MTH101

GENERAL MATHEMATICS I

BASIC SCIENCES

TOTURIAL QUESTIONS AMD ANSWERS

MUHAMMAD KAMIS

2023
 Chapter 1
The set theory

A set is a collection of objects known as elements. An element can be almost anything, such as numbers,
functions, or lines. A set is a single object that can contain many elements. Think of it as a box with things
inside. The box is the set, and the things are the elements. We use uppercase letters to label sets, and elements
will usually be represented by lowercase letters. The symbol e (fashioned after the Greek letter epsilon) is used
to mean “element of,” so if A is a set and a is an element of A, write a∈A or, the more standard, a∈A. The
notation a, b ∈ A means a∈A and b∈ A. If c is not an element of A, write c ⊆ A. If A contains no elements, it is
the empty set. It is represented by the symbol ⊆. Think of the empty set as a box with no things inside.

Rosters
Since the elements are those that distinguish one set from another, one method that is used to write a set is to
list its elements and surround them with braces. This is called the roster method of writing a set, and the list is
known as a roster. The braces signify that a set has been defined. For example, the set of all integers between 1
and 10 inclusive is
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Read this as “the set containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.” The set of all integers
between 1 and 10 exclusive is

{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

If the roster is too long, use ellipses (…). When there is a pattern to the elements of the set, write down enough
members so that the pattern is clear. Then use the ellipses to represent the continuing pattern. For example, the
set of all integers inclusively between 1 and 1,000,000 can be written as

{1, 2, 3, …, 999,999, 1,000,000}.

Follow this strategy to write infinite sets as rosters. For instance, the set of even integers can be written as
{…, −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, … }.
example
● As a roster, {} denotes the empty set. Warning: Never write {∅} for the empty set. This set has one
element in it.
● A set that contains exactly one element is called a singleton. Hence, the sets {1},
{ƒ}, and {∅} are singletons written in roster form. Also, 1∈{1}, ƒ∈{ƒ}, and ∅∈{∅}.
● The set of linear functions that intersect the origin with an integer slope can be written as:
{…, −2x, −x, 0, x, 2x, …}.
(Note: Here 0 represents the function ƒ (x) = 0.)
Let A and B be sets. These are equal if they contain exactly the same elements. The notation for this is A = B. What
this means is if any element is in A, it is also in B, and conversely, if an element is in B, it is in A.

Famous Sets
Although sets can contain many different types of elements, numbers are probably the most common for mathematics.
For this reason, particular important sets of numbers have been given their own symbols.
Symbol Name
N The set of natural numbers
Z The set of integers
Q The set of rational numbers
R The set of real numbers
C The set of complex numbers
As rosters,
N = {0, 1, 2, …}
and
Z = {…, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …}.
Notice that we define the set of natural numbers to include zero and do not make a distinction between counting
numbers and whole numbers. Instead, write
Z+ = {1,2 , 3 , .. . } and
Z− = {.. .−3 ,−2 ,−1 }
 + ¿¿
Example1 (i)10 ∈ Z+ ¿,but −10 ∉Z ¿
(ii)4 ∈ N , but−5∉ N
(iii)−5 ∈ Z−¿, but 0.65 ∉Z ¿
(iv) π ∉ R , but 3−2i∈ C
Set Operations
We now use connectives to define the set operations. These allow us to build new sets from given ones. Union and
Intersection. The first set operation is defined using the v connective.

Definition 1 The union of A and B is

A ∪B=¿ {x: x ϵ A v x ϵ B}.
U

A B

(i) A ∪ B
The union of sets can be viewed as the combination of all elements from the sets. On the other hand, the next set
operation is defined with and can be considered as the overlap between the given sets.

Definition 2 The intersection of A and B is

A ∩ B = {x: x ϵ A x ϵ B}.
U

A B

(b ) A ∩ B
Example if A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, then
A∪B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A∩B = {3, 4}.
Disjoint sets

Definition 3: The sets A and B are disjoint or mutually exclusive when A∩B = ∅. The sets {1, 2, 3} and {6, 7} are
disjoint. A Venn diagram for two disjoint sets is given in Figure 3.

Figure 3 A Venn diagram for disjoint sets.

Set Difference
The next two set operations take all of the elements of one set that are not in another. They are defined using the not
connective.
Definition.4: The set difference of B from A is A \ B = {x: x ∈ A, x∉B}.

A B
 A∖B

The complement of A is defined as A' = U \ A = {x: x∪U x∉A}.

Read A \ B as “A minus B” or “A without B.” See Figure below for the Venn diagram of the set difference of sets.

'
A

Example1
Let U = {1, 2, …, 10}. Use a Venn diagram to find the results of the set operations on A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B =
{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. Each element will be represented as a point and labeled with a number.

3 6
A B
4
7
1 5
2 8
9 10

• A ∪B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

• A ∩ B = {3, 4, 5}

• A \ B = {1, 2}

• A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Sets Within Sets

An important relation between any two sets is when one is contained within another.
Subsets
Let A and B be sets. A is a subset of B exactly when every element of A is also an element of B, in symbols A ⊆
B. This is represented in a Venn diagram by the circle for A being within the circle for B.

Definition 1: For all sets A and B,

A ⊆ B⟺ ∀ x (x∈A → x∈B).
If A is not a subset of B, write A ¢ B. This is represented in a Venn diagram by A
overlapping B with a point in A but not within B. Logically, this means

A∉B⟺ ¬ ∀ x (x∈A → x∈B) ⟺ ∃x (x∈A∧x∉B).

Thus, to show A∉B find an element in A that is not in B. For example, if we let
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 5}, then A∉B because 3∈A but 3∉B.

U U
B
A A B

a
 (a) A⊆B (b) A⊈ B

Examples:
a. {1, 2, 3} ⊂ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and {1, 2, 3} ⊆ {1, 2, 3}
b. N⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C
c. (4, 5) ⊂ (4, 5] ⊂ [4, 5]
d. {1, 2, 3} is not a subset of {1, 2, 4}.

Identifying Region

Simple region

a∧c is a combination of two simple region it is (a ∩ B' )∪( A ' ∩ B)

Note:
 ( A ∩ B' ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A' ∩ B ) =( A ∪ B)
n ( A ∩ B ) +n ( A ∩B )+ n ( A ∩ B ) =n( A ∪ B)
' '


3-set region
Identifying region p , q∧r

Example1
(a) if ξ= { x : x ∈ Z 0≤ x ≤ 10 } , A={ x : x ≤ is a prime number }∧B{ x : x is a factor of 12 }
Find ( i ) n( A ∪ B) ( ii ) n( A ∩ B) ( iii ) n ( A ' ) ( v ) n( B' )
Sol: ξ={0,1 ,2,3 , 4,5 , 6,7 , 8,9 , 10 }, n ( ξ )=11
'
A={2,3 , 5,7 } n ( A ) =4 A ={0,1 , 4,6 , 8,9 ,10 }
B={1,2, 3,4 , 6 } n ( B )=5 B' ={0,5 , 7,8 , 9,10 }
( A ∪B )={1,2 , 3,4 , 5,6 , 7 } A ∩ B={2,3}
( i ) n ( A ∪ B )=7 ( ii ) n( A ∩ B)=2 ( iii ) n ( A ¿¿ ')=7 ¿ ( iv ) n( B¿¿ ' )=6 ¿

