CONTENTS

Introduction………………………………………… 2 – 4

Objective of study………………………………….. 5- 8

Importance and Relevance……….………………… 9-11

Feasibility and Applicability….……………………12 -14

Literature Review………………………………….. 15 – 25

Research and Methodology .………………………... 26 – 38

Result………………………………………………… 39 – 43

Conclusion and Future Scope……………………….. 44 – 46

Bibliography……………………………………….. 47 – 48
.

z 1
 CHAPTER – 1

z 2
 INTRODUCTION

The Air Excellence Guide (AEG) may be a common indicator of air quality. The Air Quality
Indicator (AQI) is calculated and supported on air pollutants like CO and NO2 compounds
that consume opposing possessions happening the atmosphere and human health. The Air
Quality Indicator may be a range that represents the very finest meditation of a specific air
unused matter at a particular time. I propose an air quality as well as air pollution monitoring
system that allows us to monitor and check live air quality as well as air pollution in an area
through Internet of Things (IoT). It uses air sensors (Gas Sensor MQ135) to sense presence of
harmful gases/compounds in the air and constantly transmit this data .In addition, system
keeps measuring air level and reports it. The sensors interact with Arduino Uno
(Microcontroller which processes this data and transmits it over the application. This allows
authorities to monitor air pollution in different areas and act against it. In addition, authorities
can keep a watch on the air pollution near schools, and hospitals areas. Normally, little
concentrations are a unit measured exploitation ppb (parts per billion), that represents units of
mass of a material per one billion units of total mass. Parts per million (p.p.m) may be similar
and unremarkable used unit to measure concentrations of pollutants. It determines the
1
requirements of a new system and analyze on product and resource requirement, which is
required for the success full system. The product requirement contains input and output
requirements it gives the wants in term of input to produce the required productivity. The
resource requirements define in brief about the hardware that are needed to achieve the
required functionality. In this project I am going to make an IoT based Air Pollution
Detection Monitoring System in which I monitor the Air Quality over a web server using
ESP8266 Wi-Fi device and a trigger alarm when the air quality goes down a certain level
means when there is amount of harmful gases is present in the air like CO2. It shows the air
quality in PPM (Parts Per Million) on LCD and webpage so that I monitor it very easily.

z 3
Purpose of Project

The project is an implementation of IoT (Internet of Things) Based Air Pollution Monitoring
System Using Arduino. Air pollution is a growing issue and it is necessary to monitor air
quality for a better future and healthy living for all. IoT is getting popular day-by-day and
standards are on its way. Therefore, collection of air quality information is easier. Analysis of
monitoring data allows us to assess how bad air pollution from day to day. According to the
recent survey, Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh is the third in the list of most air-polluted
city. Thus because of this expansion in the quantity of vehicles contamination is developing
quickly and it influencing people groups wellbeing too. This air contamination makes disease
and harm safe, neurological, regenerative and respiratory framework. In extraordinary cases,
it can like wise cause passing .As indicated by overview 50000 to 100000 unexpected losses
occurred to us only because of air contamination. Along these lines, there is a requirement for
checking air quality and to monitor it. IoT is the system of physical gadgets, vehicles, home
apparatuses, and different things implanted with hardware, programming, sensors, and
availability which empowers these articles to associate and trade information. IoT permits
articles to be noticed or controlled. In this paper, I am proposing and going to piloting a
model which IoT to screen air contamination.

z 4
 CHAPTER -2

z 5
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The air quality monitoring program design dependent upon the monitoring specific objectives
specified for the air quality management in the selected area of interest. Defining the output
influence, the design of the network and optimize the resources used for monitoring. It also
ensures that the network is specially designed to optimize the information on the problems at
hand. There might be different objectives for the development of the environmental
monitoring and surveillance system. Normally, the system has to provide on-line data and
information transfer with a direct /automatically/ on-line quality control of the collected data.
Several monitors, sensors and data collection systems to be applied to make on-line data hand
over and control likely. The main objectives stated for the development of an air quality
measurement and surveillance program might be to facilitate the back ground concentration
measurements, monitor current levels as a baseline for assessment, check the air quality
relative to standards or limit values, detect the importance of individual sources, enable
comparison of the air quality data from different are as and countries, collect data for the air
quality management, traffic and land-use planning purposes, observe trends (related to
emissions), develop a batement strategies, determine the exposure and assess the effects of air
pollution on health, vegetation

or building materials, inform the public about the air quality and raise the awareness, develop
warning systems for the prevention of undesired air pollution episodes, facilitate the source
apportionment and identification, supply data for research investigations, develop/valid ate
management tools (such as models), develop and test analytical instruments and to support
legislation in relation to the air quality limit values and guidelines. The relationships between the
data collected and the information to be derived from them must be taken into account when a
monitoring program is planned, executed and reported. This emphasizes the need for users and
potential users of the data to be involved in planning surveys, not only to ensure that the surveys
are appropriate to their needs but also to justify committing the resources.

z 6
 Air Quality Parameters
The important parameters that are considered in the proposed framework include: Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) – CO2 is colorless, odorless gas and non-combustible gas. Also, it is measured
under the category of smother gases that have ability of interfering the availability of oxygen
for tissues .Carbon Dioxide is a gas vital to life in the world, because it is one of the most
vital elements evolving photosynthesis process, which converts solar into chemical energy.
The concentration of cO2 has amplified due mainly to massive remnant fuels boiling.This
increase makes plants grow rapidly. The rapid growth of undesirable plants leads to the
increase use of chemicals to eliminate them [3].

