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Subject Code: 17639 Model Answer Page 1 of 28

Important suggestions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance.
(Not applicable for subject English and communication skills)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principle components indicated in a figure.
The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate understands.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Q.1 A) Attempt any THREE : 4 x 3 = 12 Marks

a) Define each of following terms of illumination — lux, lumen, luminous flux, illumination.
Ans: ( Each Definition; 1 Mark, Total 4 Marks)
i) Lux :-
It is unit of illumination and it is defined as luminous flux falling per unit area

ii) Lumen:
It is defined as the luminous flux emitted by a source of one candle power per unit solid
angle in all directions OR
It is unit of luminous flux. One lumen is defined as luminous flux emitted per unit solid
angle from a point source of candle power.
iii) Luminous flux (F):-
The total energy radiated by a source of light in all directions is called
Luminous flux. And its unit is Lumen
OR
Luminous flux is commonly called light output and is measured in lumens (lm).

iv) Illumination:-
The illumination is defined as the luminous flux falling on per unit area of the given
surface on the working plane. The unit of illumination is lumens/m2 OR
lumens/m2 = 1 Lux
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b) Draw neat circuit diagram at tungsten filament bulb and give names for diff. parts.
Ans: Circuit diagram at tungsten filament bulb:
( Diagram : 2 Marks & Name of Parts: 2 Marks)

or equivalent figure
c) Explain working principle of thyristor control dimmer in electric dimmer system.
Ans: Thyristor or SCR operated dimmer:– ( Figure : 2 Mark & Explanation: 2 Mark)

OR
orequivalent figure
The SCR is generally used as switching component in electrical system. In the
SCR when the anode terminal is +ve cathode is –ve and if the trigger pulse is applied to the
gate of the SCR, then at that moment SCR will start conducting.
In the present circuit the capacitor is charged through variable resistance R2 so that
Charging time constant ( R2C) will be decided and after that whenever capacitor is fully charged
it will discharge through the gate terminal, and SCR will be fired[ON]. The firing period is
decided by the value of R2C i.e. why conduction &firing angle will be changed. This firing
angle may be vary 0 to 180º i.e. why the fired output voltage can be (variable) available across
the lamp. So that light intensity will be changes, By the SCR only +ve half cycle are controlled.
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d) State any six factors on which efficiency of lighting depends.

Ans: Following six factors on which efficiency of lighting depend:
( First Any Two Point: 1 Mark & Other any Four Point : 1/2 Mark Each)
1) Level of illumination or degree of illumination:
It depends on nature of work to be carried out. The degree of level of
illumination also depends on following factors.
i) The size of object & its distance from observer.
ii) If object is moving speedly higher level of illumination is required than stationary
object.
iii) If the objects are required to be seen for long duration of time, higher level of
illumination is necessary & for stair cases, corridors less illumination is required.
2) Glare:
The glare causes unnecessary eye fatigue so it must be avoided, it can be
prevented by using diffusing glass screen, suitable reflectors & proper mounting height.
Reflected glare from the polished surfaces within the line of vision should be avoided.
3) Shadows:
The formation of long and hard shadows must be avoided. The long and hard
shadows cause accident. Such shadows can be avoided by
i) Using proper mounting height of the lamps.
ii) Using more number of lamps & providing indirect lighting.
iii) Employing wide surface sources of light. Complete absence of shadows is again not
recommended as soft shadows are required to identify three dimensional objects.
4) color rendering:
This refers to the ability of the light source to reproduce the original colour
of the objects when the object is illuminated by that source.
5) Lamp fittings:
The lamp fittings serve the following functions in good illumination scheme.
i) To diffuse the light ii) To cut off the light at certain angle to avoid glare iii) To
give mechanical protection to light source. iv) To increase the aesthetical requirement of
the premises. V) To control the level of light (control gear)
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6) Maintenance:
Regular cleaning of lamps & light fittings is necessary to maintain their efficiency.
The maintenance is necessary against dust, water leakage, dangerous gases which
may cause corrosion of light fittings. Hence light fittings should be simple & easy from
maintenance point of view.
7) Following factors are considered while designing interior illumination: utilization factor,
deprecation factor, Maintenance factor and space to height ratio.
OR
1. Comfortable: - The energy illumination scheme should be comfortable to everybody.
2. Pleasant surrounding:
By the electrical lighting or the electrical illumination scheme the surrounding
area of that location should be pleasant.
3. Long Life: - The life of the designed illumination should be larger.
4. Economy: - The cost of the designed illumination scheme should be low.
5. Less maintenance: -
For any type of illumination scheme the maintenance & repairing should be less.
6. Appearance: - The appearance of illumination scheme should be good.
7.less glares: -
The glare is fatigue to the human eyes. The illumination scheme is designed is
such a way that there should be less glare to everyone i.e. Only electrical & mechanical
accidents will be less.
8. less Flickers: -
The flicker is change in light intensity. This flicker should be always less for any type
of illumination scheme. In the flicker there are change of stroboscopic effect at the time of
workshop lighting in it is very important.
9. To avoid hard Shadows: -
The whole illumination scheme is designing for minimum shadows. At the time of
flood light the hard shadows are avoided.
10. Sufficient lux Level: - The lux level is decided by the type of application, type of location.
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11. Cleanliness: -
The illumination scheme should be free from any type of ash, smoke or any other air
pollution it should be clean.
12. Simple Control: - The illumination scheme designed by the electrical lighting is very
simple. The control, multicolour light intensity control is also possible in electrical illumination.
OR
1. Stroboscopic Effect: Stroboscopic effect should be less
2. Area of working Plane: Number of lighting devices depends upon area of working plane
3. Quality of civil construction works:
Waste light factor, utilization factors depends upon quality of civil construction work.
4. Height of lamp fitting: Lighting efficiency depends upon space to height ratio.
5. Type of lighting source:
There are number of lighting source having different illumination efficiency, So
lighting efficiency depends upon this type lighting source.
6. Diffusion factor: By this factor the actual required lux level on working plane is decided.
7. Distribution of lux on working plane:
The lux level on working plane should be uniformly distributed.
Q.1B) Attempt any ONE : 6 x 1 = 6 Marks
a) Explain with neat circuit diagram, low pressure mercury vapour lamp.
Ans: ( Diagram: 3 Marks , Explanation: 3 Marks)
Diagram of low pressure mercury vapour lamp:

OR
or equivalent figure
Working:-
 Whenever 1-ph, 230V, AC Supply is provided to the discharge tube of MVL initially to
current will flow from Phase to the choke to the starting electrode to neutral.
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 Sometimes the starting electrode or resistance is made by tungsten filament having the
more resistance ( 5 to 10 K ohm) so that whenever current flows through the tungsten
filament as per the thermal emission the light is emitted through the filament ( tungsten
immediately) so that initially colour of light is blue.
 At the same time the rated voltages is applied in between the filament No.1 & filament
No.2. Due to this voltage, there will be collision. Of neon gas particles & current will
start flow through the discharge tube,
 Whenever temperature surrounding the inner tube increases up to 600C the mercury
powder will start vaporizing & the continuous collision process of all inert gases is taking
place so that full light is emitted through the discharge tube.
 The colour of light is bluish white. The full light is emitted after 10-15 min.
OR Student may write

The construction & connection diagram is as shown in figure. As per this

construction there are following components.
 Choke: The choke is acting as the ballast. At the time of supply voltage variation of
current flowing through the inner tube is maintained constant to keep uniform light
intensity. Sometimes choke can be designed for to get the higher voltages & to apply the
inner tube of mercury vapour lamp.
 Starting resistance/limiting resistance: Whenever current flows through the starting
resistance there is a I2R loss which is converted into heat. If the temperature of this heat
goes near about 6000C then there will be heating effect & inert gases ionization will be
start.
 Auxiliary electrode & Main electrode: It is made by high resistive element. The
ionization is taking place through the inert gases whenever current flows from auxiliary
electrode to main electrode.
 Inner Tube: The various inert gases e.g. Argon, Nitrogen etc with mercury powder are
filled in the inner tube at low pressure or high pressure.
 Outer Tube: The function of outer tube is to make the vacuum surrounding the inner
tube to avoid thermal dissipation or to maintain 600C surrounding the inner tube.
 Power factor improvement Capacitor: The function of power factor improvement
capacitor is to improve the power factor 0.5 to 0.95
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Define each of following terms of illumination — Space height ratio, Reduction factor,
b)
maintenance factor.
Ans: i) Space to height ratio: (2 Mark)
It is the ratio of horizontal distance between two adjacent lamps to the mounting height of
the lamps.
OR
Space between lamps
Space height ratio 
Height of lamps above working plane

ii) Reduction Power: (2 Mark)

It is ratio of mean spherical candle power to the mean horizontal candle power.
M SCP
Re ductio Power ( factor ) 
M HCP
iii) Maintenance factor:- (2 Mark)
It is the reciprocal of Depreciation factor. OR
It is defined as the ratio of illumination under normal working conditions to the
illumination when everything is clean.
OR
illu min ation uder normal working condition
Maintenace Factor 
illu min ation under every thing is clean

Q.2 Attempt any TWO : 8 x 2 = 16 Marks

a) Draw and explain how one lamp can be controlled by two switch. State application of it.
Ans: One lamp can be controlled by two switch:-
(Figure: 2 Marks, Explanation: 4 Marks, Appl: 2 Marks, Total: 8 marks)