Exercise a) if ⋃={ x : x ∈ z , 1 ≤ x ≤15 }, A={x : xis an odd numbers }, B={ x : x a square number }
 b) if ⋃={a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h ,i }, A={c , a , b , g , e } and B={c , g , a , e }.
Find ( i ) n(A ∪ B) ( ii ) n( A ∩ B) ( iii ) n ( A ' ) ( iv ) n(B' ) ( v ) n( A ' ∩ B' )

Example2 (a) if n ( ∪ ) =30 , n ( A )=16 , n ( B )=15∧n ( A ' ∩ B' )=5.

a) Draw a Venn diagram showing these information’s.
b) Find ( i ) n(A ¿¿ ' )¿ ( ii ) n ( A ∪B ) ( iii ) n (A ∪ B)' .
Sol: the Venn diagram has four sections

p+5=n( A) 5+q=n (B)

p+5=16 5+q=15
p=16−5 q=15−5
p=11 q=10
p+5+q +r=n(U )
11+5+10+r =30
26+ r=30
r =30−26
r =4 .
Now
(i) n( A ¿¿ ')=n( q)∩ n(r )¿
n( A ¿¿ ')=10+ 4 ¿
n( A ¿¿ ')=14 ¿
( ii ) n ( A ∪B ) =n( A)+n ( A ∩ B ) +n(B)
¿ 11+5+10
n ( A ∪ B )=26
( iii ) n ( A ∪ B )' =n ( r )
'
n( A ∪ B) =4
Exampl2 there are 30 students in a class. Of these, 15 takes mathematics,18 takes physics and 5 takes neither of these
subjects. How many students take both subjects.
Sol: let U ={student ∈all subjects }
H= { students whotakes Mathematics }
G={students who takes physics }

n ( U )=30 ,n ( H )=15 ,n ( G )=18∧n ( H ∩ G ) =5. We want to find n( H ∩G)

' '

The Venn diagram represent the information;

b+ c=n ( H ) c +d=n (G )
b+ c=15 c +d=18
a+ b+c +d=n(U )
a+ ( b+c ) +d=30
5+15+ d=30 since a=5
20+ d=30
b+ c=15 d=10 c +d=18
b+ 8=15 c +10=18
b=7 c=8
n ( M ∩ P )=c=8
Exercise (i) n ( U )=24 , n ( A ) =14 , n ( A ∩ B )=9 and n ¿
(ii) in a class of 25 students, 8 are taking physics are 15 are taking biology. 6 students take both subjects.
How many students takes neither subject?
Chapter2
Law of indices
 a m × an=am +n. . . . . . . . . . law1
 a m ÷ a n=a m−n. . . . . . . . . . law2
m n m× n
 a ¿ ¿ =a . . . . . . . . . . . law3
0
 a =1 . . . . . . . . . . . law4
−m 1
 a = m . . . . . . . . . . law5
a
1
 a n=n a. . . . . . . . . . law6
√
m
 a n = n am . . . . . . . . . . law7
√
( ) ( ) ( )
2 −3 −3
64 3 81 2 32 2
Example1 simplify (i) (ii) (iii)
125 49 243
(i) (
125 ) ( )
2 −3
64 3 81 2
Sol: Sol: (iii)
49
1
¿
¿(
5 × 5× 5 )
2
4×4×4
( )
3 3
81 2
49
1
( )
43
2 ¿

( )
3
¿ 3 3
92 2
5
72

()
3 2
1
43 ¿
¿
5
3
3 7 ()
9 3

() 73 343
2
4
¿ ¿ =
5 93 729
16
¿
25
Example2 simplify the following expression (i) 6252 x+3 × 1252 x−2
2 x+3 2 x−2
Sol: 625 × 125
54 (2 x+3 ) × 53(2 x−2)
8 x+12 6 x−6
5 ×5
8 x+6 x +12−6
5
514 x+6
Example3 solve for x ( i ) 16−3 x−1=64 2 x+2
Sol: 16−3 x−1=64 2 x+2
2 (−3 x−1) 3 (2 x+2)
4 =4
−6 x−2 6 x +6
4 =4
−6 x−2=6 x+ 6
8 2
12 x=¿8 ⇒ x= =
12 3
2 x+2 3 x+2 −3 x+1
(ii) 25 =625 (iii)125 =25 .
3 3
4 × 125 p q
Example4 solve and expressing ( i ) 3 2
=2 5 .
25 ×16
4 3 × 1253
Sol: 3 2
=2 p 5 q .
25 ×16
 2 ×3 3 ×3
2 ×5 p q
2 ×3 4×2
=2 5 .
5 ×2
6 9
2 ×5
6 8
=2 p 5 q .
5 ×2
6 8 9 6 p q
2 ÷2 ×5 ÷ 5 =2 5
6−8 9−6 p q
2 ×5 =2 5
2−2 ×53 =2 p 5 q ⇒ p=−2∧q=3
3−2 x 2−3 x
( ii ) 64 2 x +3 ÷812 x+5 =2 p 3q .
9 ×4
3−2 x 2−3 x
64 ÷ 81 p q
Sol: 2 x+3 2 x+5
=2 3 .
9 ×4
6(3−2 x) 4 (2−3 x)
2 ÷3
2(2 x+ 3) 2(2 x+5 )
=2 p 3 q .
3 ×2
18−12 x 8−12 x
2 ÷3 p q
4 x+6 4 x+10
=2 3 .
3 ×2
218−12 x p q
4 x+10 4 x+6 8−12 x
=2 3 .
2 ×3 ×3
18−12 x
2 p q
4 x+10 4 x+6+8−12 x
=2 3 .
2 ×3
218−12 x p q
4 x+10 −8 x +14
=2 3 .
2 ×3
218−12 x ÷ 24 x +10 p q
=2 3 .
3−8 x+14
218−12 x−(4 x+ 10) p q
=2 3 .
3−8 x+14
18−10−12 x−4 x 8−16 x
2 2
−8 x +14
=2 p 3q . −8 x+14
=2 p 3 q .
3 3
2
8−16 x
×3
8 x−14
⇒ p=8−16 x∧q=8 x −14
Chapter3
Surd: surd is just a root that is irrational example √ 2 , √ 3 , √ 5 , √ 7 , √ 11 , . ..
Rule of Surd
 √ a × √ b=√ a ×b . . . . . . product rule
√a = a.

√b b √ . .

 a √ c +b √ c=(a+b) √ c . .
.

.
.

.
.

