TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT roe Your Feit eee URAL ate Chemical Grammar English for MCAT/CA/CSS SALMAN UL WAHEE NTT ae) ron rac rao RS nuL Ser RUT ats Lecturer English Govt, Degree College CS Shaheed Pe COE emer Gs | ics (GCU FSD) ete eat C Pe ae SL)NATIONAL NMdcat preacher @nmdcatpreacher 3.12K subscribers 675 videos [race] Seem USM) AT org of ROR Mon RMT Mairi) <0 nv Manage videos ih a RTS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY eA SS) Federal & Punjab Federal book line chem mcgs discussion. avira Book line atomic structure Physics full course meqs discussion. Liat) [e9 Bio full course. Mcqs discussion. fave Updated 3 days ago Kp book line physics mcqs WORK & ENERGY discussion. KP BOOK LINE ae MCQS DISCUSSION at)TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT Hc CONTENTS Anatomy of the MCAT Paper. Section 1: Sentence (usage of one word affecting the other) 11 Grarimar and Sentence Components LL Subject Verb Agreement. 13 Ward: Word combinations 14 Tense Tense Combinations 15 Construction Mistakes 1.6 © Runon Sentences. 17 Repetition. 18 Redundancy 19 Collocation g 1,10 Single Word Choice 2 LL Parallelism é Section 2: Parts of Speech 1 21 | Noung 2 preva BAe 23 Adieétive = — 2A tile Beeb 25.1 Active Voice ———_______— 7252 17 Rulesfor First Year students —___ @ 253° Passive Voie —___ 25.8 Narration (Direct & Inditect Speeches) — 26 Advert 27 Preposition : Section 3; Vocabulary " : Section 4: Short- listed Vocabulary { Section 5: Sentence Completion == M Hassan Sabir aTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT Te (Section 1 &°2} | | | Section 1 Section 2 Modern Grammar Classical Grammar More concerned with the communicative approach, Asetof classical rules Bases its studies on the sentence synthesis, 1 Parts af Speech *~ Pr 1. Phrase and Clause 2 Tenses t us 21 Active Voice 2. Subject and Predicate ox vesieaeel 3, Components ofa Sentence | 3. Matration— 4 Functional Tynes of a Sentence 3.1_birect Narration 5 Structural Types of Sentence 32 AndireggNarration 4 Fynetastiong? ALPHABETS). ——> vos —[ = SENTENCE > clause ‘PHRASE 1. Collection of words 1, Collection of words 2. Incomplete meaning’ 2, Meaningful 3. No FINITE Werb (No Tense} 3, One FINITE Vert: clause 4. Either Subject OR Predigate 4. Have ‘Subject AND’ Predicate’ both ‘EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES; Inthe sky) | saw bird in the sky. Ali was going to school, Ablue bird flies in the air. His uncle kicked the bucket last year SUBJECT PREDICATE 1. Noun/ Prenqun about which we inform 1. Information about the Subject 2. ANoun Phrase 2. AVerb Phrase EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: 1. Bilal killed a snake, 1. He rides a bicycle, 2, Avery brilliant student topped in the class. 2, The people ran fast 3, The nation of Pakistan daydreams allthe time 3. He plays inthe park, 4. In the morning, on the grass runs.a grasshopper 4, Onthe ton floor ves Al M Hassan Sabir Po)TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT short caomy Yes hii aiaaD sVOCA =m 2. Verb 3. Object 4. Complement $. Adverbial | be Predicate Subjeet-word Subjectattibute (Essential) (Non-essential) Quaid-e-Azam, the préatest leaderof the muslims fourht 2 warof logic withuahie British Ral ‘SUBECTWORD (SWI{Essentis! component) SUBJECT ATTRIBUTES (SA) [NON-ESSENTIAL} “The word about which Verb speaks; therefore, Words appearing a5 qualities of subject-word dicects S-V agreement ‘You cannot erase a subject word. r PRE MODIFIERS. POST MODIFIERS “EXAMPLES © 1. Bilal killed a snake. (Only SW ‘Bilal’, No SA) 2. avery brilliant student of intermediate topped the exam. We STUDENT ‘Sk= A very brilliant (PRE MODIFIER) of intermediate {POST MODIFIER) ‘The nation of Pakistan daydreams all the time. 4. Acoo! breeze of the spring ameliorates life. w _ Be fs arr, wos, were, teen) (Renular verbs IrcrularWerbs } Doda, does, i) {verb sed) || {Mero + other marphemel, | WtastHas, have, had) J Flay played played |_| Eat eter i Enjoy enjoyed ejoyed ‘Take took taken: (irtcetimg*) imps) ieee M Hassan | gTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT Receive af thearion fame alte etion [8Aoun Phases Dieest Object 100} Indirect Object (10) seis what the vert fs being dome te. ‘An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object Juiect objet answers the question "what?" ar whom? ‘hn indnoct abject answers the question “ta whom?” jaz rence hiscar. (What did nz repair?) ie wrhara?®, “or what?” evra Aor tote party, (Whom ded he be?) They song him 2 pasteard. specs rh aar ola (ought what) He bough bison ike : Avera eau at ever one, nes mlm ee SS A ‘Adverbials of manner ‘Adverbials of Place ‘Adverbials of Time. Fast} ery fst inthe park, tathemoring Inabeautiul syle Oh the noteback wy fatlthe tne, ‘th the British Ra j Leal ach thu lla Brcvelyf in brave manne Out ob the wu “Diy before yesterday, —_. * sof" a ‘the king and mawn go into the same box. “Dorota forthe ot adgmet tas pice everday Adverbials of manner | wi tally. (Normal adverb) | wilt in sileoce: (adverbial phase) | wil st 2 monk meiates (Alverbial ause) ( Acuerbiake of elace —__ a $$. Ihued to wort a fehadeant factry: au uid park onprhore near she place ‘Opava is when 2 guy gets stalalied ja tt ant, instead of bleeting. he sings ‘Auer or osm oF word th rrmmaticalcpetmucton [lugs neu ora ait Teton “Thy elect hor present, ‘Verb Complement ‘Subject Campleme nt Foliews/ modi Aver complement is adirect Follows a linking werk: and We painted bien ‘ringer abject eb, stati the wbiee. ‘They panied {Oiseussed eaier) ‘have a flawer in my an, They theugethi | ‘He gove me a present. -Aplacier i @hupe body of ce. KS ‘sem Arshad oie, The wawers became sleep ‘SUIMERAFY: These three initial pages are just lke blood in the arteries of Grammar. The nointsdiscussed ‘on page 4.5 and 6 impart the render the basic knowledge af sentence synthesis. This brief chunk oF knowledge guides the learner all the wey to understand grammar as a whole, Two very essential ccampanents Subjeet-word and Verb are the minimal requirements to compase ane clause, Subject-word ind Verb are the minimal requirements te compose one clause, MCATIANS Inow you are ready fo pick the rules that bind one word phrase with another within a sentence, Ina sentence the usage of one word influences the usage of another ward. Section ‘No. 1 covers all such possibilities of inlence. Subject-Verts Agreement being the most Prominent example of such influences ‘given on the next page. assan Satie—$£$@ iTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT L wait eee ESN Subject-Verb Agreement They live/iwes- in this city. He has/save knitted @ sweater, Usman was/avere taking his medicine in the morning The people of the caves -was/ were making toalsy The teacher with his students is/are traveling .()to the north. The blessings of God boost /-boasts our confidence S{N/P) +V +0.4N/P) ¥ Singular Subject = Singular Verb Piufal Subject = Plural Verb VsL40f+524V+0 Rules: $1 # and + S2 1, $1 +and+$2+Verb Plural (Bilaland Ali were studying English under a tree) 2. Si+and +52 + Verb Sifgular{WFS1 and S2 refer to the same object / concept) (a} Time and tide waits for none. {B) Honor and glory is his reward. {C) My friend and benefactor is dead. 3. Ajan/the + adj +and + adj + S (singular) + Verb Singular, (Awhite and red cow is /-are grazing.) 4, A/anjthe + adj + and + a/an/the +adj +S (singular) + Verb plural. (white and a red cows-/ are grazing.) 5 Each +51 +and 4 every +52 + Verb SINGULAR. (Each boy and every girl is present) S1+and+S2 First. cuticensin (When Singularity and Plurality of the verbyis declared by the First Subject] 6, Bilt of + $2 ¢\V+0 (The teacher along with his students is here,}(| as well as he am a doctor.) If $1 and $2 are joined by: off a¢ well as/ together with, and not, but not, besides, with, jn mo like, along with; Consider $1 For the adjustment of verb. First Subject a We his brothers, quarrels / quacel al the time ‘Mi eiend and not his relatives were / was coming tothe ceremony, ‘Allthe students except mewat./ were pratesting M Hassan 5:TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT hea Grammar Arse Second Subject —P>Verb (when Singularity and Plralty of the vec is declared by the Second Subject 7. Neither + $1 + nor 8]. 4 0 Neither Ahmed nor his parents was:/ were present, Neither the directors nor the chairman Is /-a¢2 interested in this plan &, Either + $1 + or +$24¥ +0 (Either his friends or Ahmed was /-wete present.) 9, Not only + $1.+ but alse +$2+V+-0 (Not only Ahmed but also his parents wae/ were present) 10. $1 +91 + $2+ Verb [Ahmed or Zahra hasfhove-ost her thiewnotebaok [Ahmed or his friends last thetr b6Gks) FRACTION of Something: 1. haifofthe 2. Quarter of B.Heapof___ 4. tieapsaf_ S.Terestol__6/Mostof 7. Alatot/itsof 8, Some of Examples: {a] Half of the plate is empty (t) Hatfot the plates areemeny. Was {c) Aqurtr ofits fresh/ Aware of them ae fesh, (0) Theres heans of time belove the clanearives {el Alot of sugar has been said tet 11. (N-tamy4 some + every) + (body-+-one + wheres thing) 16 words e:g Ma body, None 16+ (each + either + neither) = 19 words Rn With these 19 words SINGULAR VERB is used (Each ofthe boys fesont| ‘Anybody wiho comes onto the stage will get a chance to win avrbturn tigket tothe Ut. ‘Nothing costs higher than the wastage of time. te 112 Plural Compound Noun referring to a particular quantity is onsisiared SINGULAR (alFour years was/were a longtime. (h) Sixty quintals arejis a huge weight. (C) Fifty rupees is/ace not a large amount. (4) Fifteen minutes aris alowed to eadhipeales. 3am wenitox cece, wpouii cag 13. Relative Pronoun followsits Antecedent in agragingto its verb (singular or plural) (al Yasic wha is my brother will help yo (b) | wham at your service should not be ignored. 14. One of the/ None of the + Noun Plural + Verb Singular (One oF the boys isfare absent) None of the-candidates is present. Second Subject Setond Subject One of the 15, One ofthe + Noun Pale tel Fe (Heisone ofthe boys whois, are absent) Gn ofthe scientists who study culture is coming here. 16, Only 4One of the-+Aaun Plural # who + verb plural (Hes only hols absent) tamanly one of the residents who protests. 17. Animber off majority oft plural + Verb Plural (al Anurtbar of students é/ are out of the campus. (b] Amajrty of workers were was been paid on Fridays. 