ME419: Power Plant Engineering

November 2022

Course Teachers:

Prof. Dr. Md. Ehsan, BUET

Prof. Dr. Md. Asharful Islam, BUET

Nov 2022 © Dr. Md. Ehsan, 1

Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering, BUET
 ME419: Power Plant Engineering

Transmission
Energy Source: Power &
Electricity
Fuel (Heat) Plant Distribution

Contents
 Brief review of electricity and energy resources

 Power System Fundamentals and Economy

 Power Plant technologies: SPP, GPP, DPP, NPP, HPP

 Analysis of some of the Power Plants

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 2

 ME419: Power Plant Engineering
THERMAL
POWER PLANTS
Coal
Furnace Oil, Diesel
Gases – NG, LPG

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 3

 Power Generating Technologies

Renewable:

Hydro
Solar
Wind

Non
Renewable:

Nuclear

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 Brief review of Energy Resources
Primary Secondary
Source Extraction Processing
Energy Energy

Coal Open Coal Steam

Or Deep Preparation
Thermal
Mines

Purification
Coke
Hydro

Nuclear Power
Mining Enrichment Electricity
Station

Natural
Gas Natural Gas for cooking,
Gas Well Treatment
transport, industries for heat

LPG Steam
Petrol
Petroleum Oil Cracking
Well And Thermal
Refining Diesel/fuel oils

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan Petrochemical

14 Nov 2021 (c) MA Islam, MechE, BUET 5
Major Primary and Secondary Non Renewable Sources
The World Economies Rely on Abundant and
Affordable Quality Electricity

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 6

 Impacts of Electricity

 The widespread electrification implemented in the

twentieth century gave us power for our cities,
factories, farms and homes forever changing the
lives of people.

 Electricity ranked ahead of the automobile,

airplane, safe and abundant water, electronics,
computers and space exploration.

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 7

 Critical Importance of Electricity

 Energy is the lifeblood of modern society

 The importance of electricity is on the rise
 Efficient electricity services are key for a nation’s
global competitiveness
 It is a form of high grade energy
 It is the terminal form of energy: easy to-produce,
transport, control, store and use

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 Steps of Getting Electricity
Power System can be subdivided into 4 major parts:
• Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution
• Loads

1Ph: P-N 220/230V 3Ph : P-P 380/400V

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 9

 History of Electricity – Timeline Leading to
Multiple Inventions and Key Discoveries
1826 1884
1745 Goerg Ohm Nicola Tesla
Developed relationship Developed electric alternator
Goerg Von Kliest between power, voltage, to produce alternating current
Invented Capacitor Current and Resistance (AC)

400 BC 1800 1893-1896

Static Electricity Alessandro Volta Westinghouse Electric Co
Electric Battery Niagara Falls Hydropower STN

1878-1880
Thomas Alva Edison
Founded
Edison Electric Light Co.
California Electric Light Co
Pearl Street Power Station NY

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 10

 History of Electricity – Timeline Leading to
Multiple Inventions and Key Discoveries
 Around 600 BC a Greek named Thales discovered static electricity, notion that
objects can become electrically charged.
 In 1660 a machine was invented by Otto von Guericke that demonstrated static
electricity.
 During 1745-46, Georg Von Kleist developed the first electric capacitator, which
stored electricity.
 In 1752, Ben Franklin proved that static electricity and lightning were one of the same.
This experiment is known as key tied to a kite string during a thunderstorm.
 In 1800, Alessandro Volta invented the first electric battery. His name was used in
creation of the notion of voltage (volt).
 In 1821, the principle of electro-magnetic rotation was discovered by which later is
essential for developing the electric motor.
 In 1826, the relationship between power, voltage, current and resistance was defined
by Georg Ohm which is now known as Ohms Law.
 In 1831, Michael Faraday led experiments which proved that electricity can be
induced by changes in an electromagnetic field. These experiments about how
(electricity) current led to understanding of electrical transformers and motors.

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 THE BEGINNING

 Commercial use of electricity began in the late 1870’s with the

development of arc lamps for street lighting and lighthouse
illumination.