.
. division rule

distributive 1
 a √ b+ a √ c=a( √ b+ √ c). . . . . distributive2
Example1 simplify (i) √ 192 ( ii √ 24− √ 486 (iii)√ 405−2 √ 180
)

Sol: (i) √ 192 sol: (ii) √ 24−√ 486=√ 64 ×3

¿ 8 × √3 ¿ √ 4 × 6− √81 ×6
¿ 2 √6−9 √ 6
¿8 √3 ¿−7 √ 6
Sol: (iii) √ 405−2 √180
¿ √ 81× 5−2 √ 36 ×5
 ¿ √ 81× √ 5−2 √ 36× √ 5
¿ 9 × √ 5−6 ×2 √5
¿ 9 √ 5−12 √ 6
¿−3 √ 6
Mixed surd
(a) ( 2+3 √ 2 )( 1+ √ 2 ) =2+3 √2+2 √ 3+ √ 6
(b) ( 2+2 √ 3 )( 1+ √ 2 ) =2+5 √2+ 4=6+5 √ 2
2
(c) ( 2+2 √ 3 ) =( 2+2 √ 3 )( 2+ 2 √ 3 ) =22+ 12 √ 2
Conjugate of a surd
Calculate
(i) ( 6+ 3 √ 2 ) ( 5−2 √ 3 ) =12+ 3 √3
(ii) ( 6+ 3 √ 2 ) ( 6−3 √2 ) =36−18=18.
(iii) ( 5+2 √ 3 ) ( 5−2 √ 3 )=25−12=13 s
When we have a mixed number ( a+ b √ c ) , we can create another number by changing the sign.in this case ( a−b √ c )
such that ( a+ b √ c )( a−b √ c )=a2−b 2 . c . this is an integer two numbers like this are called Conjugate. They are
conjugate to each other.
Example evaluate ( i ) ( 2+ √ 3 ) ( 2−√3 ) ( ii ) ( 3−2 √ 3 ) ( 2+2 √ 3 ) ( iii ) ( 2 √ 3+3 √2 )( 2 √ 3−3 √ 2 )
Sol: ( i ) ( 2+ √ 3 ) ( 2−√3 )=( 2)2−(1)2 .3
¿ 4−3
¿ 1.
( ii ) ( 3−2 √ 3 ) ( 2+2 √3 )=(3)2−(2)2 .3
¿ 9−4 × 3
¿ 9−12
¿−3.
2
( iii ) ( 2 √ 3+3 √ 2 )( 2 √ 3−3 √ 2 )=( 2 √ 3 ) −( 3 )2 .2
¿( 2)2 .3−9.2
¿ 4 ×3−18
¿ 12−18=−7.
Rationalizing the Denominator
When we simplify the expression involving surds, we prefer to finish with no surd in the denominator. this process is
called Rationalizing Denominator.in order to do so we multiply the numerator and denominator by a number that will
rationalize the denominator to fixed an equivalent fraction.
( ii ) √ √5
4 2+ 5 5−6 √ 3
Example1 rationalize the following ( i ) (iii) (iv)
√6 3−√ 5 2−3 √ 5 3+3 √ 2
4 4 √ 6 4 √6 4 √ 6 2 √6
Sol: (i) = × = = =
√ 6 √ 6 √ 6 √ 36 6 3

2+ √ 5 2+ √ 5 3+ √ 5 √ 5 = √ 5 × √5
Sol: (ii) = × sol: (iii)
3−√ 5 3− √ 5 3+ √ 5 2−3 √ 5 2−3 √ 5 √ 5
(2+ √ 5)(3+ √ 5)
¿ √
5 ×5
¿
(3− √5)¿¿ 2−3 √ 5× 5
6+2 √5+ 3 √ 5+ √ 25
¿ √
¿ 25
2−3 √ 25
2 2
(3) −(1) .5
6+5 √ 5+ 5 ¿
5
¿
9−5 2−3 ×5
11+5 √ 5 ¿
4
=
−4
¿ .
4 2−15 13

Square Roots
When we square the number of the type ( a+ b √ c )the result was another number of the same type: we can sometimes
use this idea to reverse the process and find the square roots of the nixed number.
Example1: find the square roots of 31+12 √3 .
Sol: we assume that the square root is of the form a+ b √3 and we square it
 2
(a+ b √ 3) =(a+ b √ 3)( a+b √ 3)
¿ a2 +2 ab √ 3+3 b2
¿ a +3 b +2 ab √3 we compare with 31+12 √3 .
2 2

a +3 b + 2ab √3=31+12 √ 3 .
2 2

2 2
a +3 b =31. . . . . . (1)
2 ab √ 3=12 √ 3 divide both side by 2 √ 3 , we got
ab=6 . . . . . . (2)
6
We solve (i) and (2) simultaneously from equation (2) b= . (3)
a
2 6 2
Substitute in (1) a +3 ( ) =31
a
2
2 3 ×6
a + 2 =31
a
2 36
a +3 × 2 =31
a
2 108
a + 2 =31 multiply through by a 2
a
2 2 108 2 2
(a ¿ a + 2 a =31 a
a
( a ) a + 108=31 a2
2 2

2
( a 2 ) −31 a2 +108=0 put a 2=x .
x 2−31 x+108=0 we factorize
( x−4 ) (−27 ) =0
x−4=0∨x−27=0
x=4∨x=27 ⟹ a2=4∨a2 =27
2 2
a ≠ 27. since a is an integer . but a =4 is an integer .
a =4 ⟹ a=± √ 4
2

6
a ± 2=2∨−2 from (2) b= ∧a=2∨−2
a
b=3∨−3
So, the square root of 31+12 √ 3 . Are (2+3 √ 3)(−2−3 √ 3)
Exercise finds the square roots of the following ( b ) 3+2 √ 2 ( c ) 6−4 √ 2 .
Example2 a right-angle triangle has a hypotenuse is 6cm long. If shortest side is ( 2 √ 3−√ 6 ) cm long, calculate the
length of the third side of the triangle.
Sol:

2
By Pythagoras theorem we have d 2=6 2−( 2 √ 3−√ 6 )
¿ 36−( 2 √ 3−√ 6 ) ( 2 √3−√ 6 ) expand
¿ 36−( 12+ 6−4 √ 18 ) simplify
¿ 36−( 18−4 √ 9 ×2 )
¿ 36−( 18−4 ×3 √ 2 )
¿ 36−( 18−12 √ 2 ) remove thebracket
¿ 36−18+12 √ 2
¿ 18+12 √2
d 2=3 ( 6 +4 √2 ) we need to find the square root of ( 6+ 4 √ 2 )
Another method let √ x+ √ y be the square root of ( 6+4 √ 2 ) then,
 2
( √ x+ √ y ) =6+ 4 √ 2
( √ x+ √ y ) ( √ x+ √ y ) =6+ 4 √ 2
x + y +2 √ xy=6+4 √2
Compare the coefficient x + y=6 . . . . . . . (i)
2 √ xy =4 √ 2 divide both side by 2. We got
√ xy=2 √ 2 take the square of both side
xy=4 ×2
xy=8. . . . . . . . (2)
From (1) y=6−x . . . . . . . . (3)
Substitute in (2) x ( 6−x )=8 clear the bracket
2 2
6 x−x =8 ⇒ x −6 x +8=0
2
x −6 x +8=0
( x−4 ) ( x−2 )=0
x=4∨x=2 substitute in (3)
y=6−x x=4 y=6−x x−2
y=6−4 y=6−2
y=2 and y=4
√ x+ √ y =( √ 4+ √2 ) twise ⇒ ( 2+ √2 ) twise
d=± √ 3 ( 2+ √ 2 ) since d must be positive then,
d=+ √ 3 ( 2+ √ 2 )
Exercise the right-angle triangle, ABC in which AB=( 4+3 √ 3 ) cm and AC=( 2+ 4 √ 3 ) cm . Calculate BC .
Logarithms
Laws of logarithms
 log a ( p ×q )=log a p+ log a q. . . . . . . . . (i)
 log a ( p ÷ q )=log a p−log a q . . . . . . . . (2)
n
 log a p =n log a p . . . . . . . . . . (3)
 log a 1=0. . . . . . . . . . . (4)

 log a ( 1p )=−log p.
a . . . . . . . . . (5)

 log p p=1 . . . . . . . . . . . (6)