Sulphur Dioxide(SO2)-Sulphur Dioxide is a colorless gas ,detectable by the distinct odorand

taste. Like CO2,it is mainly due to fossil fuels boiling and to manufacturing processes. In high
attentions may cause breathing problems, especially in sensitive groups, like asthmatics. It
contributes to acid rains.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) – Nitrogen Dioxide is a brownish gas, easily detectable for its
odor,very corrosive and highly oxidant. It is produced as the result of fossil fuels burning.
Frequently NO terrified to the atmosphere is converted in NO2 by chemical processes. In high
absorptions, NO2 may principal to respiratory problems. Like SO2, it contributes to acid rains.

Smoke - About 1 million people are in custom of tobacco smoking globally of which majority
population is from rising countries. Every year nearly 4.9 million people expired due to
smoking allow to 2007report. In addition, second hand smoke is serious threat to the health of
people of all age’s causes41000 death each year.

LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an odorless and colorless liquid which evaporates
readily into a gas. Leakage is generally noticed by adding an odorant into it. It is considered

z 7
 under the category of highly flammable gases and it can be classified as a carcinogen and
mutagen if But audience content is more than 0.1%. LPG may escape in the form of a gas or a
fluid. If it escapes in the form of a liquid, it vanishes quickly and will eventually form large
cloud of gas in air, which is relatively thicker than air thus drops to the ground. Whereas,
LPG vapors travel along the ground for a long distance and gets collected in drains or
basements Gas principals to burn or detonate after getting in touch with a source of ignition.

Temperature and humidity- Quantity of temperature is an important for safety of people and
affects our life skills. Greenhouse outcome can be observed by measuring temperature and
comparing temperature changes from historical to present time especially since the industrial
revolution using climate data. Humidity is a type of gas that guards us from UV rays from the
sun and helps trick heat on Earth, thereby making the climate on Earth, a pleasant one for
living. However, as humidity increases, the warmth on Earth also increases which makes our
life uncomfortable . Humidity is essential for various storage and food processing facilities.

z 8
 CHAPTER - 3

z 9
 IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

 Air is one of the most basic and important elements for human being to survive. Clean and
Sound air is the key to a good and healthy life. But now days in city life it has become the
most threatened factor. Pollution of air has become the most concerned and affected issue
now for us. A diversity of air pollutants has known or suspected injurious effects on human
health and the atmosphere. In most areas, these toxins are principally the products of
combustion from space warming, power generation or from motor vehicle traffic flow.
Pollutants from the sources may not only prove a problem in the immediate locality of these
sources but can travel long distances. Generally, if someone is young and in a good state of
health, moderate air pollution levels are unlikely to have any serious short term effects.
However, higher level sand long term exposure to air pollution can lead to more serious
symptoms and conditions causing human health. This not only affects the respiratory and
inflammatory response systems, but can also lead to more serious conditions such as heart
disease and cancer. People with lung or heart situations to be more vulnerable to the effects of
air pollution. Air pollution has also been recognized by doctors as one of the world’s greatest
10 killers seeing some 29,000 premature deaths in UK and 430,000 worldwide in one year.
Air pollution can cause both short term and long term effects on health and many people are
conce People with heart or lung situations, or other breathing problems, whose health
to be exaggerated by air pollution.
 Parents, careers and healthcare professionals who look after someone whose heal this
sensitive to pollution.
rned about pollution in the air that they breathe. These people may include:

z 10
  People who want to know more about air pollution, its causes, and what they can do
to help reduce it.

Monitoring air quality is essential for local authorities as well as for major public and private
industries to understand and prevent air pollution and measure emission sources, in order to
reserve health and donate to the fight against the greenhouse influence. Industrial operatives
use air quality monitoring apparatus to cost effectively monitor and manage emanations on
their perimeter, which helps them recover relationships with controllers and communities.
With air quality rule shifting the burden from publicly funded monitoring to observing funded
by industry, it has been progressively important for businesses to obtain their individual
quality monitoring equipment. To get the best results from the environment about the
pollution level of air, toxicity and harmfulness for human, air quality monitoring device is
vastly used. An air quality monitor is an expedient that actions the level of common air
toxins. Displays are available for both indoor and outdoor locations. Indoor air quality
monitors are naturally sensor based tools. Some of them are able to quantity ppb levels and
come as either varied gas or moveable units. Sensor based tools and air quality monitoring
systems are used widely inout door ambient claims.

Benefits and Beneficiaries

1. Achievement of proper facility to ensure pollution free environment
2. Reduction of health risk in day-to-day life

Beneficiaries
3. Society People
4. Special Care Units in the hospitals
5. Urban and Rural planning sector and green building management system

z 11
 CHAPTER - 4

z 12
 FEASIBILITY AND APPLICABILITY

Most of the time we see that the use of Arduino techniques for doing business add value
either by there reducing transaction cost or by creating some type of network effect, or by a
combination of both. In SWOT analysis, the acronymis short for Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats; here we try to find out the strengths and weaknesses of our project
in respect of Arduino technology. Then I try to recognize opportunities presented by that
environment and the threats posed by that environment. As shown in the following, figure
which shows the questions that an analyst would ask in conducting a SWOT analysis.

Strength Weakness

1. Cost saving 1. Capacity may not fulfill the exact

2. Collection of air quality information requirement of any adverse
will be easier situation
3. Utilization of digitalized equipment
4. Smart way to solve the problem

Opportunity Thread

1. Possibility of in corporation with 1.Wrong or miss interpretation or

high capacity air purifier a nomaly in data or wrong
2. Ability to choose right environment to assumption can cause failure to
provide appropriate facility detect absolute/ correct result

Table1.1 SWOTAnalysis

z 13
Advantages of Proposed Project
Portability
It is a compact device which consists of many sensors including cloud which are all
combined by using internet of things (IoT).
1.8.1 Safety
One can avoid from going to particular location by redirecting themselves or by taking safety
protections such as wearing mask and can reduce over dumped wastages in a particular
locality area.
1.8.2 Cost
Compared to others it’s efficient and low cost because sensor is clubbed by using internet of
things (IoT)and Arduino micro controller.
1.8.3 Simple Maintenance
As the Project deals with the software embedded C, so maintenance will be easy and this can
also be installed in Arduino.

z 14
 CHAPTER - 5

z 15
 LITERATURE REVIEWS

Introduction
This chapter reviews some of the past works in processing and understanding IoT based air
pollution detection monitoring system .Air pollution is not only natural medical matters
impact on creating nations alike. The strong effect of air pollution on wellbeing are extremely
mind blowing as there are a broad area of sources and their particular influence differ from
one another. The synthetic substances reason an assortment of mankind and natural medical
issues enlarge in air contamination impacts on condition also on human wellbeing. The
proposed framework unit incorporates an Arduino, MQ135 Gas sensor, LCD and ESP8266
Wi-Fi Device. Almost all the past and recent works in IoT based on methods that implement
the se steps sequentially and independently.