 The first complete DC electric power system, comprising a

generator, cable, fuse meter and loads, is considered to be
Edison’s Pearl Street Station in New York in 1882
– DC system with a DC generator (Dynamo) supply
– 59 customers in a 1-mile radius area

 In May 1888, Nikola Tesla Patents AC Electric Transmission of

Power (Alternators).

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 History of Electrical Systems
Thomas Alva Edison developed direct current and
DC patented many applications -- current that runs
__ continually in a single direction, like in a battery or a fuel
cell. During the early years of electricity, direct current
(DC) was the standard in the U.S.

Starting in the late 1880s, Thomas Alva Edison and Nikola Tesla were
embroiled in a battle now known as the War of the Currents.

May 1888: Nikola Tesla Patents "Electric

Transmission of Power"

Tesla developed multi-phase alternating current

AC systems of generators, motors and transformers,

~ eventually holding 40 basic US patents. These were

bought by George Westinghouse, who was
determined to supply America with the Tesla system,
which eventually won out as the superior technology
and became the standard power in the 20th century.

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 History of Electricity – Timeline Leading to
Multiple Inventions and Key Discoveries …
 In 1837, the electric motor was invented by Thomas Davenport which s now common
in many electrical appliances.
 In 1878-79, the Edison Electric Light Co. was founded by Thomas Edison, which after
purchasing several patents, began experiments which led to the creation of a long
lasting incandescent light bulb which originally lasted for about 40 hours. As of 1880,
they were lasting for about 1200 hours.
 In 1879, the California Electric Light Company was founded which is known as the first
company providing and selling electricity to households in San Francisco.
 In 1882, the Pearl Street Power Station in New York City was opened by Thomas
Edison, which could power about 5,000 lights using direct current (DC). During the
same period, the first hydroelectric station was opened in Wisconsin.
 In 1884, an electric alternator for producing alternating current (AC) was invented by
Nikola Tesla. During the same period a steam turbine generator was invented by Sir
Charles Algernon Parsons.
 In 1893, an alternating current (AC) system to light the Chicago World's Fair was put
into place by The Westinghouse Electric Company.
 During 1895-1896, The Niagara Falls hydropower station opened in the US.
 In 1935, the Roosevelt Administration passed the “New Deal" legislation designed to
regulate
14 public utilities and bring
Nov 2021 electricity
(c) MA to rural
Islam, MechE, America.
BUET 14
Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan
 History of Electricity in Bangladesh

Milestone Achievements

1901  Electricity utilization in this region

(Bangladesh) started by installing a private
generator at the residence of the then Nawab
of Dhaka.
 Mr. Bolton, British citizen, switched on the
first electricity in Ahsan Monjil on 7
December 1901.
1930s  Electricity distribution system under private
ownership was begum by DEVCO, a
subsidiary of Octttavian Steel Company
 Dhanmondi power house was setup for
commercial distribution of power.

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 History of Electricity in Bangladesh

Milestone Achievements

1947  The power supply to then 17 provincial districts

was within the township in a limited way. The
generation voltage was 400 volts. Power used to
be supplied to most of the districts during
nighttime only.
 Power generation and distribution systems were
owned by private companies.
 Dhaka City where power used to be supplied by
two 1500 kW generators and the generation
voltage was 6.6 kV (highest of that time).
 There was no long distance transmission lines.
 In aggregate, the generation capacity of the
country was 21 MW.

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 History of Electricity in Bangladesh

Milestone Achievements
1948 Electricity Directorate was created in order to plan
and improve power supply situation.
1959 Water and Power Development Authority
(WAPDA) was created and the power sector really
started working satisfactorily.
1960  Electricity Directorate was merged with WAPDA.
The basic philosophy was to give more
autonomy to an organization for development of
this basic infrastructure.
 Relatively higher capacity plants were built at
Siddhirganj, Chittagong and Khulna (highest
plant size was only 10 MW Steam Turbine at
Siddirganj).
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 History of Electricity in Bangladesh

Milestone Achievements

1960  At the same time, Kaptai dam was under

construction under Irrigation department. Unit
size of Kaptai was 40 MW, which for that time
was considered to be a large power plant.
 Side by side construction of Dhaka-Chittagong
132 KV transmission line was in progress.