Example1 evaluate the following logarithms
(a) 2 log 5 6−log 5 8+log 5 12.
(b) 3 log 10 xy−2 log 10 y
1 1
(c) log 8− log 81+log 27
3 2
log 25−log125+ log 625
(d)
3 log 5
1
(e) log 12− log 9+ log 25
2
Sol: (a) 2 log 5 6−log 5 8+log 5 12. ¿ log 5 62−log 5 ( 8× 12 )
¿ log 5 36=log 5 96
36
¿ log 5
96
b ¿ 3 log ¿10 xy −2 log 10 y ¿ log 10 ( xy )3−log 10 y 2
¿ log 10 x3 y 3−log 10 y 2
x3 y3
¿ log 10 2
y
3
¿ log 10 x y .
1 1 1 1
c ¿ log 8− log 81+ log 27 ¿ log 8 3 + log81 2 +log 27
3 2
¿ log √ 8−log √81+ log 27
3

¿ log 2−log 9+log 27

 ¿ log 2+log 27−log 9
¿ log ( 2 ×27 ) −log 9
( 2× 27 )
¿ log
9
¿ log 2 ×3=log 6
log 25−log 125+ log625 log 25+log 625−log 125
d¿ ¿
3 log 5 log 5 3
log ( 25× 625 )−log 125
¿
log 125

¿
log (
25 ×625
125 )
log 125
log (25 ×5)
¿
log 125
125
¿ log =log 1=0
125
Example2 solve the following equations (i) 2 x =10 (ii) 4 2 x−1=9x−1 (iii) 63 x−1=4 2 x+ 4
Sol (i) 2 x =10 take log of both sides log 2 x =log 10 10
x log 2=1
1 1
x= = =3.5
log 2 0.2789
2 x−1 x−1
(ii) 4 2 x−1=92 x−1 take the log of both side log 10 4 =log10 9
( 2 x−1 ) log 10 4= ( x −1 ) log 10 9
2 x log 10 4−log10 4=x log 10 9−log10 9
2 x log 10 4−x log 10 9=log10 4−log 10 9
x¿
( log 10 4−log10 9 )
x= .
2 log 10 4−log 10 9

x=
log 10
4
9()
log 10 ( )
42
9
log 10 ()
4
x=
9
(=log 10 ÷
4 16
)
log 10 ( )
16
9
9 9

x=log 10 × ( )
4 9
9 16
=log 10
1
4
x=−log 10 4
Change of base
Consider x=log a b ⇒b=a x we can take logs to a different base
x
log c b=log c a
log c b
log c b=x log c a ⇒ x= . if b=c
log c a
1
x=
log c a
Example 1 solve (a) log 2 x=16 log x 2 (b) log 3 x=25 log x 3 (c) log 2 x=12 log x 4

( a ) log 2 x=16 log x 2 ⇒ log 2 x=16 (

log 2 2
log 2 x )
 log 2 x=16
( 1
)
log 2 x
16
log 2 x= cross multiply
log 2 x
( log 2 x ) ( log 2 x ) =16
2
(log 2 x) =16
log 2 x=√ 16
log 2 x=± 4
log 2 x=4 or log 2 x=−4
x x
2 =4 or 2 =−4
2 −2
x=4 x=4
1
x=16 or x= =0.0625 .
16
( a ) log3 x=25 log x 3 ⇒ log 3 x=25 ( )
log 3 3
log 3 x

log 3 x=25
( log1 x )
3
25
log 3 x= cross multiply
log 3 x
( log 3 x ) ( log 3 x )=25
2
(log 3 x) =25
log 3 x=√ 25
log 3 x=± 5
log 3 x=5 or log 3 x=−5
3 x =5 or 3 x =−5
5 −5
x=3 x=3
1
x=243 or x= =0.00411 .
243
Example3 solve for x (i) log 9 ( 2−x ) =log 9 x+ log 9 5 (ii) ln ( 13 x−6 )=¿ 2 ln x + ln 6 . ¿
(iv) ln ( 6−13 x )=2 ln x + ln5 (v) log 10 (17 x−6)=log 10 x + log 10 2
(v) ln ( 13 x−4 )=¿ 2 ln x +1.¿
Sol: ln ( 13 x−4 )=¿ 2 ln x +1¿
2
ln ( 13 x−4 )=¿ ln x +ln 10 ¿
ln ( 13 x−4 )=¿ ln (x 2¿ × 10)¿ ¿
ln ( 13 x−4 )=¿ ln ( 10 x 2 ) ¿ remove the In
2 2
13 x−4=10 x ⇒10 x −13 x + 4=0 is a quadratic equation
a=10 , b=−13∧c=4 substitute in x= −b ± √ b −4 ac
2
we got
2a
−(−13 ) ± √(−13 ) −4 ( 10 ) ( 4 )
2
x= .
2 ( 10 )
13 ± √ 169−160
x=
20
13 ± √ 9
x=
20
13 ±3
x=
20
13+3 16 4 13−3 10 1
⇒ x= = = or x= = =
20 20 5 20 20 2

(vi) log 10 (17 x−6)=log 10 x + log 10 2

 ⇒ log 10 (17 x−6)=log 10 (x × 2)
log 10 (17 x−6)=log 10 2 x
17 x−6=2 x remove the log
Collect the like terms 17 x−2 x=6
15 x=6 divide both side by 15
2
x= .
5

Inequality
The methods for linear inequalities are much the same as these for equations but we must be careful when
multiplying or dividing through an inequality by a negative number.
Example1(a) 5>3 is true multiply by -1then, −5>−3 is false.
Example (b) solve 5 x−3 ≤2 x−15
Sol: add 3 to, and subtract 2 x from, both sides. We got
5 x−2 x−3+3 ≤2 x−2 x−13+3
3 x ≤−12 divide both side by 3, we got
x ≤−4.
Example (c) 2 y+ 6>7 y +11
Sol: subtract 6∧7 y from both sides, we got
2 y−7 y +6−6>7 y −7 y−6+ 11
−5 y +0>0+ 5
−5 y >5 ⇒−5<5 y we divide both sides by -5 and 5 respectively.
−5 y 5 −5 5 y
< <
−5 −5 5 5
−1< y −1< y
Logically −1> y , → y ←1
Example (d) 3 ( h+2 ) −2 ( h−4 ) >7 ( h+2 )
Sol: clear the bracket 3 h+6−2 h+8>7 h+14 we add.
3 h−2h+ 6+8>7 h+14
h+14 >7 h+14 subtract 14 and 7y from both sides.
h−7 h+14−14> 7 h−7 h+ 14−14
−6 h> 0
h> 0.
Exercise solves (i) 4 ( c−1 ) >3(c−3) (ii) d−3 ( d+ 2 ) ≥ 2 ( 1+2 d ) .
The modules function
If we have a real number x , then, the modulus of x written as |x|. We say as Mod x . This |2|=2 and |−2|=2 and if
we write |x|<2 this mean that −2< x <2. The module function f ( x )=| x| is defined as@

|x|= x for x ≥ 0 f (x)≤ 0

|x|=−x for x <0 |f ( x)|=−x
Example1 solve |x +2|=|3 x|
Sol: method1
x +2=3 x or x +2=−3 x collect the like terms
x−3 x=−2 x +3 x=−2
−2 x=−2 4 x=−2 divide both side by the coefficients of x
−1
x=1 x=
2
Method2 |x +2|=|3 x|⇒( x +2) =3 x
2 2