Opportunity ,Status& Capability

The IoT create a huge network of billions or trillions of “Things” communicating each
other.The IoT is not dissident revolution over the existing technologies, it is comprehensive
uses of existing technologies, and it is the creation of the new communication modes. The
IoT blends the virtual world and the physical world by transporting different concepts and
technical components together: pervasive networks, reduction of devices, mobile
communication, and new ecosystem. In IoT, applications, services, middleware components,
networks, and end nodes to structurally planned and used in entire new ways. IoT proposals a
means to look into complex procedures and dealings. The IoT implies a symbiotic
communication between the physical and the digital worlds: physical entities have digital
complements and virtual illustration; things become context aware and they sense,
communicate , interact, and exchange data, information, and knowledge. New chances meet
business requirements, and new services to be created based on real-time physical world data.
All from the physical or virtual world possibly be connected by the IoT. Connectivity
between the things to be available to all with low cost and cannot be owned by private
objects. For IoT, intelligent l earning, fast placement, best information understanding and
interpreting, against fraud and malicious attack, and privacy protection are vital requirements.

z 16
 Status of IoT
The IoT regarded as an extension of existing interaction between people and applications
through new dimension of “Things” for communication and integration. The IoT
development process is a multifaceted large-scale technological novelty process. The IoT is
developing from the vertical application to polymeric application. At the early stage of
IoTplacement, driving of domain specific requests is the main development approach. A
domain-specific application might be an industrial control system with its own industry
features. The application can provide various enterprise management services being
combined with the industry manufacture and business processes. Polymeric requests are
cross-industry applications founded on public information service stages. These requests
provision both home users and industry users. The application is provided and promoted by
communication operators and solution providers with large scale. For example, a vehicle
integrated with sensor networks, a global positioning system (GPS), and radio
communication technology provide inclusive detection, navigation, entertainment, and other
information services. By preserving such information through the public service platform,
consumers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), maintenance providers, and vehicle
organization agencies can share this information and segment services to improve the vehicle,
the vehicle component design, and the fabrication process through the vehicle growth
management.

Capability
In summary, the IoT applications have the following capabilities. Location Identifying and
Sharing of Location Info: The IoT system can gather the location information of IoT stations
and end nodes, and then offer services based on the collected location information. The
location information includes geographical position information got from the GPS, Cell-ID,
RFID, etc., and complete correlative position information between things. More
representative IoT applications include at least the following.
Mobile asset tracking: This application track and display the status of product using the
position sensing device and statement function installed on the commodity.
Fleet management: The manager of the fleet schedule the vehicles and drivers established on
the business supplies and the real-time position information collected by the vehicles.
Traffic information system: This application gets traffic information such as road traffic
conditions and congested locations by tracking the location information of a large number of
vehicles. The system thus contributions the driver to select the most efficient route.

z 17
 Environment Sensing: The IoT system collect and process all kinds of physical or chemical
environmental parameters via the locally or widely organized terminals. Typical
environmental information includes temperature, humidity, noise, visibility, light intensity,
spectrum, radiation, pollution (CO, CO2, etc.), images, and body pointers. Representative
applications include at least the following.

Environment detection: IoT systems offer environmental and ecological, such as forest and
glacier, checking; disaster, such as volcanoes and seismic, monitoring; and factory
monitoring. All are automatically arm systems using environmental parameters collected by
large numbers sensors.

Remote medical conditions: lot analyze there curring indicator data collected from the device
placed on patients’ body and provide the users with health trends and health advice.

Remote controlling: loT systems control loT terminals and execute functions based on
application commands combined within four nation collected from this handset over
weightements.

Appliance on troll : People remotely control operating status of appliances throughout system.

Disaster recovery : Users remotely start disaster treatment facilities to minimize losses caused
by disasters according to the monitoring mentioned before.

Ad Hoc Networking: IoT system have rapidly self-organized networking capability and can
inter operate with the network/service layer to provide related services [7]. In the vehicle
network, in order to transfer the data, the network between vehicles and/or road
infrastructures rapidly self-organized.

Secure communication: ioT system further reestablish secure data transmission channel
between the application or service platform and IoT terminals based on service requirements

Motivational generalise scripting

As seen in the previous overview to the current IoT, most IoT applications in China were
domain-specific or application specific solutions. The architectures of these IoT systems are
split and cannot correlate and integrate the data from different storage tower; these isolated
IoT key use private protocols and cause much difficulties in information sharing, technology
multiplexing, network managements, and advancement. All these problems are delaying the
development of IoT. In order to decrease the total iot cost and share information, I need to

z 18
 integrate multiple functions and capitals into a larger system. IoT thus needs to be intended
with an open and generic IoT architecture with open borders and resources, considering
different business scenarios, application-based requirements, and current technologies. I have
thus seen the motivation to express a standard for IoT integration in order to reduce the total
cost of money and time from devices, developments, and deployments. An open and basic
ssioT architecture is an integrated solution with interoperability. It has the following
characteristics. Standard Interface and Protocol: By comparing various private IoT systems, a
generic IoT structure has the same hardware and software interfaces, and protocols.

