OBJECT QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH

Most questions in English are object questions – we want to know about the receiver
of the action. These questions follow the QUASM formula: Question word – Auxiliary
verb – Subject – Main verb.
For questions in the simple present, the auxiliary verbs are do and does: 
 What do you want to drink?
We want some fruit juice.
 Who does Karen like?
Karen likes Fred.
 What does smoking cause?
Smoking causes cancer.
For questions in the simple past, the auxiliary verb is did:
 What did Daniel make?
Daniel made a sandwich.
 What did the earthquake damage?
The earthquake damaged my house.
 Who did Jennifer lie to?
Jennifer lied to Sam.
SUBJECT QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH
However, sometimes we want to ask about the subject. We don’t know the person or
thing who performed the action, and we want to find out.
This type of question is called a subject question, and subject questions do NOT use
the auxiliary verbs do, does, and did.
How to form subject questions:
 Who / What + verb in simple present or simple past + object ?
Examples of subject questions in the simple present:
 Who wants some fruit juice?
We want some fruit juice.
 Who likes Fred?
Karen likes Fred.
 What causes cancer?
Smoking causes cancer.

Examples of subject questions in the simple past:

 Who made a sandwich?
Daniel made a sandwich.
 What damaged your house?
The earthquake damaged my house.
 Who lied to Sam?
Jennifer lied to Sam.
SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONS IN OTHER
VERB TENSES
In other verb tenses – present continuous, present perfect, etc. – the auxiliary verbs
are forms of the verbs be and have. In these verb tenses, we still use the
verbs be and have in both subject and object questions:
Present continuous:
  Subject Q: Who is washing the car?
 Object Q: What is Paul washing?
 Answer: Paul is washing the car.
Past continuous:
 Subject Q: Who was talking about the problem?
 Object Q: What was the manager talking about?
 Answer: The manager was talking about the problem.
Present perfect:
 Subject Q: Who has spent $1000 on a computer?
 Object Q: How much have your parents spent on a computer?
 Answer: My parents have spent $1000 on a computer.
Present perfect continuous:
 Subject Q: Who has been working on this project?
 Object Q: What have you been working on?
 Answer: I have been working on this project.,

Future with WILL:

 Subject Q: What will help the students?
 Object Q: Who will this book help?
 Answer: This textbook will help the students.
Future with GOING TO:
 Subject Q: Who is going to order dessert?
 Object Q: What are you going to order?
 Answer: We are going to order dessert.
THE SIMPLEST RULE FOR SUBJECT/OBJECT
QUESTIONS
When you are going to ask a question in the simple present or simple
past using who or what, ask yourself,
“Am I asking about the doer of the action or the receiver of the action?”
If you’re asking about the doer/subject, then DON’T use do/does/did:
 Who does want fruit juice?
Who wants fruit juice?
 What did damage your house?
What damaged your house?
If you’re asking about the receiver/object, then YES – use do/does/did:
 What do you want to drink?
 What did the earthquake damage?

What's the difference? Present Perfect and Past Simple

 Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

Unfinished actions that started in the

Finished actions:
past and continue to the present:
 I knew Julie for ten years (but then she
 I've known Julie for ten
moved away and we lost touch).
years (and I still know her).

A finished action in someone's life

A finished action in someone's life (when the
(when the person is still alive: life
person is dead):
experience):
 My great-grandmother went to Mexico
 My brother has been to
three times.
Mexico three times.

A finished action with a result in the

A finished action with no result in the present:
present:
 I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible!
 I've lost my keys! (The result
(Now there is no result. I got new keys
is that I can't get into my
yesterday).
house now).

With an unfinished time word (this With a finished time word (last week, last month,
week, this month, today): yesterday):

 I've seen John this week.  I saw John last week.

Remember:

1. We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection to the
present.
2. We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still happening
now OR for finished actions which have a connection to the present.
3. We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word:
o NOT: I've been to the museum yesterday.

PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT CONTİNUOUS

We use both of these tenses for finished and unfinished actions.

The present perfect simple can be used (often with 'since' and 'for') to talk about unfinished

actions that started in the past and are still true in the present. It's often used with stative

verbs:

 I've known John for three years.

The present perfect continuous can also be used (often with 'since' and 'for') to talk about
unfinished actions that started in the past and are still true in the present. (Of course, we don't
use the present perfect continuous with stative verbs):

 She's been living here for three years.

Sometimes there's really no difference in meaning between the two tenses. This is especially
the case with verbs such as 'live', 'work' and 'study':

 They've lived in London since 2004.

 They've been living in London since 2004.