( x +2 )( x +2 )=9 x 2 remove the bracket

2 2
x + 4 x +4=9 x collect the like terms
2 2
x −9 x + x 4+ 4=0
2
−8 x + 4 x +4=0 divide both side by -4
2
2 x −x−1=0 we factorize
( x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 )=0 is either
x−1=0 or 2 x+1=0
 −1
x=1 or x=
2
Example2 solve (a) |x−1|≥ 4 (b) |x +3|≥|2 x +2| (c) |3 x−1|≤|x+ 5|
Sol: (a) |x−1|≥ 4 ⇒(x−1)2=4 2
( x−1 ) ( x−1 )=16
2
x −2 x+1=16
2
x −2 x+1−16=0
2
x −2 x−15=0
2
x −5 x+ 3 x−15=0
(x ¿¿ 2−5 x)+(3 x−15)=0 ¿
x ( x−5 )+ 3 ( x −5 )=0
( x−5 ) ( x−3 ) =0
x=5 or x=3
Sol: (b) |3 x−1|≤|x+ 5| ⇒(3 x−1)2=(x +5)2
( 3 x−1 ) (3 x−1 ) =( x +5)( x+ 5)
2 2
9 x −3 x−3 x+ 1=x +5 x +5 x+ 25
2 2
9 x −6 x +1=x +10 x +25 collect the like terms
2 2
9 x −x −6 x−10 x +1−25=0
8 x 2−16 x−24=0 divide both side by 8 we got,
2
x −2 x−3=0 factorize
( x +1 )( x−3 )=0 either
x=−1 or x=3.

Chapter
Remainder theorem
We know that if f ( x) is divided by (x−a) then, f ( x )=¿ quotient×(a−x) + remainder R. when x=a then,
f ( x )=¿ quotient×(a−a)+ remainder. This f ( a )=¿ R.
Note
 When a polynomial P( x ) is divided by (x−a) , the remainder is f ( a ) .

 When a polynomial P( x ) is divided by (ax −b), the remainder is f ( ba )

Example1find the remainder when.
1) 4 x3 + x 2−3 x +7 is divided by ( x +2 )
2) 3 x 3+ 8 x 2−x + 4 is divided byn ( x−3)
3) x 3+ 4 x 2 +8 x−3 is divided by 2 x+1
4) 243 x 4−27 x 3 +6 x +4 is divided by (3 x−2)
Sol: 4 x3 +x 2−3 x +7 is divided by ( x +2 )
Let x +2=0 then x=−2 ⇒ f (−2 )=R
3 2
f (−2 )=4 (−2) +(−2) −3(−2)+7
¿ 5 (−8 ) + 4+6+ 7
¿−32+ 17
¿−15. Hence the remainder is 15
4 3
Sol: 24 3 x −27 x +6 x + 4 is divided by (3 x−2)
Let 3 x−2=0, then x=
2
3
⇒f
2
3()=R

f
2
3() () () ()
=24
2 4
3
−27
2 3
3
+6
2
3
+4

( ) ( )
¿ 243
16
81
−27
8
27
+ 2( 2) + 4
¿ 3 ( 16 )−8+4 +4
¿ 48−8+ 8
¿ 48. Thus, the remainder is 48.
Example2 when 16 x 4−a x3 +8 x 2−4 x−1 is divided by (2 x−1) the remainder is 3. Find the value of a.
4 3 2
Sol: 16 x −a x +8 x −4 x−1
Let 2 x−1=0 , then, x=
1
2
⇒f ( 12 )=3
⇒ f ( )=16 ( ) −a ( ) +8 ( ) −4 ( ) −1
4 3 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3=16 ( )−a ( )+ 8 ( )− −1
1 1 1 4
16 8 4 2
a
3=1− + 2−2−1
8
a
3=1−1−
8
−a
3= ⇒−a=3 ×8
8
a=−24.
3 2
Example3 the polynomial P ( x ) =x + ax +bx +1 , where a and b are constants when P ( x ) is divided by ( x−2) the
remainder is 9 and when P ( x ) is divided by ( x +3) the remainder is 19. Find the values of a∧b .
Sol: P ( x ) =x3 + ax2 +bx +1. x=2 P ( 2 )=9
3 2
P ( 2 )=(2) +a (2) +b (2)+1.
9=8+a ( 4 ) +2 b+1
9=9+ 4 a+2 b collect the like terms
4 a+2 b=0. . . . . (i)
3 2
P (−3 )=19 P (−3 )=(−3) + a(−3) +b (−3)+ 1
19=−27+a ( 9 )−3 b+1
19=−27+9 a−3 b collect the like terms
19+27=9 a−3 b
9 a−3 b=45 divide both side by 3 we got
3 a−b=15. . . . . (2)
From (2) b=3 a−15 . . . . . (3)
Substitute in (1) 4 a+2 ( 3 a−15 )=0 clear the bracket
4 a+6 a−30=0
10 a=30 divide both side by 3 we got
a=3 substitute in (3)
b=3 ( 3 )−15.
b=9−15=−6 a=3 ,∧b=−6
3
Exercise1 when P ( x ) =5 x +ax +b . is divided by ( x−2), the remainder is equal to the remainder obtained when the
same expression is divided by ( x +2 ) .
a) Explain why b can b taken any value,
b) Find the value of a.
Exercise2 the polynomial P ( x ) =2 x 4 + 3 x 2−x +2. Show that the remainder when P( x ) is divided by ¿ is 8 times the
remainder when P( x ) is divided by ( x−1 ) .