Public and Operating: A general ioT architecture is organized otake over public ioT
applications with open operating competence. A public IoT system integrate multiple IoT
requests into one architecture.

Open, Scalable, and Flexible: An open IoT architecture with open resources, open standards,
and open interfaces easily extend its functionality and the scale of performance. It adapts to
different requirements including technical growths flexibly.

Open and General IoT Architecture

China Communications standards Association(CCSA) planned a reference model for the IoT,
which consists of sensing layer, network and business layers, and application layer. Fullfilling
with this reference model, its open and general architecture, which is layered, open, and
elastic. The architecture includes three functional stages as follows.
Sensing and Gateway Platform: This platform connects sensors, controllers ,RF ID readers,
and location detecting device (e.g., GPS) to IoT network layer. Modularization of hardware,
data format, and software edge is proposed for IoT terminal, IoT Gateway, and angle node.
IoT terminal, IoT gateway, and tip node can include flexible modules combined with control
module, common interface module, and communication module. Joint interface module
collects physical interfaces of various sensors into a shared interface. Common control
module can connect sensors, controllers, GPS, and RFID booklovers with a common
connection protocol. The software and application parameters of an IoT terminal and IoT
gateway ought to be able to self-configure and self-adapt. Modularization, shared interface,
intelligent operation, self-adaption, and self-configuration are important characteristics of this
stage.

Resource and Administration Platform: Network and services snack one-third resource
administration stages. The backbone network contains 3G, 4G, internet, optical fiber network,
Ethernet network, satellite networks, and private network. There source and

z 19
 administration stage provides common capabilities which can be used by different iot
applications, such as data processing, data storage, security management, and application
supporting. These abilities may also be invoked by specific IoT application support
capabilities, e.g., to build other specific IoT application support capabilities. This stage also
provides relevant control functions of network connectivity, such as access and transport
resource control functions ,mobility management, or authentication, authorization, and
accounting for IoT terminals, services, applications, users, and developers.

Open Application Platform: Modularization design in this application stage provides common
function and open application programming interface (API). An IoT application provider
develop Its application using these APIs. Meanwhile, this stage supports application
management's. Various applications can be obtainable to the application stage and users get
application information and subscribe applications through this platform. Suitable and easy
deployment, distribution, and flexible application environment are the characteristics of this
stage.

Challenge & Prospector

IoT trends to be unified, seamless, and pervasive. Large scale service deployment needs to be
framed within a set of standards. However, IoT involves many manufacturers, spans multiple
industries, and it differs widely in application scenarios and user requirements, which
consequently gives impacts on large-scale commercial deployment of related services. The
development of ioT is a step-by-step process. There are still many problems to be solved,
such as low power nodes and computing, low cost and low latency communication,
identification and positioning technologies, self-organized distributed systems technology,
and distributed intelligence.

Challenge
The IoT provides many new chances to the industry and end user in many application fields.
Currently, however, the IoT itself lacks theory, technology architecture, and standards that
integrate the simulated world and the real physical world in an integrated framework.
Following key challenges are thus recorded.
Architecture Challenge: IoT encompasses a life-threatening wide range of technologies. IoT
involves a cumulative number of smart inter connected devices and sensors (e.g., cameras,
biometric, physical, and chemical sensors) that are often non intrusive, transparent, and
invisible. As the communications among these devices are predictable to happen anytime,

z 20
 Any where for any related services, generally, these communications arena wireless,
autonomic, and ad hoc manner. In addition, the services become much more mobile
,regionalized, and complex. In IoT, data integrations over different environments are thus
tough a do to be supported by modular inter operable components. Infrastructure solutions
require systems to combine volumes of data from various sources and control relevant
features, to interpret data and show their relationships, to compare data to ancient useful
information, and support decision-making. Single position architecture cannot be a blue print
for all applications. Heterogeneous situation architectures have to coexist in ioT.
Architectures should be open, and followings R and stad, they should not limitation fixed,
end-to-end solutions. IoT architectures should be flexible to cater for suitcases such as
identification (RFID, tags), intelligent vices, and smart objects (hardware and software
solutions).

Technical Challenge: IoT technology to be complex for variety of reasons. First, there are
legacy heterogeneous architectures in the present networking technologies and applications,
e.g., different applications and environments need different networking technologies, and the
ranges as well as other features of cellular, wireless local area network, and RFID
technologies are much unlike from each other. Second, communication technologies,
including fixed and mobile communication systems, power stripe communications, wireless
communication, and short-range wireless communication technologies, for both fixed and
mobile devices, either simple or complicated, should be low cost and with reliable
connectivity. At last, there are thousands of unlikely actions; it is in natural to have different
requirements on what parts need to communicate with each other, what kind of security
solutions are appropriate, and soon. To recap, complexity and alternative technologies may
introduce problems; unnecessary competition and deployment barriers in markets may also
introduce problems; systems and complex mechanisms with needless dependencies may
block the relocation of IoT systems to the most economic and efficient stages. All the above
may block IoT to join as many “Things” as possible.