 I've studied French for ten years.

 I've been studying French for ten years.

 He's worked at the company since 2009.

 He's been working at our company since 2009.

Sometimes, there is a difference in meaning:

1: The present perfect continuous can be used to emphasise the length of time that has passed.
The present perfect simple is generally neutral:

 They've been waiting for hours! (This emphasises the length of time).
 They've waited for hours. (This doesn't emphasise the length of time).

2: On the other hand, the present perfect simple is often used when we're talking about how
much or how many. This isn't possible with the present perfect continuous:

 She's drunk three cups of coffee this morning.

 She's drunk at least a litre of coffee today.
 (NOT: she's been drinking three cups of coffee this morning).

3: The present perfect continuous often focuses on the action itself, while the present perfect
simple focuses on the fact that the action is completed:
  I've been reading the book you recommended. (I'm enjoying it, but I'm not finished).
 I've read the book you recommended. (I've finished it, so we can talk about it).

We use 'yet' and 'already' with the present perfect simple:

 Have you read the book yet?

 She's finished her work already.

This difference is often used to talk about different kinds of results in the present. The present
perfect simple is used when the action is finished, and the result comes from the action being
finished:

 I've eaten dinner, so let's go out.

 She's done all her homework, so she can relax this evening.
 I've made a cake. Would you like some?

The present perfect continuous is used when the result comes from the action itself. It doesn't
matter if the whole action is finished or not. The result is often something we can see, hear,
smell, or feel:

 I've been eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table.
 She's been doing her homework, so she's tired.
 I've been making a cake, that's why the kitchen is such a mess.

4: Finally, the present perfect continuous can be used to emphasise that something is
temporary:

 She's been running a lot recently. (She doesn't usually do this).

 Usually I study at home, but I've been studying in the library for the last week.

NARRATIVE TENSES KONU ANLATIMI

Narrative tenses konu anlatımı, İngilizcede geçmişte yaşanan bir olayı, bir
hikâyeyi ya da bir anımızı anlatmak için kullandığımız zaman yapılarını
içerir. Narrative tenses konu anlatımı, geçmişte yaşanan olayları aktarmak
için bilinmesi gereken konulardandır. Narrative tenses konu anlatımı, başlıca
dört bölümden oluşur. Bunlar: 

1. Past simple tense 

2. Past continuous tense 
3. Past perfect tense
4. Past perfect continuous tense 
Simple Past Tense
 İngilizcede narrative tenses konu anlatımı olarak karşımıza çıkan ilk zaman
past simple tense’tir. Geçmişte yapılmış ve bitmiş olayları anlatmak için
kullanılır. Olumlu past simple tense cümlelerinde fiilin ikinci hâli kullanılır. Fiilin
ikinci hâli düzenli fiillere “-d, -ed, -ied” takılarından uygun olanı getirilerek
yapılırken düzensiz fiillerin ikinci hâllerinde böyle bir kural yoktur. Düzensiz
fiillerin ikinci hâllerinin ezberlenmesi gerekir. (Tablo 1)

 Örnek: I was a naughty child at that time.(O zamanlar yaramaz bir

çocuktum.) 
 Örnek: I didn’t go to my grandparents last week.(Geçen hafta
dedem ve babaannemlere gitmedim.) 
 Örnek: Did she work as a journalist?(Bir gazeteci olarak çalıştı mı?)
NARRATIVE TENSES KONU ANLATIMI; Past
Continuous Tense
Bu zaman, şimdiki zamanın geçmişteki hâlidir. Eylem geçmişte bir süre yapılmış
ve ardından son bulmuştur. Narrative tenses konu anlatımı başlığı altında
bilinmesi gereken zamanlardandır.Olumlu formu was/were + V-ing ile yapılır.
Şimdiki zamanın geçmiş hâli olduğu için to be yerine bunun ikinci hâli olan
was/were kullanılır. (Tablo 2)