OR
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or equivalent figure
Explanation:
This system is commonly used for stair case wiring. It consists of two way switches (the
switch operates always in one of the two possible positions) the circuit diagram is as shown in
figure above.
Assume that the lamp is in between ground floor and first floor with switch S1 is on ground
floor and S2 is on first floor. When the position of the switches S1& S2 is as shown in figure then
the lamps is ‘ON’. When a person reaches on first floor the lamp is required to be switched
‘OFF’ so the person will change the position of switch S2 such that the lamp will be switched
‘OFF’.
Application:
1. It is used for Stair case wiring
2. It is also used for Bedroom wiring
3. It used for corridors.
4. It is used for Hospital lighting
b) A uniform illumination of 80 lux obtained on the floor of room measuring 15 m x 15 m by
arranging electric light suitably. Calculate the no. of lamps and watt rating of each lamp if
lamp is 15 lux/watt. Assume and write suitable values required in this calculation.
Ans: NOTE: Marks should be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the
assumed constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the
candidate’s answers and model answer
Given Data:
E = 80 lumen/sqm Area of working plane =15 m x 15m = 225 sq m
U.F = 0.4 & D.F = 1.2 Wattage of Lamps Assumed= 100 watt /200/500 Watt
Efficiency = 14 lumens/watt assumed: Waste light factor = 1

i) Total Lumens utilized = E x A or ---------------------------------------------(1/2 Marks)

= 80 x 225 = 18000 Lumens ---------------------( 1Marks)

Total lumens utilised  D.F

ii) Total Lumens given out by the lamp = --------- (1/2 marks)
U .F
18000  1.2

0.4
 54000 Lumens -------------------- (1 Marks)
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Total lumens given out by the lamps

iii) Total Wattage = lu min ous efficiency ----------------------(1/2 Marks)

54000

15
 3600 Watts -----------------------------------------(2 Marks)

The wattage of lamps is assumed – 100 watt:

Total Wattage
iv) Number of Lamps = Wattage of each lamp -----------------------------(1/2 Marks)
3600

100
 36 Nos ------------------------------------- (2 Marks)
 Numbers of lmaps  36 Nos

A room 30 m x 20 m is illuminated 20 no. of 200 W lamps. The MSCP of each lamp is 240.
c) If utilization factor is 0.75 and 1.25 depreciation factor, then find out average illumination
produced on floor.
Ans: i) Area of room=A= 30 × 20m= 600 sqmtr. ii) MSCP of each lamp = 240

iii) Depreciation factor=D.F= 1.25 iv) Co-efficient of utilization= U.F=0.75

v) Number of lamps = 20 vi) wattage of each lamp = 200 watts

Find: Average illumination=E=?

Solution:

Total lumens given out by all lamps= (MSCP  4  )  20 ------------------------------- (1 Mark)

= (240  4  )  20

= 60318.57 Lumens. --------------------------------------- (1 Mark)

U .F
Total lumens received on the floor = Total lumens given out by all lamps x ------ (1 Mark)
D.F

0.75
Total lumens received on the floor = 60318.57 x
1.25
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= 36191.142 Lumens. ------------------------------------- (2 Mark)

Total lumens recieved on the floor

Average illumination on the floor = EAV = - ------ (1 Mark)
Area

36191.142
=
600

EAV= 60.318 Lumens per square mtr--- Answer--------------- (2 Mark)

OR
EAV= 60.318 Lux--- Answer

Q.3 Attempt any FOUR : 4 x 4 = 16 Marks

a) State any four characteristics of flood lighting.
Ans: (Any four point Expected:1 Marks each )
Following are the specific characteristics of flood lighting:-
1. Ideal for landscape and architecture lighting.
2. Widely used in home for the showroom purpose, office decoration, garden lighting, VIP
building lighting parking lighting etc.
3. For flood lighting the luminous efficiency is high and the span for the life is long with
less maintenance
4. Best thermal management.
5. Available in various sizes and shapes
6. Compact design can be possible.
7. Light intensity can be controlled.
8. For the flood lighting we can used halogen lamps, metal halide lamp, bunched filament
projector lamps. But for the energy saving purpose we can use LED projector lamp.
9. By using the LED lamps the multicolour shades can be possible.
10. The initial cost and running for the flood lighting can be minimized by proper selection
of flood lighting.
11. Working nights of flood light can be increased.
OR
Following are the specific characteristics of flood lighting:-
1. Comfortable: - The energy illumination scheme should be comfortable to everybody.
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2. Pleasant surrounding: By the electrical lighting or the electrical illumination scheme

