1a. Write a LEX program to recognize valid arithmetic expression.

Identifiers in the expression could be only integers and operators could

be + and *. Count the identifiers & operators present and print them
separately.

Lex program

%{

#include<stdio.h>

int v=0,op=0,id=0,flag=0;

%}

%%

[0-9][0-9]* {id++;printf("\nIdentifier:");ECHO;}

[\+\-\*\/\=] {op++;printf("\nOperartor:");ECHO;}

"(" {v++;}

")" {v--;}

";" {flag=1;}

.|\n {return 0;}

%%

int main()

printf("Enter the expression:\n");

yylex();

if((op+1) ==id && v==0 && flag==0)

{
 printf("\n\nIdentifiers are:%d\nOperators are:%d\n",id,op);

printf("\nExpression is Valid\n");

else

printf("\nExpression is Invalid\n");

return 1;

int yywrap()

return 1;

Output:
Steps to compile and Run the Lex program

To Compile Lex Program: flex file_name.l

After the successful compilation of the lex program the lex.yy.c file is
generated automatically

To Run Lex Program : gcc lex.yy.c

After the successful Run of the lex program the a.exe file is generated
automatically

To see the output of Lex program type a.exe in the command prompt

To Execute:a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e Lex Program) and
open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the
program. All steps are shown in the above output picture.
1 b. Write YACC program to evaluate arithmetic expression involving
operators: +, -,*, and /

Lex program

%option noyywrap

%{

#include "y.tab.h"

extern yylval;

%}

%%

[0-9]+ {yylval=atoi(yytext);return num;}

[\+\-\*\/] {return yytext[0];}

[)] {return yytext[0];}

[(] {return yytext[0];}

. {;}

\n {return 0;}

%%

Yacc program

%{

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

%}
%token num

%left '+' '-'

%left '*' '/'

%%

input:exp {printf("%d\n",$$);exit(0);}

exp: exp'+'exp {$$=$1+$3;}

|exp'-'exp{$$=$1-$3;}

|exp'*'exp{$$=$1*$3;}

|exp'/'exp { if($3==0){printf("Divide by Zero. Invalid

expression.\n");exit(0);}

else $$=$1/$3;}

|'('exp')'{$$=$2;}

|num{$$=$1;};

%%

int yyerror()

printf("Error. Invalid Expression.\n");

exit(0);

int main()

printf("Enter an expression:\n");
 yyparse();

Output:

Steps to compile and Run the Lex and Yacc program

To Compile Lex Program : flex file_name.l

After the successful compilation of the lex program the lex.yy.c file is
generated automatically

To Compile Yacc program : bison –d filename.y

 After the successful compilation of the yacc program the 2 files is generated
automatically namely

1 file_name.tab.c and

2 file name.tab.h

Rename that 2 files to y.tab.c and y.tab.h

To Run Lex and Yacc Program : gcc lex.yy.c y.tab.c

After the successful Run of the lex and Yacc program the a.exe file is
generated automatically

To see the output of Lex and Yacc program type a.exe in the command prompt

To Execute:a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the files(i.e Lex and Yacc
Program) and open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and
execute the program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

2. Develop, Implement and Execute a program using YACC tool to
recognize all strings ending with b preceded by na’s using the grammar
an b (note: input n value).

Lex program

%option noyywrap

%{

#include "y.tab.h"

%}

%%

a {return A;}

b {return B;}

[\n] return '\n';

%%

Yacc program

%{

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

%}

%token A B

%%

input: s'\n' {printf("Successful Grammar\n");exit(0);}

 s: A s1 B| B

s1: ; | A s1

%%

main()

printf("\nEnter A String\n");

yyparse();

int yyerror()

printf("\nError \n");

exit(0);

}
Output:

Steps to compile and Run the Lex and Yacc program

To Compile Lex Program : flex file_name.l

After the successful compilation of the lex program the lex.yy.c file is
generated automatically

To Compile Yacc program : bison –d filename.y

After the successful compilation of the yacc program the 2 files is generated
automatically namely

1 file_name.tab.c and

2 file name.tab.h

Rename that 2 files to y.tab.c and y.tab.h

To Run Lex and Yacc Program : gcc lex.yy.c y.tab.c

 After the successful Run of the lex and Yacc program the a.exe file is
generated automatically

To see the output of Lex and Yacc program type a.exe in the command prompt

To Execute:a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the files(i.e Lex and Yacc
Program) and open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and
execute the program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

3. Design, develop and implement YACC/C program to construct
Predictive / LL(1) Parsing Table for the grammar rules: A aBa , B bB |
. Use this table to parse the sentence: abba$