 Örnek: I wasn’t running at the park in the morning.(Sabah parkta

koşmuyordum.) 
 Örnek: Everything was getting crazy.(Her şey çılgınlaşıyordu.) 
 Örnek: She and her mother were cycling while her brother was
taking care of the baby.(Erkek kardeşi bebekle ilgilenirken
annesiyle bisiklet sürüyordu.)
Past Perfect Tense
Bu zamanın kullanım amacı geçmişte yapılan bir eylemden daha önce yapılan
bir eylemi aktarmaktır. Geçmiş zamanın geçmişi olarak düşünülebilir. Eylemin
etkisi geçmişteki bir ana kadar devam etmiş olabilir.Olumlu yapısı had + V3
şeklinde yapılır. Düzenli fiillerin üçüncü hâli “-d, -ed, -ied” takılarından uygun
olanı getirilerek yapılır. Düzensiz fillerin üçüncü hallerinin ezberlenmesi
gerekir. (Tablo 3)
  Örnek: I had been to the US by I was 18.(18 yaşıma girmeden önce
ABD’de bulundum.) 
 Örnek. He had göne to hospital before manufacture of the
vaccine.(Aşı üretilmeden önce hastaneye gitti.) 
 Örnek: Had you done your homework before electricity went off?
(Elektrikler kesilmeden önce ödevini yaptın mı?)
NARRATIVE TENSES KONU ANLATIMI; Past
Perfect Continuous Tense 
Past perfect continuous tense, narrative tenses konu anlatımı içindeki belki
de en karmaşık olan zamandır. Türkçede tam bir karşılığı olmamakla birlikte
geçmişte yapılmış ve biri diğerinden daha önce bir süre boyunca sürmüş
eylemi anlatmak için kullanılır.Olumlu formu bütün özneler için had been + V-
ing ile oluşturulan past perfect continuous tense kullanılırken geçmişte yaşanan
iki olaydan biri diğerinden daha önce yaşanmış olmalı ve bir süre boyunca
devam etmelidir. Bu devamlılık, past perfect continuous tense’i past perfect
tense’ten ayırır. (Tablo 4)

 Örnek: I had been cleaning my room before I prepared the meal.

(Yemeği hazırlamadan önce odamı temizliyordum.) 
 Örnek: They hadn’t been taking a look at the Project before the
computer crashed.(Bilgisayar çökmeden önce projeye göz
atmıyorlardı.) 
Past Simple Tense

Olumlu Cümle Olumsuz Cümle Soru Cümlesi

I did. I did not do. Did I do?

You did. You did not do. Did you do?

We did We did not do. Did we do?

They did. They did not do. Did they do?

He did. He did not do. Did He do?

 She did. She did not do. Did she do?

It did. It did not do. Did it do?

     

 Örnek: Who had been wandering nearby before the cops came?
(Polisler gelmeden önce buralarda kim dolaşıyordu?) 
Past Continuous Tense

Olums Soru
Olumlu Cümle uz Cüml
Cümle esi

I was Was I
I was doing. not doing
doing. ?

You Were
were you
You were doing.
not doing
doing. ?

We Were
were we
We were doing
not doing
doing. ?

They Were
Past Perfect Tense
were they
not doing
doing. ?
Olumlu Cümle Olumsuz Cümle Soru Cümlesi
 I had done. I had not done. Had I done?

You had done.  You had not done. Had you done?

We had done. We had not done. Had we done?

They had done. They had not done. Had they done?

He had done. He had not done. Had he done?

She had done. She had not done. Had she done?

It had done. It had not done. Had it done?

They were doing.

He Was
was he
He was doing.
not doing
doing. ?

She Was
was she
She was doing.
not doing
doing. ?

It was Was it
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
not doing
doing. ?
Olumlu Cümle Olumsuz Cümle Soru Cümlesi

I had been doing. I had not been doing. Had I been doing?
 You had been doing. You had not been doing. Had you been doing?

We had been doing. We had not been doing. Had we been doing?

They had been doing. They had not been doing. Had they been doing?

He had been doing. He had not been doing. Had he been doing?

She had been doing. She had not been doing. Had she been doing?

It had been doing. It had not been doing. Had it been doing?

It was doing.

USED TO

Geçmişte var olan alışkanlıklar

I used to swim every day when I was child (Çocukken her gün yüzerdim)

My father used to driver in İstanbul (Baban İstanbul’da iken araba kullanıyordu)

I used to like to write (Eskiden yazmayı severdim)

This car used to my father’s (Bu araba babamındı)

I used to read the book (Kitap okumayı çok severdim)

Geçmişte var olan durumlar

There used to be a lot of childeren in my Street three years ago (Üç yıl önce sokağımızda çok
çocuk vardı)
There used to be a train station here last year (Geçen yıl burada bir tren istasyonu vardı)

Şu anki alışkanlıkar

She is used to gettting up early (Erken kalkmaya alışkındır)

We are used to cold weather (Soğuk ortamda yaşamaya alışkınız)

Olumsuz cümlelerde used to

Formül: Didn’t use to + Verbe

Olumsuz cümlelerde use to kullanılır. Used to kullanılmaz.