the surrounding area of that location should be pleasant.
3. Long Life: - The life of the designed illumination should be larger.
Economy: - The cost of the designed illumination scheme should be low.
5. Less maintenance: - For any type of illumination scheme the maintenance & repairing
should be less.
6. Appearance: - The appearance of illumination scheme should be good.
7. less glares: - The glare is fatigue to the human eyes. The illumination scheme
is designed is such a way that there should be less glare to everyone i.e. Only electrical &
mechanical accidents will be less.
8. less Flickers: - The flicker is change in light intensity. This flicker should be always
less for any type of illumination scheme. In the flicker there are change of stroboscopic
effect at the time of workshop lighting in it is very important.
9. To avoid hard Shadows: - The whole illumination scheme is designing for minimum
shadows. At the time of flood light the hard shadows are avoided.
10. Sufficient lux Level: - The lux level is decided by the type of application, type of
location.
11. Cleanliness: - The illumination scheme should be free from any type of ash, smoke or
any other air pollution it should be clean.
12. Simple Control: - The illumination scheme designed by the electrical lighting is very
simple. The control, multicolour light intensity control is also possible in electrical
illumination.
State illumination in lux for each of following : Operation theatre, stair, living room, study
b)
room.
Ans: illumination in lux for following location:
(Given Four points - 1 Mark each, Total 4 Marks)
S.No Areas Recommended illumination level
1 Operation theatre 600 to 1000 lux
2 Stair 60 to 100 Lux
3 Living Room 200 to 300 Lux
4 Study room 300 Lux
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c) Explain with neat diagram 'construction and working of HPMV.

Ans:
(Diagram: 2 Marks, Construction: 1 Mark, Working: 1 Mark)
Diagram of High Pressure mercury vapour lamp:

OR

or equivalent figure
Working of HPMV:-
 Whenever 1-ph, 230V, AC Supply is provided to the discharge tube of MVL initially to
current will flow from Phase to the choke to the starting electrode to neutral.
 Sometimes the starting electrode or resistance is made by tungsten filament having the
more resistance ( 5 to 10 K ohm) so that whenever current flows through the tungsten
filament as per the thermal emission the light is emitted through the filament ( tungsten
immediately) so that initially colour of light is blue.
 At the same time the rated voltages is applied in between the filament No.1 & filament
No.2. Due to this voltage, there will be collision. Of neon gas particles & current will
start flow through the discharge tube,
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 Whenever temperature surrounding the inner tube increases up to 600 C the mercury
powder will start vaporizing & the continuous collision process of all inert gases is taking
place so that full light is emitted through the discharge tube.
 The colour of light is bluish white. The full light is emitted after 10-15 min.
OR Student may write

The construction & connection diagram is as shown in figure. As per this

construction there are following components.
 Choke: The choke is acting as the ballast. At the time of supply voltage variation of
current flowing through the inner tube is maintained constant to keep uniform light
intensity. Sometimes choke can be designed for to get the higher voltages & to apply the
inner tube of mercury vapour lamp.
 Starting resistance/limiting resistance: Whenever current flows through the starting
resistance there is a I2R loss which is converted into heat. If the temperature of this heat
goes near about 60 0 C then there will be heating effect & inert gases ionization will be
start.
 Auxiliary electrode & Main electrode: It is made by high resistive element. The
ionization is taking place through the inert gases whenever current flows from auxiliary
electrode to main electrode.
 Inner Tube: The various inert gases e.g. Argon, Nitrogen etc with mercury powder are
filled in the inner tube at 5 to 7 times of the atmospheric pressure.
 Outer Tube: The function of outer tube is to make the vacuum surrounding the inner
tube to avoid thermal dissipation or to maintain 600C surrounding the inner tube.
 Power factor improvement Capacitor: The function of power factor improvement
capacitor is to improve the power factor 0.5 to 0.95

d) A 230 V lamp has a total flux of 2800 lumens and takes current 0.7 Amp. Calculate lumen
per watt and MSCP per watt.
Ans:
Total lumens required on working plane
Total MSCP of the lamp = - ------ (1/2 Mark)
4

2800
Total MSCP of the lamp = -
4
Total MSCP of the lamp = 222.8169 ----------------------------------------------------- (1/2 Marks)

Power of the lamp = (V  I )  230  0.7  161 watt ------------------------------- (1 Mark)

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222.8169
MSCP per Watt = -
161
MSCP per Watt = 1.383 ------ --------------------------------------------- (1 Mark)

2800
Lumens per Watt = -
161
MSCP per Watt = 17.3913 ------------------------------------------------- (1 Mark)

e) Explain working of salt water dimmer with the help of diagram.

Ans: By salt Water method – ( Figure : 2 Marks & Explanation : 2 Marks)

OR

Or equivalent figure

 As position of plates in immersed position changes output voltage across Light sources
will be changes .So that light intensity also will be changes.
 Distance between plates and quantity of salt immersed in the water and depth of plates
decides light intensity.

f) What is polar curve ? Write its use in designing of lamps.