18. The number off The majority of +N plural + Verb Singular. They imber of students is/are rising in the coflege. (b) The majority of the students has/heve pad their fee. 19, The vast/ great majority + Verb Plural fa) The vast majority of candidates hes/have arrived (b] The great numberof people l/are joining us. 20, The tw third/ SOs majority ot + Verb Singular {a} The one third majority ofcandidates hag/have arrved ——_(b) The 6084 majority of my town arefis Chistian, Artecedewt > Wok de aRelhie Spey etre tones Some noun wliel, else proveur > hick, uho,dhor whe se, hel us Hassan Sahin. dive poms = 8TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT 21. Following phrases + Noun Plural + Merb SINGULAR Aband of ‘A chain of Rronge of ‘Agalaxy of “Aseries of “Ateom of Aherd of Abewpofiiock! | Asetor Aesawd of Aregiment of Afock of Acloss of A batch of Alstor Aband of singers has performed well. A regiment of sabdiers was fighting against the enemy. 22. Agreat many +N Plural + Verb Plural + plural possessive. “heat many goles bas {have participated inthe wars to please thr gods A great many miscreants were /-was-arrested with weapons in thelr ands. 23, Many a +N Singular + Verb Singular + Singular possessive Saar aslerhas Phavemehisdexth, Mary oud re geting dod method! apne 24, Clear Reference: Thal an al ere going onthe road where he sew an accident. NCORRECT (he ‘toning pronoun) tiahand Ak were glngon te oad where Gll/ AM they/ the latter he former saan aeient 25. in the sense of income, salary of finance the words Wages and Means are PLURAL. {a) His wages arelow. — (bj His means of income are pao. Hs Wages + Singular verb [If taken as reward or outcome of somethin) fa] Wages of sins el. (b) Wages ofhis Ife ong struzeleinnltesBy s2paciy M Hassan ggpir7 TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT EH NOEL 2 | Either ‘or Fm going to buy either a camera or a OVD player with this maney. | _ He isi a fix efter to stay ar to leave. ; | Neither Nor Thelther knew norcared what had happened tahim, | Their house is neither big nor small I Not only tutako Tie nt enly treats wel but alsa behaves wel wth Ps patents | Ike him ot only because of his wisdom but also because of hi patience To Tao (a negative sentence) He too weak walk This question seems tao difficult to solve. Such AS ‘Thay lke euch people as are honest. J He prefers such books asary Cas)| As+Adj as He (sas tall as | am. This flower i as beautiful as the flowin your hand. Rather Than Tihink Fi have a cold drink rather tha cafes Why clint you ask for help, rather than trying tao it on your own? Would rather | Than ‘She wauld rather Ga than five 3 speeehy ‘would rather drive a car than riding @ Bieyele. He is wiser that his brother. / Yad a°e mare Intelligent than bit, Bath Between “This eth biggest shop in ur enn, ‘Russia has the longest all track)known as Trans-Si | ida’ come to ta ch am hereto ask you about your heath] Both the haces diel ams between thernseles. ian track, All Among All the boggetisivided almsamong themselves Whether Or Heeemed undecided whether to yo or stay, fim going whether you a it or not 2nd degree Than The 3rd Degree Not Though Although | Yet/, ‘Thibugh She gave no sign yet | was sure she had recognized me, “Though fm poor, my heart is fll of sympathy forthe blind, jAlthough the sun was shining, wasn’t very warm. ‘Aithough the sun was shining yet It wasn't very warm, Other Thani T don't now any Alga other than you, Thave never known him to behave ather than selfishly: ae Then Wo other an swore powerul han ey athe . No other ania ore feral than alge Tay A Te tle han ap other boy of the clas, \ “This car more expensive than any other ca in this exhibition woe . Fie has any ability other than ceaming, i ‘ther Th carpenter can develon wood into any deslemather than screw, ‘cuae he WN sooner had lorie at hestatlon than the tain came, (are first and the train aried eight ater me.) No sooner hid closed my eyes than! fellasieep No sooner dws athe noise than we rushed to the spor. No saoner i put the shone cwn thanitang alo. Hacly When Hardy had | reached the statin when the train came Searcely When Searely had | eathed the station when the rn aves ies ‘As soon ab | arived at the sation, the wen came [As soon as she finished one projeet, she started workingon the next, M Hassan Sabir1 TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDGAT=am es Pre Combination Word Asif /Asthough | Were ‘She walks asf she were a super model were ¢ great cardiologist (Present wish) [ul hela the poor if | were a king [Present sh] st Subjunct Asif/Asthough | had been had been 2 king twould Rave ped the noo. [Past wish] ie speaks as though he had been scholar, (Subjunctve] Pepe Yoon pea em He walks/ walked as if he had been a king (Subjunctve) == The same | that hiss the same book that | ost in the park during the gore Lest Work hard est vow should fal, , eudex tHe doesn't dare leave the hotel lest he should be recht Li ‘fe runs fast, he wil win the race ‘L. Asifor As though + past subjunctive {Wegener use'asi? for comparisons. a. The ver after AS iFis awaysin the passubjunetive, no matter of wha tens@he sentence ASIF + VIL Hespends money asif he owned a beri. He looks as if he knew the answer: He acted asifhe onmed everything arcund me, bb ifthe verb BE directly follows AS If, we use "wert! fora personal pronouns. ‘she walks asf she were a super model: He boarded the airplane as if he werea seasoned traveler. Jim acts as ifhe were impartant, Jim acts a8 though he were important. 2. Lest (to avoid the risk of forthe fear that) He spent whole days in Biseoom, wearing headghones lest he disturls anyone. he is ordered to stayaat home for three months, lest she suffer a relapse. fear {s followed by should + He doesa'tidate leave the hotel lest he should be recognized. He idn't dare leave the hotel lest he should be recognized ‘Work hard lest you should fail. M Hassan SayTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCA 2 Fuure —— =a my (Hor and 2 best ation: Present indent © Futue Indefinite (a) Twoactions happened at the samettime in} the past: Past indefinite + Past it Time ended as soon | finished writing, TE) Two actions; One in Faf Past other in Near Past: Past Perfect. Scone He had killed thinake wher I reached. Use: would/ should) could/ might DON'T USE: ‘wil, Shall, Can, Mi desalted You sald you et mymaussaagee | Rivance reservations reba risst pETaE sig | ade bE | srermarveenees | SRRTETTVeTay | aeReE EITM ace up | Seureiestan > —|-assembie gener ——| attach together "| AT Macrine | sutobioitaphi oF pinintheaftemcon | am.inthemoming in my opinion, +thiek -oeherowa lite [mn at ‘aeaypEn omag Op oom “) during tie couse ot Emergeney Garsiag embers Blend together ual foment in aque {ana ———| [rormcarsund | FRE FtOry Pian ahead Proceed orward- | REaToT I RECRESE ya | Relurnback ena Mapas | Searatiamt Uniram CS TOUS | Whaeenae ———] Revert back | eriteaaune [Danco ar ‘examples: 1. There was an applause when the minister rase up to speak. ‘There was an ovation when the minister rose to speak. INCORRECT CORRECT L2, You must first do this before you go. INCORRECT ‘You must do this before you go. CORRECT 3. The flight will arrive at ? p.m. inthe afteraoan INCORRECT The flight will arrive at 7 p.m, CORRECT 4. Inmyoninion,tthink itis going to rain. INCORRECT ‘CORRECT {thine its poing erin 5. Ihave a client of mine who insists on paying his fee in advance, INCORRECT | have a client wh insists on paying his fee in advance ‘CORRECT 6. Have you read the fatest biography of Bil Gates life? INCORRECT (CORRECT Have you vead the latest biography of Bill Gates? The reason why | did not attend the party fast night was that | had a headache ‘ B. The police restored the stolen purse back to the rightful owner. INCORRECT The police restored the stolen purse tothe rightful owner CORRECT 9 Allother boys except Peter came for pienic. incorrect CORRECT Allthe boys except Peter came tor plone, lestone week INCORRECT CORRECT Me 10, The price of thiscar as fallen down by 30% in The ple ofthis car has fallen by 30% in thelast NV Words that coleteurfremuently Collocation refers ta how wards form fixed felationships with other words. They ‘just sound rght' ta native English speakers, Other combinations thatmay mean the same thing would seer 'unnaturt’ For example, Wione Collocation ‘ising temperature 5 Scenic Picture = Seni view Have an experience [__Boan experience/ make an experience ees Make a mess Make @ mistake leita Do a painting Do the cooking Mieke a noise othe housewark/ Assigament Make an effort "| Bon experience/ make an experience Do the shoppi Do the washing up ‘Make progress M Hassan Sabir 7. ‘The reason why! did not attend the party last night was because | had a headache. ‘INCORRECT ~ CORRECTTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT..... Deny CesiinseAvconns Make trouble Dome favor Make an investment doadeal Make an arrangement | De some here Make an appointment Da tthe laundry Make an attempt De the dishes make a mistake make a profit/loss Do the ironing Have a look ‘Take-a photo, make money/millions De the housework have dinner ‘take’sthvantage of sb make a fortune Do your homework have aheadache take care of sb make a wer Do business have aparty ‘take place make a noise Do well/bad have apicnie take sth into account make a mess Do sthwrong/tight have aharbecle, “take your time make fun ofsemeone | Do your best ‘have an appoiritmant take time ‘make a phone cal Da damage/harm have fun take no notice of sth make progress Dosba favor have trouble ‘take part in sth make a difference have sth in common take the opportunity M HassgqpabTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT shams Eas if INGLE WORD CHOICE Like his brother he i alsa very hardworking. Like" may come in theestart) tam reserved like my father (‘like' may come in the mid of a sentence) Both the brothers are alike (alike! may come at the end) After the meeting, lunch was served. (‘Aftes' may come in the start) He came to me after visiting his uncle. ‘after’ may come in the mid ofa sentence) let's go out nove and est afterwards {'afterwrards’ may come at the end) Instead of leaving the office, yau must do the assignment, Instead of may comes in eo We just had soup instead of a full meal, (instead of may:come in the mid of a Bilal was ill so | went instead\instead may come at the end af a sentence) J + Another + Singular Noun: es, We must go for anather chance. Another + of + Singular or Plural Nour: e.g, got anther of those calls yesterday. Other + Plural Noun: e.g. Other destinations are far off. a). His defeat was due to the fotter bi). My success is due tot ¢), Murree's cold wave is d winds (Reason for cold wave) ecause of comesin the start of an adverbial) the lottery issue, a. meeting was canceled due ta heavy rains, INCORRECT fent-teacher meeting was canceled caused by heavy rains. INCORRECT i teacher meeting was canceled because of heavy