I didn’t use to study lesson (Ders çalışmazdım)

There didn’t use to luxury car ten years ago (10 yıl önce lüks arabalar yoktu)

We didn’t use to drink milk every evening (Her akşam süt içmezdik)

You didn’t use to meet with me (Benimle her gün görüşmezdin)

She didn’t use to buy dress every month (Her ay elbise satın almazdı)

Soru cümlelerinde used to

Formül: Did + Subject + use to + Verbe

Soru sorarken use to şeklinde kullanılır. Used to şeklinde pastı kullanılmaz.

Did you use to drink milk? (Süt içmeyi sever miydin?)

Did he use to g oto the theatre? (Sinemaya gider miydi?)

Did she use to dance with you?( Seninle dans eder miydi?)

Did you use to read my letters? (Mektuplarımı okur muydun?)

Did your mother use to make cake? (Annen kek yapar mıydı?)

MODALS AND PHRASES OF ABİLİTY

When we talk about ability, we mean two things.

First, we mean general ability. This is something that once you have learned you can do any

time you want, like being able to read or swim or speak a language, for example.

The other kind of ability is specific ability. This mean something that you can or can't do in

one particular situation. For example, being able to lift something heavy, or find somewhere

you are looking for.

Present:
can / can't (for both general and specific ability)

 I can play the piano.

 She can speak English.
 He can't drive – he's too tired.
 We can't come now.

Past:
could / couldn't (for general ability)

 I could read when I was four.

 She could speak French when she was a child, but now she has forgotten it.
 He couldn't dance at all until he took lessons.
 My grandfather couldn't swim.

was able to / couldn't (for specific ability)

 When the computer crashed yesterday, I was able to fix it.(not 'I could fix it')
 She was able to pass the exam, even though she hadn't studied much.(not 'she could
pass')
 He called us because he couldn't find the house.
 I couldn't open the window.

could + have + past participle (an ability someone had in the past, but didn't use)
  I could have played the piano well but I didn't practise enough.
 We could have come earlier.
 She could have studied law, but she preferred to become a secretary.

Future:
will / won't be able to (general ability)

 At the end of the course, you will be able to make your own website.
 He won't be able to speak Japanese in a week! It will take months.

can / can't (specific ability)

 I can help you tomorrow

 I can't come to the party

What is an article?
 
Articles are a type of determiner. They function like adjectives, as they modify the
noun in the sentence. The only articles in English are ‘the’ and ‘a/an’. Yet,
the tricky part is that we use them differently – and sometimes not at all.
We call ‘the’ the definite article and ‘a/an’ the indefinite article.
 

When to use a/an, the and no article

 
So when do we use articles in English? We’re going to show you some explanations,
examples and activities to practise so that by the time you finish reading, you’ll be an
articles pro!
 

Definite and indefinite articles

We use ‘the’ before a noun when:

 referring to something specific
 there is only one of something (e.g. the cathedral)
 the noun has been mentioned before
 
We use ‘a/an’ before a noun when:
 referring to something in general
 mentioning something for the first time
 describing someone’s profession (eg. I am a teacher)
 
Compare these two sentences:
Let’s watch the TV series that we love (a specific TV series that is familiar to us or
that we know about.)
Let’s watch a TV series after dinner (we don’t have a specific TV series in mind – it
could be any series.)
It’s important to remember that we use ‘a’ and ‘an’ differently: ‘a’ comes before a
noun beginning with a consonant sound and ‘an’ comes before a noun beginning
with a vowel sound. For example:

If you were observant, you may be wondering why ‘hotel’ and ‘hour’ don’t use the
same indefinite article, even though they both start with ‘h’. Remember, we need to
look at the starting sound, not letter, and since ‘hour’ is pronounced with a silent ‘h’,
it starts with a vowel sound – which means you need ‘an’.
Here are some more examples of definite and indefinite articles:
 Somebody call a policeman!
 Did you see the film that was on Channel 4 last night?
 Would you like a glass of milk?
 I love to swim in the ocean.
 The announcement lasted for 10 minutes.
 

No article
We never use a/an with uncountable nouns. However, ‘the’ is sometimes used with
uncountable nouns in the same way it is used with plural countable nouns. This is
when we want to refer to a specific object, group, or idea.
For example:
 Electricity has become more expensive recently.
 Can you pass me the sugar please?
 
It’s a good idea to familiarise yourself with countable and uncountable nouns so you
can make the right choice of article. See the table below for examples.
However, we use ‘no article’ in other situations without grammatical rules. In this
case, it’s something you have to remember.
Check out some of the following situations for knowing where you must leave
out the article.
Use ‘no article’ before:
 Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, Russian (unless referring to
the population of the place e.g. ‘The Italians are known for their delicious
food.’).
 Names of sports: cricket, baseball.
 Names of subjects: Art, Mathematics.
 

