REVISE

6. LIFE PROCESSES
Nutrition
I t is a necessary process for organism to
an stay
alive.
Autotrophic nutrition: It is the type of nutrition in
which organisms prepare their own food through
photosynthesis. E.g. all green plants, algae etc.
Photosynthesis: It is the process in which solar
energy is converted to chemical energy.
Site: Chloroplast in the leaf.
Raw materials for photosynthesis:
Sunlight
Chlorophyll (Present in chloroplast of leaves)
CO, (Obtained from air)
H,O (Obtained from soil).
By-product obtained: Oxygen
Main Events of Photosynthesis are:
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
&splitting of water molecules into H, and O,
Reduction of CO, to form carbohydrates.
Stomata: Tiny pores present on the surface of the
leaves.
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LIFE PROCESSES
In the large intestine, the remaining nutrients are
absorbed and the leftover is removed from the body
through the rectum and anus
Respiration:
t is the process in which living organisms involves the
production of energy.
Includes two steps:
Gaseous exchange: Intake of O, from the atmosphere
and release of CO, Breathing
Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy
insidethe cellular respiration inside the body cells -
Cellular Respiration
Two modes of respiration: Aerobic (in the presence of
oxygen) and anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen).
Breakdown of Glucose by various pathways
Ethanol+CO,+Energy
Absence of (2-Carbon molecule)
oxygen
Glucose in Pyruvate (Yeast)
Lactic acid+Energy
(6-Carbon) Cytoplasm (3-Carbon Lack of O (3-Carbon molecule)
molecule molecule) (in our muscle cells)

Energy CO,+H,0+ENERGY
Presence ofo,
(in Mitochondria)
Human Respiratory
System: It involves the
passage of air through the respiratory system.
Nostrils Nasal passage > Nasal cavity » Pharynx
Larynx Trachea - Bronchi ^ Lungs - Bronchioles -
Alveolar sac Blood capillaries
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LIFE PROCESSES
Transportation
Human Circulatory System consists of
Heart (Pumping organ)
Arteries and veins (Blood vessels)
Blood and lymph (Circulatory medium)
Human heart is four chambered. It is composed of four
chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
and left atrium.
Right ventricles have thicker muscular walls as they
pump blood into various organs.
Valves ensures that blood does not flow backwards
when the atria and ventricles contracts.
Humans have double circulation. Blood travels twice
through the heart in one complete cycle of the body.
Pulmonary circulation: Blood moves from the heart
lungs back the heart.
Systemic circulation: Blood moves from the heart
rest of the body > back to the heart.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue, comprising Plasma,
RBCs, WBCs and platelets.
Lymph: Yellowish fluid that escapes from the blood
capillaries into the intercellular spaces.
Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in
transportation and destroying germs.
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LIFE PROCESSES
> Process of Excretion: Renal artery carries blood
containing waste substances kidneys (filters blood).
Urine produced in the kidneys > ureters urinary
bladder released through the urethra > outside
Function of Kidney: Removes waste products from the
blood i.e., urea which is produced in the liver.
Nephron: Structural and functional unit of Kidney.
Mechanism of Urine Formation:
Glomerular Filtration
Tubularre-absorption
Secretion
Haemodialysis: It is the process of purifying blood by
an artificial kidney..
Meant for kidney failure patient.
Excretion in Plants:
Oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
Excess water is excreted through transpiration.
Wastes stored in leaves, bark etc. may fall off from
the plant.
Waste products stored as gums, resin in old xylem.
Plants excrete some wastes into the soil around
them.

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 MEMORISE
6. LIFE PROCESSES
Nutrition
O Process of photosynthesis:

given off
into air

Liqht OSugar converteastarch

Stored food in
Ghlorophyll other parts of
the plânt.
traps ight
energy.too turns iodine
W.ater makefood dark blue
carbon dioxide
absorbed from
the roots enters through the
stomata of the leaves

o Equation for photosynthesis is

6CO,+12H0 ChlorophylcG0+60,
Sunlight +6H,O
(Glucose)
o Nutrition in Amoeba:
Amoeba Pseudopodla
extension of cell
membrane
Capture food

Take in | food vacuolel

Diffusion (of
substancesDIgestion of food
simple
in cytoplasm) in food vacuole

Undigested food

Move to surface of
cell and is thrown out.