Hardware Challenge: Smart devices with improved inter-device communication will lead to
smart systems with high degrees of intelligence. Its independence enables rapid deployment
of Iot applications and creation of new services. Therefore, hardware researches are focusing
on designing wireless recognizable systems with low size, low cost yet sufficient
functionality. As the and width of ioT terminals could vary from kbps to mbps from sensing
simple value to video stream, supplies on hardware are diverging. However, two
requirements have been never the less the basics: one is the extremely low power

z 21
 consumption in sleep mode and the he

z 22
 other is ultra-low cost. Suppose the snoozing time over active time is one million, the
escapepower of an IoT terminal at least be one million time less than that of active. It is so
farincredible when an IoT terminal is snoozing and receiving RF signals. It difficult when
using advanced CMOS silicon with relatively more leakage power. Hardware and protocol co
design for snoozing has been thus the first hardware challenge of IoT. Billions of IoT
terminals used; the cost of an iot terminal necessity be ultra-low. Though, so far, there is no
low cost locating solution for IoT, especially the positioning precision of a short-range IoT
terminal must be high. Low energetic power is also a contest for low-cost terminal.
Traditionally, low-cost equals to lower presentation or longer process latency. Longer treating
latency ends up to high energy consumption .As the range resources very limited at the lower
partial and, IoT may use higher RF such as the frequency bands higher than 5 GHz. The
higher the RF, the more power feasting from RF PA will be. In another way, not yet used
very narrow spectrum band between two used bands have to be used by future IoT. To use
very narrow band with strong power neighbors, the cost of passive component not be low and
that will definitely be a potential challenge in the future.

Privacy and security challenge: Compared with outdated networks, security and privacy
issues of IoT become more prominent. Much information includes privacy of users, so that
defense of privacy becomes an important security issues in IoT. Because of the mixtures of
things, services, and networks, security of IoT needs to cover more administration objects and
levels than traditional network security. Existing security architecture is organized to take
over public human communication, may not be suitable and directly applied to IoT system.
Using existed security instruments block logical relationship between things in IoT. IoT
needs low-cost-and M2M-oriented technical solutions to assurance the privacy and the
security. In many use cases, the security of a system has been considered as a general feature.
Related research shall focus on privacy control. Low cost, low latency, and energy-efficient
cryptography algorithms and related supple hardware to erase tial for sensor or device.

Standard Challenge: Standards play a significant role in forming IoT. A standard is

importantto allow all actors to equally access and use. Developments and coordination of
standards and proposals promote efficient development of IoT infrastructures and
applications, services, and devices. In general, standards developed by cooperated multi
parties, and information models and protocols in the standards, shall be open. The standard
development process shall also be open to all participants, and the resulting standards
publicly and freely available. In today’s network world, global standards naturally moter
elegant than any local arrangements.

z 23
 Business challenge: For a mature application, its business model and request scenario are
clear and easy to be mapped into technical necessities. So the developers do not need to spend
much time on business-related aspects. But for IoT, there are too many potentials and
uncertainties in business models and application states. It is inefficient in terms of business-
technology alignment, and one solution not fit possibilities for all. The IoT is a stimulating
traditional business model. Although small-scale applications have been lucrative in some
industries, itis untenable when extended to other industries. In the early stage of IoT
development, business aspects should be careful to reduce the rise of failure.

2.1.1 Prospect of IoT

With the development and adulthood of distributed intelligente formation processing
technologies, IoT systems make intelligent sensing widely available through information
sharing and teamwork. The gradual founding and improvement of the standards system in
escapably bring IoT into our daily life. The IoT creates an opportunity for the web-
basedservices, thus attractive the commercial and social potential future of IoT. The growth
of IoTkeeps going forward along scale, collaborative, and intelligent. Promoted by
technology, standard is action, and application experiences, IoT applications expand the scale
in the different industries, and more initiatives to be attracted to come in.
Interoperability: Information interoperability take placement unlike things, unlike enterprises,
unlike industries, and unlike regions or countries; application models change from closed to
open and the ilo alizarin of IoT applications stem helping different industries and fields to be
constructed. Interoperability is the essential issue for adventure layers of physical,device,
communication, function and application. These levels usually are built with different
languages and protocols. Level and domain clear languages and protocols are,
therefore,needed. A rounded approach is required in addressing and solving the inter
operability of IoTdevicesand services at several layers.

Intelligent System: The IoT bring seamless business and social networking over fast reliable
and protected networks into our society. System intelligence important for the development
of IoT and the key point context awareness and inter-things information exchange. Therefore,
increasing and familiarizing the intelligence at the device ell radius of research, such as the
integration of sensors and actuators, high efficiency, multi standard and adaptive
communication sub systems, and adaptable antennae. Intelligences can be presented using
micro control unit (MCU) on upper layers. However, physical layer so far has been far behind
the mandatory intelligent level, for example, to adapt IoT devices under different radio

z 24
 infrastructures. Four parts in physical layer must be further advanced to adapt to a do/or to for
man intelligent IoT device, which are as follows. Programmable baseband processor used to
adapt to different modulation algorithms, different error correction algorithms, different
channel band widths, and diverse channel scenarios. Software-controlled RF essential for
transceiver to adapt to the local radio frequency necessities. Fully digital RFPA the
indispensable device to consume less low power and offer programmability for PA to adapt
radio transmission requirements. Finally, control lable integrated passive components a
essential glue to connect intelligent semi conductor components into a sensor node with low
cost, low size, and low power.

Energy sustainability: In the future, energy-efficient and self-sustain able systems key
enhancing issues to the IoT. The ways to harvest energy from surroundings must be
developed. Efficiency in dispensation and communication must also be increased through
new circuits, new programming paradigms, and the further growth of energy-efficient
protocols and smart a tenne. The expansion of new, efficient, and compact batteries, fuel
cells, as well as new energy generation devices join energy transmission methods or energy
harvesting the key factors for the roll-out of autonomous wireless smart systems. Charging of
global IoT terminals, power consumption of global IoT access points and gateways, as well
as the power consumption of IoT data processing in IoT sub structures one-off heroins tower
consumers in the future world. Mechanical energy harvests sufficient for body network as a
part of IoT.Solar or wind energy is a provisional energy sources which may not be depends
le. It used for battery charging.