Geographical places
When it comes to geographical places, such as countries or continents, we use ‘the’
in some cases, and no article in others. Unfortunately, there aren’t any rules to help
you here – you just have to familiarise yourself with the ones that need ‘the’ or not.
Do NOT use ‘the’ before:
 Lakes: Lake Geneva, Lake Placids
 Mountains: Mount Fuji, Mount Everest.
 Continents: Europe, Asia.
 Most countries: England, Sweden.
 Counties/states/provinces/regions: Oxfordshire, Catalunya, California.
 Cities, towns, villages: London, Paris.
 Islands: Bali, Hawaii.
 Street names: Main Street, 5th Avenue.
 
Use ‘the’ before:
 Rivers: The Nile, The Mississippi.
 Mountain ranges: The Andes, The Pyrenees.
 Deserts: The Sahara, The Atacama.
 Oceans and seas: The Pacific, The Mediterranean.
 Groups of islands: The Maldives, The Seychelles.
 Some countries: The USA, The Netherlands.
 Points on the globe: The Equator, The North Pole.
 Geographical areas: The Middle East, The West.
 FUTURE FORMS
Simple Future Tense – İngilizce gelecek zaman ile cümle kurarken 2 adet yardımcı
fiil bulunur. ‘’Will’’ ve ‘’Shall’’ bu ingilizce zaman için kullandığımız yardımcı fiili
oluşturur. Buna karşın günümüzde çoğunlukla will yardımcı fiilinin kullanımının
arttığını ‘’shall’’ yardımcı fiilinin ise pek kullanılmadığını söyleyebiliriz.

Future Tense Konu Anlatımı

Üçüncü tekil şahıslardan ‘’it’’ ise will yardımcı fiili ile kullanıldığında kısaltılmaz.
Onun dışında tüm öznelerin will yardımcı fiili ile olumlu ve olumsuz kısaltmaları
aşağıdaki gibidir.

● I will = I’ll
● You will = you’ll
● He will = he’ll
● She will = she’ll
● They will = they’ll
● Will not = won’t

Simple Future Tense & Shall Kullanımı

Modern İngilizce’de shall kullanımı büyük oranda azalmıştır. Günümüzde
çoğunlukla resmi yazışmalarda kullanılır. ‘’shall’’ yardımcı eki; bir teklif, öneri ya da
tavsiye gibi durumlarda sadece birinci tekil ve çoğul şahıslarda (I ve We) kullanılır.
Diğer şahıslarla (you, he, she, they) kullanılması ise sadece edebi ve şiirsel
durumlarda geçerlidir.

● I shall go to school. – Okula gideceğim.

● Shall we drink a cup of coffee. – Bir fincan kahve içelim mi?
İngilizce Gelecek Zaman Cümleleri
Future Tense Olumlu Cümleler

● I will study German – Almanca çalışacağım.

● She will sleep now – O şimdi uyuyacak.
● He will go to the cinema – O tiyatroya gidecek.
● It will rain tomorrow. – Yarın yağmur yağacak.
● You will do exactly as I say – Tam olarak söylediğim gibi yapacaksın.

Future Tense Olumsuz Cümleler

● I won’t leave until I have seen the manager. – Müdürü görmeden gitmeyeceğim.
● The cat won’t eat cat food. – Kedi mama yemiyor.
● I won’t drink a cup of coffee – Bir bardak kahve içmeyeceğim.
● I won’t go to the cinema – Sinemaya gitmeyeceğim
● She won’t study German – Almanca çalışmayacak

Gelecek Zaman Soru Cümleleri

● Will you marry me? – Benimle evlenir misin?

● What will you drink at breakfast? – Kahvaltıda ne içeceksin?
● Will she do your homework? – O senin ödevini yapacak mı?
● When will they go to Paris? Onlar ne zaman Paris’e gidecek?
● Will they wash the dishes? – Onlar bulaşıkları yıkayacak mı?

Future Tense Exercises

1. Future Tense ile kurulan cümlelerde herhangi bir planlama ya da niyet söz
konusu değildir. Gelecekte şartlardan dolayı meydana gelmesi beklenen olaylardan
bahsederken kullanılır. Bu tip cümlelerde hem will hem de shall yardımcı fiili
kullanılabilir. Buna karşın son zamanlarda resmi yazışmalar haricinde shall
kullanımdan düşmüştür.

I will be a father. – Baba olacağım.