Ans: Meaning of Polar Curves:- ( Meaning : 2 Marks & Use : 2 Marks)
Polar curves are graphical representation of light intensity with respect to angular
position in horizontal or vertical plane passing through the light source.
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or equivalent figure

Use of polar curves in illumination Engg:-.

The polar curves are required to determine the mean horizontal candle power (MHCP) and
mean hemispherical candle power (MHSCP).The polar curves are due to limitations of
unsymmetrical design shape of the incandescent lamp. The polar curves are required to
calculate number of lamps in illumination design.

1. It indicates coverage of lights which helps lighting scheme.

2. To know the intensity of light emitted by the source in different direction

Q.4 A) Attempt any THREE : 4 x 3 = 12 Marks

a) State any four specific requirements of street lighting.
Ans: Following specific requirements of street lighting:
( Any four point expected: 1 Marks each)
1. The street lighting should be such that the object can be seen by driver of any vehicle.
2. The street lighting should be attractive.
3. It should increase the community value.
4. As per the Indian standard, the illumination level required for high traffic density
should be 20:30 lux for medium traffic density it should be 8-15 lux & for low traffic
density it should be minimum 4 lux.
5. It should be such that a river of any vehicle sees the object up to 30 mtr.
6. Percentage of glare should be less so there are less chances of accidents, for that angle
of reflector should be well maintain.
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7. It should be electrical & mechanical safe.

8. The replacement of lighting accessories should be simple
9. The maintenance & repairing should be simple future expansion should be carries out
without any difficulty.
10. It should be economical.
11. For high traffic density, generally metal halide lamp, halogen lamps should be used.
For medium traffic density sodium vapour lamp , mercury vapour lamp should be used
& for low traffic density CFL, LED and fluorescent tube should be used.
OR
Main Objectives of street Lighting:
1) To make the road clearly visible.
2) To promote safety & convenience to the traffic.
3) To make the street more attractive.
4) To increase the community value of the street.

b) Compare commercial lighting and Industrial lighting. (any four point)

Ans: ( Any Four Point Expected: 1 Mark each : Total : 4 Marks)

S.No Point of Commercial lighting Industrial lighting

comparison
1 Initial cost Less More
2 Maintenance cost Less More
3 Lumens required Less/medium Medium/More
4 Appearance Attractive Normal
5 Application In Mall, Shops, Showroom etc In any type of factory
6 Safety Medium /high Medium/high
7 Supply 3-Ph, 400 V 3-ph, 400V or HT Supply
8 P.F. improvement Not compulsory Compulsory
capacitor
9 ELCB,MCB,MC Can be installed as per Generally it is compulsion.
CB, LA etc consumers requirement
protection device
10 Earth Wire In normal case 18 SWG Minimum 8 SWG Copper or
Copper or 16 SWG GI wire 6 SWG GI Wire

c) State any four types of lighting schemes. State their one use.
Ans: lighting scheme adopted:
1. Direct lighting scheme
2. Indirect lighting Scheme
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3. Semi direct scheme

4. Semi indirect scheme
4. General lighting scheme
Explanation : (Any Four Expected: 1 Mark each, Total 4 Marks)
i) Direct lighting :

In this method, the reflector is used on the lighting source. The 100% light is
reflected by this reflector on the working plane. So efficiency of direct lighting scheme is very
high and it is economical also. But limitation of direct lighting scheme is that glare & shadows
are more.
The direct lighting scheme is widely used in drawing room, workshop etc.
Drawbacks of direct lighting system: (Any one point expected)
1. This scheme is more efficient but it suffers from hard shadows and glare.
2. These light creates tunneling effect i.e ceiling remains dark.

ii) Indirect lighting scheme :-

or equivalent figure
In this method the 100% light is reflected on ceiling and walls by the reflector and
this reflected light will be available on working plane. It is less efficient and uneconomical
scheme but glare and shadows are very less. i.e. why surrounding may be pleasant and
widely used in hotels, guest room etc.
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iii) Semi direct lighting scheme :-

In this method, the 70 to 80% light will be directly reflected on the working plane and
20 to 30 % light will be reflected on the ceiling and walls. The efficiency and economy is
slightly less than direct lighting scheme. But the glare and shadows are less as compare to
direct lighting scheme.
iv) Semi indirect lighting scheme :-

or equivalent figure

In this lighting scheme, 70 to 80% light is reflected on ceiling & walls and 20 to
30% light will be available on the working plane directly. It is economical and efficiency as
compared to indirect lighting scheme.