z 25
 CHAPTER - 6

z 26
 RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

Introduction
The paper aims at designing an air pollution monitoring system which can be installed in a
specific locality and to enhance the system from the previously developed systems eating the
earlier disadvantages by developing an android app available for the public. This app can be
used by anyone to get in live updates about the pollution in their region. It uses Arduino
integrated with individual gas sensors like carbon monoxide, ammonia along particulate
matter, humidity, and smoke which measures the concentration of each gas separately. The
collected data is uploaded to the cloud using thing speak platform at regular time intervals.
Ethernet shield is used for connecting Arduino and cloud. Pictorial or graphical
representation of values can be shown in Thing speak The users can install an android
application through which they get the recent updates and graphical content up-to-date .The
average concentration of each gas is analyzed using mat lab. Then certain time control is
assigned based on the standard level of each gas measured and the result can be viewed in
android application. The architecture of air pollution monitoring and awareness creation
system. The concentration level of each gas can be viewed both as a graph and in numerical
format. Based on these values the air quality index value is calculated and the nature of the air
quality in that area is determined which is also displayed through the app. Along with this,
the health effects for the corresponding air quality is displayed to create awareness among the
public. Additionally, they could also get to know the temperature and weather in that region.
The users will not get disturbed with irrelevant data as the values displayed are location
specific and help them stay tuned to the current status of air pollution.

z 27
 Proposed System Architecture
Internet of Things (IoT) mainly deals with connecting smart devices to internet by joining the
advantage of OSI layered Architecture. In the context of this work we propose a cluster of Air
Quality Monitoring Gas Sensor MQ135 motes, which are used to measure the concentration
of Air pollutants in the air. The Gas Sensors MQ135 is interface with a tiny entrenched
platform equipped with other. We have mainly used the Arduino UNO which is an open
source development boards with ESP8266-12E chips. MQ135 Gas Sensor is used to collect
gas concentration measurements. This sensor data would-be captured and sent to the Arduino
Uno forgot (Internet of Things) based data acquirement.

Fig3.2ProposedSystem Architecture

z 28
Circuit Diagram
I connect the ESP8266 with the Arduino. ESP8266 runs on 3.3V and connect the VCC and
the CH_EN to the 3.3V pin of Arduino.The RX pin of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it
communicate with the Arduino when I connect it directly to the Arduino. So, I have to make
a voltage divider for it which convert the 5V into 3.3V. This can be done by connecting three
resistors in series like I did in the circuit. Connect the TX pin of the ESP8266 to the pin 8 of
the Arduino and the RX pin of the esp8266 to the pin 9 of Arduino. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
gives my projects access to Wi-Fi or internet. Then I connect the MQ135 sensor with the
Arduino. Connect the VCC and the ground pin of the sensor to the 5V and ground of the
Arduino and the Analog pin of sensor to the A0 of the Arduino. Connect a buzzer to the pin
7of the Arduino which start to beep when the condition becomes true. In last, I connect LCD
with the Arduino. The connections of the LCD areas follows

Connect pin VCC to the 5V of the Arduino; Connect pin GND to the GND of the Arduino;
Connect pin RS to the pin 12 of the Arduino; Connect pin RW & GND (Read/Write) to used
Jumper pin; Connect pin E to the pin 11 of the Arduino; The following four pins are data pins
which are used to communicate with the Arduino; Connect pin D4 to pin 5 of Arduino;
Connect pin D5 to pin 4 of Arduino; Connect pin D6 to pin 3 of Arduino; Connect pin D7 to
pin 2 ofArduino.

Fig3.3CircuitDiagram

z 29
 Block diagram for proposed model of the system
The major components of my project have been mentioned in the above section. Here I
explain the architecture. Gas sensor & Wi-Fi Device are connected to the Arduino board.
Also LCD connected to the Arduino board for displaying information. I am monitor the Air
Quality over a serial monitor &LCD using Gas sensor and trigger an alarm when the air
quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there is sufficient amount of harmful
gases are present inthe air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It is shown the air
quality in PPM on the LCD as well as serial monitor so that I can monitor it veryeasily. I have
used MQ135 sensor which is the best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detect most
harmful gases and can measure their amount accurately. In this Internet of Things (IoT)
project, I can monitor the pollution level from anywhere using computer.

Fig3.4 Block diagram for proposed model of the system

z 30
 Algorithms & Working Process

Fig3.5Flowchartforthe Proposed System

I have connected the MQ135 gas sensor and ESP8266 Wi-Fi device with the Arduino.
Connected the VCC and the ground p in of the sensor to the 5V and ground of the Arduino
and the Analog pin of sensor to the A0 of the Arduino. Connected a buzzer to the pin 7 of the
Arduino which is start to beep when the condition becomes true. The MQ135 sensor absence
H3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2 and some other gases, so it is faultless gas sensor
for our Air Quality Observing Detection Project. When I connect it to Arduino then it senses
the gases, and I get the Pollution level in PPM (parts per million). MQ135 gas sensor gives
the output inform of voltage levels and I need to convert it into PPM. Sensor is giving us
value of
0.1 when there is no gas near it and the safe level of air quality is 0.5 PPM and it is note
xceeding 0.5 PPM. When it exceeds the limit of 0.5 PPM, then it starts cause Headaches,
sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air and if exceeds beyond 1 PPM then it can cause
increased heart rate and many other diseases. When the value is being less than 0.5 PPM, then
the LCD and serial monitor is displayed “Fresh Air”. Whenever the value is increased 0.5

z 31
 PPM, then serial monitor is displayed “Poor Air, Open Windows”. If it is increased 1 PPM,
then the buzzer is kept beeping and the LCD is displayed “Danger! Move to fresh Air”. After
uploading the code, I am connected to the Wi-Fi of my ESP8266 device, the serial monitor
has opened and it is showing the IP address like shown below (192.168.43.57). If I have
typed mentioned IP address in my browser, it is shown the output as below. I have to refresh
the page again if I want to see the current Air Quality Value in PPM. After uploading code,
the value is being less than 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and Web Browser is displayed “Fresh
Air”. After uploading code, the value is increased 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and web browser
are displayed “Poor Air, Open Windows”. After uploading code, when the value is increased
1.00 PPM then the buzzer is kept beeping and the LCD and Web Browser are displayed
“Danger! Move to fresh Air”.