Winter will come again. – Kış yine gelecek.

2. Konuşma sırasında gelecekle ilgili ani bir karar verildiğinde will yardımcı fiili
kullanılır. Bu eylem ise kesinlikle önceden planlanmış ya da kesinleşmiş eylemler
için kullanılmaz.

The phone is ringing. – Telefon çalıyor.

I will answer it. – Ben bakarım.

I want to tell you something. But it is secret. – Sana bir şey söylemek istiyorum.
Fakat sır.
I promise. I won’t tell anybody. Söz veriyorum. Kimseye söylemeyeceğim.
What would you like to have to drink? – İçmek için ne alırdınız?
I will have a cup of coffee, please – Ben bir bardak kahve alayım.

3. Gelecek ile ilgili tahminde bulunurken, ümit ederken ya da endişe duyarken

gelecek zaman eki kullanılır. Bu gibi anlam ifade eden cümlelerde genellikle ‘’if,
when, as soon as, while’’ gibi bağlaçlar kullanılarak anlam pekiştirilir.

I am sure, I will win. – Eminim kazanacağım.

She won’t probably pass her class. – O muhtemelen sınıfını geçemeyecek.
It will snow tomorrow. – Yarın kar yağacak.

4. Televizyon, gazete gibi iletişim araçlarında resmi kurumlara ait geleceğe dönük
haber cümleleri gelecek zaman eki ile kullanılır.

The president of United States will open a new school next week. – Amerika
başkanı gelecek hafta yeni bir okul açacak.

5. Konuşma sırasında karşı tarafa bir şey teklif ederken kullanılır.

I am really hungry. – Gerçekten çok açım

I will make some sandwiches – Sana biraz sandviç hazırlayayım.

6. Kişisel içten gelen bir kararı ifade ederken cümle de İngilizce gelecek zaman
kullanılır.

We will pay for the tickets by credit card. – Biz biletler için kredi kartıyla ödeme
yapacağız.

7. Bir durum karşısında isteklilik belirtirken kullanılır.

She will carry your bag for you. – O çantanı senin için taşıyacak.

8. Bir durum karşısında isteksizlik bildiren cümlelerde kullanılır.

The baby won’t drink his milk. – Bebek sütünü içmiyor.

Zero Conditional: To talk about results that

always happen 
What happens to water if you heat it? It boils. And what happens if you cool water? It
freezes. With that in mind, we can say that: If you heat water, it boils. Water freezes if
it cools.
These two examples are great to understand what we call the zero conditional. We
use the zero conditional to talk about things that always happen as the result of some
other action. That’s why some people also call it the factual or real condition, and
that’s because we use it to talk about facts and truths. The examples we gave above
about the water are facts. Let’s take a look at some examples of truths: 

 If I sleep more, I feel more energized. 

 If it rains, take an umbrella. 

Sentence structure of the zero conditional tense 

Now, you need to know how to write a zero conditional sentence. Not to worry
though, because the structure we follow when using the zero conditional is actually
pretty easy. However, there are two ways we can structure a sentence in the first
conditional. Firstly, you can use the present simple form in both the condition and the
result clauses. The other rule is that you can use the present simple and an imperative
form to form the zero conditional tense.

Remember, an imperative form is when you use a verb without stating the subject.
For example, take a seat or drink some water are both examples of the imperative
form. It’s often used to give instructions.

If + present simple + comma (,) + present simple or imperative 

 If I go to bed late, I wake up feeling tired. (present simple + present simple) 

 If she cleans her desk, she is more productive. (present simple + present
simple) 
 If he makes the bed in the morning, he feels more organized. (present simple +
present simple) 
 If you cool water, it freezes. (present simple + imperative) 

Present simple or imperative + if + present simple 

 Water boils if you heat it. (present simple + present simple) 

 Habits change if you shift your mindset. (present simple + present simple) 
 Tell Laura to come to my office if you see her. (imperative + present simple) 
 Call me if you have the time. (imperative + present simple) 

First Conditional: To talk about situations that

have a single consequence  
This is the most common conditional tense and you have probably used it before. We
use the first conditional to talk about something that will happen in the near future if
we do something now. Here are a few examples: 

 If you go to the party, I’ll go too. 

 If you buy a new television, I will sell my old one. 

It is very common to use the first conditional in English to make threats and

promises. Take a look at these sentences: 

 If you help me with my homework, I will wash the dishes for you. 
 If you go to the movies without me, I will never talk to you again. 