C program

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<stdio.h>

char prod[3][10]={"A->aBa","B->bB","B->@"}, input[10],stack[25];

int top=-1; int j=0,k,l;

void push(char item)

stack[++top]=item;

void pop()

top=top-1;

void display()

int j;

for(j=top;j>=0;j--)

printf("%c",stack[j]);
}

void stackpush(char p)

if(p=='A')

pop();

for(j=strlen(prod[0])-1;j>=3;j--)

push(prod[0][j]);

else

pop();

for(j=strlen(prod[1])-1;j>=3;j--)

push(prod[1][j]);

void main()

char c; int i;

printf("first(A)={a}\t");

printf("follow(A)={$}\n");

printf("first(B)={b,@}\t");
printf("follow(B)={a}\n\n");

printf("\t a \t b \t $ \n");

printf("A\t%s\n",prod[0]);

printf("B\t%s\t%s\n",prod[2],prod[1]);

printf("enter the input string terminated with $ to parse:-");

scanf("%s",input);

for(i=0;input[i]!='\0';i++)

if((input[i]!='a')&&(input[i]!='b')&&(input[i]!='$'))

printf("invalid string");

exit(0);

if(input[i-1]!='$')

printf("\n\nInput string entered without end marker $");

exit(0);

push('$');

push('A');

i=0;
printf("\n\n");

printf("stack\tInput\taction");

printf("\n---------\n");

while(i!=strlen(input)&&stack[top]!='$')

printf("\n");

for(l=top;l>=0;l--)

printf("%c",stack[l]);

printf("\t");

for(l=i;l<strlen(input);l++)

printf("%c",input[l]);

printf("\t");

if(stack[top]=='A')

printf("A->aBa");

stackpush('A');

else if(stack[top]=='B')

if(input[i]!='b')

printf("B->@");
 printf("\t matched @");

pop();

else

printf("B->bB");

stackpush('B');

else

if(stack[top]==input[i])

printf("pop%c",input[i]);

printf("\tmatched %c",input[i]);

pop();

i++;

else

break;

}
 if(stack[top]=='$' && input[i]=='$')

printf("\n$\t$");

printf("\nValid string Accepted\n");

else

printf("\nInvalid string rejected\n");

Output:
Steps to compile and Run the c program

To Compile c Program : gcc file_name.c

After the successful compilation of the c program the a.exe file is generated
automatically

To Run c Program : a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e c Program) and
open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the
program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

4. Design, develop and implement YACC/C program to demonstrate Shift
Reduce Parsing techniquefor the grammar rules: E E+T | T, T T*F | F, F (E) |
id and parse the sentence: id + id * id.

C program

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int k=0,z=0,i=0,j=0,c=0;

char a[16],ac[20],stk[15],act[10];

void check();

void main()

puts("GRAMMAR is E->E+E \n E->E*E \n E->(E) \n E->id");

puts("enter input string ");

gets(a);

c=strlen(a);

strcpy(act,"SHIFT->");

puts("stack \t input \t action");

for(k=0,i=0; j<c; k++,i++,j++)

if(a[j]=='i' && a[j+1]=='d')

stk[i]=a[j];
 stk[i+1]=a[j+1];

stk[i+2]='\0';

a[j]=' ';

a[j+1]=' ';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%sid",stk,a,act);

check();

else

stk[i]=a[j];

stk[i+1]='\0';

a[j]=' ';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%ssymbols",stk,a,act);

check();

void check()

strcpy(ac,"REDUCE TO E");

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='i' && stk[z+1]=='d')

 {

stk[z]='E';

stk[z+1]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);

j++;

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='E' && stk[z+1]=='+' && stk[z+2]=='E')

stk[z]='E';

stk[z+1]='\0';

stk[z+2]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);

i=i-2;

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='E' && stk[z+1]=='*' && stk[z+2]=='E')

stk[z]='E';

stk[z+1]='\0';

stk[z+1]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);
 i=i-2;

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='(' && stk[z+1]=='E' && stk[z+2]==')')

stk[z]='E';

stk[z+1]='\0';

stk[z+1]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);

i=i-2;

}
Output:

Steps to compile and Run the c program

To Compile c Program : gcc file_name.c

After the successful compilation of the c program the a.exe file is generated
automatically

To Run c Program : a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e c Program) and
open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the
program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

5. Design, develop and implement a C/Java program to generate the
machine code using Triples for the statement A = -B * (C +D) whose
intermediate code in three-address
form:
T1 = -B
T2 = C + D
T3 = T1 + T2
A = T3