rains. CORRECT cancellation of parent-teacher meeting was due toheavy rains. CORRECT $ ‘The cancellation of parent-teacher meeting was eaused by heavy rains. © CORRECT ‘The cancellation of parent-teacher meeting was because ofheavy rains. INCORRECT How will these changes affect us? Your opinion will not affect my detision, Effect {es noun}: eg: The doctortold me the beneficil effects of exercise. . Medern farming method can have an adverse effect on the environment, fffect {as verb): “To make something happer',"to bring about,” "to cause,” eg. He effected his escape wit kratted bedsheets, You will effect these changes on Monday.KS AND HINTS F ‘Already (ashverb] (meaning: | fare a particular time inthe past); & We got there early but All had already left. Allready: (meaning: ll prepared) ‘We'erere all ready to leave. Ges Ailtogethermeans “collectively”; everyone is doing something allat once er all in one.place e-be \We sang the national anther all together. jj ‘We sangthe national anthem together (all ean be remove i) Altogether [an adverbyspelled as one ward) means: "entirely" [used to genohasize something) eR We arealtagether too tired. . ‘The train went slower and slower until -stopped altagether: Jam not altogether happy. ‘Allright: ea acceptable? safe _ ‘wall correct} Its usage is formal and considered allright. og {the coffee allright? (Acceptable) Thope the childeen are allright. (Safe) ‘The figures are allright, (Correct) Aight: meaning: satisfactory/ finely done) alight is most usedlas an adverb, Its usages informal and is avoided. eg He dances alright, He works alright during the hours... as P The figures are alright. (it means thefigures are quite satisfactory} mc (We generally us#LIREand AS to make comparisans.} ke [for unreal situation} (aprepasitinn) ug. Uke your boss, | must watn yeti be careful ar not your boss, but he and have similar attitudes ) ‘As for real situation) ea {As your boss, | miust warn you to be careful. (I am your boss.) She used the tapestry as a decoration in her living coon. ike Wiaiwiays followed by simple words [Like * Noun! ‘Ahmed throws the ball ike a cricketer Ikram acted just like my brother. ‘He speaks like a native speaker. ‘As is mostly followed by a verb/ clause (AS + SUBJECT + VERB) Ahmed throws the ball as ifhe were a cricketer \kram acted just 25 ! would expect my brother to behave, {Both are adjectives and non-interchangeable) “Uninterested' means bored, unconcerned, not interested, or indifferent, Example: Afar couldn't help yawning; he was uninterested in fishing stories. | used to collect stamps, but ! am uninterested these days ‘Disinterested’ means impartial, unbiased, or having no stake in the outcome, Example, f you're on trial, you want & disinterested judge. The rulings of disinterested auditors are likely to be more useful Point 1 Point 2 M HassangegbirHa: TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT EMME] (Gath are severbs} ‘Especially’ means particularly or above all. Use especially when something stands out {idm all the others, and you vant the meaning of “particularly”, ‘She can't be sure she will win, especially at this early stage af the campaign. The appetizers and especially the soup were delicious, She loves flowers, especially roses ‘Specially’ means'for a special purpose, or ‘specially’ ‘We use specially to talk about the specific purpose of something, Exomale, This book is specially written for the MCATIANS, ‘When you want to convey the meaning. ‘especially or specially, They are both covwec, cial purnnse.” ar “sneciicaly” yoUEeN Use either Example, Thesspeech was written especialh/saecialy forthe occasion. (Both Corte). This program has specially 22 ‘-igred macros for werd processor I bought these (e)spacially far yaw, ’ But when au want to convey the meaning “in a special mandir” ‘especially would be wrong. # Exomple, | don't want to be treated specially. CORRECT | don't want to betreated especially. INCORRECT, This was an especially fun tip to write; it was specially designadfor your enjoyment. just use 'spacialy’, In this context, "A while’ means a length of time, TRezarticia%" before ‘while is a'sure sign that you're deating with 2 noun. Netice’n the following sentence'that you could replace “a wile" with another artcle-noun ‘combination such as “a year" Example, I's been a while since Murad tried to opt this Feld, {slept for alia. (Compare with't slept for three huss") ‘was aap im my desk for a while (Compare with “t was away from my desk for two minutes") Wehave awhile left to walt. “DBaiher a while ago. “hill adverb} means’ for atime’ OR for 2 while’ Notice in the following sentence that you could replace ‘awtile’ with another adverb such as "deeply | slept awhile before dinner. (Compare with 'I slept deeply before dinner” and slept badly before dinner’) Sitdown and stay awhile, Starlings foray acrass the land and rest awhile on the sunlit twigs of ash, hi a If you are doing something ina formal manner, youre behaving formally; butf you previously behaved differently, you did so formerly. Formally fadver’}means ‘ina formal way/ with oficial authorization {Think of formal invitations, farm dress, and formality n each of these isthe idea of proper manner, politeness, doing things according to form.)TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MD Uggs nn Example, The coaching club wil be formally inaugurated tomorrow Formerly (adverb}means ‘at a previous time’ Former haste do with time, or order of sequence ‘Think about ‘later and former’. Example, ‘On a former eceasion he tatked about Italian lakes. She was a dancer formerly. healt : create good health ike apes, yous, 2nd feespi ina ‘tis healthful Thus, @ would mean that yoH fare eating ‘Healthful’ means ‘pros Healthful describes something that wil something is beneficial for your health, healthful, rather than healthy food. Sxomple, Choosing the most healthful foods for your family Is 90 €857 task, ‘Healthy’ means ‘in good health’. Healthy deseribes someone fit, and utterly not sicklgomgone of something that enjoys all that good health). if you're healthy, whether you're a tree, 2 bank account, ona human, you're well. Healthy forests are’ bulft ta withstand severeifiatura! distorbances. ‘A healthy person would be one who eats lots of healthful foods. Consider the following three paints. a). A Healthy diet would mean, “A diet whith is itself healthy’ b). you want to say thatthe diet jutrtious, you must say ‘A healthful diet’ th Unfortunateh, youan'¥eabheathy. But dn't panic; t's not allbad news, Youcan eat healthful food)and you can engage in healthful eating. Ws \Whefivou mean it is’ or it has), use an apostrophe. 2] Example, tt'sa nice day. = © Wesyourright to refuse the invitation. It's been great getting to know you. tts \When you are using‘its' as a possessive, don'tuse the apostraphe, Its = Possessive case of 'it' (always followed bya noun) 24 example, The cat hurt its paw. ‘The furniture store celebrated its tenth anniversary, ts color is black. its size is too large to handle. US vsits a "Almost (adverb). Its meaning is similar to “nearly” Stamps, He was almost dead (but the doctors managed to save him) She's almost twenty years ol. (Shel be 20 ext month) i 's lmost two meters tall. He's 1m 97cm) hotel was almast empty. (There were only 5 guests) M Hassan $$NATIONAL NMdcat preacher @nmdcatpreacher 3.12K subscribers 675 videos [race] Seem USM) AT org of ROR Mon RMT Mairi) <0 nv Manage videos ih a RTS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY eA SS) Federal & Punjab Federal book line chem mcgs discussion. avira Book line atomic structure Physics full course meqs discussion. Liat) [e9 Bio full course. Mcqs discussion. fave Updated 3 days ago Kp book line physics mcqs WORK & ENERGY discussion. KP BOOK LINE ae MCQS DISCUSSION at)TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT ‘Most’ {adjective) means the: majority’, the “argest part, “nearly all oF" Examples, 1, (most+Noun plural) 2. (Mast + of the +Noun plural) 3, (the most + superlative) Most cars have-four doors Most people would lke to be rch ‘have been to mest countries of Europe, but nat al. Wealso use most as a pronoun, with a similar meaning Mast of my friends can speak English, | Some people like to make trouble, but most just want a quiet iife, {almost understand most. ‘Most’ is also used to form the supertative The king cobra is the mast dangerous snake, \slamiabad is the mast beautiful city of Pakistan, AGO: Agois used with a past tense and a time expression ta count back fram the present, ‘Ago is normally used with a past tense because it refers to afinithed time. ‘The train went out ten minutes apo. met her two weeks ago, She phoned me ten days ago. (NOT"She has phoned me ten days ago") ‘Where is Jasmine?’ ‘She was in her roofitfive'minutes ago,’ Note that.a present perfect tense can be used with the-since2ago’ combinatian, | haven't baught anything since’a week.ago.. He has been working for usisince aout ten years ano. BEFORE: means ‘at an earlier time/ if the pitt’ {mostly used with a past perfect tense) Exomples, When we got talking, oundOut that we had worked in the same office ten years before. Ithad been fine theday before. ‘That had happened long before, Before con alsa mean ‘at any time before now/then'. In tis case itis used witha present or present perfect tense. Exomples, tfiave seen her before: {think we have met before, Wain _Some time: (Adj + Noun)it describes the amount of time, and frequent implies a fong periad, ‘Eramales, For sometime, the world has been known tabe round. He has been studying Aramaic for some time. Ht can also imply a fairly specific amount of time Exomates, | require some time (a couple of hours} ta finish this project taday. He made me wail for some time befare my speech Sometime: (adverb) means ‘a vague time in future’, Itean frequently be replaced by 'someday" Bromples, The cure for cancer willbe found sometime Hl get around to finishing that baok sometime later, Give me a cal sometime, and we'll have coffee. ‘Sometimes:(adverb} implies ‘occasionally’ Examples, Sometimes, just don't understand wiset that man is saying English grammar sometimes follaws its own rules, and sometimes it daesn't. M Hassan Sapir -TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT...... |; Parallel strueture with Correlative Conjuncsion: — ter both ether aedot {) Either or (The class of mord woul be the same al ct {em stll undecided either I should stay or mone Vn still undecided cither | should stay oF should not “ e ico! Either you lke the job or not. aie wa tie bc CORRECT Either you like the job or you don't Ike, lac of word wai fe the sama afta