Rules of use for the first conditional

Now, let’s take a look at the sentence structure we use with the first conditional.
Remember, it’s possible to reverse the order of this sentence. You don’t always have
to start your conditional with the if clause (condition). For instance, you can start your
sentence with the result clause. 

If + present tense + comma (,) + future tense 

Remember, a future tense uses will or going to + verb to make predictions, offers, or
promises. You can read more about the future and practice the different tenses on this
page.

 If you lend me your car, I’ll fill up the gas tank for you. 
 If I go to New York City, I’m going to visit Times Square. 

Future tense + if + present tense 

 I’m going to buy a new sofa if I get a raise. 

 I’m going to get a dog if I move to a bigger house. 
 They’re going to have a pool party if it stops raining. 

Let’s practice: exercises 

Now, if you’d like to learn more about the first conditional, you can read this
article about the grammar and different ways to use it. Or, you can do some exercises
and check your knowledge. 

We use the zero and first conditionals in English quite often in our daily lives, so it’s
important that you know the rules for how to form both of these types of sentences.
 We hope this blog post about them helps you use them better. I am sure that if you
practice, you will master this topic! Happy studying! 

Modal verbs part 2 - obligation :

must, have to, should and ought to , need to
NOTE: The term "modal verbs" can be used in different ways. Used as
a syntaxic category, it only refers to the single-word verbs can, could, may, might,
must, shall, should, will, would. Used as a semantic category, it includes the single
word modals plus other verbs which  express modality in the same way. For students
and learners, modality is easier to understand when treated as a semantic reference.
   The failure to distinguish between the semantic and syntaxic uses of the word
"modal" is the main reason for the enormous confusion that exists around the
question of "what constitutes a modal verb?" For a discussion of this see  Modal
verbs, why the confusion?
There are two types of  modal verbs of obligation ;

 those that primarily express a firm obligation or necessity - must and have

to 
 those that express a recommendation or moral
obligation - should and ought to , and need to

Firm obligation, etc. - must and have to  (and got to)

The verb must only exists in the simple present and present perfect forms.
While the present form can express obligation, necessity, certainty or
strong probability, the present perfect forms only express a strongly felt opinion
or su
All persons Present Present perfect pposi
tion.
If
Affirmative must must have
other

Negative must not, mustn't  must not have,  mustn't have

tenses are required, the speaker or writer must use forms of the synonymous modal
verb "have to" .  This modal auxiliary has all normal tenses, including progressive or
continuous forms; these are not common, but need to be used in some cases.

Present
Principal tenses Present Past Future
perfect

has to, has had to

Affirmative: had to will have to
have to have had to
 does not
have to,
do not have has not had did not will not
to , to have to have to
Negative;
doesn't have not had didn't won't have
have to to have to * to
don't have
to

am having
has been was
to
Progressive or having to having to will be
is having to,
continuous have been were having to
are having
having to having to
to

* The form "had not to" is sometimes used, but it is generally considered to be
archaic.

Examples of must and have to being used to express :

a. Firm obligation or necessity
b. Certainty  or strong probability.
c. Must have only :  supposition  

a1) You must see a doctor at once !

a2)  I have to be at school tomorrow at 8 a.m. I have an exam !
a21) I've got to be at school tomorrow at .....
a3)  You mustn't touch that plate, it's too hot.
a4)  I had to see a doctor, because I felt very sick.
a5)  I had to break the window ! I lost my key !
a6)  The manager isn't here, he's had to go to Washington on urgent business.
      ► For more examples, check out the e-book or paperback, available from
Amazon

b1)  He must be over eighty, he was born in 1930.

b2)  If my brother's not in London, he has to be in New York.

c1)  I can't find my laptop, I must have left it in the train.

c2)  If they're out, they mustn't have heard the news.
Take care !  
Take care to distinguish correctly between  "had to" and "must have"
They had to go to London
   = They were obliged to go to London
They must have gone to Chicago  
   = In my opinion, they have certainly gone to Chicago.
Got to :
In informal styles, most commonly in the present tense, have to is often
accompanied  by the word got, particularly in spoken English.
     For example an alternative to I have to is I've got to.
More examples:
He's broken my computer, so he's got to get me a new one.
We're late, we've got to hurry.
You've got to work harder if you want to get top marks.
Before got, the auxiliary have is almost always contracted (i.e. They've got, not they
have got).
For more on got, see Get and got

► Other uses of the verb have: see the verb to have.

Must and have to in negative contexts

It is vital to remember that must not and don't have to are NOT synonyms – indeed

they mean two completely different things.