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 History of Electricity in Bangladesh

Milestone Achievements

1972 In 1972, Bangladesh Power Development Board

(BPDB) was created to boost the power sector.
1977 A different approach and a new model was
considered for undertaking a comprehensive
scheme. Thus the Government created Rural
Electrification Board (REB)
1991 Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA) was
created basically to operate and develop
distribution system in and around Dhaka (including
the metropolitan city) and bring about improvement
of customer service, collection of revenue and
lessen the administrative burden of BPDB.

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 World Energy Consumption by Source

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 World Electricity Generation by Source

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 World Energy Generation by Source

A low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS) is an emissions

trading rule designed to reduce the
average carbon intensity of transportation fuels in
a given jurisdiction, as compared to
conventional petroleum fuels, such
as gasoline and diesel. The most common
methods for reducing transportation carbon
emissions are supplying electricity to electric
vehicles, supplying hydrogen fuel to fuel cell
vehicles and blending biofuels, such
as ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel,
and renewable natural gas into fossil fuels. The
main purpose of a low-carbon fuel standard is to
decrease carbon dioxide emissions associated
with vehicles powered by various types of internal
combustion engines while also considering the
entire life cycle ("well to wheels"), in order to
reduce the carbon footprint of transportation.

“Zero Carbon Energy Sources” phrase is intended to be inclusive of fuels derived

from zero carbon electricity or biomass and the use of Carbon capture storage(CCS).

Low carbon Fuels (LCF) emit no or very little

additional CO2 during their production and use.
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 World Energy Consumption by Location

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 World Energy Consumption by Location

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 World Energy Consumption by Source

Energy Security:
Refers to reliable, affordable access to all fuels
and energy sources. IEA defines Energy Security
as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources
at an affordable price.

Energy Mix (Generation Mix):

Refers to the combination of the various primary
energy sources used to meet the
energy(electricity generation) needs in a given
geographic region or country.

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 World Energy Consumption by Source

World Generation:
2.9 TW (27,000 TWh)
1 kW = 103 W
Per Capita USA 12800 kWh/year
1 MW = 106 W
Bangladesh:
1 GW = 109 W
0.022 TW ( 80.4 TWh)
1 TW = 1012 W
Per capita 422 kWh/year
1 PW = 1015 W
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1 EW = 1018 W
 Emission from Power Plants

GHG
Generation
Worldwide

Gases that help in

trapping heat or
various long wave
radiations present
in the atmosphere.

• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
• F-Gases:
HCFC, SF6

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 Emission from Power Plants

CO2
Generation
Worldwide
(in MT)

CO2
Generation
Worldwide
(in 1000 T)

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 Present Structure of Power Sector
 Apex Institution
Power Division, Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources (MPEMR)
 Regulator
Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission (BERC)
 Generation
 Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)
 Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd. (APSCL)
 Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh (EGCB)
 North West Power Generation Company Ltd. (NWPGCL)
 Independent Power Producers (IPPs)

 Transmission
 Power Grid Company Bangladesh Limited (PGCB)

 Distribution
 Dhaka Power Distribution Company Limited (DPDC)
 Dhaka Electricity Supply Company (DESCO)
 West Zone Power Distribution Company Limited (WZPDCL) 29
 Rural Electrification Board (REB)
 Present Structure of Power Sector

Annual Report BPDB 2020-21

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 Recent Load of Power Sector

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan Annual Report BPDB 2020-21 31

 Present Status of Power Sector

Annual Report BPDB 2020-21

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 Present Status of Power Sector

Annual Report BPDB 2020-21

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Bangladesh Energy Consumption by Source

Fuel Consumption by Sectors

Electricity Consumption by Sectors
Diesel = 4.6 M ton Octane & Petrol = 0.68 M ton
LPG = 1.3 M ton Furnace Oil = 0.56 M ton
80.4 TWh
Coal = 2.1 M ton Natural Gas = 0.95 TCF
Source : Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation

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 Transportation Load on Power Sector
Hybrid Electric Vehicles(HEV)
Can operate on both battery and internal
combustion, engine charges battery but no
plug-in electric charging option