bott ii) Neither nor (The c ‘either an} either |like this job nor comfortable. IeoRRECT ‘Neither | ike this jb nor I fee! cornfortable coRRECT vo neither the patience nor | ve the desire. INCORRECT ‘ve neither the patience nar the desire. CORRECT Neither Ive the patience nor desi. ncoRRECT Neither vethe patience nor we the desi: CORRECT , Fi) Not only but alsa [Thesloss of ward would be the ame aletbotn’ather and or) The scientists disputed not. onivthenewsnapersriclebukase ha irc _ suntenays panerarticle but also the university's offictal CORRECT INCORRECT SECTION 1 official statement. The scientists disputed not ony the news statement . ‘We expected not only tobe late but alo exfiausted ‘We expected nok only tobe late but.afsto beeahausted. CORRECT (ike him not only because of his habits but also his hobbies. INCORRECT | fixe him not onfy because 6f his habits but also because of his hobbies. CORRECT eS Aobert has ia the past andl n the future gontinue to support the measures INCORRECT Robert has supported in the past and will continue in the future to support the measures. CORRECT What counts is ot how you look but yaur behavior. INCORRECT What coUntéis not how vou look but how you behave. CORRECT Hé relaices and announced that he had passed the exam. INCORRECT He rejoiced and announced that he had pessed the exam, ‘CORRECT ‘SECTION 2 lease Participle Participle Infinitive- infinitive Noun-Noun Adj- AdjAdv- Adv tipo el nt Ae we ea edie fs INCORRECT ratte singin the Ms srg inthe river and ding across the Sahara. INCORRECT Slowed to have sweets, exchange stores wt his pas and watching the men walk by INCORRECT ie liked to have sweets, exchange stories with his pals, and watch the men walk by. INCORRECT ae i having sweets, exchanging stories with his pals, and watching the men wallby. CORRECT orn i ‘to have sweets, to exchange stories with his pals, and wateh the men walk by. INCORRECT ie pero ‘Sweets, exchange stories with his pals, and towatch the men walk be INCOF jilawal 7 hed to have sweets, to exchange stories with hs pals, anda wate the men walk by. CORRECT M Hassan §gbie aa SECTION 3TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT He likes theie courage, stamina and their style, INCORRECT He likes thee courage, their stamina and their style. CORRECT He likes thelr courage, stamina and style CORRECT nents ene The climate of Multan is hotter than Lahore. INCORRECT = ‘The climate of Multan is hotter than the climate of [ahore, CORRECT 2 The climate of Multan is hotter than that of Lahore. ‘CORRECT 5 He spoke more of being ambassadorthan president. INCORRECT He spoke more of being ambassador than of being president. CORRECT M Hassar-SabiTRICKS AND HINTS FORMDCAT ~™% ‘Whenever we speak or write a language, we use words, We can classify those words on the basis oftheir similarities and commonalities. In English we have eight such classes known as Farts of Speech, It maybe called the nomerclature of language vocabulary. NQUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE Major Word a VERB ADVERB ae Minar Word Classes Parts of Speech PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION INTERIECTION } Major word classes carry the content of the massed Minor word classes merely connect the major ward classes or develop a relatian b/w them. Malor Word Classes: Lined: NOUN PRONOUN: ADJECTIVE NOUN (naming word) e.g. Usman, mahj.chairhinafet, Minar-t- Pakistan, Honesty, Army, Book PRONOUN (Pro! means fen) Pfbhun mils “iiend ofa noun’, A ward that replaces a noun scaled prenau, eg. me, vol, ra ‘thy, me ming, his her, Himself their ate. ons IVE A:word whigh 3dds something to the meaning of a noun ofa pronoun. allthe three parts ofspeechin Line 1 are rightly cannected to one other. We can Say: Noun isitslf a naming word, a pronqun replaces a noun andadective isthe quality ward which tellus the quality of bath Line 2: VERB ADVERB | WERE: {action word} e.g. Go, Cor, live, run, aay watch ring, buy, read, look, et ‘ADWERB. (Adi + verb) A word which adds something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb, ¢¢ a mens dark cat on yng fast Minor Word Classes: ee 3: PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION INTERIECTION REPOSITION [pe + position) (position= Nounfpranaun). & word which comes before a noun or a prenoun and develops its relation with the earlier glven noun or pronoun i called preposition. Examples, He goes to Multan He goes from Muttan, In this example, t's only the preposition which clarifies the relation bfw"he! and ‘Multan’ couamscton {means unificatian} A word which combines two words phrases/ clauses. I eought books and bes from the marker He was il; therefore, | went tose him at his home, “They will win if they play sensibly INTERJECTION (outbarst/ exclamation) hurrah|, alas, wove! shit, darnnt ete M Hassan <<. —TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT - Five types: 1. Pray rca 5, Abstract Noun: (specific) particular names) eg, Ehsan, Multan, Christmas 2. Common Nouns: (general names) e.g. boy, city, day, month, chair, book, pencil etc, 3, Collective Nouns: (population of things + singular entity) eg army, group, population ete, 4, Material Nouns: (tangible/ touchable things) e.g, baok, printer, wall, door etc. intangibie/ conceptual things) eg. Beauty, idea, vision, education etc, (GETS rest totter CAPITAL, No artice a/any/the, No Plural) Exceptions for'the': We use ‘the + proper noun'if proper noun is used as 2 sym 1, Ahmed Nadeem Casmi is the Shakespeare of Urdu literature, 2. He was the Robin Hood of the twentieth century. ‘Normally the’ is not used with the country and city names but here is whl. Tobie B: [The USA The U.K [ihe Central Af fhe Channel islands ‘The Dominion Republic [The Czech republic [The Hague a The Gambia The Isle of Man The Maldives: the Netherlond ‘The Philippines The UAE The Bahamas The Cy an lars The USSR notebook, chair, oor, song, batter Water, petrol, milk, honesty, goodness, wisdom, sugar, Mus J. money ‘Aggreat amount of much, litte, whole/all Singular in Form BUT Plural Verb: (Noun singular + Plural Verb) SomeJenyleome With +e sentence) {any with ve8 2) Poultry Cattle Bacteria People Falk Offspring Vermin insects} | Alphabet Gentry Clergy (Church related) | Police | peasantry ie, Bok She AU tHe Utole the % 8S an Satsipa$AADPDPDp{p>ATp_ A er? 25 ra-TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT==..., Plurat in Farm and Plural Verbs (Naun Plural + Plural Verb) alm: - ane are eissors tongs lows T spectactes dothes ‘Ochs shor Binoculars (Ielescope) | scales shears (garden shears) ‘Zero Plural: (Noun + Verb, sheep are deer are swine (pigs) fish/fishes salmen moose (a large deer} people/reoples socks flora (plants) | fauna (animals) ‘Whether ‘Hair’ or ‘hairs’?: Three usages of hair: Collective, Singular, Plural Twas washing my bait Collective | She brushed her long hair. Collective | found a hair in my Soup. Singular There are dog hairs on the sofa, Plural Does my hair look good? Collective iy hairs 100 curly ‘ | Collective There are hairs an your coat Plural -| Look! There is’a white hair-on yur cheeks! Singular Took! There are two white hairs on your oleel Plurat The white hair of an old mag is. asymbthaf sagacity, Collective Singular in Form and Singular. Verb: (Noun singular + Singular Verb) scenery is Faenitare is information mischief issue is advice kindness machinery hair equipment business, tice. ‘| land : knowledge —| toute jewelry luggage’ vacation tuatfic pastry apparatus — ‘fruit Plurallin Form BUT Singular Verb: (Noun Plural + Verb) ports is Ethics Wages Tidings News is. Measles Mumps ‘Molasses Rickets is “Shingles Staggers (a disease) | Bowls (a game) Innings Gallows Classics ‘Mathematics Physics Economics ‘Annals historicalrecords) | alms aceierdseniat 1. Noa/an/the before GASES, Languages, Academic Subjects + Abstract Nouns 2, AbstractNouns; Noa/an/the AND — No Plural form 3, Compound Nouns: Second word is pluralizes in making plurals. Whiteboards, Brain cells 4, Compound Nouns: Noun being used as an adjective is NOT Pluralized, e.g. Three week vacatior hundred hoak libra ine hundred kifometer road. M Hassal a!TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT.. . By using apostrophe, yau can make possessive of only humans. and animals. 6, Possessive case of Compound Noun: Apostrophe Is used with the last word, e.g Commander-in-ehlef's raom, Father in hew’s assets 7. No Apostrophe witly possessive pronoun: yours, theirs, ours . (No Numerical value} hundreds/thousands/ milions/billians/ tilions/ dozens, yokes (ll plural) + of ‘Hundreds of people/ Millions of rupees} Trllions of pounds/ dozens of eggs. 8. If referring to an animal's whole race: use "The", The dog is a faithful animal. 10. Means (as method or process} + Verh singular ar plural The nteans of transportation isfare very important. 11. Means {as source of income/weaith} + plural werb His means of income are pac. 12. Mean (average or selfish) + singular verbs The mean of these values is higher than that of the writen values, 13, Subject name if taken as an Academie Discipline + VERB Singular Physies is the most interesting subject. 