Must not implies negative obligation (i.e. being forbidden to do something)

Don't have to (like haven't got to) implies the absence of obligation (i.e. having
no obligation to do something)
Compare:
They must not go to London
   = They must stay away from London,  they cannot go there.
They do not have to go to Chicago.  
   = They are not obliged to go to Chicago, but they can go there if they wish.

Recommendation or moral obligation - should and ought to, 

need to 

a) should, ought to
The verb should only exists in the simple present, and present perfect forms
  Forms of should
All persons Present Present perfect

Affirmative should should have

 Negative should not, shouldn't  should not have,  shouldn't have

The verb ought to only exists in simple present and present perfect forms
  Forms of ought to
All persons Present Present perfect

Affirmative ought to ought to have

Negative ought not to,  oughtn't to ought not to have,  oughtn't to have

Should and ought to are more or less synonymous

Examples:
a1) You should stop smoking ( = You ought to stop smoking.)
a2)  It's raining hard, the children ought to come indoors.
a3)  I didn't know you were married ! You ought to have told me !
a4)  If you'd wanted to succeed, you should have worked harder at school.
a5)  This pullover's got holes in it, I should get a new one.
a6)  This pullover's got holes in it, I ought to get a new one.
a7)  That's awful ! You really oughtn't to have done that, you know !

b) Need to :
Used affirmatively, need to implies strong recommendation; but used negatively it
expresses an absence of obligation. There are two negative forms of need,
either don’t need to or needn’t. 
Take care!   Needn’t is never followed by to. Need is also used as a main
verb followed directly by an object, as in I need you.
Examples:
b1) I’ve been working non-stop for six hours, I need to take a rest.
b2) I think you’ve got covid….. you need to get tested at once.
b3) Thank goodness, I haven’t got covid, so I don’t need to stay at home
b4) Thank goodness, I haven’t got covid, so I needn’t stay at home.

Comparative adjectives
We use comparative adjectives to show change or make comparisons:
This car is certainly better, but it's much more expensive.
I'm feeling happier now.
We need a bigger garden.
We use than when we want to compare one thing with another:
She is two years older than me.
New York is much bigger than Boston.
He is a better player than Ronaldo.
France is a bigger country than Britain.
When we want to describe how something or someone changes we can
use two comparatives with and:
The balloon got bigger and bigger.
Everything is getting more and more expensive.
Grandfather is looking older and older. 
We often use the with comparative adjectives to show that one thing
depends on another:
The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is. 
(= When you drive faster, it is more dangerous.)
The higher they climbed, the colder it got. 
(= When they climbed higher, it got colder.)
Comparative adjectives 1
Comparative adjectives 2

Superlative adjectives
We use the with superlative adjectives:
It was the happiest day of my life.
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
That’s the best film I have seen this year.
I have three sisters: Jan is the oldest and Angela is the youngest. 
Superlative adjectives 1
Superlative adjectives 2

How to form comparative and superlative

adjectives
 We usually add –er and –est to one-syllable words to make comparatives
and superlatives:

old older oldest

long longer longest

If an adjective ends in –e, we add –r or –st:

nice nicer nicest

large larger largest

If an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double the

consonant:

big bigger biggest

fat fatter fattest

If an adjective ends in a consonant and –y, we change –y to –i and add –

er or –est:
happy happier happiest

silly sillier silliest

We use more and most to make comparatives and superlatives for most

two syllable adjectives and for all adjectives with three or more syllables:

careful more careful  most careful

interesting more interesting  most interesting

However, with these common two-syllable adjectives, you

can either add –er/–r and –est/–st or use more and most:

common narrow
cruel pleasant
gentle polite
handsome simple
likely stupid

He is certainly handsomer than his brother.

His brother is handsome, but he is more handsome.
She is one of the politest people I have ever met.
She is the most polite person I have ever met.
The adjectives good, bad and far have irregular comparatives and
superlatives:
good better best

bad worse worst

far farther/further  farthest/furthest

Modals – deductions about the

present

Grammar explanation
We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using
the available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we
are about the possibility. This page focuses on making deductions about
the present or future. 

must
We use must when we feel sure that something is true or it's the only
realistic possibility.
This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.
He must live near here because he always walks to work.
Come inside and get warm. You must be freezing out there!
might, may, could
We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but
we're not sure. 
She's not here yet. She might be stuck in traffic.
He's not answering. He could be in class.
We regret to inform you that some services may be delayed due to the bad
weather.
They all have the same meaning, but may is more formal
than might and could.

can't
We use can't when we feel sure that something is not possible.
It can't be far now. We've been driving for hours.
She can't know about the complaint. She's promoted him to team leader.
It can't be easy for him, looking after three kids on his own.