between geo-events and art AI library for analysis of spatio- missions and air-offence missions
extract spatio-temporal intelligence. temporal data. of future.

The content for this issue of Technology Focus has been prepared by Project Team
of INDIGIS, Dr Narayan Panigrahi Sc 'G', Shri N Venkataramanan Sc 'F',
Smt Sangeeta Shrivastava Sc 'F', Shri Rajesh MA Sc 'F', Shri Dilip Kumar Dalei Sc 'F',
Smt Reema Mathew Sc 'E', Shri Rajesh Kumar Sc 'E', Shri Prakash Chand Sc 'E',
Shri Shibumon Alampatta Sc 'E', Shri MR Ravi Sc 'D', Shri Sahil Mahajan Sc 'D',
Shri Bachau Prasad Sc 'D', Shri N Vishnuvardhan Reddy Sc 'D', Shri Rakesh KP Sc 'C',
Shri G Arutselvan TO 'B', Shri Vikas Kumar TO 'A', Shri Sunil Singh Rawat TO 'A',
Shri Kshitij Mahajan 'STA'.

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Published by DESIDOC
RNI No. 55787/93