14, Subject names as personal sill or general use + Verb Plural {a) His mathematics are weak. 8) His economics to run his home are not comprehendibie. ‘Words of foreign origin Eire Gin Ci tic Errectum is Errecta are Datum yt Data ‘Medium is Media are ‘Memorandum. Memoranda Pheaomenca Phenomena Siterion Criteria Hypothesis: Hypotheses, oo) isis: Crises Basis Bases bh Axis. Axes Parenthesls Parentheses Analysis Analyses Radius - Radi Index Indices) indexes 16, Material/ Substange Nouns are always singular unless used as Common Noun. ( cotton, calcium, old, diamandyplastic, ron, milk, brass, wine (a) The'house is made up of brick. (brick as Material Noun |. Constituent part of a body) (b) Past for ordinary use (c) The jewelry is decorated with gold, {@) He donated five huncred bricks. (‘Brick" used as Common Noun so can have plural form. ‘12, Concrete (Tangble/ touchable} Nouns can have plural form, 18, Collective Noun if divided in a sense takes Plural verb, When collective noun is not used for 3 group ‘but for the members of the group #.g. {a) The flock were running here and there. {b) The committee are divided on a mina issue. {c} The clas diuagree among themselves. M Hassan Sabir ea(Word that replaces a noun) STi person. [the speaker) 1, We 2nd Person (The direct addressee) You 3rd Person: (The Indireet addressee) He, she, it, they Pyke erecta ES My, mine, our, ours Sines ey paren me, us 2 Person ‘You aoa see T° Person He, she, it, they Him, hes, it, them His, her, its, their il a (il Before Regular and irregular Verbs (He plaved well, Lwatchad the game live) (ii) After Helping Verbs (itwas he who knocked at thedoor} | {iil After‘than' &'ss! (Clause 1+ than + subjective case + Helping Verb) ‘Ahmad is taller than 1am. ts Qayyum has bigger car than that of have. They are as active as we are, Ta rt (i) After Regular and Irregular Verbs The camete meet meat my workplace} (ii) After Prepasition (He br Wl) After ‘Let? (Let him pl {Wv) After ‘than’ & ‘as! than/as + objective case) Ahmad is taller 1@ is wiser than him, (¥} I 'bath’ or ‘allfis used after ‘than’, objective case is used. He istallefthanus both She is wiser than them all. tothe stadium) Yau, he and I (For Good job 231}+ Verb Plural (You, he and t distribute alms} . ‘Ishe’and you (For Bad/ poor job 132} #erbs Plural (|, he and you are suspects in this ful deed) Pee "Usman and Ehsan were walking on the road, He saw an accident. (INCORRECT) ; Usman and Ehsan were walking on the road; Ehsan saw an accident, (CORRECT) » Usinan and Ahsan were walking on the road, They saw an accident. (CORRECT) Usman and Ahsan were walking on the road, The latter saw an accident, (CORRECT) Waar oe aanchs (i) President Lincoln delivered his Guttysbe rg address in 1863. (il) The can of lima beans sits on Ai) (No ¥any + some + every} + (body + one4+ where +thing) 16 words eg No bed, Noone 16+ (each + cither + neither} = 19 words ‘With these 19 words SINGULAR VERB + Singular Pronoun, (Each of the boys is present with his books) Sameone lost his book in the park, Something you will have its charm for herea M Hassan SabirTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT, {iv} Both= Verb Plural (y) John and Smith compile their presentation, (vi) John or Smith compiles his presentation, (vi) John oF Samina compiles her presentation. (vil) The jury read its verdict, (ix) The jury members gave their individual opinion, x) Each cow, buffalo and horse has lost its life. (bi) Many a gid wishes she/they could sing. (xii) The nurnber of volunteers ircrease-/increasesits/theie ranks. (xii) A number of volunteers inerease/increases its/thele ranks. (xiv) Itcould have been they/then, (HV'+-subjective case) (ev) Noone, including Ali and 4-/me, will go. forepositon + ebjective case) (evi) Qe should do his / one’s duty ivi) Before Gerund (Ving) Use Possessive Case He regrets them/thelr leaving We are looking forward to thelr coming. (iwi) Refler've Pronoun cannot be used withaur antecedent. Please give it to John or myself! mek My brother and-iyselt/ 1 ie do it. (i) Who {forhumans) (Who Verb) (Whom ¢N/P} {No Comma} He is the boy whois praised by all. He isthe boy wham we praise, il) Which (or animals things) (Non essential Clause) (Use Comma} Sonax, which s the name of my dog, ran yeast. Karachi, which is the capital of Sindh, contributes 60% to the GOP of Pakistan, The shop which is right in the corné#6f this market sells the best shampoos, (Essential clause therefore'ne, commas used!) (ll) That (for things} (Essential clause) (No Comma) After: all, every, any, many, much, Nathing,none, no, only, the only, some, same, amyone + THAT! vee “pxbonse) This isthe bicycle that [Burehased in 1998 which was the year of success for me. (edodifving Adiéctive couse is placed right after the word it modifies) Check out the impact of misplaced adjective clauses ina sentence: Thisis the boyele which was the year of success for me that | purchased in 1998, INCORRECT ‘Afterall, every, any, many, much, nothing, none, no, only, the only, some, same, anyone + THAT ‘There is none in Pakistani team that/ivhe plays well. ‘The boy and his dos that were running in the ground were looking marvelous This isthe same book whieh that | purchased yesterday. iv) Superlative Degree + THAT I took the most delicious meal that you gave me. He is the best man in this town that can mend shoes well M Hassan Sa‘According to Place According to Function Attributive Predicative (gj + tour) (vero + Aah Aniceog Te jugisrice ce, cheap, cruel) 1. Adjectives of Quality (brave, big, small large, beautiful ugly, bole, 2. Adjectives of Quantity (some, any, muchmore, mest Many, no, great, 3, Adjectives of Number —_@* — | 2 | Cardinal Numerical Adjectives: Ordinal Numerical Adjectives {The + cardinal) (One, two, three, fOUF..cae-) {the first, The second, The third, fourth,. 4, Proper Adjectives (Pakistani nation, Indian cinerna, Urdu language, Eglsh essay, Mumps virus} 5. Demonstrative’ Adjectives (this, that, these, those, former, latter) 6 Distributive Adjectives (each, every, either, neither) 7. Possessive Adjectives — poste Attributive [before noun) Predicative (after werb} (mm, your, his, her, is, our, their, whose) (mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs) DNS ACO M Determiner + Number + Size+ Age + Color + Origin + Material | bought these two big new white Spanish ste! chairs mee gee M Hassan @28irTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT., 1. Used wien two things 1, Comparison among more compared than two things/persons. He (s wise than me, “Thisis the cheapest pan | have: 2 Midieiacaeweecnn | |. Much + En ree +than piel 2, They Md Degree saad owns the biggest hausein 3. Paral increase sacar the + lind degree, the + lind degree} The higher you go, the cooler it is. 4. Of the twor+ the +Ilnd degree! Sea ithe taller of the tw, 1, No Comparison at all Alls anew bay 2. Very (positive stress) “ha weather fs very oa 3, Too (-ve stress} ‘The weathers too ald, Hetstonupset to speak 4, So (emotian) This ogi hythricat Linking Verb + Adi (Subject + Linking Verbs + information) e.g All helping verbs f appear / prove / remain / become / get / turn /stay/grow It appears feasible. He remained cool, The people proved him false. (i) Sensuous Verb + Adj {sound / seem / taste /smell / feel / look) i} “nest to nothing’ (negative sense} He showed lit imarovement (aero) Heshased ait elmproveert (ule) ‘saw few people on the raad (equal ta none} one ‘on the road [considerable nami et} {iv} No Plural of Adjectives ( Five tenuiflora) vel atge rors) [v) Double Adjective is wrong { Heismota wiser than they are.) He is much wiser than they are, CORRECT wip Some {ve sentence) any,f-eR2) There is some sugar inthe pot, ‘There is no any sugar in.the pe Is there amy person who owns a Mercedes inthe town? (vil) Superior Inferior Prefer Junior / eter / posterior / interior + to (NOT than} He is superior to mein kindness. (ull) No COMPARION ar Degree af fallowing words. Blind Unigbe, Ideal, perfect, impossible, complete, entire, universal, square, round, wrong, right, supreme, extreme, chief, full circul, dead, ewvelent, useless. (od “Comparison of same things is done, 6 x or result of this year is finer than the last year. (Faulty comparison] ‘The result of this year is finer than the result ofthe last year. (Right comparison) (x) Noun/¥+ worth + Ving [The movie is worth watehing/ | bought a house worth living) (xl) Know + how to + Verb | (He knows how to swim) (xl) Adjective + enough (The picture was beautiful enough) (xii) Enaugh + Noun (| have enough money) (ris) OldfolderJoldest { Qut of the family + with the age of things) My father is older than your father. Prahlad puri temple, situated at Qasim fortis the oldest templein Asia, The dome of the tamb of Shah Rukn e Alam is wider than that of Ta] Mahl while the former is older than the latter M Hassan Sabir =(sv) Old/elder/ eldest ( Within the same family) Jam the eldest san of my parents (evi) Far/farther/ farther (for distance) Vs Further (Moreover) The farthest you travel, the weariest you feel Have you any further question? Ali is taller than Bilal. Alig the tallest of all the boys. Aljisastall as Bilal. / Alvisastall a boy as Bilal. Allis not sotall as Bilal, / Allis not so tall aboy a5 Bilal Aliis the taller of the two, [Of the two, Als the taller, Aliis the tallest of the three. Allis taller than any other boy of the dass. Altis taller than all other boys of the class 10. Thettaller Ali grew, the stronger he became. ‘LL, The climate of Multan is hotter than the climate of Lahore, L. 2 3. a 5, 6 7 8 8 For Two Things ees ‘Neither (af the two class members was present Of the elass members was present) Each other Oreanother Either vane Both All Between “Among. ‘Second degree than The + Third degree M HassanSabi eaTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT ice] [ ] Indefinite Definite : With common singular UNSPECIFIED ‘eth common singularlural SPECIFIED ! “Talking in general ‘Talking in particular a foroce Consent sound) fbelre ome sod Exampl 1, (have bought a book, "i, Hand ever 2. This is a jug. omithe chait. 3. There isa car on the road. a ig today, . 4. Abookis towed. the station we | 1. With tural oun, b ‘Ahmad has many books) 3/2 With Uncountable Not de up of glucose) 5 ) 3 Namesof reels (1 st at 7am) = | a. Material & Abstea . { Plasticis used to make folts} Honesty is the best policy) singular noun Complement. (He isa boy. What a nice book) og and a cat were running in the street. (With common singular Unspecified Noun) ter and ahalf, One and ahha kilometer visa better poet than navelis. |MANL+ The whole class of animals/things. & horse is a faithful animal. Abooke is toread, A cars a useful invention. AfAn + adjective + Meals {We took a delicious breakfast.) ‘Ant M.A/LLB/FSe. (He is an F.Sc, student) INDEFINITE ARTICLE A/AN USAGE 11, Reference {I study ina schaol. The school is very big) 2, Uniqueness. (The earth is beautiful planet) 3, Context {The fans are not working well) M Hassan Sabir a_ TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDGAT:2 © The + Noun + of + NE ‘The nation of Pakistan_—__—_____—— + that clause ‘The idea that | conceived yesterday —_____—— ewho cause { The manwho met me at the Gourmet ——— ‘which clause | The cow which was grazing i the park ‘The universe, The cosmos, The world “The Local Group, The Milly way, The salar system ‘The sun, The earth, the maon, the sky, the elouds, the axmosphere NO THE withthe names of other planets (Saturn, lupiteretc.as they arePropi rates) Water bodies: The + (Oceans, Seas rivers, lakes, canals) The Pacific, The Ar Sea, The Indus, The Saif ul Maloak, ‘The Suez Canal 6. NOTHE with the names ef continents (Asta, Aiea, Europe) 7. No The + mountain names { K-2isthe second largest maugtainin the world) 8. The + Mountain ranges (The Himalaya s the highest Fabge in the word) §, No The +Citiesand Countries 10, Few exceptions ( The Punjab 4 the table from. Nauinchart page 26, Table 8) 11. The + directions (The west, the esst@tC)) 12. The +seasons (The winter, the surinmér eft) 13, The + phases of the day (The matting, the evening ete. M4. The + names of Allah, (Thelknowiing, the wise