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

Can operate on both battery and internal
combustion, engine charges battery but
also has plug-in electric charging option
About 14 million EVs are operating in the world now out of total
1398 million vehicles, which is about 1% of the total stock. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
100% electricity-operated, only plug-in
The share of EVs increased from 0.5% in 2015 to 4% of yearly
new sell in 2020 and is expected to reach to about 30% by the
option
year 2035. No engine

BEVs have the potential of using less fuel in power plants compared to direct
use of fuel in ICE vehicle. However this largely depends on –
▶ Generation Mix of the country ▶ Timing of charging
▶ Efficiency of power plants ▶ Efficiency of power distribution system
▶ Efficiency of the Battery storage system in the vehicle
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 Grid Charging of Easybikes

TYPICAL DATA:
Battery Type Pd-Acid Batteries, 4 x 12Volt, about 4 x 40kg
Total Battery Capacity 4 x 160 Ah, Equivalent to 7680 Wh
Giving a driving range of 60-80 km per charge
Electric Charging Required 7680 / (0.8 x0.8) /1000 =12 kWh, with 80% efficiencies
Charging Equivalent Rate At the rate of about 2 kW for 6-8 hours (10A, 220V)

Load for 100% of 1 million 106 x 2 x 100% = about 2000 MW for 6 hours
Easybikes charging at a time
Load for 50% of 1 million 106 x 2 x 50% = about 1000 MW for 12 hours
Easybikes charging at a time
Typical Battery Life About 1 year (300 cycles)
Battery Replacement Rate 4 Million Batteries per Year
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 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

27 Nov 2021 37
 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

 In 2015, the United Nations adopted the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) as the international development
goals.

 These goals have been established by using the development

goals for the period from 2000 to 2015, Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), as the foundation.

 SDGs, are development of goals that are set in 17 fields under

“sustainable development” as cross-cutting themes, including
developed countries as well as developing countries.

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 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

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 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

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 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

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 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

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Bangladesh Energy Consumption by Source

Power System
Master Plan 2016

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Bangladesh Energy Scenario

44
 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

27 Nov 2021 45
 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

27 Nov 2021 46
 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

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 Bangladesh Energy Scenario

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 Overview of Power System

132 kV / 230 kV / 400 kV

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05 Dec 2021 50
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Nov 2022 52
 Overview of Power System

 System Protection

In addition to generators, transformers and

transmission lines, other devices are required for
the satisfactory operation and protection of power
system.
Switchgear are some of the protective devices
directly connected to the circuits.
They include—
instrument transformers,
circuit breakers,
disconnect switches,
fuses and
lightning arresters
current transformer opens the ciircuit breaker when the current is higher than safe value
Nov 2022 53that
The disconnected switch also provides protection to the circuit by isolating it from any potential fault currents or surges
may occur in the rest of the system
 A.1.4 Overview of Power System

 Energy Control Center:

 It is not enough to construct distribution lines only for ensuring
quality power supply to the customers. Distribution utilities are
implementing computer-based technologies to modernize their
design, planning, maintenance and analysis applications in an un-
integrated way.

 DMS (Distribution Management System), GIS (Geographical

Information System) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) are appearing at an increasing rate in the language of
the power distribution community.

 GIS integration with SCADA/DMS system requires a considerable

investment in software development for system modernization and
overcoming challenges.
Nov 2022 54
 Zero Carbon Power Plants: Hydrogen
Renewable WATER
Electricity HYDROGEN
O2 STORAGE
Novel Chemical
Processes

THERMAL
ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT

O2
FUEL CELL
ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT

2.8 MW Fuel Cell Plant at Inland Empire, LA, USA

Hydrogen Gas Turbine

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Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan
 Zero Carbon Power Plants: CCS

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Promising solution but it is energy intensive
and storage risk needs long term assessment. CO2 can be also be captured directly
from source using a variety of technologies like - absorption, adsorption, chemical
looping, membrane gas separation or gas hydration.

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 Emission from Power Plants
Hydrogen
Color Codes

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 57

 Emission from Power Plants
Hydrogen
Color Codes

Nov 2022, Dr. Md. Ehsan 58