The factor theorem

Theorem: For any polynomial. f ( x ) , if f ( a )=0 , then the remainder when f ( x ) , is divided by ( x−a ) is zero. Thus
( x−x )is a factor of f ( x ) .
For any polynomial f ( x ) , if f ( ba )=0 , then ( ax−b)is a factor.
Example
The polynomial x 3−9 x 2+ 2 x +8 , where a is constant, denoted by P( x ). If given that ( x−2) is factor of P ( x ) .
(a) Evaluate a
(b) When a has this value, factorize P ( x ) completely

Sol:
 (a) P ( 2 )=( 2 )3−a (2 )2 +2 ( 2 ) +8
⇒ 8−4 a+ 4+8=0
20−4 a=0
4 a=20
3 2
a=5 f ( x )=x +5 x +2 x+ 8
(b) We can factorize x 3+ 5 x 2 +2 x+ 8.Using testing
3 2
f ( 1 ) =( 1 ) −5 ( 1 ) +2 ( 1 ) +8
⇒ 1−5+2+8=0
11−5=6 ≠ 0
3 2
f (−1 ) =(−1 ) −5 (−1 ) +2 (−1 ) + 8
⇒−1−5−2+8=0
8−8=0
f (−1 ) =0 ( x +1)
3 2
f ( 4 ) =( 4 ) −5 ( 4 ) + 2 ( 4 ) +8
¿ 64−5 ( 16 ) +8+ 8
¿ 64−80+16
¿ 80−80=0
f ( 4 ) =0 (x−4)
P ( x ) =( x−2)( x +1)( x −4)
3 2
Example2 solve x −3 x −4 x+12=0
Sol: f ( x )=x 3−3 x 2−4 x+ 12=0 we try x=1
3 2
f ( 1 ) =(1) −3 ( 1 ) −4 (1)+ 12
¿ 1−3−4 +12
¿ 13−7
f ( 1 ) =6 ≠ 0 thus (x−1) is not a factor,
3 2
We try x=2 f ( x )=x −3 x −4 x+ 12=0
3 2
f ( 2 ) =(2) −3 ( 2 ) −4(2)+12
¿ 8−3 ×4−8+12
¿ 8−8+12−12
f ( 2 ) =0 hence ( x−2) is a factor,
3 2
We try x=−2 f (−x )=x −3 x −4 x +12=0
f (−2 )=(−2)3−3 (−2 )2−4 (−2)+12
¿−8−3× 4 +8+12
¿ 8−8+12−12
f ( 2 ) =0 hence ( x +2) is a factor,
3 2
Finally, we try x=3 f ( x )=x −3 x −4 x+ 12=0
3 2
f ( 3 )=(3) −3 ( 3 ) −4 (3)+ 12
¿ 27−3 ×9−12+ 12
¿ 27−27+12−12
f ( 3 )=0 hence (x−3) is a factor,
P ( x ) =(x−2)(x +2)( x−3) x=2 , x=−2∧x=3

Exercises2 (a) factorize the following as the product of three linear factors.
i. 3 2
2 x −5 x −4 x +3 one factor is ( x−3 ) .
ii. 3 2
x −6 x +11 x ±6 one factor is ( x−2 ) .
iii. 3
6 x +13 x −4
2
one factor is ( 3 x+ 2 ) .
I. Shoe that (x−3) is a factor of x −3 x 4 + x 3−4 x−15
5

II. ( x−2 ) is a factor of x 3−3 x 2+ ax−10 find the value of a.

Chapter
Partial fraction
1 3 ( x +1 ) +3( x−2)
By algebraic addition. + =
x−2 x+ 1 ( x−2)(x+1)
 x+1+3 x−6
¿
( x−2)( x+ 1)
4 x −5
¿
( x−2)( x+ 1)
4 x−5 1 3
The reverse process of moving from to + is called resolving into partial fraction or
( x−2)(x +1) x−2 x+ 1
decomposition. In order to resolve an algebraic expression into partial fraction.
a) The denominator must factorize.
b) The numerator must be at least one degree less than denominator.
Types of partial fraction
1. Linear factor . . . f ¿¿
11−3 x
Example11 (a) resolve 2 into partial fraction.
x +2 x−3
Sol: the denominator factorizes as (x−1)(x+ 3) and the numerator is less degree than the denominator, thus.
11−3 x 11−3 x
≡
x +2 x−3 ( x−1 ) ( x+ 3 )
2

11−3 x A B
≡ +
( x−1 )( x +3 ) x−1 x+3
11−3 x A ( x +3 ) + B(x−1)
≡ by algebraic addition since the
( x−1 )( x +3 ) ( x−1)( x+ 3)
denominator are the same on each side of the identity, then, the number are equal to each other.
11−3 x= A ( x +3 ) + B( x−1) to determine the constant A and B, values of x
are chosen to make the term in A or B equal to zero.
Put x=1, then 11−3 (1)=A (1+3 )+ B(1−1)
11−3= A ( 4 ) +B (0)
8=4 A +0
4A 8
4 A=8 divide both side by 4 we got =
4 4
A=2
Put x=−3 11−3 (−3)= A (−3+3 ) + B(−3−1)
11+9=A (0)+ B(−4)
20=−4 B divde both side by -4 we got
B=−5
11−3 x 4 5
≡ − etc
( x−1 )( x +3 ) x−1 x +3
2 x 2−9 x−35 2 x 2−9 x−35 A B C
Sol: (ii) ≡ + + .
( x +1)( x −2)( x +3) ( x +1)(x −2)( x +3) x +1 x−2 x +3
A ( x−2 ) ( x +3 )+ B ( x+ 1 )( x +3 ) +C (x+1)(x−2)
≡
( x +1)( x−2)( x +3)
2
2 x −9 x−35 A ( x−2 ) ( x+3 )+ B ( x+ 1 )( x +3 ) +C (x+1)( x−2)
≡
( x +1)(x −2)( x +3) ( x +1)(x−2)(x +3)
2
⇒2 x −9 x−35= A ( x−2 )( x +3 ) +B ( x +1 ) ( x +3 )+C (x +1)(x −2)
Put x=−1
2(−1)2−9(−1)−35= A (−1−2 )(−1+3 )+ B (−1+1 )(−1+3 )+ C(−1+1)(−1−2)
2 ×1+9−35= A (−4 ) ( 2 ) + B ( 0 )( 2 ) +C ( 0 )(−3 )
2+9−35=−A ( 8 ) +B ( 0 )+C (0)
11−35=−8 A+0+ 0
−24−−8 A d b s by -8 we got x=4
Put x=2
2
2(2) −9( 2)−35= A ( 2−2 )( 2+3 ) + B ( 2+ 1 )( 2+3 ) +C (2+1)(2−2)
2 ×4−18−35=A ( 0 )( 5 )+ B ( 3 ) ( 5 ) +C ( 3 ) ( 0 )
8−18−35=− A ( 0 ) + B ( 15 ) +C(0)
8−53=15 B
 −45=15 B → B=−3
Put x=−3
2
2(−3) −9(−3)−35=A (−3−2 ) (−3+3 )+ B (−3+1 ) (−3+3 ) +C (−3+1)(−3−2)
2 ×9+27−35=A (−5 ) ( 0 ) +B (−2 ) ( 0 ) +C (−2 )(−5 )
18+27−35=−A ( 0 ) +B ( 0 )+ C(10)
45−35=10C
10=10C →C=1
2
2 x −9 x−35 A B C 4 3 1
≡ + + ≡ − +
( x+1 ) ( x−2 ) ( x +3 ) x+1 x −2 x+ 3 x+ 1 x−2 x +3
Exercise1 decompose the following into partial fractions
(i)
12
2
x −9
. . . . . . [ 2
−
2
x−3 x +3 ]
(ii)
x 2−3 x +6
x( x −2)( x−1)
. . . . . . [ 3
+
2
−
4
x ( x−2 ) ( x−1 ) ]
Repeated linear factor
f (x) A B C
= + +
( x +a) ( x+ a) (x +a) ( x+ a)
3 2 3