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LIFE PROCESSES
O Process of digestion in Humans:
Mouth Intake of whole food

Teeth Chewing/grinding of food

Tongue Rolling of food

+

Tasting of food
+
Swallowing/pushing down of the food
Salivary Glands Secrete Saliva +Mucus.
Salivary
Starch amylase Sugar
Saliva]
Oesophagus Taking food from mouth to stomach
by Peristaltic movements.
contraction and expansion of muscles
of the oesophagus]
Stomach Gastric glands secrete Gastric juice
Gastric juice

Pepsin HCI Mucus

enzyme that [makes medium [Protects inner
breaks down acidic] lining of the
proteins stomach]

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LIFE PROCESSES
Small
Intestine
Villi-shelps in absorption of food into
the blood.
finger like projections]
Small Receives Liver Bile-Juice
Intestine secretion from
Large fat Emulsification Small fat
Globules Globules
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice

Trypsin Lipase
Proteins> Peptones Fats Glycerol

Respiration
Types of Respiration:
Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic

Takes place in the presence of oxygen Takes place in the absence

.Occurs in mitochondria of oxygen
End products are CO, and H,O .Occurs in cytoplasm
End products are alcohol
More amount of energy is released
or lactic acid
(38 ATP) Less amount ofenergy is
released (2 ATP)

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LIFE PROCESSES
C Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways:
Glucose
CHO,
In cytoplasm

Pyruvic Acid+ Energy

Absence
ofOxygen
Presence of
Oxygen (In
Ethanol Co +Energy
Fermentation : Process of
mitochondria)
CO. +
converison of Pyruvic acid
into ethanol, CO, and energy
Lactic acid Water
+
by Yeast Energy Energy
Accumulation of
lactic acid causes
muscle fatigue.
It occurs after
rigorous exercise.

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LIFE PROCESSES
o Mechanism of Breathing:
Mechanism of Breathing

Inhalationn Exhalation
During inhalation, the thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity contracts.
(chest cavity) expands. Ribs move downwards.
Ribs ift upwards. Diaphragm become dome shaped.
Diaphragm become flat in shape. Volume of lungs decreases and air
Volume of lungs increases and air exits from the lungs.
enters the lungs

Exchange of gases between alveolus, blood and tissues

Air (rich in O,) Blood 0, Binds with
1. Cin alveolus) through blood Haemoglobin
vessels] in RBC
(capillaries)
0, is released in
tissues
CO, is
CO, Dissolved
2 CO
(from tissue)
released
into blood in blood

CO CO
Sent out Released Blood vessels
through nostrils in alveolar sac (capillaries)
(in alveoli)
Circulation
o Humans have double circulatory system.

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LIFE PROCESSES
o In humans, blood travels twice through the heart in
one complete cycle of the
O Heart Beat: It is one
body.
complete contraction and relaxation
of the heart is defined as heart beat. (72 times a
o Blood Circulation in Human
minute)
Heart:
Deoxygenated Vena Right Right
Blood Cava Atrium Ventricle
(from body)
Body Parts Blood Circulation Lungs
in Human Heart
via AORTA

Left Left Oxygenated

Ventricle Atrium blood

o Blood and its Types:

Blood
(A fluid Connective Tissue)

Solid Component| Liquid Component

Blood Corpuscles

Plasma
R.B.C.s Blood Platelet A yellow colour
W.B.C. fluid containing
carries
helps in Provide Body 90% water and
respiratory Blood Clotting defence by
gas (0, & Co) 10% Organic
engulfing the substances like Plasma,
contain Hb,
germs& producing Proteins viz. albumin,

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LIFEPROCESSES
o Blood vessels:
Blood Vessels

Arteries Veins
1. Carry oxygenated blood 1. Carry deoxygenated blood
from heart to body part except from body part to heart except
pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein.
2. Also called distributing vessel 2. Also called collecting vessel.
3. Thick and elastic. 3. Thin and less elastic.
4. Valves absent. 4. Valves present to prevent back
5. Deep seated. flow of blood.
5. Superficial.

Excretion
Excretion: It is the process of removal of the harmful
metabolic wastes from the body.
Excretory system of human beings includes
O A pair of kidneys

O A urinary bladder
O A pair of the ureter
O A urethra

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LIFE PROCESSES
o Nephron: It is the structural and Functional unit of
kidney.
oExcretory product of humans: CO, Urea etc.
o Urine: Yellowish liquid which contains water and urea.
oRenal artery: Blood vessels which bring blood from
heart to kidney.
oRenal vein: Blood vessel which brings blood from
kidney to heart.
o Urine production is regulated by:
Amount of excess water in the body.
Amount of dissolved wastes that need to be
excreted.
o 180 litres of filtrate is formed daily but only 2 litres is
excreted out as urine so the rest is reabsorbed in the
body.
Excretion in plants includes:
Excretion of oxygen: CO, and H,O > through stomata
(Transpiration)
oExcretory products of plants: CO, O, Water vapour,
gum, raisin etc.

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 TEST
6. LIFE PROCESSES
Nutrition
1. Assertion (A): Muscles of stomach wall possess
thick layers of muscles.
Reason (R): These muscles help in mixing the food
with the enzymes present in the alimentary canal.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
2. Namea common nutrient that is absorbed in the
small intestine and reabsorbed by the kidney
tubules.
3. State the necessary conditions for autotrophic
5 nutrition and name the by--product.
4. The inner lining of the small intestine has
numerous finger like projections. What are they
called? Give its one function.