v) General lighting scheme:-

In this lighting scheme, the reflector is not used on the light source, so the lumens
emitted by the light source will be reflected on ceiling wall and can be available directly on
working plane also.
This method is commonly used in various residential, commercial and industrial
installations.
d) State any four applications of spot lighting.
Ans: Applications of Spot Lighting. (Any Four Expected: 1 Mark each, Total 4 Marks)
1. In Shops for showroom purpose
2. Stage lighting
3. Illumination monuments
4. In art gallery
5. Advertising lighting.
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Q. 4B) Attempt any ONE : 6 x 1 = 6 Marks

Explain with neat diagram, construction and working of Halogen lamp. State their
a)
application.
Ans: Sketch of Halogen Lamp:- ( Sketch : 2 Mark)

OR
or equivalent figure
Construction and Working of Halogen Lamp:- ( Working : 2 Mark)

 This is one type of incandescent lamp having number of advantages over the ordinary
incandescent lamp.
 The life & efficiency of an incandescent lamp is affected by the gradual & evaporation of
tungsten and also its operating temperature but the addition of small amount of halogen
vapour to the gas in bulb restores.
 The evaporated tungsten vapour back to the filament by means of chemical reaction and
the cycle goes on.
 Halogens are a group consisting of the elements chlorine, fluorine & bromine & iodine. As
a result halogen lamps have the following advantages.
 There is no blackening of bulb so there is no depression of light output.
 It has 50 % more efficiency than that of an ordinary incandescent lamp.
 It is smaller in size.
 It gives better coloured radiation.
 Halogen lamps are manufacture upto 5KW and are suitable for outdoor illuminations.

Application of Halogen Lamp: ( Application : 2 Mark)

1) Hospitality (restaurants, lounges, hotels )

2) Museums, galleries and art displays

3) Retail displays (merchandising, ancient lighting)
4) Residential, commercial, offices, grocery, food, decorative and decorative
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b) Explain lumen or light flux method for calculation of light.

Ans: i) Lumens or Light flux method for calculation of light: ( 6 Marks)

This method is applied where an average illumination is required also when uniform
illumination is required. Total lumens output is calculated from the efficiency of each lamp
and the number of lamp is used in the circuit. To calculate lumens received on the working
plane, The total lumens already calculated multiplied by the co-efficient of utilization, when
the lamps & the surroundings are not perfectly clean then while calculating the lumens
received on the working plane, the depreciation factor or maintenance factor is taken into
consideration,

Thus lumens received on working plane =(Number of lamps  wattage of each lamp 
efficiency of each lamp  coefficient of utilization) / (depreciation factor)

OR

= number of lamps  wattage of each lamp  efficiency of each lamp  utilization factor 
maintenance factor

OR

A  I W
Calculate Total Lumens 
C .  M .F

Q.5 Attempt any TWO : 8 x 2 = 16 Marks

a) Estimate the number and wattage of lamps which is required to illuminate a' workshop
space 80 m x 30 m by means of lamps mounted 8.5 m above working plane. The average
illumination is 90 lux, coefficient of utilization is 0.48, luminous efficiency 20 lumens per
watt. Assume a space height ratio of unity maintenance factor 0.9.
Ans: Given Data:
E = 90 Lux Area of working plane = 80m x 30 m = 2400 m2
U.F = 0.48 & D.F = 0.9 height=H=8.5 Mts space/height=1
Efficiency of lamp = 20 lumens/watt
Candle power depreciation of 20%. So D.F = 0.8 Assumed
Determine: 1) Number of lamps if luminous efficiency of 14 lumens/watt
A E
Solution: Gross Lumens  ------------------------------------- (1 Marks)
U .F  D.F
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90  2400
Gross Lumens  -
0.48  0.9

21600
Gross Lumens 
0.432
Gross Lumens  500000 lumens ----------------------------- (1 Marks)

Gross Lumens
Total Wattage required  -------------- (1 Marks)
Li min ous efficiency in lumens / watt

500000
Total Wattage required 
20

Total Wattage required  25000 Watts ------------------------------- (1 Marks)

Space/height=1 hence space=6

Lenght 80
No. of lamps length wise =   9.41  9 Nos
space 8.5

width 30
No. of lamps width wise =   3.529  4 Nos
space 8.5

Total No. of lamps = Length wise  width wise  9  4  36 Nos ------------------ (1 Marks)

Total watage required

Wattage of each lamp  - --------------------- (1 Marks)
No. of lamp

25000
Wattage of each lamp 
36
Wattage of each lamp  694.44  700 ---------------------------- (2 Marks)

b) Explain how lighting scheme should be designed of each of the following parking area in
mall and digital showroom and Garment shop.
Ans: Lighting scheme should be deigned according to application of lighting purpose : ( 8 Marks)
i) Parking area for the malls:
 The lighting scheme designed should be similar to outdoor lighting or flood lighting
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ii) Digital showroom :