4 x−3
Example1 resolve 2 into partial fractio
( x +1)
4 x−3 A B
Sol: = +
( x +1)
2
(x +1) (x +1)
2

4 x−3 A ( x+1 ) + B
2
= 2
( x +1) ( x +1)
4 x−3= A ( x +1 ) + B
Put x=−1 4 (−1)−3= A (−1+1 )+ B
−4−3= A ( 0 ) + B
−7=B ⇒ B=−7
4 x−3= A ( x +1 ) + B≡ Ax + A+ B compare the coefficient’s of x
4 x−3 4 7
A=4. Thus = −
( x +1) ( x +1) (x+1)2
2

2 2
5 x −30 x +44 5 x −30 x +44 A B C
Sol: (ii) = + +
(x−2)
3
(x−2)
3
(x−2) 2
(x −2) ( x−2)
3

2
5 x 2−30 x +44 A ( x−2) + B ( x−2 ) +C
=
(x−2)3 ( x−2)3
2 2
5 x −30 x+ 44=A ( x−2) +B ( x−2 ) +C
2 2
Put x=2 5(2) −30( 2)+ 44= A (2−2) + B ( 2−2 )+ C
5( 4)−60+ 44= A(0)2 + B ( 0 ) +C
20+ 44−60=0+ 0+C
64−60=C ⇒C=4
2
5 x −30 x+ 44=A (x ¿¿ 2−4 x+ 4)+ B ( x−2 ) +C ¿
2 2
5 x −30 x+ 44=A x −4 Ax+ 4 A+ Bx−2 B+C
Comparing the coefficients, we got A x 2= A 5 ⇒a=5 and −4 A + B=−30
Substitute A=5 in −4 A + B=−30
−4 ( 5 ) +B=−30
−20+ B=−30
B=−30+ 20=−10 hevce
2
5 x −30 x +44 5 10 4
= − +
(x−2)
3
(x−2) (x−2) ( x−2)3
2

3 Quadratic factor
 f (x) Ax+ B C
= +
(a x +ba+c )( x+ d) (a x +ba+ c) (x+ d)
2 2

2
9 x −3 x −8
Example1 decompose 3 into partial fraction
x +2 x
2 2
9 x −3 x −8 9 x −3 x−8
Sol: ≡
x 3+2 x x ( x ¿¿ 2+ 2)¿
2
9 x −3 x−8
A Bx +C
x( x ¿¿ 2+2)= + ¿
x (x¿¿ 2+2) ¿
9 x2−3 x−8
( x ¿¿ 2+ 2)+ xBx +C
x( x ¿¿ 2+2)= A ¿¿
x (x ¿¿ 2+2)¿
2
9 x −3 x−8=A ( x ¿¿ 2+2)+ x (Bx+C )¿
2
Put x=0 9( 0) −3(0)−8= A((0)¿¿ 2+2)+ 0( B(0)+C)¿
0−0−8= A ( 2 ) +0
−8=2 A ⇒ A=−4
2
9 x −3 x−8
−4 Bx+ C
x( x ¿¿ 2+2)= + ¿
x ( x ¿¿ 2+2)¿
Bx+C
9 x 2−3 x−8
( x ¿¿ 2+2)= ¿
4
x (x ¿¿ 2+2)+ ¿
x
Bx+C
2 (x ¿¿ 2+2)
( x ¿¿ 2+2)=9 x −3 x−8+ 4 ¿¿
x (x ¿¿ 2+2) ¿
Bx+C
( x¿¿ 2+2)=9 x 2−3 x−8+ 4 x 2 +8 ¿
x( x ¿¿ 2+2)¿
Bx+C
13 x 2−3 x
( x ¿¿ 2+2)= ¿
x (x ¿¿ 2+2) ¿
Bx+C
x (13 x−3)
( x ¿¿ 2+2)= ¿
x (x ¿¿ 2+2) ¿
Bx+C
(13 x−3) compare the coefficients
( x ¿¿ 2+2)= ¿
( x¿ ¿2+ 2)¿
Bx+c =13 x−3 → B=13∧C=−3
9 x 2−3 x−8
−4 13 x−3
x( x ¿¿ 2+2)= + ¿
x ( x ¿¿ 2+2)¿
2
7 x +5 x+ 13
Exercise decomposes into partial fraction
( x ¿¿ 2+2)(x +1)¿
Chapter
Differentiation
If we look at the result of differentiating y=x n for different values of n a pattern is immediately apparent,
particularly when we include the result that the line y=x has constant gradient 1.
 y dy
dx
x1 1
x 2x
2

x3 3 x2

dy
The pattern continuous and in general if y=x n ⇒ =n x n−1 this can be extended to function of the
dx
dy n −1 dy
type y=kx n for any constant k =n ×kx Another important result is that y=c =0 where c is a constant
dx dx
Example1 differentiate the following functions.
a) y=x 5−2 x 4

b) y=2 x 3 +3 x5

5 −1
c) y=x 3 −x 2

dy
Sol: a) =5 x5−1−4 × 2 x 4−1
dx
dy 4 3
=5 x −8 x
dx

dy 3−1 5−1
Sol: b) =3 ×2 x +5 ×3 x
dx
dy 2 4
=6 x +15 x
dx
Example2 differentiate the following functions at a given points
4 −3
i) y=4 x −4−8 x at point x=2

ii) y= √ x +3 x at point x=4

iii) 3
y=4 x +2 x
−5
at point x=1

Sol: i) y=4 x 4 −4−8 x−3

dy
=4 × 4 x 4 −1−0−(−3) 8 x−3−1
dx
dy 3 −4
=16 x −(−3)8 x
dx
dy 3 −4 3 24
=16 x +24 x =16 x + 4 x=2
dx x
dy 3 24 24
=16 ( 2 ) + 4 =16 × 8+
dx (2) 16
dy 3 123 ×2+3 256+ 3 259
=123+ = = = =129.5
dx 2 2 2 2

dy dy du
Chain rule = ×
dx du dx

Product rule
dy
Let y=uv , then =udv+ vdu
dx
Example 1 differentiate the following functions
a. y=( x2 −3 x +1 ) ( x 2+ 2 x +1 )
 b. y=(x +3)( x+ 4)

c. y=x 2 ( x 2−2)2

d. y= √ x 2−4

Sol: a. y=( x2 −3 x +1 ) ( x 2+ 2 x +1 ) let u=( x 2−3 x+1 ) and v=( x 2+ 2 x +1 )

dy ( 2 ) ( 2
=udv+ vdu ⇒ dy =( x 2−3 x+1 ) . d x +2 x+1 + ( x 2 +2 x +1 ) d x −3 x +1
)
dx dx dx dx
dy
=( x −3 x+1 ) (2 x +2)+ ( x +2 x +1 ) (2 x−3)
2 2
dx
Sol: b. y=(x +3)( x+ 4) let u=( x +3) and v=(x + 4)
du dv
=1 and =1
dx dx
dy d (1) d(1)
=( x+ 3 ) . +. ( x+ 4 ) .
dx dx dx
dy
=( x+ 3 )+ ( x+ 4 ) .
dx
dy
=2 x +7.
dx
The quotient rules
du dv
u v. −u .
If y= , then dy dx dx
v = .
dx v
2

dy x2 x x +3
Example find i) ii) 2 iii)
dx ( x +2) x +1 x−4
2
x
Sol: i) let u=x2 and v=x+ 2 now
( x +2)
2
du dv d (x ) 2 d (x +2)
v . −u . ( x +2 ) .. −(x ).
dy dx dx ⇒ dy dx dx
= = .
dx v 2
dx ( x+ 2)
2