C program

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#include<ctype.h>

char op[2],arg1[5],arg2[5],result[5];

void main()

FILE *fp1,*fp2;

fp1=fopen("input.txt","r");

fp2=fopen("output.txt","w");

while(!feof(fp1))

fscanf(fp1,"%s%s%s%s",result,arg1,op,arg2);

if(strcmp(op,"+")==0)

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV R0,%s",arg1);

fprintf(fp2,"\nADD R0,%s",arg2);
 fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV %s,R0",result);

if(strcmp(op,"*")==0)

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV R0,%s",arg1);

fprintf(fp2,"\nMUL R0,%s",arg2);

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV %s,R0",result);

if(strcmp(op,"-")==0)

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV R0,%s",arg1);

fprintf(fp2,"\nSUB R0,%s",arg2);

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV %s,R0",result);

if(strcmp(op,"/")==0)

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV R0,%s",arg1);

fprintf(fp2,"\nDIV R0,%s",arg2);

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV %s,R0",result);

if(strcmp(op,"=")==0)

{
 fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV R0,%s",arg1);

fprintf(fp2,"\nMOV %s,R0",result);

fclose(fp1);

fclose(fp2);

Input.txt file

T1 -B = ?

T2 C + D

T3 T1 * T2

A T3 = ?
Output:

Steps to compile and Run the c program

First u have to create input.txt file where u are executing your c program file

Note: input.txt and file_name.c should be in same folder(directory)

To Compile c Program : gcc file_name.c

After the successful compilation of the c program the a.exe and output.txt
file is generated automatically

To Run c Program : a.exe

To see the output.txt file Type output.txt in the command prompt

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e c Program) and
open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the
program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

6 a) Write a LEX program to eliminate comment lines in a C program and
copy the resulting program into a separate file

Lex program

%option noyywrap

%{

#include<stdio.h>

int sl=0;

int ml=0;

%}

%%

"/*"[a-zA-Z0-9' '\t\n]+"*/" ml++;

"//".* sl++;

%%

main()

yyin=fopen("f1.c","r");

yyout=fopen("f2.c","w");

yylex();

fclose(yyin);

fclose(yyout);

printf("\n Number of single line comments are = %d\n",sl);

printf("\nNumber of multiline comments are =%d\n",ml);
}

F1.c program

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

// this is a comment

printf("Hello Imam");

/* This is another comment */

Output:
Steps to compile and Run the Lex program

To Compile Lex Program : flex file_name.l

After the successful compilation of the lex program the lex.yy.c file is
generated automatically

To Run Lex Program : gcc lex.yy.c

After the successful Run of the lex program the a.exe file is generated
automatically

To see the output of Lex program type a.exe in the command prompt

To Execute:a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e Lex Program) and
open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the
program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

6 b) Write YACC program to recognize valid identifier, operators and keywords
in the given text (C program) file.

Lex program

%option noyywrap

%{

#include <stdio.h>

#include "y.tab.h"

extern yylval;

%}

%%

[ \t];

[+|-|*|/|=|<|>] {printf("operator is %s\n",yytext);return OP;}

[0-9]+ {yylval = atoi(yytext); printf("numbers is %d\n",yylval); return DIGIT;}

int|char|bool|float|void|for|do|while|if|else|return|void {printf("keyword is
%s\n",yytext);return KEY;}

[a-zA-Z0-9]+ {printf("identifier is %s\n",yytext);return ID;}

. ;

%%

Yacc program
%{

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int id=0, dig=0, key=0, op=0;

%}

%token DIGIT ID KEY OP

%%

input:

DIGIT input { dig++; }

| ID input { id++; }

| KEY input { key++; }

| OP input {op++;}

| DIGIT { dig++; }

| ID { id++; }

| KEY { key++; }

| OP { op++;}

%%

#include <stdio.h>

extern int yylex();

extern int yyparse();

extern FILE *yyin;

main()

FILE *myfile = fopen("f2.c", "r");

if (!myfile)

printf("I can't open f2.c!");

return -1;

yyin = myfile;

do{

yyparse();

}while (!feof(yyin));

printf("numbers = %d\nKeywords = %d\nIdentifiers = %d\noperators =

%d\n",dig, key,id, op);

void yyerror() {

printf("EEK, parse error! Message: ");

exit(-1);

}
F2.c program

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

printf("Hello Imam");

Output:
Steps to compile and Run the Lex and Yacc program

To Compile Lex Program : flex file_name.l

After the successful compilation of the lex program the lex.yy.c file is
generated automatically