ete.) 15. The + holy books The Bible, The Quran, The Torah etc.) 16. The + magazing/ néwspaper/ International ‘Organization/ names of ships 17. The + titles (The Quaid-e- Azar, The president, The director etc.) 18. No thes title + Proper Name (he Quzid-¢-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The president Obarta) 49. The + human body parts (The arms, The eyes, The cheeks etc 20. The + names of centuries ( The Twentieth century, The World War one} 21. The + names of ages. (The Renaissance, The Dark Ages) 22, The + ordinal number ( The second, The tenth person etc.) 23. All+ the / Both + the (All the boys were present) (The all boys were present) 24, The+ Supertative depres ( PKis the best movie) 25, Parallel increase/decrease (The +adjll + The +adjil) Thehigher yougo, the cooler itis, The more you eat, the speedier you grow. 26, The+ adjective { adjective referring the whole class) + verb plural n Re want our attention. The ignorant are basically fools ases/ languages Gxygen is an important element for life to exist. £ my mother language ao M Hassan Sabir wewene aTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT 28, No Oke+ diseases (Hepatitis is a contagious disease. AIDS has no treatment) 29. The AIDS virus has no treatment. The hepatitis phenomenan is spreading in Pakistan, 30. No (e+sports (We play football. Cricket is a nice game. I love sauashl 3b, No The + abstract noun (Talking in general) Wisciom isa blessing. Educati helps humans. Life is a great blessing 32, The + abstract noun (Talking in Particular} The wisdom he has is finite The edueation of a woman is essential for any society The freedom of expression must not be misused, The life we spend in educational institutes enhances our sense of livelihood. : Hassan SabirTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDGAF=== Section 1 Bro Section 2 eee es PRO TZ Regular and Irregular | | Regular Iegutar Ub ft (venga ea Play played played Come come come ‘Categories: ‘Transitive & Intransitive ‘Action | users Transitive (vt) Lrten pp oad ‘Asian et Dec Oct cme eiii kool tea ls gS noes | Have PASSIVE FORM INO PASSIVE VOICE re uae VERB/assanss "STATE VERE ACTION Vers > Koos? oe Ss a Eat, dink, stay, bring, lock, AltHelping Verbs turn seem grow un ke, love, hate, . = Speak, listen Tookfeel proveappear «prefer, mind,own, agree, sound imagine, “Remain, see, taste hear, disagree, satisfy, doubtbelieve, 7q = ‘ples, mean, thin Tenner eless Unie : MY + An action still to happen MV # An action already in progress He wanted to purchase a car He enjoyed going there Agree, eat, eed rhe, appended hope, ‘flog Seem, arrange, deserve, intend lan, tend, ark eepett, "Teh resis threaten dm al moage etn a, ‘iit, fay inh, permis, aise, deny. arid appreciate, deve, pet through, practice ent, fgg heb promise, war, eae, propaie, tet te, ult, pend, cart help, enjoy imagine, ‘eco suggest, canplete, escape, mind, repon, werale Tove aga sr, al artonpe, bea, | Consider, emase, mis, cuss, egret, mention, kaze 1. Isto / amto / areto/ wasto / were He was toleaveforLahore. lam toateamplich ‘Aprons on keep an, curt lok: forward a Don't ind, object, org about, thnk about, ge rau Think oor a, interested i to +M1 (Intention + past recommendation) ‘thistask. ETRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT 2, Hasto/ Mave to / will have to-+ V! ("Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.) Examples; This answer has to be correct. CERTAINTY The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. NECESSITY They have to leave early. OBLIGATION: 3. Going to / About to / used to + Vi {It is about ta rain/ He used to smoke/ The program is going to start) . Exception for ‘used to, be + used to ¢ Ving (He is used to smoking) (He used tc smoke) 5. Would ather+¥1 (Iwould rather deve the car) Walid Cevtlen ee oto yn 20" he dom Had better + Vi { You had better check the sehedule,} Can't help but (1 can’t help but wonder) 8. Can'thelp + Ving {You can't help sling) e 5. Look forward to-+ Ving (We look forward to seeing you at 9:00 a.m} 3 10. He never has and never will take such bold steps, INCORRECT 7 ‘LL. He has never taken and will never take such bold steps. CORRECT 112, Dynamic Verb is followed by Dyniamic Preposition. Infinta On f ante: (Theres a book on the table) (iplctd aoa rae heat Write five sentences in English, Translate five sentences inte English 1, | want that you should meet him, INCORRECT 14. want you to meet him. CORRECT 415. Following verbs are NOT followed by ary pr@paatlon espexily ‘To. —>-e'Yy i aclide vated Request, love , hate, tll, question, i comible, attack, abey, ask, order, te iro HEV Bemronce Le jmiadeds, Gel ve. ec ene at ‘ sroga Nite Senteu ees Ye Moree {Inversion means putting the ver before the subject tis @lterary technique in which the . —_hofmal order of word is reversed, generally far emphasisor special effect. ttmakes a sentence i sound striking orenusuel, It 1sa sounds quite formal. Sentences with iesif ae less common in ordinary English a sentence with no special fect 3 oremphasis, the normal order of words is retained. J Example 1: | have never seen such s beautiful rose, = Example 2 Never have seen such a beautiful rose, 2 jn example 2, inversion is used to emphasize the fact that in your whole lifetime you have not & seen such a beautiful rose. 't TL -CHMLe eh taeda sere einhy © Under no cicumstances.can we accept credit cards © Inno way can he be held responsible © Abo time did she say she would come © Not until heard my name did | believe | had won the rave. ERE ° © Round the comer came the postman. & © On the doorstep was a bunch of flowers. — EEE Eee Hassan SabirCrm ce OE EETIEEnS oe TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDGCAT ern Seldom have | seen such a beautiful view. Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment. Never had | felt so honey. it jne how dangerous it would be. eeee [aE ees Dae ec © Hotdly had | hegun to speak when I was interrupted ‘e Scorcely had we started qur meal when the phone réng. © Nosooner had | arrived than they all started to argue. 5. eee arene ly Rote us ene #. . 8 © Onlvatter the meeting did | realize the importance of the subject. © Only when the plane landed safely did he calm dewn., -@ Nat only was the car slowy it was also very uncomfortable NCTE RAM invconditional sentences we can sometimes replace the ‘if with an inversion: Had | known its difficulty level, | would nevenhave enrolled. TEE eee RS | Here comes the winner! ; 4 There goes all our money! ( Forunreal situation/ unfulfilled desire/ incomplete hope/ wish) Sentence ‘Clause 1 ‘Conjunction Clause 2 (that clause) : ‘Hesaid That Alvned went to study in the college, = He insisted That Ahmed go ta study in the college. &B $+ (demand, recommend, desire, request, insist, requir, prefer, suggest, propose, urge) that +5 4+ Vi+ Objet ‘The doctor suggested that he not smoke, As bed heh a Sa | recommended that the vote be secret ballot, eeu {t isessential that you be honest, eS) catch ‘t's important that he be cured Fin Seteutah Mmbecahie imo esac ee M HassaMBbirTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT ms [ee er: | ae tek male Have Get Kelp Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen, nother words, when | have something done for me | cause it to happen, In other words, | da not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me. This isthe sense of causative verbs. ‘The English verbs let, make, have, get, and help are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen Example: My hair was cut. (Passive) Vhad my hair cut. (Causative) LET » PERSON/THING + VERB z (eave form) en eo cere fomreaaanrer MAKE + PERSON + VERB (base for 0 eee ———— a HAVE» THING + VERS (1) = Geren | Subject + Get THs + vers (| cine nme geen PR en S : HELPING VERBS ‘Modals (AV= always Vi) {wnt | shat |__wovid a. Request bs the Second form of wil nd shill «Probability, Presuppoition «Weald that (An sapnary situation) | snout aie ‘Suggestion [Must Religious Obligation) [cought a tstorl olgaton} Nay! might aPermission — 4.Pray Possibility e. Doubt e.Wish | —cang cout a.Ablity th Capacty Hassan Sabir oeia The active and passive quality ofthe sentence depends upon the rale of doer wi the sentence. The sentence would be active f the following two qualities appear, 4). Active Voice means that ‘the Boer is active’, and the doer (at any place} cannot be kickes out of the sentence. b). Doermay come in the start and essentially becomes the subject of the sentence. Alien fast during the annual sportsin the ground. (Think of removing ‘All from this sentence) During the years, Pakistan has struggled for peace in Asia (Think of removing. , ‘Pakistan’ from this sentence) In active voice you cannot get rid oF the doer. { For the easy understanding of the students following five steps are imaortant ME rnin ‘The function of a ‘tense! is to tell us the TIME of action. {and the nomenclature of tenses} Time (3 phases) ‘We have four aspects ofthe verb or each timaphse. Aspect: Bani T 1 [ Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous In active voice we have twelve tenses. (1 Time phase + 1 Aspect) 3 _ PRESENT PAST FUTURE Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect it Pei in Present Perfect Continuous | | Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous|. TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT cxsm At \, To cram the Sentence Structure of each tense (far grammatical evaluations) ji, To conwert his ideas inta English (for compasition) i j. Indirect Method (Thought into Urduinte English) ii, Direct Method (Thought into English} Language Learner (you) — Died Target Language (English) ST ‘Mather Language (ML) : Identification (the action you want te tallt about resembles to “~ il Me ii, ture SV OO To fulfil rere otc ash wath af | seams Form rai went > sie ae rare Gove 7S fot resent Pie) Gong (Da, Has) (ue, wot de) ‘Youare to learn ileschig which HV and what farm of the verb is tobe used. in sone age ‘change the form, In some you'put only HY, Insame yu make ath the changes ii, igen identifying and knowing the SS, do the conversion either; a). Thought into English (Direct) ‘\D). Urdu into English {Indirect (EDEN oinacton niet Sas Ueuiia Ninn nagtiiats Thy east pts orl He eka the publica nati. Doer +. “+ not + Verb 1st + Obj, E| Aegan 1 do not learn my lesson. She does not inspire the spectators. 