3.6 Implementation Technologies

It’s a device that takes data from the environment that has been selected for our research
purpose. The device is built with various sensors and they take data by sensing from the
environment. These sors takes along data from the environmental which later is converted
into digital with the help of Arduino and then sent to the server where all the data are stored.
This device is consisting of the following components:

i. Arduino Uno
ii. Gas sensor MQ135
iii. ESP8266Wi-FiDevice
iv. 16x2LCD
v. Buzzer
vi. 0.5mArduino A-B Cable
vii. Jumperwire

z 32
 Gas sensor MQ135
MQ-135 gas sensor can be implementation to detect the smoke and other harmful gases. It
has potential to detect different harmful gases, including NH3, NOx, alcohol, benzene, smoke
andCO2. MQ135 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Ammonia, Sulfide and Benzene steam,
also sensitive to smoke and other harmful gases. This Module makes use of the MQ-135 air
quality detector and hazardous gas detector chip. Other circuit
components such as the LM393 analog comparator chip on
this module makes it easy to integrate this module into a
project that an detect hazardous gases. The Module requires a
5V power supply and provides a digital Logic output (1 or 0)
and an analog level output(0-4V).The digital logic output is
LOW(0)
when no gas is detected but goes HIGH(1) when hazardous gas concentration in the
environment reaches the set threshold set via a potentiometer on the module. The analog level
output provides an output voltage with in the range of 0 to 4V based on the concentration of
the hazardous gas in the environment; 0V for lowest concentration, 4V for maximum
concentration.

Fig3.6.2 Gassensor MQ135

This Module makes use of the MQ-135 air quality detector and hazardous gas detector
chip.Other circuit components such as the LM393 analog comparator chip on this module
makes iteasy to integrate this module into a project that can detect hazardous gases. The
Modulerequires a 5V power supply and provides a digital Logic output (1 or 0) and an analog
level output (0-4V). The digital logic output is low (0) when no gas is detected but goes
HIGH(1) when hazardous gas concentration in the environment reaches the set threshold set
via apotentiometer on the module. The analog level output provides an output voltage within
the range of 0to4V based on the concentration of the haze Douglass the environment; 0V for

z 33
 lowest concentration, 4V for maximum concentration. You can use it detects hazardous
gasessuch as Ammonia, Nitrogen Oxide, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke (Carbon Monoxide),
Carbon Dioxide and other air contaminants in our DIY project. The MQ-135 device on this
moduleuses a heating element. After initial power ON, please wait at least 20 Seconds before
reading outputs to ensure data validity. The Sensitive material used in MQ135 gas sensoris
SnO2.The conductivity of this material is lower in clean air. The sensor conductivity
increases with the increasing concentration of target pollution gas. MQ135 can monitor
different kinds of toxic gases such as sulphide, ammonia gas, benzene series steam and CO2.
The detection range is10-10,000ppm with the voltage rate of about5.0V±0.1VAC or DC The
important features are long life span, low cost, simple driver circuit and good sensitivity to
toxic gases. MQ 135 gas sensor is widely used in industrial gas alarm, portable gas detector
and domestic gas alarm as shown in Fig.6. MQ-135 is used in this framework for monitoring
CO2 in air. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere is 400.7 ppm according to which
the sensor is calibrated.

16x2LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range
ofapplications.A16x2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and othe
rmulti-segment LEDs [4]. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable;
have no limitation of displaying special & even
custom characters (unlike in
seven segments),animations
and so on. A 16x2 LCD means
it can display 16 characters per
line and there are 2 such lines.
In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD.A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a pre defined task like initializing
it, clearing it's screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be
displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.

z 34
 Fig3.6.3LCD(16x2)

Buzzer
Buzzer is also known as Piezo Speakers (buzzers). You want to generate sound in our project
you can use this simple magnetic buzzer. This is the same buzzer we have used in our
development boards. This one generates a continuous beep usually when supplied with power
but you can generate any tone as you wish by interfacing it with a micro controller with
proper coding.

Fig3.6.4Buzzer
A "piezobuzzer" is basically a tiny speaker that you can connect directly to an Arduino. From
the Arduino, you can make sounds with a buzzer by using tone. You have to tell it which pin
the buzzer is on, what frequency (in Hertz, Hz) you want, and how long (in milliseconds) you
want it to keep making the tone.

z 35
 ESP8266 Wi-Fi device
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and micro controller
capability. The chip first came to the attention of Western makers in August 2014 with the
ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module allows
microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using
Hayes-style commands. However, at first there was almost no English-language
documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact
that there were very few external components on the module, which suggested that it could
eventually be very in expensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module,
chip, and the softwareon it, as well as to translate the Chinese documentation. The ESP8285
is an ESP8266 with 1MiB of built-in flash, allowing for single-chip devices capable of
connecting to Wi-Fi.

Fig3.6.5ESP8266Wi-FiDevice

z 36
 ArduinoA-B Cable(0.5m)
Standard USB 2.0 cable. Use it to connect Arduino Uno, Genuino Uno, Genuino Mega
2560,Genuino 101 or any board with the USB female A port of our computer. Cable lenght is
approximately 50cm.

Fig3.6.6ArduinoA-BCable(0.5m)

3.6.1 Jumper wire

A jump wire is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at
eachend, which is normally used to inter connect the components of a bread board or other
prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components,without soldering.