 The lighting scheme designed should be similar to indoor lighting or Spot Lighting
iii) Garment shop.
 The lighting scheme designed should be similar to indoor lighting and decorative
lighting for showrooms.
For above applications the designed procedure is as below:
1. Visit to corresponding site and make the proper survey of every room and its interior or
exterior applications. Measure the dimensions of every room (length, width, height).
Make the proper plan layout with proper isometric view.
2. Find out application and working plane of every working plane.
3. As per the illumination standard decide proper lux level on that particular working plane.
4. As per quality of civil work and surrounding conditions and colour of walls and ceiling
decide waste light factor, utilization factor, depreciation factor etc.
5. Find out total lumens required on working plane.
AIW
Total lumens required on working plane = CD
6. Decide the type and wattage of lamp which is to be used for that particular application
7. Assume the proper illumination efficiency of those specific lamps which are to be used on
that working plane
8. Find out total no. of lamps/focus lamps, MVL, SVL and tubes etc for that particular
working plane and after that find out total no. of lamps & tubes or any other lamps for
interior application of commercial installation. By assuming proper space to height ratio
make the proper illumination scheme. This procedure is repeated for every working plane
in every room.
9. Find out total no. of lamps or tubes for that particular working plane
Total Lumens Re quired
Number of Lamps required 
Wattage of each lamp  %  of each lamp
10. Find out total power consumption of all interior or exterior applications for calculated
lamps and tubes.
11. Find out the rated current for all applications.

If 1Ph, 230V supply is provided, P = VI cos 

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If 3ph, 400V supply is provided, P = √3 VI cos 

12. Determine size of wire or cable required for whole residential or commercial
installation. The size of wire is decided by the starting current, which is 1.5 times rated
current, for momentary overload S.C. future expansion and starting surge.
c) A minimum illumination of 80 lux/m2 is required in factory shade 80 m x 20 m. Calculate
no. location and wattage of the units to be assume that depreciation factor 0.8, coefficient
of utilization is 0.6 and efficiency lamp unit is. 14 lumen/watt.
Ans: NOTE: Marks should be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the
assumed constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the
candidate’s answers and model answer
Given Data:
E = 80 lumen/sqm Area of working plane = 80 m x 20 m = 1600 sq m
U.F = 0.6 & D.F = 0.8 Wattage of Lamps Assumed = 100 watt /200/500 Watt
Efficiency = 14 lumens/watt assumed: Waste light factor = 1

i) Total Lumens utilized = E x A or --------------------------------------------- (1/2 Marks)

= 80 x 1600 = 128000 Lumens---------------------(1 Marks)

Total lumens utilised

ii) Total Lumens given out by the lamp = U .F  D.F --------- (1/2 marks)
128000

0.6  0.8

 266666 . 666 Lumens -------------- (1 Marks)

Total lumens given out by the lamps

iii) Total Wattage = lu min ous efficiency ---------------------- (1/2 Marks)
266666 . 666

14

 19047 .619 Watts ----------------------------------------- (1 Marks)

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The wattage of lamps is assumed – 100 watt

Total Wattage
iv) Number of Lamps = Wattage of each lamp ----------------------------- (1/2 Marks)
19047.619

100
 190 .476  190 Nos ------------------------------------- (2 Marks)

 Numbers of lmaps  190 Nos

Location of lamps: ( 1 Mark)

OR Equivalent figure
Q.6 Attempt any FOUR : 4 x 4 = 16 Marks
a) State any four requirements of illumination of shipgards areas.
Ans: The requirements of illumination of shipgards areas:-
(Any Four points Expected 1 Marks Each)
1. The shipyard lighting always depends upon the all surrounding conditions for e.g. wind
pressure, rain fall, location of shipyard from the sea-share etc.
2. The shipyard lighting always depends upon the type & capacity of alternator which is
held in ship for interior applications and the capacity of alternator which is installed in
the ship-yard and any other non-conventional sources installed in that particulars area
for all outdoor application.
3. In the every shipyard there may be limitation conventional sources to over-come these
limitations sometimes non-conventional sources for e.g. solar, tidal, wave-let, etc non-
conventional energy sources are to b used. At the time of illumination design we have
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to consider this factor.