3 | Bal does +S ver Sst Dy rs INTERROGATIVE | nes my hai look good? M Hassan SabirTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT Lay tm Reccnts (The action being continue with the present re “Ving “Ob, POSITIVE ‘te eitan , ikiseaining outside, hegarive Doe Bland nat + Wg ¥ OB, This man isnot creating problems for us. 3 wmtearocarwe | amlate doers Ving + b+? Gan Re Veeck POSITIVE The countrymen have haves the ngs. _ Door ka avet ants Vd 00) 1 + doer+ ands Obj #7 3 | INTERROGATIVE | 155 he achieved his goa! NEGATIVE a POSITIVE “Has! Rave aa ab ana or + Time Period +? Have the cricketers been playing a test match since Monday? thee hem panied A FSi Inn in Lond Den ds eh — INTERROGATIVE bd they investigate the matter? M HassdiBabirTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT (The action was continue somewhere in the past) Sara leaais SENTENCE STRUCTURE WITH EXAMPLE | | posinve Goel ay weet oe 2 (tisraining outside. 7! een Over + was? meres not + Ving+ Obj. | The administration was pursuing its annual goals. T's | avressocarwe | MasCoare doer + Ving» O57? +) Ne | Were he people abrogating law? (The action completed in the past} Cag ang: SENTENCE STRUCTURE WITH EXAMPL* POSITIVE Doe hada oa Om 2 | NEGATIVE a ERROGATIVE, Perfect Contintious) “ POSITIVE iin hultan since 1988. Ob] + sincelfar+ Time Period. — NEGATIVE fa not been shoving interest n pos fr many decades, een Maes COT @ since/for + Time Period + ? Nae the camel been eating debris ince night? {No clue whether the action would happen near in the future or far in the future) Eile Fre niaitaalh (2 Gata esaniariiaiuriaclipls POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE Will yau return to home in an hour? HaSsan Sabir =aTRIC se Cr Toor + wil/shalebe +ving +05) rogressing leaps and bounds. NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE ‘oer + wilf shall have Vard+ Ob) Pokistan wil have developed into g benchmark fot : Doer + wil shall 3rd Ob | ESE ‘The concept of harmony will have brought t together. Willf shall + doer + have +Vard> Obj = 3 | INTERROGATIVE | shalt ave completed my due task OReTe? - 7 7; | ‘ jwill not have been exercising so hard. INTERROGATIVE fil shall + haves doer *been # Ving+ Obj + since/for + TP+? ws vill yau have been waiting for more than two haurs when her plane ‘ finally arrives? How long will you have been studying when you graduate? FOR used with the point in time: wl Clock time: 9-00 p.m., 7°O clock, Quarter taten, ete. Phases of a day: morning, evening, noon, night, etc, Days of a week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc, Months of a year: June, buly, August, ete. Years of a century: 1995 A.D, 2005 C.E, 1438 A.H, 10000 B.C, etc. Definite century or age: ‘5th century, 20th century, The Renaissance For: used with the period intime. For Shaurs For mary days For seven months etc,, etc,TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT ‘My very dear First year students of the whole country! These two pages have been added especially for you to achieve five out of five marks of tense evaluation MCQs in the Objective paper. inall the board-exams of Intermediate Part 1 in Pakistan, nothing comes beyond these 17 rules. Prepare them well under the kind guidance of your teacher. Whenever you see 'f in a sentence get conscious and consider the following rules (I to S]: if + Present Indefinite, + Future Indefinite wll shall + VL} ‘Phe runs fast, he will win the race, | shall not come if it rains. epebenet cn! f+ Past indefinite, + Future indefinite (would +1) {if he-ran fast, he would win the rece. it + Past Perfect, + Future Perfect (would have + V3) O ithe hadlrun fst, he would have won. ero conditional is ‘of the condition is always True IF Present Tense, + Present indefinite Ifyou put iron inthe a, i if unemploymentis ta.stay in thelr present obs, a id help the poor. Sigil seldom visits the doctor. [go to theatre quite often. lah hee rai Slow ard steady wins therace. ‘The sun rises in the east. Bilal studies with the help of his brother. ‘He has not completed his assignment yet. ‘Ihave not reached the station yet. Hassan Sabir za(Aas TR eae ee He came to meet me yesterday. Last year he completed his graduation. | visited ths place ten years age. He died two days ago. 4 Ouest flowed by 'sHOUldre Work ha lest you should fail / Walk slowly lest you should tremble. TNCs Tae wn ec He has been ill for two weeks. Thay had been ploughing in the field sinee Monday Gan ee ET He will come to my village next month. He will return to his native after two years. DON'T USE: Will, Shall, Can, May with past Example: He ploughed the field so that he may He ploughed the field so that he, {considered that he can bring a1; No sooner + pest indefinite + than + past indefinite No sooner did | reach the:station than the train arrived, No sooner did we hear the noise than we rushed to the spot. Formula 2: No sooner+ past perfect + than + past indefinite Example; ——_‘NMosooner had | reached the station than the train arrived. No sooner had we heard the noise than we rushed to the spot. Aliwill have completed his task till Monday. 4 shall have finalized roy mission by the time you return,TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT belle NV ‘The sentence would he passive if the fallowing twro qualities appear, . Passive volte means that 'the Boer is;passive’, and thedner (st any place) can bekicked ‘out of the sentence. b, ‘The receiver af the action’ preferably becomes the subject of the passive waice sentence: & Dagr may come in the end and essentially becomes the prepositional abject. Example 1: Al played a cricket match during the annual sports inthe ground. The sentence is Active because you don't find any ofthe three qualiies elven above. Example 2: Acrieket match was played by Ali during the annual sports in the a ) The sentence is Passive because so lo eee er sb ad Example 3: Accricket match was played during the annual sports inith ground, 5 EH] Removing the doer from the sentence pravi ibility to hide the doer in sa many cases of daily language on are isthe reason for ‘the existence af passive voice. al Example: He stole my purse. Example 5: Mypurse was stolen, se The wee oth the sentence Gum hs no n verb which helps you identify the voice. Exai Sie ‘goes to school by bus. ‘Active Voice Present indefinite / doer in thestart/ ‘by’ as.an eye catcher a “)y Beample 2: The dog was kicked by a stranger, * RUTEELEEUEA Passive Voice Past Indefinite the receiver ofthe actions the subject ofthis sentence. Here ‘Was’ is followed by the third form, in Active Voice we know ‘was’ is followed by the present participle Verb Forth farm. Example 3: On the grass was turning a grasshopper. Eff Active Voice Past continuous (even though the doer isin the end). 's only the ver which identifies the sentence as AV or PY, Hassan SabirNATIONAL NMdcat preacher @nmdcatpreacher 3.12K subscribers 675 videos [race] Seem USM) AT org of ROR Mon RMT Mairi) <0 nv Manage videos ih a RTS PLAYLISTS COMMUNITY eA SS) Federal & Punjab Federal book line chem mcgs discussion. avira Book line atomic structure Physics full course meqs discussion. Liat) [e9 Bio full course. Mcqs discussion. fave Updated 3 days ago Kp book line physics mcqs WORK & ENERGY discussion. KP BOOK LINE ae MCQS DISCUSSION at)identify the object of the AV sentence "oughta book, (Object = @ book) Objects always 2 ROW or Pronoun ie a noun phrase Example 2: He has generated a new philosoP! Jy (Object = 4 new philosophy) Bring that object {the receiver of the act jon} in the start (In PY sentence this noun, phrase will become the new subject) Example 1; A book was bought by me. 4 Example 2: Anew obilosophy hes been created by him. ‘Apply sultable form of "be (be,is, am, are, was, were, been) ‘Apply Verb 3rd form “3 ‘Add preposition 'by'or'with('by' for the doee/ ‘with’ for instrument) Example: A dog was beaten by him. ‘A dog was beaten with 2 stick ‘Add the objective case of the doer Example 1: He kills a snake. (Daer + verb + obj) HanEES 1, Objoof the AV= Asnake 2. HVeis 3. Verb 3rd form = killed 4, Preposition= by 5. Agent/ daer= him Ashake is killed by him. {Receiver of the action + hy + Vill + by + doer} He killed a snake. (Doer + verb + obj) Example 2: ‘Obj of the AV = The snake HV= was Verb 3rd form = killed Preposition= by Agent/ doer= him yawn A shake was killed by him. (Receiver of the action + hv + Vill + by + doer) From the above examples itis eleer that four out of five changes are constant while a student needs to focus on only one change which is change No. 2 addition of Helping Verb as basie condition of PV. The selection of HV in PV depends upon the tense ofthe A, so one musttake it accaunt the tense of AV in first look The below given table corralates the AV with its PY. M HassanManiestel (as TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT PASSIVE VOICE 2] mrinoerne | itpemybrsontette | Helse ton re 3 | PRESENT conTINUOUS cena Be O8 ganas 5 | PRESENT PenFecT aa Cee ‘ 7. | FUTURE INDEFINITE Sarena ae # rrjesrer acid | FUTURE PERFECT . dl Se ee (ME ESaNTEL Bert Wi aal fT {would { should ean f could f may / ight / must + be + Vingt Obj, ill shet#/ would / should fan f could / may / might / must) he damaging for us. 3 (REESE (sthane vas) aa ae TH fea oa at Ne a va imple ; You (will -sheH/ would / should /'can / could / may / might / must) have arrested him. Uae eee nae rials + if: + Vein Doer-+will/ shall would should J can f could / may / might / must + have + been + V-ing+ Obj Example: Ash (will / would / should / could ¢ may / might / must) have been earning a lot. ‘M Hassan Sabir a :TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDGAPF rr, i ee TEES 1 (Mais + be + 3rd te bes Vande by +doer. Sub-+ wl shalt J woud / shoul can /eould/ may Bh! | Ted by me it Example: You (wil hal / would / should / ean f could f may / Hh as my friend, 2 (Modals + have + been + V3ed) it/must+ have + been + 3edeby #doer ‘Sub +will/ shall / would Jshould fean feould /may / rie! we bs ted Example : He (will shale / would should f can / could /riay / might / must) have been atest by you, REQUEST. coMMaND ADVICE pen the door please. Bring.aglass af water forme Offer * prayers English imperative alnays tart with Verb 1st fri . + obj +be + V 3rd form: Let the door be opened. Vast form + Object, Kindly manage your time. Write five sentences in English, Den't forget my invitation Don't smoke. Eat your meals Let a glass of water be brought for me. Let the prayers be offered by you. Let my invitation not be forgotten. Method 2: + the +V3rd + doer) The dear should be opened by you, Aglass of water should be braught for me. The prayers should be offered by you. My invitation should not be forgotten, Address the blunders you mace. Don't spoil your fife in loitering Play outside the roam. Don'timisguide your friends, | "Make your career; achieve your goals. CE ‘Transitive verbs are the verbs that require an abject. A transitive ‘verb