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LIFE PROCESSES

Solutions
Nutrition

1. Correct option: (a)

Explanation: The lining of alimentary canal has muscles
that contract rhythmically in order to push the food
forward. This is known as peristaltic movemet.

2. Glucose/Amino acid

3. Conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition are:

carbon dioxide and water.

Sunlight, chlorophyll,
By-product is oxygen.
4. They are called as Villi.

They increase the surface area for the absorption of

food.

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LIFE PROCESSES
Respiration
1. Assertion (A): Alveoli contain an extensive network of
blood vessels.
Reason (R): Alveoli is the site where
exchange of gases
occurs.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
2. Name the
respiratory pigment and write its role in
human beings.
3. Where does aerobic respiration occur in a cell?
4. Name the energy in the living
organisms. When and
where is it produced?

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LIFE PROCESSES

Solutions
Respiration
1. Correct option: (a)
Explanation: The alveoli of lungs are richly supplied
with blood and are the sites where exchange of gases
occurs between blood an: mosphere.
2. Haemoglobin
Role: Due to high affinity for it helps in transport of
oxygen from alveoli to the tissue.
3. Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria of the cell.
4. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). it is produced during
respiration in living organisms in mitochondria.

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 TEST
LIFE PROCESSES
Circulation
1. Assertion (A): Valves are present in the arteries.
Reason (R): Arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart
to different body parts except pulmonary artery.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A).
(Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
2. Name the component of blood which transport:
(a) Food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes
(b) Oxygen.
3. Mention the site of exchange of material between the
blood and surrounding cells.
4. What is translocation?

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LIFE PROCESSES
Solutions
Circulation
1. Correct option: (d)
Explanation: Valves are absent in arteries, whereas it is
present in veins, which prevent back flow of blood.
2. (a) Plasma
(6) Haemoglobin present in RBCs.
3. Capillaries are smallest vessels which have one cell thick
wall. The exchange of material between the blood and
the surroundings take place through capillaries.
4. The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis
to other parts of
plant through phloem is known as
translocation.

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 TEST
LIFE PROCESSES
Excretion
1. Assertion (A): Human body produces highly toxic
substances, which if not eliminated may cause the
death.
Reason (R): Excretory substance removes nitrogenous
waste from the body.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true reason
(R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is not the correct explanation Of
of
assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
2. Mention the pathway of urine starting from the organ
of its formation.
3. Name one nitrogenous waste present in urine.
4. Write any one function of an artificial kidney.

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 TEST
LIFE PROCESSES
Solutions
Excretion
1. Correct option: (6)
Explanation: The biological process which involves the
removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body
is called excretion. If these harmful wastes are not
removed from the body, then it may cause the death of
the organisms.
2. Kidney > Ureters » Urinary bladder » Urethra
3. Nitrogenous waste present in urine is uric acid or urea.
4. Functions of artificial kidney:
(a) Helps to remove harmful wastes, extra salts and
water, control blood pressure.
(b) Maintain the balance of sodium potassium salts in
a patient whose kidneys have failed.

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LIFE PROCESSES
Passage/Diagram Based Questions
1. Thegiven diagram is of human digestive system. Study
the diagram and answer the
following questions.

B-

C- -D

-E

-F

Questions:
(a) ldentify the labels B, C, D and E.
(b) Name the secretion that is released by label C. How
it helps in fat digestion.
(c) Name the major process in region F, which is no
longer occurring normally in case of diarrhea.

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LIFE PROCESSES
Solutions
Passage/Diagram Based Answers
1. (a) B-Oesophagus
C-Liver
D-Stomach
E-pancreas
(b) Label C represents liver. Liver secretes bile, which is
stored in gall bladder. Role of bile in fat digestion
It makes the acidic food alkaline to facilitate
the action of enzyme lipase on it.
(i) Bile salts breakdown fats present in food into
small globules for enzymes to act.
() Absorption of water is not occurring normally in
region F (Large intestine).

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 TFST
LIFE PROCESSES
2. Study the diagram of human respiratory system and
answer the following questions.

-Q

Questions:
(a) The balloon like structures present in 'S' is:
() Nephron (i) Alveoli
(ii) Bronchi (iv) Bronchiole
(b) Name the organ that is surrounded by cartilaginous
rings.
(c) The primary organs for respiration are lungs,
which are located on the two sides of heart. (True
Or False).
(d) Trachea is divided into two smaller tubes called

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 ST
LIFE PROCESSES
Solutions
2. (a) (i) Alveoli
Explanation: Alveoli are the end point of the respiratory
system which start when we inhale air into the mouth
or nose. The oxygen-rich air travels doen the trachea
and then into one of the two lungs via the right of left
brochus.
(b) R (Trachea)
(c) Lungs (True)
(d) Trachea is divided into two smaller tubes called
bronchi.

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