4. In the ship-yard after scotching various shipyard is necessary for this case control
room, emergency –control, emergency medical centre. Loading and unloading areas
etc. are required, at the time of illumination design we have to consider all these
applications for its standard lux level.
5. In the every ship-yard the electrical & mechanical safety is the prime-moto. At the time
of illumination design the all safety precautions are to be taken.
6. The life of the shipyard lighting should be always more.
7. The cost of the ship-yard lighting should be always economical.
8. The every ship-yard station should be free from any type of pollution for e.g. water
pollution, sound pollution or noise pollution to the commercial communication signals.
9. At the time of ship-yard lighting for the outdoor applications we have consider total
area of water, which is covered by the illumination.
10. The ship-yard lighting is always at the remote place slightly away from the sea-share,
so at the time of ship-yard lighting the wiring & accessories can be replace easily.
11. The maintenance and the repairing of the shipyard lighting system should be simple &
less, at the time of ship-yard lighting the navigation signals and lights are very
important to control the various ships at the time of ship-yard lighting we have to
consider this factor also.
12. In the ship-yard lighting the various lamp are used to get the proper lux level and for
energy saving purpose also, the some of the lamps are as below-forge, Bollards, foot
lamps, solar grass lamps, LED-Solar energy lawn lamps, various focus lamps, metal
halide lamps etc.

b) State any four desirable characteristics of lighting required in stage area.

Ans: (Any Four points Expected: 1 Marks Each)
The following characteristics with their effects can be obtained by lighting on the stage:
1. The activity or programme on the stage should be performed without any disturbance.
2. The lux level on the stage and light intensity is maintained and controlled as per
requirement of activity.
3. The multi colour effect for particular activity of drama is also possible.
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4. The smooth and simple control is also possible.

5. The replacement of lighting accessories should be simple and quick.
6. The maintenance and repairing is less.
7. The all operations in the stage lighting are smoothly and simple controlled.
8. Life of the stage lighting is more and it is more economical.
9. The Power consumption should be less.
10. The surrounding mood on the stage is maintained and improved by the stage lighting.

c) State any four desirable characteristics required in Aquarium.

Ans: Following Characteristics required in Aquariums:-
(Any Four points Expected: 1 Marks Each)
1. The aquarium lightly depends open the size of the aquariums tank (Length, width and
depth. So select proper aquarium size
2. The aquarium lighting depends upon the all sounding condition e.g. colour and size of
the given hall in which the aquarium is placed. So Maintained the surrounding
condition
3. The aquarium lighting depend open the maintenance schedule of the tank water and
other aquarium accessories, So keep proper Maintainance
4. The aquarium lighting depends open the surrounding temperature and required
temperature of water in the tank. So to keep the proper temperature.
5. In some type of aquarium the ultraviolet lamp are provided for the bacteria filling
purpose. So use ultraviolet lamp
6. The aquarium lighting also depends open the various aquarium lighting also depends
open the various aquarium accessories used in the tank. So use and maintain the
various aquarium accessories.
7. The aquarium lighting should be electrically and mechanically safe to the all type
aquatic animals and operator also. So keep safety.
8. The aquarium lighting should be economical.
9. The life of the aquarium lighting should be long.
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d) How decorative lighting is useful for advertising section ?

Ans: besides Decorative lighting advertising is also possible in following cases :
(Any four point Expected:1 Mark each)
1. By decoration of ancient and VIP Buildings.
2. By decoration of gardens.
3. By increasing the beauty of interior and exterior applications.
4. To increase the festival mood.
5. For domestics function.
6. For various stages.
7. For advertisement of commercial building.
8. To improve energy saving, economy, reliability of lighting system
9. Decorative lighting is always attractive and, multicolour so automatically it will be
advertised.
e) Suggest the various illumination levels required in various areas of Healthcare centre and
Hospitals.
Ans: i) Recommended illumination level required for any four areas of hospital lighting and
Healthcare centre:
(Any Four areas required- 1 Mark each)

S.No Areas Recommended illumination level

1 Reception & Nursing 250 to 300 lux station
2 Corridors & circulation 40 to 60 lux areas
3 Patient wards - 100 to 200 lux
4 Operation theatres - 600 to 1000 lux
5 ICU - 500 to 700 lux
6 General ward 100 to 200 lux
7 Special ward 150 to 250 lux etc
8 Gym Section 200 to 300 lux

f) Write a note on Horticulture lighting and Agriculture lighting.

Ans: Explanation for agriculture lighting and Horticulture lighting : ( 4 Marks)

1. If any type of agriculture or horticulture premises if the natural sunlight is not

available then high pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps are to be used.
2. The requirement of agricultural or horticultural lighting is similar of flood lighting and
lighting calculations is also same. Only difference is that basic lux level is decided by
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the type of applications.

3. In the greenhouse the fluorescent tubes, the CFL are also used for energy saving
purpose. The metal halide lamps which are to be used in the green house having the
wattage of 75W, 250W and 400W.
4. In any types of green house, the all environmental condition which are required for
plant growth these all conditions are artificially provided by the lighting scheme.
These all Surrounding conditions may be room temp. Humidity, wind pressure,
sunlight and percentage of water.
5. In the green house we can use standard high pressure lamp of 250W, 500W, 1000W
etc. In these types of lamps, there may be sodium vapour lamp and mercury vapour
lamp.

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