expresses an action that someone or something does to something or someane, ‘They alone can't clear the meaning unless the object is attached. In. AV to PV transformation, earlier ‘mentioned STEP No, 2 clarifies the importance of transitive verb as it bears an abject, Example 1: He bought a new book from the bazar (AV) A new book was bought by him from the baat (BY) M HasggmSabirTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT eae ive (ut] + obj + Adverbial (AV Construction) e verb ‘buy’ needs an object because ‘ying’ isan action which requires Something tobe bought. Example 2: He ran fast in the Bround (Av) (NO PV) EERETEESEEREII oer + vers iniansve (vt + Adverbil Tre verb ran requires no object; whatever comes ahead would be an adverbial ‘Your can't say ‘running isan action which needs something to be run’. Example 3: He runs. factory, (AY Afoctory is run by him. (PU) FEISS oer + Verh transitive (ths obje adverbial [AV Construction) {mn this context, the verb: run’ requires an object. You can say"fafining Ban action which needs samething to be run’. The verbs that can be transitive und intransitive are called ‘Ambitransitive’ > + Example 4: He flies 3 kite on the raof of his hause. Altes towr bytoven terete EEEAIEEY| Ooer + Verb transitive (ut) + obj + Adverbial (AWiCanstruction} The verb ly’ requires an object, You én say 'fiying is an action which needs something to be flovm’ % Example 5: The birds fy inthe aie (AV) 5 wor ein aeNDoer + Verb intransit LwAdverbial [A\! Construction) In this context, the yerb iy’ requires NO object. You can’t say lying is an action ‘which needs something to be flown’, Sothe ambitransitive verbs depend upon $-V relation fortheinut and wl nature. Example 6: Aliwrites in a beautiful manner. (AV) Something is written byy Aliin a beautiful manner: (PV) oer + Verb transitive ft} +ab}+ Adverbial (AV Canstruetion} The verb 'writeis by default a transitive verb, soit requires an object. You ean ‘say writings an action which needs something to he written’. ‘Someone OR something’ is used as the subject of PV sentence: The same is the case with PV 40 AV Wansformation. Example 7: My purse was stolen. (PV- Past indefinite) Someone stole my purse. (AV- Past Indefinite} Receiver of the action +HV + Verb transitive (v.} +-by-+-daes, (FV Construction) In PV to AV transformation you néed the doer inthe star, In this case of unavailability ofthe doer ‘someone OR something’ would be used as the subject of AV sentence. Miassarsaap———<=i—sOCO~—~—~—CTRICKS AND HINTS FORMDGAT_ SS ey ‘ADitransitve Verbs one that takes both adlrect object and aniniect object. Example 8: He gave her the letter, /He gave the letter to her/AV) The letter was given ta har by i. She was given a fetter By Bim. (PV) TSEDEEEEGTIER the tetor ic the dvect object (00); what he Rave “her is the indirect object (10); the person he gave it to. in AY TO py transformation it's all a matter of preference. Any of the two objects can become ‘the subject of the PV sentence EES Change the voice popes (i) Amassing wealth oft ruins health Ml) He preferred playing football to studying his lesson. (ill thank thee, Ahmad, far teaching me that word. (iv) He broke the rules without any intensian of doing 50 _ WW) He was unlucky and therefore met with a bad gecident of the eve of his examination, (A) Change the voice, So, one evening when | heard fire engineswith loud alarm bells rushing past my house, I quickly ran ‘Out and, few streets away joined a large rove of people; but we could see the fire only from a distance because the police was notallowing anyone to go near the building (B) Change the vaice Employees will be given five working days ta respond to the new contract. After that period, the contract will be signed afd submitted far ratification. Because of this brief timeframe, no company: wide discussion willbe held. itis hoped by us that the need for swift ratification of the contract and swift return towork is understood by all empplayees, The cooperation of that person is greatly appreciated by us, M Haggp SbTRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT re Sivingan account of something saig The words of a speoker are conveyed unchanged: 1, He said, “am il today." 2. Abmad said to me, "Will you visit me this evening?” The unchanged utterance becames.a uototian, hence quotation marks ore pus. But in dialogue format quotation marks ate not used: Ali: enill today, Bilal; Did you take your medicine? All: lam not health conscious, Replacement = v * quotation markslby 2 Conjunction © Change ‘of Pronoun The narrator narrates fronr his awn fh perspective and mokes four significant ‘changes. 7 1 He said that he wasill that ay) 2. Ahmed inquired ret ‘that evening. Nosuoation mars aeuse Alisaid, pagent that day, her he had taken his medicine the was net health conscious. prow" ee 4) ~ Change No.1 and 2 are permanent. They are to be considered far each conversion fram Direct into Indirect Narration, b) Change Na, 3 and 4 are not permanent. They are tobe incorporated only when the tense of ‘the reporting clause belongs to ‘past’, ‘Example 1: Astam says to me, “Zoya will op the class examn this year” (DIRECT) Aslam gays to me that Zoya will top the class exam this year. (INDIRECT) Example 2: ‘Aslam said to me, “Zoya will top the class exam this year” (DIRECT) Astam said to me that Zoya would top the class exam that year. (INDIRECT) M Hassan Sabir _zal. RICKS AND HINTS FOR MDGAL...... Jnl ee ey on PET Les Quotation marks are the symbol of difference bel there in indirect speech as the narrator changes the words of the utterance, Merely the:additinn, Of a single word in the Direct speech ullifies its claim of quotation. Hence on Fa gl uotation marks are removed. To fil this gap between two clauses we need 2conjunction, We have four choices far this addition of conjunction Thwoen Birect and indirect speech. They can't he () That (for assertive/ exclamatory and optative) (i) Ta (far imperatives) (iil) If / whether (for interragatives starting with HV) (iv) No Conjunction (for interrogatives starting with WH-family) For the right adjustment of the canjunetionwe must kaw: {a} The five functional types of a sentence, (b)Towhich functional type the sentence within the quotation marks (reported speech) belongs. ‘HEWil Hee likes mangoes. ae mae aoe e Aplay football / She may read this book. » Aseeenmes —[ a 2. Imperative Sentences { Requost! advice/ Command) (V Ast form + Object + Adverbial) Example: ie ieaceful life. Bon't interfere in others life. Starting | Are you going ta Peshawar? with HV Will he join us? / Oid he write a letter? aes ai 3, Interrogatives: - —— Starting with) What are you daing here? When did you come? (WH-family | Who has offered his prayers? How are you? 4. Exclamatory Sentences: (Sentences showing feelings; happiness/ sorrow/ surprise ete] Example: What a huge building! How superbly he played the ball on the log side! 5. Optative Sentences: {Pray / Curse) Example: May yau pass in your exam! Go to hell! May you live long! MH:7 TRICKS AND HINTS FOR MDCAT ‘That! as a.conjunction: (tn Assertive/ Exclamatory and Optative sentences) Example 1: Akram said to me, "You have blue eyes” DIRECT ‘Akram told me that had blue eyes. INDIRECT ns ‘The sentence within the commas (reported clause] is assertive; therefore, in indirect speech ‘that has been wied as conjunction. Example 2: Theysaid tous, “We.canaot reach on time.” (Assertive Reported Clouse They told us that they couldn't reach oa time. (Conjunction 'that') Note: There is nadifference in the meanings of "told* and “said” but there is differance tmthe usage; "said is used with of without object and "told" needs an abject. | “Said” needs "to" with an object and “told” doesn't need “to” Example 3: Akram said, "What a nice picture!” (Exclamatory Reported lause) ‘Akram exclaimed with surprise that the pictures very nice. (Con)= Example 4: We said to him, *May-youlive lona"(Optatieeported Clause} ‘We prayed for him that he might live bong. {Conjunction ‘that’) (ii). “To! aseoniunetion: (in imperatives) Example 1: They said to us, “Go into thettlass." linperstive Reported Clause} ‘They advised us to golntathe class: ~ — (Conjunction="to') ‘that'} ‘The father said, “Werkliai,. my san!" (Imperative Reported Clause) The fether ordéted hissaf to work hard, (Conjunetion = to!) Example 3: The policemensaid to the passenger “Don't smoke."(Imperative) Example 2: ‘Thommaliceman forbade thecitizen to smoke. (Conjunction = to!) (ii). “Whether / ifs coniunctions: {in interroratives starting with a HV) Hesaid to you, “Ane you each?" \Inerragative starting witha HV) Example 1! He asked you whether you were ready. (Conjunction ‘whether’ Exartiple. 2; The teacher said, “Did all the studdents go on the trip?*(?ve starting with a HM!) ‘The teacher inquired ifal the students had gone on the trip. (Conjunction = 'if) We said to him, “Can he cross the ocean without us?”[?ve starting with a HV) Example 3: We questioned him ihe could cross the acean without us. (Conjunction =i") (vk. ‘io Conjunetion{in nterrozatives starting with WH family) Whe familyInterogative sentences in Reported speech takes Ra conjunction asthe Wh-fary word maintains its position and performs the role of» eanjunction ise He sold to me, ‘Why are you so busy? (Interragative starting with Wh-farily) tHe asked me why | was so busy. (Na Conjunction added) “the water sad, “Hove many bos submitted the paper"(?e starting with Wham) “The teacher asked how many boys had subrnittes the paper.(No Conjunction added) Maassarsasp———”—~CS~Cti‘ 5+ HV + V+ Obj. Example 2; She seid to her brother "Whatare you looking for?” DIRECT She questioned hetbrother whathe was lookingfor. INDIRECT Exclamatory Sentences: Example 1; ‘They said, “What a wonderful painting!” They exclaimed with surprise that the painting was very wonderful. You did two things with this sentence: @)). The main verb of the reporting clause ‘said’ has been changed into ‘exclaimed’ because ‘the sentence inside commas is an exclamation. Further it's cleared whether the ‘exclamation is due to happiness, sorraw or surprise, 1b) The structure ofthe reported cause has been transformed from exclamatoryinta assert. Convert: “Whfamily + 8 noun phrase?" § + HV + V+ Obj All the words showing exclamation are remaved. The biggest exclamation comes from \Wh-family words, so they are replaced by the conjunction ‘that’. Erample 1: The mather said to me, "May you lve longt” ‘The mother prayed that | might live long. You did two things with this sentence: 8) The main verb ofthe reporting clause sie? has been changed into ‘prayed’ beceus? ‘he sentence inside commas i an optatne M Hassap- Seba?