To Compile Yacc program : bison –d filename.y

After the successful compilation of the yacc program the 2 files is generated
automatically namely

1 file_name.tab.c and

2 file name.tab.h

Rename that 2 files to y.tab.c and y.tab.h

To Run Lex and Yacc Program : gcc lex.yy.c y.tab.c

After the successful Run of the lex and Yacc program the a.exe file is
generated automatically

To see the output of Lex and Yacc program type a.exe in the command prompt

To Execute:a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the files(i.e Lex and Yacc
Program) and open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and
execute the program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

7. Design, develop and implement a C/C++/Java program to simulate the
working of Shortest remaining time and Round Robin (RR) scheduling
algorithms. Experiment with different quantum sizes for RR algorithm.

C program

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

int count,j,n,time,flag=0,time_quantum,ch=0;

int wait_time=0,turnaround_time=0,at[10],bt[10],rt[10];

int endTime,i,smallest;

int remain=0,sum_wait=0,sum_turnaround=0;

printf("1.Round Robin \n2.SRTF \n");

scanf("%d",&ch);

printf("Enter no of Processes : ");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("Enter arrival time for Process P%d : ",i+1);

scanf("%d",&at[i]);

printf("Enter burst time for Process P%d :",i+1);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

rt[i]=bt[i];
}

switch(ch)

case 1:

printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");

scanf("%d",&time_quantum);

remain=n;

printf("\nProcess time|Turnaround Time|Waiting Time\n");

for(time=0,count=0;remain!=0;)

if(rt[count]<=time_quantum && rt[count]>0)

time+=rt[count];

rt[count]=0;

flag=1;

else if(rt[count]>0)

rt[count]-=time_quantum;

time+=time_quantum;

if(rt[count]==0 && flag==1)

 {

remain--;

printf("P[%d]\t|\t%d\t|\t%d\n",count+1,time-
at[count],time-at[count]-bt[count]);

wait_time+=time-at[count]-bt[count];

turnaround_time+=time-at[count];

flag=0;

if(count==n-1)

count=0;

else if(at[count+1]<=time)

count++;

else

count=0;

printf("\nAverage Waiting Time= %.2f\n",wait_time*1.0/n);

printf("Avg Turnaround Time = %.2f\n",turnaround_time*1.0/n);

break;

case 2:

remain=0;

printf("\nProcesst|Turnaround Time| Waiting Timen\n");

rt[9]=9999;
 for(time=0;remain!=n;time++)

smallest=9;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if(at[i]<=time && rt[i]<rt[smallest] && rt[i]>0)

smallest=i;

rt[smallest]--;

if(rt[smallest]==0)

remain++;

endTime=time+1;

printf("\nP[%d]\t|\t%d\t|\t%d",smallest+1,endTime-
at[smallest],endTime-bt[smallest]-at[smallest]);

printf("\n");

sum_wait+=endTime-bt[smallest]-at[smallest];

sum_turnaround+=endTime-at[smallest];

printf("\nAverage waiting time = %f\n",sum_wait*1.0/n);

printf("Average Turnaround time = %f",sum_turnaround*1.0/n);

break;

default:
 printf("Invalid\n");

return 0;

Output:
Steps to compile and Run the C program

To Compile c Program : gcc file_name.c

After the successful compilation of the c program the a.exe file is generated
automatically

To Run c Program : a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e c Program) and
open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the
program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

8. Design, develop and implement a C/C++/Java program to implement
Banker’s algorithm. Assume suitable input required to demonstrate the
results.

C program

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main()

int Max[10][10], need[10][10], alloc[10][10], avail[10], completed[10],

safeSequence[10];

int p, r, i, j, process, count;

count = 0;

printf("Enter the no of processes : ");

scanf("%d", &p);

for(i = 0; i< p; i++)

completed[i] = 0;

printf("Enter the no of resources : ");

scanf("%d", &r);

printf("Enter the Max Matrix for each process : ");

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

printf("\nFor process %d : ", i + 1);

for(j = 0; j < r; j++)

 scanf("%d", &Max[i][j]);

printf("Enter the allocation for each process : ");

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

printf("\nFor process %d : ",i + 1);

for(j = 0; j < r; j++)

scanf("%d", &alloc[i][j]);

printf("Enter the Available Resources : ");

for(i = 0; i < r; i++)

scanf("%d", &avail[i]);

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

for(j = 0; j < r; j++)

need[i][j] = Max[i][j] - alloc[i][j];

do

printf("Max matrix:\t\nAllocation matrix:\n");