Fig3.6.7 Jumperwire(M to F, M to M, Fto F)

z 37
 Setup the Hardware of this Project
ESP8266 Wi-Fi device is connected with the Arduino; VCC and the CH_EN is connected
tothe 3.3V pin of Arduino; TX pin is connected to the pin 8 of Arduino; RX pin is connected
to the pin 9 of Arduino; GND is connected to the pin GND of Arduino;

MQ135 Sensor and Speaker is connected with the Arduino; VCC pin is connected to the pin
5v of the Arduino; GND pin is connected to the GND of the Arduino; AO is connected to
theA0 of the Arduino; The pin of speaker is connected to the GND & the pin 7 of the
Arduino;LCD is connected with Arduino; VCC & GND pin is connected to the 5 V & GND
of the Arduino; RS pin is connected to the Arduino pin12; E pin is connected to the Arduino
pin11;D4,D5, D6 &D7 pin are connected to the Arduino pin 05,04, 03 &02

Fig3.7Setupthe Hardware

z 38
 CHAPTER - 7

z 39
 RESULT

The MQ135 sensor absence O2 and some other gases, so it is perfect gas sensor for my Air
Quality Monitoring Detection System Project. When I connect it to Arduino then it senses the
gases, and I get the Pollution level in PPM (parts per million). MQ135 gas sensor gives the
output in form of voltage levels and I need to convert it into PPM . So for converting the
output in PPM. Sensor is giving me value of 0.1 when there was no gas near it and the safe
level of air quality is 0.5PPM and it is not exceeding 0.5PPM. When it exceeds the limit of
0.5PPM,then it starts cause Headaches, sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air and if
exceeds beyond PPM then it can cause increased heart rate and many other diseases. When
the valueless than 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and webpage will display “Fresh Air”. Whenever
the value increase 0.5 PPM, then the LCD and webpage will display “Poor Air, Open
Windows”. If it increases 1 PPM, then the buzzer keeps beeping and the LCD and webpage
will display “Danger! Move to fresh Air”.

z 40
After uploading the code, I am connected to the Wi-Fi of my ESP8266 device, the serial monitor
has opened and it is showing the IP address like shown below(192.168.43.57).

Type this IP address in your browser,it shows the output as shown below.I have to refresh the
page again if I want to see the current Air Quality Value in PPM. After uploading code,
When the value less than 0.5PPM, then the LCD and WebBrowser will display “FreshAir”.

z 41
 when the value increase 0.5PPM, then the LCD and web browser display “PoorAir, Open
Windows”.

when the value increase 1PPM then the buzzer keeps beeping and the LCD and Web Browser
display “Danger! Move to freshAir”.

MQ135 Sensor Air Quality Display

Detect Value(AQ) Result

CO2 AQV<0.5PPM Fresh Air

CO2 AQV>0.5 &AQV<1PPM Poor Air

CO2 AQV>1PPM Danger

Table4.2 Air Quality Range Wise Result

z 42
 Result Analysis
This table shows that the air quality health and its risk through a0.1-1.0base scale. It is
divided into three parts like as Fresh Air, Poor Air & Danger Air. It detects the air pollution
level and indicates the risk through this scale. When the updated data compared to the base
data then it shows the result accordingly to this scale. The compared data is between 0.1-0.5 it
shows that health risk is low and indicate open window, when it rises up to 0.6-1.0 it shows
that the pollution in the air is considered dangerous for human being and I take some steps
quickly.

Air Quality Indicator

Result Health Impacts
Range(PPM)

0-0.5 Fresh Air Minimal impact

May cause minor breathing

0.6-0.9 Poor Air
discomfort to sensitive people.

May cause breathing discomfort to

people with lung disease such as
1 to above Danger Air asthma, and discomfort to people with
heart disease, children and older
adults.

Table4.3AQIlevelsand Connected Health Impacts

z 43
 CHAPTER - 8

z 44
 Conclusion and Future Scope

The system to monitor the air of environment using Arduino microcontroller,

IoT Technology is proposed to improve quality of air. With the use of IoT
technology enhances the process of monitoring various aspects of environment
such as air quality monitoring issue proposed inthis paper. Here, using the
MQ135 gives the sense of different type of dangerous gas and Arduino is the
heart of this project. Which control the entire process, Arduino module connects
the whole process to LCD and serial monitor is used for the visual Output.

The IoT in corporates several technologies are formation technology,

cognitive sciences, communication technology, and low-power electronics. IoT
creates an ewer information society and information economy. But the trials
from research, industries, and the government will keep pushing and investing.
The expansion of IoT depend on technological advances in silicon scaling and
energy-efficient devices, in getting the information from mixed sources,
inreducing costs, and in refining efficiencies. The development of the IoT
exposed many new challenges including the lack of essential theory supporting,
unclear architecture, and undeveloped standards. To meet these challenges, I
give a three-layer architecture including three platforms. The proposed acting
standard can confidently balance desires from different parties, an open the door
for future important theory development, and can eventually

stimulate/regulate IoT development. Recent years, Chinese government is

pushing the expansion of the IoT. Following the Chinese 12th Five-Year Plan
for IoT Development, China has skillful a number of demonstration application
projects such as the smart city and the intelligent transportation system in public
IoT applications, intelligent coal mine, and the IOFs in industry claims. The

z 45
 future of IoT will be predictable to be unified, seamless, and pervasive. Large-
scale service deployment needs to be enclosed within a set of standards. Thus,
the developments of IoT as a brainy system can be proceeding with inter
operability, energy sustainability, privacy, and security. IoT have become a
predictable trend of development of information industry, which certain to bring
new changes to our lives.

5.1 Future Scope

The future scope is that device which we are having can be done in a compact
way by reducing the size of the device for further implementation or the
modifications which can be is that detecting the vehicles amount of pollution
which can be determined. In future the range can be made increased according
to the band width for the high range frequencies. Further research can be made
by making the people in the right direction for their welfare. Therefore, there is
another beneficiary by using this device in an app so the all can be used in an
GSM mobile phones for their daily updates by increasing their range.

z 46
 CHAPTER - 9

z 47
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com
 Books
 WHO Report on Air Pollution

z 48