STATISTICAL BIOLOGY Based on the Stem-Leaf Plot:

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (DISCUSSION) Minimum: 9

Prof. Mark Anthony Soriano Maximum: 50
Range: 41
OUTLINE Count (n): 40
• Stem and Leaf Design/Plot
• Steps on Making a Frequency Distribution Table (FDT) STEPS ON MAKING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
• Determining the Range TABLE
• Determining the Number of Classes (k)
• Determining the Class size/width (i)
• Determining the Class interval 1. Determining the Range
• Determining the Class Mark • Determine the range by getting the difference between the
• Determining the Class Boundary highest and lowest value in the set of data.
• Range(r) = highest value - lowest value
STEM AND LEAF DESIGN PLOT Ex: 50 (highest value) – 9 (lowest value)= 41 (range)
• A stem and leaf plot is a unique table where values of data are
split into a stem and leaf. The first digit or digits will be written in 2. Determining the Number of Classes (k)
stem and the last digit will be written in leaf. • K= 1+ 3.222log(N)
• A stem and leaf plot also called a stem and leaf diagram is a way Where N is the number of samples/data given
Ex: 1+ 3.222log (40)= 6.16 ~ 6
of organizing data into a form that makes it easy to observe the
frequency of different types of values.
Note: log in calculator has a default 10 as a base
o Stem: first digit
o Leaf: last digit 3. Determining the Class size/width (i)
• As the stem and leaf plot 𝑟
definition states, 𝑖=
𝑘
• 6 I 7 ⇒ 6 on the stem and 7
on the leaf read as 67. 41
𝑖=
• 6 I 8 ⇒ 6 on the stem and 8 6
on the leaf read as 68. 𝑖 = 6.8 ~ 7
• 9 I 0 ⇒ 9 on the stem and 0 4. Determining the Class interval
on the leaf read as 90.
• 9 I 1 ⇒ 9 on the stem and 1 Interval f rf
on the leaf read as 91. 9 - 14 1 2.5
• 9 I 8 ⇒ 9 on the stem and 8 15 - 20 3 7.5
on the leaf read as 98. 21 - 26 4 10
Note!! 27 - 32 1 2.5
Stem and Leaf Plot With Decimals 33 - 38 12 30
We can use stem and leaf plots with decimals the same way we use 39 - 44 8 20
for whole numbers. The stem and leaf plot key (" | ") helps us 45 - 50 11 27.5
understand how the data is organized on the stem and leaf plot with
decimals. For example, stem and leaf plot key 4 I 2 is 4.2. 4 on the Total 40 100
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
stem and 2 on the leaf read as 4.2. The decimal part will show on the rf (relative frequency): 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔
leaf side. 𝟏
Ex: 𝟒𝟎= 2.5
STEPS ON HOW TO MAKE A STEM & LEAF DESIGN PLOT
Step 1: Look at the data and find the number of digits. Classify them as
2 or 3 digit numbers. 5. Determining the Class Mark (midpoint)
Step 2: Fix the stem and leaf plot key. For example, 3 I 5 = 35, and 15 Midpoint ~ “x”
I 2 is 152. X- value between the Upper Limit and the Lower Limit
𝑈𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿
Step 3: Identify the first digits as stems and the last digit as leaves. Formula:
2
Step 4: Determine the range of the data, i.e. the lowest and the highest Note: For easier computation, just add the Class size (7) for the
values among the data. remaining intervals.
Step 5: Draw a vertical line. Place the stem on the left column and the
leaf on the right column. 6. Determining the Class Boundary
Step 6: List the stems in the stems column. Arrange it in ascending Example LCB UCB
order starting from the lowest to the top. 20-26 LCB= LL- 0.5 UCB= UL+0.5
Step 7: Plot the leaves in the column against the stem from lowest to 20.1-26.1 LCB= LL- 0.05 UCB= UL+0.5
the highest horizontally. 20.11-26.11 LCB= LL- 0.005 UCB= UL+0.05
PROBLEM 1:
Example: Mr. Marcelo was asked to present the performance of his
OTHER COLUMNS OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
Business Statistics class in the prelim exam. The following are the test
scores of his class:
1. Relative Frequency Column
34 42 20 50 17 9 34 43
50 18 35 43 50 23 23 35
Interval f rf
37 38 38 39 39 38 38 39
9 - 14 1 2.5
24 29 25 36 38 37 44 44
15 - 20 3 7.5
49 48 46 45 45 46 45 46
21 - 26 4 10
27 - 32 1 2.5
Stem and Leaf Plot:
33 - 38 12 30
39 - 44 8 20
Stem Leaf
45 - 50 11 27.5
0 9
1 78
Total 40 100
2 033459 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
3 445567788888999 rf (relative frequency): 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔
4 2334455566689 𝟏
Ex: 𝟒𝟎= 2.5
5 000
 Lower Class Interval Upper Class Frequency Less than Relative Relative Midpoint
Boundary Boundary Mark cumulative frequency cumulative
frequency frequency
LB Lower Upper UB (x) f <cf RF RCF x
Limit Limit

8.5 9 14 14.5 11.5 1 1 2.5% 0.025 23

0.025
14.5 15 20 20.5 17.5 3 4 7.5% 0.1 30
0.075
20.5 21 26 26.5 23.5 5 9 12.5% 0.235 37
0.125
26.5 27 32 32.5 29.5 3 12 7.5% 0.31 44
0.075
32.5 33 38 38.5 35.5 9 21 22.5% 0.535 51
.225
38.5 39 44 44.5 41.5 8 29 20.5% 0.74 58
.205
44.5 45 50 50.5 47.5 11 40 27.5% 1.0 65
.275

2. Cumulative Frequency Column

In order to obtain the cumulative frequency, you accumulate the

succeeding frequency for the next cell.

Ex:
Frequency Less than cumulative
frequency
f <cf
1 1
3 4 (1+3)
5 9 (5+4)
3 12
9 21
8 29
11 40

3. Relative Cumulative Frequency Column

In order to obtain the relative cumulative frequency, get the decimal

counterpart of the relative frequency, and use the principle of
accumulation of value to get the succeeding RCF of the next cell.
Relative frequency Relative cumulative
frequency

RF RCF
2.5% 0.025 0.025
7.5% 0.1 (0.025+0.075)
0.075
12.5% 0.235 (0.1 + 0.125)
0.125
7.5% 0.31
0.075
22.5% 0.535
.225
20.5% 0.74
.205
27.5% 1.0
.275

Note!!

 RF- What % of the distribution

 CF- How many days did the company have sales…
o (falls below—equivalent row)
o (falls above-the preceding number/value)