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

for( j = 0; j < r; j++)

printf("%d ", Max[i][j]);

 printf("\t\t");

for( j = 0; j < r; j++)

printf("%d ", alloc[i][j]);

printf("\n");

process = -1;

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

if(completed[i] == 0)//if not completed

process = i ;

for(j = 0; j < r; j++)

if(avail[j] < need[i][j])

process = -1;

break;

if(process != -1)

break;
 }

if(process != -1)

printf("Process %d runs to completion!", process + 1);

safeSequence[count] = process + 1;

count++;

for(j = 0; j < r; j++)

avail[j] += alloc[process][j];

alloc[process][j] = 0;

Max[process][j] = 0;

completed[process] = 1;

while(count != p && process != -1);

if(count == p)

printf("The system is in a safe state!!\n");

printf("Safe Sequence : < ");

for( i = 0; i < p; i++)

printf("%d ", safeSequence[i]);

 printf(">\n");

else

printf("The system is in an unsafe state!!");

Output:
Steps to compile and Run the c program

To Compile c Program : gcc file_name.c

After the successful compilation of the c program the a.exe file is generated
automatically

To Run c Program : a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e c Program) and
open the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the
program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.

9. Design, develop and implement a C/C++/Java program to implement
page replacement algorithms LRU and FIFO. Assume suitable input
required to demonstrate the results.

C program

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

void FIFO(char [ ],char [ ],int,int);

void lru(char [ ],char [ ],int,int);

void opt(char [ ],char [ ],int,int);

int main()

int ch,YN=1,i,l,f;

char F[10],s[25];

printf("\nEnter the no of empty frames: ");

scanf("%d",&f);

printf("\nEnter the length of the string: ");

scanf("%d",&l);

printf("\nEnter the string: ");

scanf("%s",s);

for(i=0;i<f;i++)
 F[i]=-1;

do

printf("\n*********** MENU ***********");

printf("\n1:FIFO\n2:LRU \n3:EXIT");

printf("\nEnter your choice: ");

scanf("%d",&ch);

switch(ch)

case 1: for(i=0;i<f;i++)

F[i]=-1;

FIFO(s,F,l,f);

break;

case 2: for(i=0;i<f;i++)

F[i]=-1;

lru(s,F,l,f);

break;

case 3: exit(0);
 }

printf("\n\nDo u want to continue IF YES PRESS 1\nIF NO PRESS 0 : ");

scanf("%d",&YN);

} while(YN==1);

return(0);

//FIFO

void FIFO(char s[],char F[],int l,int f)

int i,j=0,k,flag=0,cnt=0;

printf("\n\tPAGE\t FRAMES\t\t\t FAULTS");

for(i=0;i<l;i++)

for(k=0;k<f;k++)

if(F[k]==s[i])

flag=1;

if(flag==0)

{
 printf("\n\t%c\t",s[i]);

F[j]=s[i];

j++;

for(k=0;k<f;k++)

printf(" %c",F[k]);

printf("\tPage-fault%d",cnt);

cnt++;

else

flag=0;

printf("\n\t%c\t",s[i]);

for(k=0;k<f;k++)

printf(" %c",F[k]);

printf("\tNo page-fault");

if(j==f)

j=0;

}
//LRU

void lru(char s[],char F[],int l,int f)

int i,j=0,k,m,flag=0,cnt=0,top=0;

printf("\n\tPAGE\t FRAMES\t\t\t FAULTS");

for(i=0;i<l;i++)

for(k=0;k<f;k++)

if(F[k]==s[i])

flag=1;

break;

printf("\n\t%c\t",s[i]);

if(j!=f && flag!=1)

F[top]=s[i];

j++;

if(j!=f)

top++;
}

else

if(flag!=1)

for(k=0;k<top;k++)

F[k]=F[k+1];

F[top]=s[i];

if(flag==1)

for(m=k;m<top;m++)

F[m]=F[m+1];

F[top]=s[i];

for(k=0;k<f;k++)

printf(" %c",F[k]);
 if(flag==0)

printf("\tPage-fault%d",cnt);

cnt++;

else

printf("\tNo page fault");

flag=0;

Output:
Steps to compile and Run the c program

To Compile c Program : gcc file_name.c

After the successful compilation of the c program the a.exe file is generated
automatically

To Run c Program : a.exe

Note: you have to go location where u have safed the file(i.e c Program) and open
the command prompt there only. And then compile, run and execute the program.

All steps are shown in the above output picture.