2
dy ( x +2 ) . (2 x )−.(x ).(1)
= .
dx ( x+ 2)2
2 2
dy 2 x + 4 x−. x
= .
dx (x +2)
2

dy x 2 +4 x
= .
dx ( x +2)2
x
Sol: ii) 2 let u=x and v=x 2+1 now
x +1
2
du dv
v . −u . ( x 2 +1 ) .. d (x ) −( x). d(x +1)
dy dx dx ⇒ dy dx dx
= = .
dx v 2
dx 2
( x +1)
2

dy ( x +1 ) . ( 1 )−.(x ).(2 x)
2
= .
dx 2
( x +1)
2

2 2
dy x +1−.2 x
= .
dx 2
(x +1)
2

2
dy 1−x
= 2
dx ( x +1)2

Exponential functions
 x
If y=e , then
dy x
=e and
dx
kx
y=e , then
dy kx
=ke
dx
Example1 differentiates a. y=e−5 x b. y=e3 x+a c. y=3 e2 x−1 d. y=e−4 x +2+ e5−2 x
dy −5 x
Sol: a. y=e
−5 x
=(−5) e
dx
dy
=−5 e−5 x
dx
dy 3 x+a
Sol: b. y=e
3 x+a
=(3)e
dx
3 x+a
y=3 e
Logarithms functions
dy
Example 1find when i) y=ln 5 x ii) y=ln ( 3 x 2−2 ) iii) y=ln ( 9 x +2 ) v) y=ln ( 3 e x −2 x )
dx
y=ln ( 3 e −2 x ) let u=3 e −2 x
x x
Sol: v.
du x dy 1
=3 e −2 now y=ln u =
dx du u
dy dy du dy 1 x
= × ⇒ = .(3 e −2 x)
dx du dx dx u
x
dy (3 e −2)
=
dx (3 e x −2 x)
Trigonometric functions
dy dy dy
If i) y=sinx then =cosx ii) y=cosx then =−sinx, iii) y=tanx then =sec 2 x .
dx dx dx
Example1 solve (i ) y=sin 5 x ( ii ) y=4 xcosx
Sol: ( i ) y =sin 5 x , let u=5 x then,
du
=5 ,∧ y=sinu,
dx
dy
=cosu .
du
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
dy
⟹ =cosu ×5
dx
dy
=5 cos 5 x . sinceu=5 x
dx
Sol: ii) y=4 xcosx . Let u=4 x and v=cosx
dy udv vdu
= + .
dx dx dx
dy d ( cosx ) d (4 x )
=4 x . +cosx .
dx dx dx
dy
=4 x . (−sinx )+ cosx .4
dx
dy
=4 ( cosx−xsinx ) .
dx
Tangent and Normal to the Curve
The normal to the curve of a particular point is the straight line which is at right angle to the tangent at that
point. for a perpendicular m1 . m2=−1
If the gradient of the tangent is m1, and the gradient of the normal is m2them
 −1
m 2=
m1
16
Example1 the curve has equation y= −4 √ x . The normal to the curve at point ( 4 ,−4) meet the y axis at
x
the point P. calculate the coordinate of P.
16 1
Sol: y= −4 √ x . y=16 x −1
−4 x 2
x

()
−1
dy −2 1
=(−1 ) 16 x − 4x 2
dx 2
−1
dy
=−16 x−2−2 x 2
dx
dy −16 2
= 2 − at ( 4 ,−4 )
dx x √x
−16 2
At x=4 f ( 4 ) =¿ 2 − .
(4 ) √4
−16 2
The gradient of the tangent m1= − =−1−1=−2
16 2
−1
m1=−2 m 2=
m1
−1 1
m 2= =
−2 2
The equation of the normal y− y1 =m2 ¿
1
x 1=4 and y 1=−4 y− (−4 )= ( x−4 )
2
x 4
y + 4= −
2 2
x
y= −2−4
2
x
y= −6
2
the point where the normal meets the y axis and so,
0
where x=0 y= −6=−6 so P is the P(0 ,−6)
2
example2
8
i) the equation of the curve y=2+ calculate the equation of the tangent and normal at the point (2,4)
x2

1 1
ii) the equation of the curve y= √ x + calculate the equation of the tangent and normal at
4x 4x

8
sol: i) y=2+ 2 y=2+ 8 x −2
x
dy −2−1
=0+(−2) 8 x
dx
dy −3
=−16 x at x=2
dx
dy −16 −16 −16
= 3 = 3= =−2
dx x ( 2) 8
−1
m1=−2 m 2=
m1
−1 1
m 2= =
−2 2
The equation of the normal y− y1 =m2(x −x1 )
 1
x 1=2 and y 1=4 y−4= ( x−2 )
2
x 2
y= − +4
2 2
x x
y= −1+4 y= +3 equation of normal.
2 2
Equation of the tangent y− y1 =m1( x −x1 )
y−4=−2(x−2)
y=−2 x +4 +4
y=−2 x +4 equation of the tangent.
Minimum and Maximum Point
The necessary and sufficient condition for a minimum and maximum point at x=a on the curve y=f ( x )
dy d2 y
Maximum i . =0 ii < 0 at x=ai . e f ¿ ( a ) <0
dx dx 2

dy d2 y ¿
Minimum i =0 ii > 0 at x=ai . e f (a)>0
dx dx 2

Example1 find the nature of the stationary points of these (a) y=x 3−3 x 2−9 x + 4.
dy
Sol: 3 2
y=x −3 x −9 x + 4 =3 x2 −6 x−9
dx
dy
=0 2
3 x −6 x−9=0
dx
3 ( x −2 x−3 )=0
2

2
x −2 x−3=0 factorise
( x−3 ) ( x+ 1 )=0
x=3 or x=−1 x=3 y ¿(3)3−3 ( 3 )2−9(3)+4.
y=27−3 ( 9 )−27+ 4.
y=−27+4=−23 [ 3 ,−23 ]
3 2
x=−1 y ¿(−1) −3 (−1 ) −9 (−1)+ 4.
y=−1−3+9+ 4.=9 [ −1,9 ]
2 2
d y ( ) d y
2
= 2 6 x−6 2
=12 x−6
dx dx
d2 y
x=−1 =−12 (negative maximum)
dx 2
2
d y
x=3 =12 (Positive minimum)
dx 2
So, (−1,9 ) is maximum points and (3 ,−23) minimum points.
Exercise finds the nature of the stationary points of these
1
i) y=4 x +
x

2 16
ii) y=x −
x

54−x 2
iii) y=
x